CEE 615: Digital Image Processing Radiometric Enhancement Prof. W.

Philpot, Cornell University, Spring 2010

Radiometric Enhancement
Processes designed to improve the visual quality of an image Make useful information more apparent Enhancement ==> visual analysis Enhancement relates to the human visual system (hvs) & its response to intensity, color, texture, shape, etc. ==> loss of information Enhancement of one characteristic is often accomplished at the expense of other image characteristics. Types of Enhancement: - histogram modification - color enhancement - spatial filtering - multi-image enhancement (point) (point) (region) (algebraic)

Point operations: An operation mapping a single input image into a single output image such that each output pixel's gray value, k', depends only on the gray value, k, of the corresponding input pixel:

Region operations: An operation mapping a single input image into a single output image, assigning output gray values based on the distribution of gray values in a region surrounding the input pixel: Algebraic operation: An operation which produces an output image that is the pixel-by pixel algebraic combination of two or more images:

CEE 615: Digital Image Processing Radiometric Enhancement Prof. W. Philpot, Cornell University, Spring 2010 I. Histogram Modification (point operation) k'(x,y) = F[ k(x,y) ] - requires little memory - computation is simple - may not be reversible - uses lookup tables (LUT's)

Lookup Tables - efficient reassignment of gray values

original 0 1 2 40 41 42 ==> ==> ==> ==> ==> ==> ==> ==> ==> ==> assigned 0 0 0 0 2 4 original 166 167 168 169 253 254 255 ==> ==> ==> ==> ==> ==> ==> ==> ==> assigned 252 254 255 255 255 255 255

1.1 Linear Contrast Stretch Contrast: The difference in brightness adjacent regions of an between two image.

k'(x,y) = m * [ k(x,y) - ko ] ko, m = constants, often scaled so that k'min= 0 k'max = 255

m = 255 / (kf - ko) kout = (kin - ko) * m Original

Linear stretch to enhance water features

Linear stretch to enhance land features

CEE 615: Digital Image Processing Radiometric Enhancement Prof. W. Philpot, Cornell University, Spring 2010 1.2 Linear Inversion k'(x,y) = m * [ k(x,y) + ko ] m = -1; ko = 256

1.3 Simple thresholding (semi-thresholding) - an extreme case of linear mapping - useful if a two-class image is meaningful If k < k1 k' = 0 k >= k1 k' = 255

CEE 615: Digital Image Processing Radiometric Enhancement Prof. W. Philpot, Cornell University, Spring 2010 1.4 Thresholding or Double thresholding - useful for delineating a range of gray values. if k < k1 or k > k2 k1 > k > k2 k' = 0 k' = 255

1.5 Piecewise Linear Mapping - Allows semi-independent enhancement of multiple sections of the histogram. - Applies a linear stretch between breakpoints

CEE 615: Digital Image Processing Radiometric Enhancement Prof. W. Philpot, Cornell University, Spring 2010 1.6 Contouring - useful for simple, slowly varying images.. - has the effect of showing contours superimposed on continuous gray scales

1.7 Nonlinear Mapping - Histogram Matching Histogram matching - The form of the output histogram is known - Unequal gray ranges over histogram a. Histogram normalization (also: Gaussian fit) b. Histogram equalization (also: histogram flattening) c. Arbitrary

CEE 615: Digital Image Processing Radiometric Enhancement Prof. W. Philpot, Cornell University, Spring 2010 Histogram Normalization Gaussian fit

2. Color Enhancements 1. Pseudocolor - assigning colors to gray values a. RGB color cube RGB = Red - Green - Blue b. HSV = Hue - Saturation Value (also: HSI: hue - saturation - intensity) HSL: hue - saturation - luminosity) 2. False Color - Assigning a color brightness range to each of three bands. Pseudocolor LUT's
Input G.V. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Red 0 255 0 0 255 0 128 Green 0 0 255 0 255 255 128 Blue 0 0 0 255 0 255 128 color Black Red Green Blue Yellow Blue-green Gray

CEE 615: Digital Image Processing Radiometric Enhancement Prof. W. Philpot, Cornell University, Spring 2010 RGB Color Cube
Input G.V. 0 : 44 : 88 : 132 : 176 : 220 : 255 Red 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 255 : 255 : 255 Green 0 : 0 : 255 : 255 : 255 : 0 : 255 Blue 0 : 255 : 255 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 255 color Black gray-blue Blue : Blue-green : Green : Yellow : Red : White

HSV Color scheme

Input G.V. 0 : 44 : 88 : 132 : 176 : 220 :

Red 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 255 : 255 :

Green 0 : 0 : 255 : 255 : 255 : 0 :

Blue 0 : 255 : 255 : 0 : 0 : 0 :

color Black gray-blue Blue : Blue-green : Green : Yellow : Red :

255

255

255

255

White