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UNIT TWO PLANNING THE FUTURE

COMPETENCIES AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
COMPETENCIAS E INDICADORES DE DESEMPEO
Future with going to. Present progressive with future meaning. Past progressive. Time clauses: while, when, as, as soon as. Compounds of some, any, no, every. Modal Could/Couldnt Used to Would for request

Future with going to

Discussing the future using going to
We say something is going to happen when it has already been planned. For example:Q) Are you going to fly to Germansy? A) No, we're going to drive. We also use it to show something has already been decided. For example:"We're going to buy a new car next year." We also use going to when we can see something is about to happen.

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For example:-

"Look at that cloud. I think it's going to rain."

"Watch out! He's going to crash into that tree!" You can also use going to to predict the future based upon the evidence now. For example:"It looks as though Manchester United are going to win the European cup. "I think my friend Louise is going to have a baby."

!Note
Thanks to Ken Anderson for pointing out the following:"I'm going to Germany." isn't really the future tense. You would have to say "I'm going to go to Germany."

Discussing the future using shall/will

When we give information about the future or predict future events that are not certain we usually use shall/will. For example:Q) Who do you think will win the election?" A) "I'm not sure but I think the current party will win."

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We can also use shall/will to make promises for the future. When leaving work I would say - "Goodnight, I'll (I will) see you tomorrow." Shall/Will is often used when we just decide to do something. For example:The phone is ringing - If I decide to answer the phone I would say - "I'll (I will) get it." It can also be used in formal situations to express planned events and is preferred in formal written English. For example:The party will start at 10.00pm. .

Present progressive with future meaning

The present perfect simple tense is used to talk about a past time, which has very strong meaning for the present.

Present Perfect Simple Timeline

For example:

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Q) Where's Jane? A) She has gone out. She should be back in an hour. We form the present perfect simple by using the auxilliary verb have/has and the -ed form of the regular verb (the past participle) irregular verb forms have to be learned: Statements + I've worked. He's worked. She's worked. It's worked. You've worked. We've worked. Statements I haven't worked. He hasn't worked. She hasn't worked. It hasn't worked. You haven't worked. We haven't worked. Short answer + Yes, I have. Yes, he has. Yes, she has. Yes, it has. Short answer No, I haven't. No, he hasn't. No, she hasn't. No, it hasn't.

Questions

Have I worked? Has he worked? Has she worked? Has it worked?

Have you worked? Yes you have. No, you haven't. Have we worked? Yes we have. No, we haven't.

They've worked. They haven't worked. Have they worked? Yes they have. No, they haven't.

The present perfect simple is used to discuss events that have just been completed at the moment of speaking. For example: Q) Have you done your homework?" A) "Yes, I've just finished it." It is often used to suggest that a past action still has an effect upon something happening in the present.

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For example: "The pound has fallen against the dollar." It is also used to discuss unfinished time. For example: Q) Have you done your homework today? A) No, I haven't done it yet. Note - You are talking about today and today isn't finished, so you may do your homework later! Q) Have you ever been to England?" A) "Yes I have." Note - You are talking about something that has happened in your life and your life isn't finished! You can also use the present perfect to discuss something from the past but you don't want to say exactly when. For example: Q) "Are you learning any languages?" A) "Yes, I've begun to learn English." This tense is often used to discuss events that have been happening over a period of time, but aren't finished yet. For example: Q) "How long have you studied English for?" A) "I've studied English for 2 years now."

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However it is better (grammatically speaking) to use the Present Perfect Continuous to express yourself in this way. For example: Q) "How long have you been studying English for?" A) "I've been studying English for 2 years now."

!Note It is always for a length of time and since a point in time.

Past progressive
The Present Tenses
Present Simple Present Simple Used to say what someone usually does I always study English on Tuesday.

Present Progressive/Continuous

Present Progressive

Used to say what someone is doing now

I am studying English now

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Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Simple

Used to show unfinished time

I have studied English twice this week.

Present Perfect Progressive/Continuous

Present Perfect Progressive

Used to say how long someone has been doing something.

I have been studying English for 2 years. I have been studying English since 1997.

The Past Tenses

Simple Past

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Simple Past

Used to show a completed action

I studied English last Saturday.

Past Progressive/Continuous

Past Progressive

Often used to say when something was being done or what was happening when something else happened

I was studying English last Monday when my friend rang.

I was studying English at 5pm last Monday.

Past Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Simple

The past of have done. Used to say when something was done by.

I had done my English homework by 6.30 pm last Saturday.

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I had done my English homework by the time I ate dinner last Saturday.

Past Perfect Progressive/Continuous

Past Perfect Progressive

The past of have been. Used to show how long something was done for by a certain time.

I'd been doing my English homework for 30 minutes when my friend rang last Saturday.

I'd been doing my English homework for 30 minutes by 1 pm last Saturday.

The Future Tenses

The future can be indicated in several different ways in English. It is often created with the use of auxiliaries: "She will be a student.", "She is going to drive a new car." English can even create the future by using the simple present (used for timetables,programs etc.), "The train arrives at 10pm" or the present progressive (used for future plans), "He is collecting his mother from the station tonight." Simple Future (uses will or shall or going to + base form)

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Simple Future (Some uncertainty)

Decide to do something at the time of speaking

I think I'll do my English homework tonight.

Simple Future (Certain)

Have already decided or arranged to do something

I am going to study English next Saturday.

Future Progressive/Continous (uses will be, shall be or going to be +-ing form)

Future Progressive (Some uncertainty)

The English lesson shouldbegin at 7.30 and end at 9.15, so the personshould be studying at 7.30 might start late). (but the lesson

I will be starting my English lesson at 7.30 pm.

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Future Progressive (Certain)

The English lesson begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.15, so he'scertain to be studying when his friend arrives at 8.00

I am going to be studying English when my friends arrive at 9.00 pm.

Future Perfect Simple (uses will have or shall have + past participle)

Future Perfect Simple

Used to say something will already be complete by a time.

I will have already done my English homework by the time I eat dinner on Saturday.

Future Perfect Progressive/Continuous (uses will have been or shall have been + -ing form)

Future Perfect Progressive

Used to say how long something will have been happening in the

I will have been studying English for 30 minutes when my friends arrive.

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future by a certain time.

Some Examples
To break To build To buy To die To drink To drive To eat To grow To make To spend To teach To throw To wear

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To win

Time clauses: while, when, as, as soon as Compounds of some, any, no, every
What is a Phrasal Verb?
A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and preposition, a verb and an adverb, or a verb with both an adverb and a preposition. A phrasal verb has a meaning which is different from the original verb. That's what makes them fun, but confusing. You may need to try to guess the meaning from the context, or, failing that, look it up in a dictionary. The adverb or preposition that follows the verb are sometimes called a particle. The particle changes the meaning of the phrasal verb in idiomatic ways. They are also known as compound verbs, verb-adverb combinations, verb-particle constructions", two-part words/verbs and three-part words/verbs (depending on the number of words). Phrasal verbs are usually used informally in everyday speech as opposed to the more formal Latinate verbs, such as to get together rather than to congregate, to put off rather than to postpone, or to get out rather than to exit. They should be avoided in academic writing.

!Note - Some linguists differentiate between phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs, while
nature. So, unless you want to become a linguist, don't worry about it.

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others assume them to be part of one and the same construction, as both types are phrasal in

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Literal usage
Many verbs in English can be combined with an adverb or a preposition, a phrasal verb used in a literal sense with a preposition is easy to understand.

"He walked across the square.

Verb and adverb constructions are also easy to understand when used literally.

"She opened the shutters and looked outside." "When he heard the crash, he looked up."

An adverb in a literal phrasal verb modifies the verb it is attached to, and a preposition links the subject to the verb.

Idiomatic usage
It is, however, the figurative or idiomatic application in everyday speech which makes phrasal verbs so important:

"I hope you will get over your operation quickly."

The literal meaning of to get over, in the sense of to climb over something to get to the other side, is not relevant here. Here "get over" means "recover from" or "feel better".

Transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs

Phrasal verbs also differ in their transitivity or intransitivity in the same way as normal verbs do.

For example:-

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A transitive verb always has an object.

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Many people walked across the bridge.

"Across" in this sentence is the preposition to "the bridge". An intransitive verb does not have an object. For example:

When I entered the room he looked up.

"Up" here is an adverb, and does not have an object.

Separable or inseparable phrasal verbs

A further way of considering phrasal verbs is whether they are separable or inseparable. In inseparable verbs, the object comes after the particle. For example:

"She got on the bus ." "On weekdays, we look after our grandchildren."

Separable verbs have several ways of separating verb, particle and object. Usually, the object comes between verb and particle. For example:

"She looked up the word in her dictionary." "She looked it up in her dictionary."

For example:-

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However, with some separable verbs, the object can come before or after the particle.

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"Switch the light off." "Switch off the light." "Switch it off."

!Note - There is usually no way of telling whether they are separable, inseparable,
transitive or intransitive. In most cases you have to get a feel for them.

Modal Could/Couldnt
The long and the short of it
Verb conjugation and contraction - in other words; "The short form". In spoken English we use the short form a lot. We say things like: I'm / you're / didn't etc. instead of I am / you are / did not etc. We also use these short forms in informal written English. When we write in the short form, we use an apostrophe (') for the missing letter(s). Forms of the auxiliary verbs to be, to do and to have:To be - Simple Present Form Positive Statement Long form I am He is She is It is I'm He's She's It's Short form Negative Statement Long form I am not He is not She is not It is not Short form I'm not He isn't or He's not She isn't or She's not It isn't or It's not

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You are

You're

You are not

You aren't or You're not We aren't or We're not They're not

We are They are

We're They're

We are not They are not

To be - Simple Past Form Positive Statement Long form I was He was She was It was You were We were They were --Short form Negative Statement Long form I was not He was not She was not It was not You were not We were not They were not Short form I wasn't He wasn't She wasn't It wasn't You weren't We weren't They weren't

To do - Simple Present Form Positive Statement Long form I do --He does He does not He doesn't Short form Negative Statement Long form I do not Short form I don't

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She does It does You do We do They do

She does not It does not You do not We do not They do not

She doesn't It doesn't You don't We don't They don't

To do - Simple Past Form Positive Statement Negative Statement Long form I / he / she / it I / he / I / he / she / it / you / we / they did --/ you / she / it / we / not you / we / theydid theydidn't Short form

Long form

Short form

To have - Simple Present Form Positive Statement Long form I have He has I've He's Short form Negative Statement Long form I have not He has not Short form I haven't or I've not He hasn't or He's not

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She has

She's

She has not

She hasn't or She's not It hasn't or It's not You haven't or You've not We haven't or We've not They haven't or They've not

It has

It's

It has not

You have

You've

You have not

We have

We've

We have not

They have

They've

They have not

To have - Simple Past Form Positive Statement Long form Short form I'd he'd I / he / she / it / you / we / they had she'd it'd you'd we'd they'd I / he / she / it / you / we / theyhad not Negative Statement Long form Short form I hadn't or I'd not he hadn't or he'd not she hadn't or she'd not it hadn't or it'd not you hadn't or you'd not we hadn't or we'd not they hadn't or they'd not

Can

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The long and short forms of the modal verbs can, could, shall, should, must, will and would

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Positive Statement Short form

Negative Statement

Long form

Long form

Short form

I / he / she / it / you / we / they can

---

I / he / she/ it / you / we / they cannot

I / he / she / it / you / we / theycan't

Could Positive Statement Short form Negative Statement

Long form

Long form

Short form

I / he / she / it / you / we / they could

---

I / he / she/ it / you / we / they could not

I / he / she / it / you / we / theycouldn't

Must Positive Statement Short form Negative Statement

Long form

Long form

Short form

I / he / she / it / you / we / they must

---

I / he / she/ it / you / we / they must not

I / he / she / it / you / we / theymustn't

Shall Positive Statement Short form --Negative Statement

I / he / she / it / you / we /

I / he / she/ it / you / we /

I / he / she / it / you / we /

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Long form

Long form

Short form

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they shall

they shall not

theyshan't

Should Positive Statement Short form Negative Statement

Long form

Long form

Short form

I / he / she / it / you / we / they should

---

I / he / she / it / you / we / they should not

I / he / she / it / you / we / theyshouldn't

Will Positive Statement Long form Short form I'll He'll I / he / she / it / you / we / they will She'll It'll You'll We'll They'll I / he / she / it / you / we / theywill not Negative Statement Long form Short form I won't or I'll not He won't or He'll not She won't or She'll not It won't or It'll not You won't or You'll not We won't or We'll not They won't or They'll not

Would Positive Statement Short form I'd He'd She'd Negative Statement

Long form

Long form

Short form

I / he / she / it / you / we / they would

I / he / she / it / you / we / theywould not

I wouldn't or I'd not He wouldn't or He'd not

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It'd* You'd We'd They'd

She wouldn't or She'd not It wouldn't or It'd not* You wouldn't or You'd not We wouldn't or We'd not They wouldn't or They'd not

* Not "good" English, but you will hear occasionally.

The imperative
Let Us Let us is a funny one. The only time I've ever heard the long form of "Let us..." used is when the vicar used to say "Let us pray." It's much more likely you'll hear or see the contracted form "let's". "Let's do this," no "Let's do that instead," and the sarcastic "Oh yes, let's." Positive Statement Short form Let's Negative Statement Long form - used by pompous people Let us not

Long form - rarely used

Short form

Let us

Let's not

Used to
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Used to something
The use of used to do is explained here. However, used to has another meaning, it can be used as an adjective and we use it to talk about things that have become familiar, and are no longer strange or new. Used to usually comes after verbs such as be, get or become.

After a while you get used to the noise. She will become used to the smell. I was used to the web site.

You can also say that someone is used to doing something.

I'll never get used to getting up at six o'clock in the morning. It took me a while until I was used to driving on the right-hand side of the road.

'Used to' or 'use to' vs would

I was asked on Pal Talk recently how to use used to and would. If we say something used to happen we are talking about repeated events and actions in the past, usually things that happened a long time ago and are now finished. To express this we can use either used to or would.

When I was young I used to play with my dolls. = When I was young I would play with my dolls.

Of course I no longer play with dolls!

We used to go out a lot in the summer.

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Implies that we no longer go out much. If you want to talk about repeated states or habits in the past, you must use used to, you cannot use would : :

My dog used to bark at cats. I used to smoke. I used to be an administrative assistant. I used to live in England.

You should use 'use to' without a d in sentences when it follows 'did' or 'didn't' (don't worry too much about this because lots of people get it wrong). The question form is Did you use to?'. When asking a closed question you put did/didn't in front of the subject followed byuse to, you cannot use would.

Did you use to go out with my sister? Did they use to own the company? Didn't we use to go to the same school?

Also when asking questions about states in the past you cannot use would.

What sort of things did you use to like when you were young?

. In the negative you cannot use would without a change in meaning.

I didn't use to play with my dolls.

If I said I wouldn't play with my dolls. It would mean I refused to play with my dolls.

We didn't use to go out much in the winter months.

If I said we wouldn't go out much. It would mean we refused to go out much.

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!Note - The general rule is when there is did or didn't in the sentence, we say use to (without d) when there is no did or didn't in the sentence, we say used to (with d). There is also a difference between "used to do something and to be used to something".

Would for request

Remember It
Expressing likes and dislikes Describing people, places and things Offering, accepting and refusing

Learn It To Like, To Look Like, To Be Like The questions:What does he like? What does he look like? What would he like? What is he like? How is he?
What is the difference between these questions? Check here!

Like
As a verb like can mean to enjoy or approve of.

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For example:"I like your new car." Like can also mean similar to or in the same way. For example:Q. "What does he look like?" - A. "He looks like his brother." The expression would like is used when we make requests and offers. For example:"I' d like another glass of wine, please." However "What is he/she/it like?" is a specific question about the personality of someone or the attributes of something, here you do not use like in the answer. For example:Q. "What is he like?" - A. "He is very nice." Q. "What is it like?" - A. "It is very reliable."

Some answers (about me):The question What you would ask My answer

What do you I like tea and coffee, I also like wine and beer. I like to drink? don't like alcopops.

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What do I like to drink?

What do I like to eat?

What do you I like pasta and pizza, I also like fruit. I don't like like to eat? fatty meat.

I am medium height and a little overweight. I What do I look What do you have long dark hair, a fair complexion and hazel look like? eyes. Some people say that I am attractive, but I like? don't think I am.

Who do I look like?

Who do you Some people say I look like Nana Mouskouri. I look like? don't think I do.

I think I am quite nice. My husband says that I What am I like? What are you am impatient, but I don't think I am. I think that I like? am very patient. A lot of people say that I have a good sense of humour.

What is my house like?

What is your It's quite small. It has a kitchen, bathroom, living house like? room and two bedrooms.

!Note

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Like is not normally used in the continuous form, you shouldn't say "I am liking ...".

Test It
Test what you have learnt - Enter the correct question

Practise It
On the forum - Tell me about a friend of yours. This is a song that illustrates to be like.

Print Version - Thanks to Ali (aka GSMTG), you can print this lesson out here. Next lesson - Lesson 43 Happy Families #1 Previous Lesson - Lesson 41 Travel and Transport

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