Enhancing Information For Renewable Energy Technology Deployment in Brazil, China and South Africa

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This report documents crucial information to support deployment of
renewable energies in three key emerging markets Brazil, China and
South Africa and provides information for policy-making aimed at
supporting renewable energy markets in these countries. Specifically
this study collates information on solar and wind resources and
resource information, renewable energy support policies and goals,
risk management and technologies integral to the increased renewable
energy technology deployment.
Enhancing
information for
rEnEwablE EnErgy
tEchnology
DEploymEnt in brazil,
china, anD
South africa
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Enhancing Information for Renewable Energy Technology
Deployment in Brazil, China and South Africa
Lead author and coordinator
Magda Moner-Girona, Consultant to United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Conception and technical editing
Daniel Puig, UNEP Energy Branch
Jennifer McIntosh, International Solar Energy Society (ISES)
Contributing authors/researchers
TP Fluri, G Gariseb, AJ Meyer, D Palmer, JL Van Niekerk, Center for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies (CRSES)
in South Africa
E. Bueno Pereira, F. Ramos Martins, S. Vitorino Pereira, C. Sayuri Yamashita, National Institute for Space Research
(INPE) in Brazil
Wang Zhongying, Shi Jingli, Energy Research Institute (ERI) in China
Financial support
This work was funded through the International Climate Initiative of the German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature
Conservation and Nuclear Safety.
Photo Credits
Cover background: Itamar Aguiar, Palcio Piratini, All other photos: ERI, INPE, CRSES
Enhancing Information for Renewable Energy Technology Deployment in Brazil, China and South Africa | 1
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Solar and Wind Energy Resources ............................................................................................................................ 7
National and Regional Policies................................................................................................................................. 10
Wind and Solar Technologies .................................................................................................................................. 13
Project Developers and Financiers ........................................................................................................................... 15
BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 18
WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT ................................................................................... 19
Wind and Solar Resources Assessment in Brazil ..................................................................................................... 20
Interactive solar and wind resource map in Brazil ................................................................................................ 21
Wind and Solar Resources Assessment in China ..................................................................................................... 26
Interactive solar and wind resource map in China ............................................................................................... 27
Wind and Solar Resources Assessment in South Africa ........................................................................................... 29
Interactive solar and wind resource maps in South Africa.................................................................................... 30
REVIEW OF NATIONAL POLICIES TO PROMOTE SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY ................................................. 36
Review of National Policies to Promote Solar and Wind Energy in Brazil ................................................................... 43
Review of National Policies to Promote Solar and Wind Energy in China .................................................................. 48
Review of National Policies to Promote Solar and Wind Energy in South Africa ........................................................ 52
WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................................................... 57
Brazil ...................................................................................................................................................................... 57
China ...................................................................................................................................................................... 58
South Africa ............................................................................................................................................................ 59
PROJECT DEVELOPERS AND FINANCIERS ........................................................................................................ 60
Project Developers and Financiers in Brazil .............................................................................................................. 62
Project Developers and Financiers in South Africa ................................................................................................... 63
ANNEX I: AVAILABLE SOLAR AND WIND MAPS ................................................................................................. 64
Available Solar and Wind Resource Assessments in South Africa ............................................................................. 64
Available Solar and Wind Resource Assessments in Brazil ....................................................................................... 81
Available Solar and Wind Resource Assessments in China....................................................................................... 93
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................................... 98
2 | Enhancing Information for Renewable Energy Technology Deployment in Brazil, China and South Africa
Table of Figures
Figure 1 Percentage Change in Primary Renewable Energy Consumption .............................................................. 4
Figure 2 Percentage Change in GhG Emissions from 1990 To 2007 ...................................................................... 4
Figure 3 Solar and Wind Resource Information Available in (A) Brazil, (B) China and (C) South Africa ...................... 7
Figure 4 Examples of Percentage of the Actual Solar and Wind Exploitation Compare to Technical
Potential in China, Brazil, And South Africa .............................................................................................. 7
Figure 5 (5.A) Targets for New Renewable Energy Installed (5.B) Targets for the Share of Electricity
from Renewable in Brazil, China and South Africa .................................................................................. 11
Figure 6 Accumulative Installed Capacity (2009) of Solar and Wind Technologies in Brazil, China and
South Africa .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 7 Companies, Project Developers and Financiers in Brazil, China and South Africa .................................... 16
Figure 8 Investment Intensities in Renewable Energy Technologies (%) and Growth in the Installed
Capacity (%) in Brazil (BR), China (CN) and South Africa (ZA).................................................................. 16
Figure 9 Contributions of Electricity and heat Sectors to GhG Emissions ............................................................ 18
Figure 10 Total Energy Consumption (2008) .......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 11 Wind Energy Potential in Brazil (143,4 GW in Total, 273 TWh/Year) ......................................................... 20
Figure 12 Interactive Solar and Wind Resource Map in Brazil ................................................................................. 21
Figure 13 Interactive Solar and Wind Resource Map in China ................................................................................ 27
Figure 14 Interactive Solar and Wind Resource Maps in South Africa .................................................................... 30
Figure 15 Use of Solar Energy Resource Assessment by Solar Companies in South Africa ..................................... 35
Figure 16 (5.A) Targets for Renewable Energy Installed (5.B) Targets for the Share of Electricity from
Renewable in Brazil, China and South Africa .......................................................................................... 38
South Africa .......................................................................................................................................... 59
Figure 18 Investment Intensities on Renewable Energy Technologies (%) and Growth in the Installed
Capacity (%) in Brazil (BR), China (CN) and South Africa (ZA).................................................................. 61
Figure 19 Solar and Wind Energy Developers in South Africa, Brazil and China ...................................................... 61
Figure 20 Solar and Wind Energy Companies in South Africa, Brazil and China...................................................... 62
Figure 21 Solar and Wind Energy Financiers in South Africa, Brazil and China ....................................................... 62
Figure 22 Main Risk Criteria Identifed by Wind Developers in Brazil ....................................................................... 62
Figure 23 Main Risk Criteria Identifed by Wind Financiers in Brazil ......................................................................... 63
Figure 24 Risk Criteria Identifed by Wind Farm Developers in South Africa ............................................................ 63
Figure 25 Risk Criteria Identifed by ShW Developers in South Africa ..................................................................... 63
Figure 26 A Solar Radiation Data handbook for Southern Africa ............................................................................ 64
Figure 27 Climate of South Africa Sunshine and Cloudiness................................................................................ 65
Figure 28 PVGIS-JRC European Commission ........................................................................................................ 66
Figure 29 NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy ..................................................................................... 67
Figure 30 SWERA Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessments ..................................................................... 68
Figure 31 Meteonorm ........................................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 32 South African Renewable Energy Resource Database Annual Solar Radiation. Eskom ......................... 70
Figure 33 CSP Study ............................................................................................................................................ 71
Figure 34 A Proposed Renewable Energy Plan of Action for the Western Cape Assessment .................................. 72
Figure 35 Baseline Study on Wind Energy in South Africa ...................................................................................... 73
Figure 36 Review of Wind Energy Resource Studies in South Africa ....................................................................... 74
Figure 37 South African Renewable Resource Database Wind Resource/Eskom ................................................. 75
Figure 38 Bulk Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers in South Africa .................................................. 75
Figure 39 Resource and Technology Assessment KwaZulu Natal ........................................................................ 76
Figure 40 Renewable Energy Briefng Paper: Potential of Renewable Energy to Contribute to National Electricity
Emergency Response and Sustainable Development ............................................................................. 76
Figure 41 The Potential Contribution of Renewable Energy in South Africa/DANIDA ............................................... 77
Figure 42 Wind Atlas of Southern Africa ................................................................................................................ 78
Figure 43 Wind Engineering in Africa ..................................................................................................................... 79
Figure 44 Wind Regimes in Africa/African Wind Energy Association ....................................................................... 80
Figure 45 Brazilian Atlas for Solar Energy INPE/SWERA ...................................................................................... 81
Figure 46 Solar Radiation Atlas of Brazil Brazilian Institute for Meteorology .......................................................... 82
Figure 47 Brazilian Solarimetric Atlas Ground Database CRESESB ..................................................................... 83
Figure 48 Brazilian Atlas of Electricity (3
rd
Edition) Brazilian Agency for Electric Energy ......................................... 84
Figure 49 Atlas Do Potencial Elico Brasileiro CRESESB/CEPEL ........................................................................... 85
Figure 50 Wind Energy Overview for the Brazil ANEEL ........................................................................................ 86
Figure 51 Wind Energy Atlas for the Rio Grande Do Sul ......................................................................................... 87
Figure 52 Wind Energy Atlas for the Rio De Janeiro ............................................................................................... 88
Figure 53 Wind Energy Atlas for Alagoas Eletrobras ............................................................................................ 89
Figure 54 Wind Energy Atlas of So Paulo Metropolitan Company for Water and Energy .................................... 89
Figure 55 Potential Wind Atlas of the State of Paran ............................................................................................ 90
Figure 56 Wind Atlas of Maranho ........................................................................................................................ 90
Figure 57 Wind Atlas for the Northeast Region of Brazil ANEEL .......................................................................... 91
Figure 58 Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment in Brazil SWERA Project Report ................................... 92
Figure 59 Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment in China SWERA Project .............................................. 93
Figure 60 Solar Resource Assessment for China ................................................................................................... 94
Figure 61 China Wind Resource Assessment Report NDRC ............................................................................... 95
Figure 62 China Wind Energy Resource Mapping Activity UNEP ......................................................................... 96
Figure 63 National Wind Energy Resource Detailed Assessment NRDC .............................................................. 97
List of Tables
Table I Estimated Potential Energy Supply from Different Solar and Wind Energy Technologies
in Brazil, China and South Africa .............................................................................................................. 8
Table II Selection of Major References Used in This Report ................................................................................ 17
Table III Available Solar/Wind Resource Reports and Database in Brazil .............................................................. 22
Table IV Characteristics of the Available Solar Energy Resource Assessments in Brazil ........................................ 24
Table V Available Wind Energy Resource Assessments in Brazil.......................................................................... 24
Table VI Available Solar/Wind Resource Reports and Database in China.............................................................. 26
Table VII Available Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessments in China ......................................................... 28
Table VIII Available Solar/Wind Resource Reports and Database in South Africa .................................................... 31
Table Ix Characteristics of Solar Energy Resource Assessments in South Africa .................................................. 33
Table x Characteristics of The Wind Energy Resource Assessments in South Africa ........................................... 34
Table xI Use of Solar Resource Assessments by Companies in South Africa ....................................................... 35
Table xII Classifcation of Solar and Wind Policy Instruments in Brazil, China and South Africa .............................. 37
Table xIII Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in Brazil ............................................................... 38
Table xIV Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in China ............................................................... 40
Table xV Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in South Africa ..................................................... 42
Table xVI Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in Brazil ............................................................... 44
Table xVII Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in China ............................................................... 49
Table xVIII Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in South Africa ..................................................... 53
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Greenhouse gas emissions from Big Emerging Markets, BEM, will likely exceed those from
developed countries within the next 20 years, stressing the need for emerging markets efforts
to reduce the risk of climate change (Solomon, 2007). At the same time, the Big Emerging
Markets and their allies have called for a commitment to extending Kyoto but are reluctant to
accept legally binding emissions reduction targets.
Brazil, China and South Africa three of the key Big
Emerging Markets are rapidly increasing their energy
consumption, with the energy sector contributing the most
to their emissions, 20%, 65% and 71% respectively. To
date, Brazil, China and South Africa have relied primarily
on coal and/or large hydropower generation and exploit
an insignifcant share of their total realisable mid-term
potentials for solar and wind energy (IEA, 2009). Therefore,
major policy decisions are needed to mobilize public and
private resources on a large scale. Energy effciency
measures together with renewable sources of energy
could supply the new generating capacity needed to keep
pace with these countries economic growth, as all are well
endowed with rich renewable energy sources.
Figure 1 Percentage Change in Primary
Renewable Energy Consumption
Figure 2 Percentage Change in GhG Emissions
From 1990 To 2007
Source: Econsense Forum for Sustainable Development of German
Business
250%
200%
150%
100%
50%
0%
South Africa Brazil China
1990-2007
1990-2005
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
27%
47%
101%
%

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.
Executive Summary
Strong advocates for renewable energy exist in these
countries, but they need support to create changes in national
energy policy. Growing awareness of the local potential for
low-carbon power generation technologies, environmental
consequences of fossil fuel and large hydropower use and
the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions provide an
opportunity to shift energy policies in favour of renewable
sources of energy. Growing awareness and providing
concrete information on the status and potential of wind and
solar energy resources in each country will help move China
and South Africa off their carbon intensive trajectories and
increase the proportion of non-large hydropower renewable
sources in Brazils energymix.
This study documents crucial information to support renewable energies deployment in Brazil, China, and South
Africa and provides policy-makers information for supporting renewable energy markets in these countries. Specifcally,
this report gathers concrete information of the existing solar and wind resources, renewable energy support policies, risk
management and technologies associated with expanded renewable energy technology deployment.
The report analyses the solar and wind energy policies adopted by these countries to increase the deployment of
both technologies. The results show that the existing policies have not reduced the growth of their combined annual
greenhouse gas emissions over the past three decades.
Executive Summary
B
R
A
z
I
L
Solar and Wind Energy Resources
Several solar and wind assessments available, most of them private, but some available
to the public
Estimated wind energy potential of 143.5 GW/year; 50% on north-eastern coast
Country well-suited for solar energy exploitation; daily solar irradiation of 4-7 kWh/m
2
Policies/Instruments
Reserve Energy Auctions, as held in 2009, exclusive to wind
Brazils policies have been criticized for their poor effectiveness
PROINFA is the key programme to boost RE deployment, however does not include PV
No national government programme to increase SHW but local SHW mandates in
place for new buildings
Developers and Financiers
Majority of PV and SHW system developers located in southern and south-eastern
regions
Most PV system developers are electricity utilities and research institutes
High-quality local wind turbine industry; traditionally dominated by one manufacturer,
but several international players have entered Brazils market
(1)
C
h
I
n
A
High resolutions wind resources assessments, in particular for 10 GW wind power
bases, have been carried out
Lack of high resolution solar resource assessments
Solar resource measuring stations are not suffcient, especially in western regions
Most policies and instruments in current portfolio for advancing renewable energies
have been implemented
Renewable Energy Law and National Strategic Plan in place
Fiscal tools: Feed-in tariff, R&D and investments subsidies, and favourable tax
instruments
Almost all developers and fnanciers are one in the same; most wind and large PV
system are large-scale state owned enterprises
Growth in number of developers and fnanciers, including small and large enterprises
from various felds, in the area of PV-roof systems
S
o
U
T
h

A
F
R
I
C
A
High resolution wind resource assessment in progress
Lack of nation wide high-level solar resource assessments
2003 White Paper identifed target of 10,000 GWh of RE by 2013
Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariff (REFIT) introduced in 2009, but no Power Purchase
Agreements (PPAs) were signed by the end of 2010
Large number of wind farms, large-scale PV and CSP projects in the pipeline proposed
under the REFIT
Many fnancial institutions willing to provide loans for RE projects

(1) http://swera.unep.net/ and http://www.cptec.inpe.br/sonda (2) Wobben Enercon including Vestas, Suzlon and IMPSA.
Executive Summary
Section 1 (Wind and solar Energy Resource Assessment) collects, collates and describes the features of the existing
and planned assessments of solar and wind energy resource potentials and the available datasets.
Figure 3 Solar and Wind Resource Information Available in (A) Brazil, (B) China and (C) South Africa
(A) (B) (C)
Knowledge of solar and wind energy resources is essential for the planning and operation of energy systems. This
study reveals that even though the three countries have several energy resource assessments available, the use of these
assessments has not been widely used. The reasons might be a lack of awareness of the existence of the resource
assessments by the main stakeholders and a lack of centralized access to the assessment information. Depending
on planned renewable energy projects, the lack of publicly available high-resolution and accurate energy resource
information make the existing resource assessments unsuitable for specifc applications, i.e. assessments of investment
and operational cost, design of support instruments or plant feasibility studies. In 2010, South Africa lacked high-
resolution solar and wind energy assessments, although an assessment is planned for wind energy (CSIR, SAWS, CSAG
and Risoe, 2010). Solar and wind energy assessments are available for China, but have been validated only partially
against measurement data and thus lack quantifed uncertainty. Brazil has a wide range of solar and wind resource
assessments available at the regional level but still lack high-quality assessments at the national level.
China, Brazil and South Africas vast solar and wind resources are considered largely untapped. For example, a
wind atlas published by the Electric Power Research Centre (CEPEL/ELETROBRS, 2001) estimates that in Brazil the
potential for onshore wind energy capacity at 50 meters above ground level is 143 GW double the countrys current
installed hydropower capacity equivalent to a technical power generation potential of 273 TWh/year (Giulio Volpi,
2006), (Zakhidov, 2008).
Figure 4 Examples of Percentage of the Actual Solar and Wind Exploitation Compare to Technical
Potential in China, Brazil, and South Africa
Wind in China SHW in Brazil Wind in South Africa
Installed capacity 1.1%
Technical potential
Installed capacity 13%
Technical potential
Installed capacity 0.03%
Technical potential
Executive Summary
China exploits only 1.1% of its on-shore technical wind energy potential, South Africa exploits only 0.03% of its
technical wind potential and Brazil exploits 14.8% of its solar thermal energy potential (0.4 out of 2.7 TWh) (for further
details see Table I).
Table I Estimated Potential Energy Supply From Different Solar And Wind Energy Technologies In Brazil,
China And South Africa
Theoretical
Potential
(TWh)
Technical
Potential
Installed
Capacity
(2009)
Percentage
exploited
(%)
Brazil
Solar
SHW 2.7 TWh 0.4 TWh 14.8%
CSP 2,615,050
1
n/a
2
0 0%
PV 6,897,050 n/a 6 MW
Wind
Offshore n/a 0 0%
Onshore
273 TWh
143 GW
602.3 MW 0.42%
China
Solar
SHW 7.5 TWth
3
0.122TWh 1.6%
CSP 170Ttce 2200 GW 0.1 MW 0%
PV 300 MW 0.01%
Wind
Offshore 400 GW
4
102 MW 0.03%
Onshore 3800 GW
142 TWh
5
2,380 GW
26.9TWh
25,805 MW
1.08%
South Africa
Solar
SHW 70 47 TWh
CSP 2,361,300 1,000 TWh 0 0%
PV (>1MW) 2,361,300
1,000 TWh
540.5 GW
20MW 0.004%
Wind
Offshore 0
Onshore 184
80 TWh
30.6 GW
8 MW 0.03%

Source: (M.Edkins, Marquard y Winkler 2010), CRSES, Energy Research Institute at NRDC, INPE
12345
1 According to a typical parabolic trough power station with respect to the solar energy irradiated per year on the total land surface required by the plant
(Franz Trieb 2009). The area considered was chosen for DNI 2,100 kWh/m
2
.y => 1,216,300km
2
.
2 It is planned to estimate technical potential in the new edition of Brazilian Solar Atlas at the beginning of 2012.
3 If considering 50% of the roof areas could be used for SWh, the area will be 8900 million m
2
.
4 The depth is no more than 50m.
5 Considering the average annual utilization hour of wind power is 2000, the potential of onshore wind is 4760 TWh.
Executive Summary
Summary of Solar and Wind Energy Resources in Each Country
6
BRAzIL
Solar and Wind Energy Potentials:
Technical wind energy potential of 273 TWh/year
Theoretical solar potential of 6,897,050 TWh
6
with an annual daily mean solar irradiation ranging from 4 to 7 kWh/m
2
There are several wind and solar energy resources assessments in Brazil. Most are privately owned, with few
available to the public domain:
10 wind energy resource assessments:
Open range of resolution and quality
1 regional high resolution map
1 statistical data collection,
1 wind map/actual measurements comparison study
6 low-resolution wind maps (2 validated measurement data)
1 medium resolution map
4 solar energy resource assessments. 3 solar maps (1 medium resolution, 1 low resolution, 1 isoline
maps) and their corresponding datasets
1 target and forecast assessment for RE electricity
Resource potentials are available in several publications;
however, the methodologies applied vary; i.e. models based on
ground station information or on satellite data.
Lack of public national-level high-quality solar and wind energy assessments (2009), although one high-resolution
assessment is planned for wind and one solar medium resolution (10 km) assessment is available.
Several regional high-resolution wind energy assessments have been provided by investors and/or by state
agencies, however, they were done using commercial tools or by foreign companies.
Accuracy and resolution of publicly available maps and datasets are not appropriate for site selection, design and
planning of large installations, such as CSP plants.
ShW industry has been widely using solar data to assess the potential of systems.
ChInA
Vast solar and wind resources exist however deployment is not near approaching the potential.
Technical wind potential = 2,780 GW; Technical solar potential = 2,200 GW.
Wind energy resource assessments:
high resolution maps at regional coverage
Statistical data collections of wind speed average
Comparison study of wind maps and feld measurements
Low resolution wind maps at country level
Solar energy resource assessments:
Low resolution
1 series of national level low-resolution maps and their
corresponding datasets based on ground-stations
corresponding datasets based on satellite data and ground-
stations
1 national solar radiation database
Lack of high-resolution solar and wind energy assessments for the entire country (2009).
Lack of accuracy
Assessments of solar energy based on only few ground site measurements.
Accuracy and resolution
Publicly available solar maps and datasets are not appropriate for site selection, design and planning of larger
installations, such as large PV and CSP plants.
Wind industry
Utilizing available wind energy resource assessment but these lack resolution. A high resolution map is being
developed in order to identify potential sites for 50 GW wind farms.
6 Theoretical PV yield calculated as TWh/kWp for Brazil with DNI 2100 kWh/m
2
y. Calculated under standard conditions to determine the Wp rating.
Executive Summary
SoUTh AFRICA
Theoretical and technical potentials of solar in South Africa are vast, and greatly exceed the current energy demand
of 220 TWh. The technical potential for wind is estimated at 80 TWh and for SWh at 47 per year.
10 wind energy resource assessments
with wide range of resolution and quality
1 statistical data collection
6 low resolution wind maps (1 with patches showing mean
annual wind speed, 2 with validated measurement data)
2 reports containing information on energy
resources
RE-Independent Power Producers report
RE briefng paper
10 solar energy resource assessments 7 low-resolution maps and their corresponding datasets (2 of
the maps obtained by interpolation of measuring station data,
1processing Meteonorm data)
3 solar radiation databases
Lack of high-resolution assessments of solar and wind energy (2009), although one high-resolution assessment is
planned for wind.
planning of larger installations, such as CSP plants.
ShW industry in ZA has been widely using solar data to assess the potential of the systems.
national and Regional Policies
Section 2 (National and Regional Policies) collects and
describes the national and regional policies for promoting
solar and wind energy in each country, and documents
the main technologies used in existing and planned solar
and wind applications. Vast solar and wind resources are
abundant in the three countries where deployment has not
yet begun to approach potentials. As an example, China is
becoming an important global player in the PV and wind
sectors, however, fast economic growth and abundant
conventional resources enable continued use of conventional
fossil fuels (IEA PV Technology Roadmap, 2009). Without
appropriate incentives and capacity to do otherwise, these
countries are likely to follow carbon-intensive development
paths. China is working now to meet domestic demand and
ambitious renewable energy targets by installing substantial
new clean energy-generating capacity. Brazil has one of the cleanest primary energy mixes (with 80% to 85% coming
from large hydro) yet deforestation is a major source of GhG emissions. The country has put in place an array of policies
and programs for the sustainable use of rainforests; however national policies supporting wind and solar deployment
are still weak.
Policies and use of energy resource assessments: An analysis of the information collected shows that policies to promote
solar and wind energy technology deployment in Brazil, China and South Africa are not based on integrated assessments (only
partial assessments), and thus fail to reap the full economic, environmental and employment benefts of these technologies.
Development of such integrated assessments in the form of long-term policy roadmaps is seen as a precondition for
successful deployment of solar and wind energy technologies and to follow a low-carbon development path.
In the case of Brazil, governmental policies have concentrated more on wind energy than on solar and therefore more
efforts have been made to develop high quality wind resource assessments. Even though wind energy is predominant;
efforts have been made to expand knowledge of Brazils solar resources in order to stimulate investments and technology
development. The National Electricity Conservation Program, PROCEL, made use of solar resource assessments to
Executive Summary
ensure that solar heating was close to meeting the demand at peak hours. South Africa has an enormous potential
for renewable energy projects and various studies are publicly available, however resource potentials are often not
considered when discussing policy support options.
Since 2009, Chinas government has begun to promote eight wind power bases
7
. These wind park locations were
identifed taking into account partial resource assessments; they have rich wind resources on land and/or offshore.
Furthermore wind power has been promoted in China since 2005 considering the technical and economic potential.
China started to promote large-scale PV and CSP demonstration projects in 2010, however has not used high resolution
solar resource assessments to support the development of these projects.
In South Africa policies have been mainly aimed at reducing CO
2
emissions taking into account current resource
information available. The Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariffs (REFITs) have been determined using the principle of a fair
return to the investors (they are currently being reviewed and may be substantially reduced.) When determining the
Integrated Resource Plan 1 the least cost principle was employed, hence the uptake of RE was low.
Classifcation of wind and energy policies: Table II gathers information on the policy instruments for supporting
the use of renewable energy sources for electricity in the three countries. Solar and wind energy instruments can
be classifed by (1) stimulating the RE electricity prices (or by establishing price premiums); or (2) establishing and
promoting the installed capacity. A group of regulatory instruments may defne the minimum amount of renewable
energy to be produced or consumed (Centro Clima, 2010).
Targets for wind and solar energy: China has set ambitious targets (not offcially announced yet) for wind, biomass
and solar energy. The RE targets are foreseen to be 150 GW of wind power by 2020 and 20 GW of solar PV by 2020.
The offcial targets in the 2007 RE Medium and Long Term Plan are a 15% share of renewables in the primary energy mix
by 2020 with the following specifc goals: 300 GW hydro, 30 GW wind, 30 GW biomass, 1.8 GW PV, and 300 million m
2

of ShW. To reach the envisaged government targets the current policies might not be consistent enough.
The South African governments target of achieving 4% of all power generated from renewable sources by 2013
has been criticised for not being ambitious enough. however, without adequate incentives this target is unlikely to be
reached.
8
7 Wind Bases are very large wind parks, for example, the West Inner Mongolia Wind Bases will reach 20 GW wind capacity before 2020.
8 New renewables account for biomass, solar, small hydro and wind power combined.
Figure 5 (5.A) Targets for new Renewable Energy Installed
8
(5.B) Targets for the Share of Electricity from
Renewable in Brazil, China and South Africa
500
400
300
200
100
0
C
a
p
a
c
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(
G
W
)
30
20
10
0
South Africa Brazil
16
12
8
4
0
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
S
h
a
r
e

o
f

R
E

e
l
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c
t
r
i
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(
%
)
South Africa
Brazil
China
2020 2016 2013 2009
Executive Summary
Summary of Solar and Wind Energy Policies in Each Country
BRAzIL
Targets
According to governmental energy plans: Slight increase in renewable energy share of primary energy and
renewable electricity share.
3.3 GW added by 2006 from wind, biomass and small hydro additional 3.3 GW by 2016.
Wind power 2.7 GW by 2010 and 5,250 MW through new binding contracts by 2013.
Policies
The mechanisms adopted in Brazil to promote renewable energy technologies include auctions for specifc sources
and Reserve Energy Auctions (2009-2010), a feed-in tariff (2002), guaranteed pricing, tradable certifcates and
third-party fnancing for onshore wind energy, bio-energy and hydropower (2002-2012).
Deployment
Combined new renewables such as biomass, small hydro and wind power account for less than 4% of the Brazils
electricity generation (85% of electricity generation is large hydro).
Since the implementation of PROINFA (Alternative Energy Sources Incentive Program) in 2002, there has been more
than a hundred-fold increase in the installed national wind energy capacity.
Lack of support for grid-connected PV
Brazil is well-suited for grid-connected PV due to the substantial solar resources available and match of solar irradiance
peak with peak loads. Nevertheless, solar PV is not mentioned in PROINFA, the major national program for renewables.
Leading country for use of off-grid PV
In 2003, the federal government launched the electrifcation programme Luz para Todos (Light for All), which aims to
supply full electricity access by 2010. As a result Brazil is one of the leading countries in the use of PV technologies for
off-grid areas.
Several governmental incentive programs promote large-scale use of solar water heating systems.
Use of resource assessments in governmental policies
National policies have targeted wind energy more than solar. Nevertheless, there are efforts to increase knowledge of
Brazils solar resources in order to stimulate investments and technology development.
The National Electricity Conservation Program (PROCEL) made use of a solar resource assessment to ensure that
solar heating goals could meet demand during peak hours.
ChInA
Targets
China has set ambitious RE targets (not announced yet), to include a wind power target of 150 GW and a solar PV
target of 20 GW by 2020.
The offcial targets fxed in the 2007 RE Medium and Long term Plan were a 15% share of renewables in primary
energy made up as follows: 300 GW hydro, 30 GW wind, 30 GW biomass, 1.8 GW solar PV and 300 million m
2
of
ShW by 2020.
Policies
Guaranteed prices determined by bidding process: Wind power concession (2003-2008) and large-scale PV has a
guaranteed price through bidding since 2009.
Reduced VAT income tax measures for wind technologies.
Feed-in-tariff for wind energy since 2009, all other renewable energy technologies under the feed-in tariff as
defned by the Renewable Energy Law (2005).The level of support is set by the provinces.
Capital grants through the Brightness Rural Electrifcation Programme.
Deployment
China is becoming an important global player in PV and wind, in terms of manufacturing capacity. however, PV
production is vulnerable to changes in policies abroad as 95% of the produced technology is exported.
Without suffcient incentives, China is likely to follow a carbon-intensive development path.
Executive Summary
SoUTh AFRICA
Target
Non-binding target of 10 TWh of renewable energy by 2013.
Policies
The White Paper on Renewable Energy (2003) aimed to remove barriers for the promotion of renewables and provide
10,000 GWh of RE by 2013.
Feed-in Tariff (REFIT) is the most important measure being implemented in 2009 but no Power Purchase
Agreements were signed as of the end of 2010. While proposed by the National Energy Regulator of South Africa,
the suggested feed-in-tariffs may not be high enough to stimulate signifcant investments (solar PV not included).
Use of resource assessment in governmental policies
To date resources assessments have not been used in creating policy, except in the broader sense where it is
recognised that ZA has signifcant solar resources and some wind and biomass potential. No high resolution wind atlas
is available and none of the policies to date referred to any specifc geographic area.
Wind and Solar Technologies
BRAzIL
WIND Total installed capacity
602.3 MW (2009) and 931 MW by the end of 2010. The largest installed capacity in Latin America until
2010 consisting of nearly 50% of the total capacity.
however, it is less than 3% of the potential capacity estimated for Brazil, 143.5GW.
Total of 17 installed wind farms (2009), ranging from 0.3 MW to 50 MW.
Generating costs
Wind energy is already competitive with conventional sources (average of $0.08 /kWh); however,
since the best locations are being used frst, wind generating costs may rise again when the remaining
locations are used.
Domestic production capacity
high-quality industrial capacity to produce wind turbines from 250 W up to 2.3 MW for domestic market
and export (about 50% of annual production).
SOLAR Main solar energy technologies deployed
More than 2.2 million square meters of solar water heaters installed for domestic use and small PV
systems for off-grid applications.
Leading country in the use of PV for rural electrifcation.
Domestic production capacity of solar water heating industry is well developed.
Concentrating solar power (CSP)
No CSP plants or large PV systems are currently installed in the country.
ChInA
WIND Installed capacity
China is the worlds largest market, with 13.8 GW added in 2009, more than one-third of the global
market.
Wind capacity was doubled in 2009 in pursuit of an ambitious target of installing 30 GW of wind by
2020.
Domestic industry capacity
Large-scale wind market is taking shape rapidly and the domestic industry is booming.
China remains the largest market for small wind turbines (2009).
Executive Summary
SOLAR Installed capacity
Total capacity of 305 MW in 2009 (1/3 provided by independent producers off-national grid).
Major imbalance between PV production and domestic market. however, rapid expansion planned,
setting up ambitious mid-term targets for domestic market, 1,800 MW installed capacity by 2020.
PV industry has been growing rapidly; China is the worlds leading manufacturer of solar photovoltaic
panels, with more than 40% share of global PV cell production in 2009 and about 50% in 2010.
95% of production is exported.
Most raw materials and equipment are imported.
Solar Water Heaters
China dominates the world market with 70 % global installed capacity.
CSP
In early 2010, a deal was signed for at least 2 GW to be constructed in China by 2020, with installation of
the frst 92 MW to begin in 2010.
SoUTh AFRICA
Two operational farms:
Klipheuwel 3.2 MW
Darling wind farm 5.2 MW
Wind industry will boom with a viable feed-in-tariff.
SOLAR Domestic production capacity
While the potential for solar is quite signifcant, the uptake of technologies has remained limited due to the
lack of incentives.
Main solar energy technologies being utilized are solar water heaters for domestic use (744.4MW
th
)and
small PV systems for off-grid applications.
Large PV
No concentrating solar power plants or large PV systems are currently installed in the country.
CSP
The only concentrating solar power installation is a 25 kW Stirling dish system but it is out of operation.
Eskom is planning a 100 MW solar tower near Upington, but fnances have not been secured yet.
South Africa
500
400
300
200
100
0
PV
Wind
Planned CSP (2010)
A
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

I
n
s
t
a
l
l
e
d

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

(
M
W
)

200
150
100
50
0
S
h
W

i
n
s
t
a
l
l
e
d

c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

(
G
W
t
h
)
SHW capacity
1
2
0
8
1
0
0
6
602,3
0
3
0
5
9
2
2,4
145
25 805
Executive Summary
Project Developers and Financiers
Section 3 (Project Developers and Financiers) collects information from the main project developers and project
fnanciers in each country about their data requirements for risk management of solar and wind energy project
development. The section analyses the most infuential barriers to investments in renewable energy technologies in the
three countries such as renewable energy capacity, research and development, installation and maintenance, fnancial
risks and initial costs.
BRAzIL
Ranked sixth worldwide in investment in renewable energy (2009); total of US$ 7,400 million.
Wind project developers made use of the existing wind energy resource assessment that indicates the best
economic conditions are in the Northeast and South regions.
Wind and solar energy policies have encouraged investment by companies mainly in wind energy (no investments
in large PV).
high-quality domestic industrial capacity to produce wind turbines.
Traditionally dominated by just one turbine manufacturer, Wobben Enercon, several other international players
have entered the Brazilian market, including Vestas, Suzlon and IMPSA.
There are no national manufacturers on the PV market in Brazil, dominated by small PV systems.
Companies expect to see new renewable energy policy measures resulting from Brazils National Action Plan
on Climate Change and suggest policies focus on bringing down the cost of renewable power generation, e.g.
through a special tariff, renewable energy credits, or reduced transmission costs for smaller renewable energy
generators (REEEP, 2010).

Source: (Pew Research 2010), (REEEP 2010)
ChInA
Ranked frst worldwide overall in investment in renewable energy (2009), total of US$ 34,600 million.
National policy on renewable energy has provided a clear signal to companies and has stimulated investment.
Companies would like to see innovation in energy market structure and demand management, e.g. a renewable
energy generation obligation, a renewable energy or emissions trading market, generation-based subsidies.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has stimulated corporate investment, both directly (e.g. for project
development) and indirectly (e.g. new business areas for service companies).

SoUTh AFRICA
WIND There are a large number of wind farm developers and two main wind farm fnanciers.
SOLAR
Main developers and fnanciers are municipalities and provincial governments for solar water heater roll-
out programs.
Ranked seventeenth worldwide in overall investment in renewable energy (2009) total of 125 million US$.
The Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff (2009) is changing investment patterns, however there is uncertainty about
how it will be applied; technology-specifc measures not favoured. By the end of 2010, large number of wind
farms, large scale PV and CSP plants as proposed REFIT projects but no Power Purchase Agreements (PPA)
were signed under the REFIT. Main stumbling blocks are the development of mutually acceptable PPAs and the
selection criteria used to assess and rank project proposals.
Industry would like to see R&D support, simplifcation of planning consents, renewable energy targets and in-
country support for CDM project development (REEEP, 2010).
Many fnancial institutions willing to provide loans for RE projects.
Executive Summary
China is emerging to the top spot for overall clean energy fnance and investment. In 2009 China was ranked third
among G-20 nations, with 0.39 percent, and Brazil forth, with 0.37 percent, in clean energy investment intensity (clean
energy investment as a percentage of gross domestic product) (Figure 7). The fve-year installed growth in installed
capacity for Brazil and China are 79 % and 13.9 % respectively. The fve-year growth in investment for Brazil and China
is 148 percent each.
Each of the three countries have undertaken consultations with solar and wind energy companies, fnanciers and
developers to study the most infuential risk criteria from their point of view, such as the availability of resource information,
standard approval or integration capacity of the existing grid.
Figure 8 shows the results after consultation of the number of existing companies, fnanciers and developers for solar
and wind technologies in the three countries.
Figure 8 Companies, Project Developers and Financiers in Brazil, China and South Africa
PV
ShW
Wind
CSP
100
80
60
40
20
0
Companies
1 300
100
80
60
40
20
0
Developers
100
80
60
40
20
0
Financiers
Source: (Pew Research 2010)
Capacity (%) in Brazil (BR), China (Cn) and South Africa (zA)
Installed 5-year growth, %
Investment intensity, %
100
80
60
40
20
0
I
n
s
t
a
l
l
e
d

g
r
o
w
t
h

(
%
)
I
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
CN, 79
CN, 0,39
BR, 0,37
ZA, 0,03
BR, 13,9
Background
BACkGRoUnD
High-quality assessments of solar and wind energy resources are indispensable for framing
long-term, economically-sound policy frameworks for promoting solar and wind energy.
However, these assessments are expensive and not proftable per se, because of the long
causal chain between, on the one end, the assessment of the resource and, at the other end,
the proftable investment opportunity which could attract private sector interest.
Public funding can help bridge this gap by (i) fnancing the development of high-resolution assessments of renewable
energy, which the private sector clearly will not undertake, and (ii) supporting a UNEP-facilitated effort to take the results
of those assessments through all the steps in the causal chain, to ensure that targeted, unbiased and timely information
is made available to potential project developers and project fnanciers, and thereby help facilitate actual investment deals.
This study was commissioned by the United Nations Environment Programme in 2009 with the purpose of identifying
best practices in promoting the use and development of renewable energy in Brazil, China, and South Africa (the BASIC
countries excluding India). This report aims to map the extent to which solar and wind resource information in these three
countries are being used and required; to identify the requirements for such information to support investments; and to
evaluate the role of government policy in supporting renewable energy development.
Table II Selection of Major References Used in This Report
Study/Report
Solar/Wind
Resources
Solar/Wind
Policies
Investors /
Developers
Solar/Wind
Technologies
IEA PV Technology Roadmap
World Energy Resource
Corp. Clean Energy Investment Trends REEEP
Pew Research.
Centro Clima
Econsense Forum for Sustainable Development of
German Business
IEA. World Energy Outlook

Arcadia Market
A sustainable electricity blueprint for Brazil
The primary data sources used for analysis were reports from the three project partners in 2009, complementary
sources of information (see main sources in Table II) and additional interviews with governmental agencies and companies
in 2009 and 2010 conducted by the partners in each of the three countries studied. The results were collated and
complemented by UNEP and are classifed in Annex I.
Background
Introduction
The three countries examined in this report, Brazil, China and South Africa three of the key Big Emerging Markets
refect signifcant political, economic, demographic, and energy resource diversity. They include the country with the
largest expanse of tropical forest (and third-largest emitter of total greenhouse gases in the world), the worlds most
populous nation and largest annual emitter of energy-related CO
2
(China overtook the United States in 2007), and
Africas largest greenhouse gas emitter. While their situations vary widely, these countries share common concerns that
have motivated actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions growth.
Brazil, China and South Africa increased their energy consumption at an annual rate between 8% and 200% from
1990-2009 and increased their primary energy consumption by 69%, 126% and 48%, respectively. The electricity and heat
sectors in China and South Africa contribute most to emissions, 48% and 63% respectively in 2008. The bulk of Brazilian
GhG emissions (85%) is from agriculture, land-use and forestry activities with only 11% coming from energy sector.
Figure 9 Contributions of Electricity and heat Sectors to GhG Emissions
Renewable sources of energy could supply new generating capacity needed to keep pace with economic growth, as
all three countries are well endowed with renewable sources of energy. however, to date, Brazil, China and South Africa
have relied primarily on coal and large hydropower generation for power. The three countries exploit an insignifcant share
of their total realisable mid-term potentials for solar and wind energy (IEA, 2009). For example, Brazil exploits 14.8
percent of its solar thermal energy potential (0.4 out of 2.7 TWh) and China exploits 1.08 percent of its on-shore wind
energy potential (2.6 out of 142 TWh) (ERI, 2010). Moreover, potentials for use of off-shore wind energy, photovoltaic
(PV) solar and Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems remain virtually unexploited.
Figure 10 Total Energy Consumption (2008)
South Africa 52%
Brazil 9%
China 39%
Coal and oil in primary energy consumption Coal consumption (% of billion short tons year)
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
China Brazil South Africa
Coal
Oil
6
9
%
1
8
%
5
%
7
5
%
4
8
%
1
0
%
China 29%
US 23%
South Africa 4%
Brazil 1%
Other 44%
Wind and Solar Energy Resource Assessment
WInD AnD SoLAR EnERGY RESoURCE ASSESSMEnT
The research, interviews and consultations conducted in this study reveal that there are already
several wind and solar resource assessments available in each of the three countries although
in general there is a lack of publicly available high-resolution assessments (2009).
In 2010, South Africa lacked high-resolution solar and wind energy assessments, although an assessment is planned
for wind energy (CSIR, SAWS, CSAG and Risoe, 2010). Assessments of solar and wind energy exist in China, but have
been validated only partially against measurement data and thus lack accuracy. Brazil has a wide range of solar and wind
resource assessments available (Martins, 2011) but still lack high-quality assessments at the national level.
Wind and Solar Resources Assessment in Brazil
Several studies have been developed to evaluate wind energy resources in Brazil. The national and regional wind
atlases have done through support from a Brazilian government initiative to generate a reliable database necessary for
planning and boosting wind energy exploitation. These publications have identifed areas as possible locations for using
wind energy. The best wind resources in terms of wind speed and capacity factor are in the Northeast, Southeast and
Southern Regions (CEPEL/ELETROBRS. 2001).
A wind atlas published by the Electric Power Research Centre (CEPEL/ELETROBRS, 2001) shows that the potential
for onshore wind energy capacity in Brazil is 143GW (at 50 meters high) double the countrys current installed hydropower
capacity (Giulio Volpi, 2006), (Zakhidov, 2008). New wind maps, which are being prepared by the government based on
measurements at 80-100 meters, are expected to demonstrate a considerably higher capacity.
Figure 11 Wind Energy Potential in Brazil (143,4 GW in Total, 273 TWh/year)
Source:EPE (2007) http://www.aneel.gov.br/arquivos/PDF/atlas_par2_cap5.pdf
Solar energy has not been given as much attention in Brazils government policies as wind energy has. Even so,
there are efforts to expand knowledge of Brazils solar resources in order to stimulate investments and technology
development in this area. The resource potentials are available in several publications; SWERA Project Report, Atlas
Solarimtrico do Brasil Banco de Dados Terrestre, and Atlas de Irradiao Solar do Brasil. however, the methodologies
used in the atlases vary; either using models based on ground station information on satellite data (see Table X).
Interactive Solar and Wind Resource Map in Brazil
The most important wind and solar resource assessments for Brazil are represented in the following interactive map.
Figure 12 Interactive Solar and Wind Resource Map in Brazil
By clicking on an image, the solar/wind resource map and its main characteristics will be shown.
Table III Available Solar/Wind Resource Reports and Database in Brazil
Title: Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment in Brazil SWERA Project Report.
Authors/Sponsors INPE,CEPEL/UNEP,GEF
Year 2008
Title: Brazilian Atlas for Wind Energy
Authors/Sponsors CRESESB/MME ELETROBRAS CEPEL CRESESB/
Year 2001
Title: Wind Energy Overview for Brazil
Authors/Sponsors ANEEL/ANEEL
Year 2003
Title: Wind Energy Atlas for the Rio Grande do Sul
Authors/Sponsors State Government of Rio Grande do Sul/State Company for
Electricity
Year 2003
Title: Wind Energy Atlas for the Rio de Janeiro
Authors/Sponsors SEINPE/SEINPE-ELETROBOLT
Year 2003
Title: Wind Energy Atlas for the Alagoas
Authors/Sponsors ELETROBRAS, Technology Institute for Development and University
of Alagoas
Year 2009
Title:Wind Energy Atlas for the So Paulo
Authors/Sponsors Metropolitan Company for Water and Energy
Year 2008
Title: Wind Map for the Paran
Authors/Sponsors COPEL Companhia Paranaense de Energia
Year 1st edition in 1999, updated in 2009
Title: Wind Energy Atlas for the Maranho
Authors/Sponsors State Government of Maranho and University of Maranho.
Year Planning
Title: Wind Energy Atlas for the Brazilian Northeast Region
Authors/Sponsors ANEEL/ANEEL
Year 1998
Title: Brazilian Atlas for Solar Energy
Authors/Sponsors INPE/UNEP/GEF
Year 2006
Title: Solar Radiation Atlas of Brazil
Authors/Sponsors INMET/INMET
Year 1998
Title: Brazilian Solarimetric Atlas Ground Database
Authors/Sponsors CRESESB/MME/ELETROBRS/CEPEL/CRESESB
Year 2000
Title: Brazilian Atlas of Electricity 3
rd
edition
Authors/Sponsors Brazilian Agency for Electric Energy (ANEEL)
Year 2005

See Annex I for further details
Table IV Characteristics of the Available Solar Energy Resource Assessments in Brazil
Solar Assessments Map/database Validation Resolution Resolution
Brazilian Atlas for Solar Energy maps medium 10 km
Solar Radiation Atlas of Brazil maps low 50 km
Brazilian Solarimetric Atlas Ground Database Isolines Charts and Maps n/a n/a
Brazilian Atlas of Electricity 2
nd
edition targets/forecast n/a n/a
SWERA Project Report in Brazil Map/database medium 10 km
Table V Available Wind Energy Resource Assessments in Brazil
Wind Assessments Coverage Validation Resolution Resolution
Brazilian Atlas for Wind Energy Brazil
(1)
medium 1km x 1km
Wind Energy Overview for the Brazil Brazil
(1)
medium 1km x 1km
Wind Energy Atlas for the Rio Grande do Sul State of Rio Grande do Sul
(2)
medium 1km x 1km
Wind Energy Atlas for the Rio de Janeiro State of Rio de Janeiro
(3)
high 200m x 200m
Wind Energy Atlas for the Alagoas State of Alagoas In progress high 90m x 90m
Wind Energy Atlas for the So Paulo State of So Paulo
(4)
high 200m x 200m
Wind Map for the Paran Paran State
(5)
high 100m x 100m
Wind Energy Atlas for the Maranho State of Maranho In progress n/a n/a
Wind Energy Atlas for the Brazilian Northeast
Region
Northeast of Brazil
(6)
low
SWERA Project Report Brazil
(7)
low 10km x 10 km
(1) 45 ground sites with anenometers at 50m.
(2) 22 anemometric towers at 50m (measurements acquired along 2 years).
(3) 5 anemometric towers (3 in lakes region, 2 in the N along shore) at 40m and 61m. Data were acquired along 22 months.
(4) Seven wind towers between 50m to 100m.
(5) 34 wind farms (one at 100 m).
(6) Data from 13 wind energy tower and 2 conventional meteorological stations.
(7) Ground data at airports, at automatic weather stations and at SONDA network sites.
In summary:
9
BRAzIL
Technical wind energy potential of 273 TWh/year
Theoretical solar potential of 6,897,050 TWh
9
with an annual daily mean solar irradiation ranging from 4 to 7 kWh/m
2
There are several wind and solar energy resources assessments in Brazil. Most are privately owned, with few
available to the public domain:
10 wind energy resource assessments:
6 low-resolution wind maps (2 validated measurement data)
4 solar energy resource assessments. 3 solar maps (1 medium resolution, 1 low resolution, 1 isoline
maps) and their corresponding datasets
1 target and forecast assessment for RE electricity
Resource potentials are available in several publications;
however, the methodologies applied vary; i.e. models based on
ground station information or on satellite data.
Lack of public national-level high-quality solar and wind energy assessments (2009), although one high-resolution
assessment is planned for wind and one solar medium resolution (10 km) assessment is available.
Several regional high-resolution wind energy assessments have been provided by investors and/or by state
agencies, however, they were done using commercial tools or by foreign companies.
planning of large installations, such as CSP plants.
ShW industry has been widely using solar data to assess the potential of systems.
9 Theoretical PV yield calculated as TWh/kWp for Brazil with DNI 2100 kWh/m
2
y. Calculated under standard conditions to determine the Wp rating.
Wind and Solar Resources Assessment in China
Currently there are no publicly available high resolution solar and wind energy resource maps for China. Rough solar
data can be derived from the global solar irradiation and direct irradiation maps developed by the Chinese National
Meteorological Bureau (CNMB). Accurate GHI data are available from 122 on-site weather stations in China; but only
17 A-class weather stations measure both GhI and DNI data required for the design of PV and CSP systems. Further
evaluation is required to obtain a reliable and accurate solar resource assessment in China.
Table VI Available Solar/Wind Resource Reports and Database in China
Title: National Wind Energy Resource Assessment
Authors/Sponsors National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)
Year 2004-2006
Title: China Wind Energy Resource Mapping Activity
Authors/Sponsors NREL/UNEP
Year 2000-2006
Title: National Wind Energy Resource Detailed Assessment Activity
Authors/Sponsors Ministry of Finance
Year 2007-2011
Title: Solar Resources Assessment for China
Authors/Sponsors Energy Research Institute, NDRC
Year 1951-2008

Interactive Solar and Wind Resource Map in China
The most important wind and solar resource assessments for China are represented in the following interactive map.
Figure 13 Interactive Solar and Wind Resource Map in China
Table VII Available Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessments in China
Solar/Wind
Assessments Coverage Validation Resolution Resolution Accuracy
NDRC National Low range classes of 50W/m
2
Low
(1)
SWERA-NREL Regional- Easter China Medium 1 km
2
at 50 m height Medium
(2)
MOF National-selected areas Medium 1 km
2
at 10 m height Medium
(3)
CNMB National n/a Low Low
(4)

(1) Due to lack of onsite measurements
(2) On-site tower measurements for 10 regions -170 meteo. stations
(3) Surface data from 400 wind measurement towers
(4) On-site measurement (122 stations for GhI, sunshine hrs. 752 stations)
In summary:
ChInA
Vast solar and wind resources exist however deployment is not near approaching the potential.
Technical wind potential = 2,780 GW; Technical solar potential = 2,200 GW.
Wind energy resource assessments:
high resolution maps at regional coverage
Statistical data collections of wind speed average
Comparison study of wind maps and feld measurements
Low resolution wind maps at country level
Solar energy resource assessments:
Low resolution
corresponding datasets based on ground-stations
corresponding datasets based on satellite data and ground-
stations
1 national solar radiation database
Lack of high-resolution solar and wind energy assessments for the entire country (2009).
Lack of accuracy
Assessments of solar energy based on only few ground site measurements.
Accuracy and resolution
Publicly available solar maps and datasets are not appropriate for site selection, design and planning of larger
installations, such as large PV and CSP plants.
Wind industry
Utilizing available wind energy resource assessment but these lack resolution. A high resolution map is being
developed in order to identify potential sites for 50 GW wind farms.
Wind and Solar Resources Assessment in South Africa
There is a general agreement that solar energy resources in South Africa are outstanding, however no high resolution
wind and solar maps are available in the public domain in 2010. Accuracy and resolution of public available maps and
datasets are not appropriate for site selection, design and planning of larger installations, such as concentrating solar
power plants or large process heat installations for industry.
In two reports (Energy Research Centre, 2007); (Schafe & Banks, 2006) large concentrating solar power (CSP)
plants have been proposed for signifcant greenhouse gas emission reductions in South Africa. Both studies envisage an
installed CSP capacity exceeding 20 GW by 2035. Currently, no CSP plants are in operation in the country, and none are
under construction. It is expected that a sudden boom will be facilitated by the renewable energy feed-in tariff (REFIT),
(NERSA, 2009). The REFIT for CSP, at ZAR 2.10 (which is equivalent to 0.18 at the exchange rate of 21 May 2009),
should still be adequate to spur local implementation of the technology (Fluri, 2009).
There are 10 wind energy resource assessments with an wide range of resolution and quality: 1 regional high resolution
map, 1 statistical data collection, 1 wind map/actual measurements comparison study, 6 low resolution wind maps (1
patched showing mean annual wind speed, 2 with validated measurement data), and 1 medium resolution map.
Interactive Solar and Wind Resource Map in South Africa
The most important wind and solar resource assessments for South Africa are represented in the following interactive map.
Figure 14 Interactive Solar and Wind Resource Maps in South Africa
Table VIII Available Solar/Wind Resource Reports and Database in South Africa
Title: South African Renewable Energy Resource Database Annual Solar Radiation
Authors/Sponsors ESKOM/CSIR/ESKOM/DME
Year 1999
Title: A Proposed Renewable Energy Plan of Action for the Western Cape
Authors/Sponsors Restio Energy, Nano Energy/Department of Environmental Affairs
andDevelopment Planning
Year 2007
Title: Baseline Study on Wind Energy in South Africa
Authors/Sponsors Department of Mineral and Energy/Department of Mineral and Energy
Year 2003
Title: Review of Wind Energy Resource Studies in South Africa
Authors/Sponsors Department of Minerals and Energy/Department of Mineral and
Energy
Year 2003
Title: South African Renewable Resource database Wind Resource
Authors/Sponsors Eskom/CSIR, Eskom, DME
Year 1999
Title: Bulk Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers in South Africa
Authors/Sponsors Danish Cooperation for Environment and Development/DME, Danish
Cooperation for Environment and Development
Year 2001
Title: Resource and Technology Assessment
Authors/Sponsors RAPS Consulting
Year 2006
Title: Renewable Energy Briefng Paper
Authors/Sponsors holm, D., Banks, D., Schffer, J., Worthington, R., and Afrane-
Okese, Y./Unknown
Year 2008
Title: The potential contribution of renewable energy in South Africa
Authors/Sponsors Sustainable Energy & Climate Change Project/DANIDA-Royal
DanishEmbassy
Year 2006
Title: Wind Atlas of Southern Africa
Authors/Sponsors Diab, R./Department of Minerals and Energy
Year Unknown
Title: Wind Engineering in Africa
Authors/Sponsors J. A. Wissea, K. Stigter Technical University Eindhoven
Year 2007
Title: Wind Regimes of Africa
Authors/Sponsors African Wind Energy Association/InWEnt Division
Year 2004
Title: A solar radiation data handbook for Southern Africa
Authors/Sponsors Eberhard, A., U. Cape Town/Energy Research National Programme
Foundation for Research Development
Year 1990
Title: Climate of South Africa Sunshine and cloudiness
Authors/Sponsors South African Weather Service
Year 2005
Title: PVGIS
Authors/Sponsors Joint Research Centre of the European Commission
Year 2001-2007
Title: NASA- Surface meteorology and Solar Energy
Authors/Sponsors NASA's Earth Science Enterprise Program
Year 2008 (release 6.0)
Title: SWERA Solar resource data for Africa
Authors/Sponsors NREL/UNEP,GEF
Year 2006
Title: Meteonorm
Authors/Sponsors Meteotest, Switzerland
Year 2009

Table IX Characteristics of Solar Energy Resource Assessments in South Africa
Solar Energy Assessment Validation Resolution Resolution
A solar radiation data handbook for Southern Africa low n/a
Climate of South Africa Sunshine and cloudiness low n/a
Munzhedzi et al. very limited low 1 lat. x 1 long.
PVGIS n/a n/a
JRC-European Commission medium 2 km
NASA: Surface meteorology and Solar Energy
(1)
low 1 lat. x 1 long.
SWERA-NREL very low 40 km x 40 km
Diabate et al. low n/a
South African Renewable Energy Resource Database Annual Solar
Radiation ESKOM
low n/a
Meteonorm Database n/a

(1) Parameters based upon the solar and/or meteorology data were derived and validated based on recommendations from partners in the energy industry.
Table X Characteristics of the Wind Energy Resource Assessments in South Africa
Wind Assessments
Map/
Database Coverage Validation Resolution Resolution
A Proposed Renewable Energy
Plan of Action for the Western
Cape/Nano Energy
Map Western Cape
(1)
n/a high (West
coast)
Medium (rest
of province)
Baseline Study on Wind Energy in
South Africa /DME
Statistical data South Africa
(2)
No wind map
Review of Wind Energy Resource
Studies in South Africa/DME
Report on
accuracy of
existing maps
South Africa
(1)
No wind map
South African Renewable
Resource database Wind
Resource/Eskom
Map South Africa Estimated
mean annual
wind speed
at 10 m.
Low (Patchy)
Bulk Renewable Energy
Independent Power Producers in
South Africa
South Africa
Resource and Technology
Assessment/RAPS consulting
Review of
previous
studies
KwaZulu Natal n/a n/a
Renewable Energy Briefng Paper/
holm et al.
Review of
previous
studies
South Africa n/a
The potential contribution of
renewable energy in South Africa/
DANIDA
Review of
previous
studies/maps
South Africa Low (Patchy)
Wind Atlas of Southern Africa/U,
KwaZulu Natal
Map
normalized at
10 m
South Africa
(1)
n/a Low for South
Africa
higher for
Western Cape
coast
Wind Engineering in Africa/
Technical University Eindhoven
Review of
previous maps
Africa 50 km at
50 m
Mean wind
speed at
10 m
Low
Wind Regimes of Africa/African
Wind Energy Association
Africa and
South Africa
Low

(1) Based on measured data
(2) Statistical data
Almost 90% of the interviewed companies have been using solar energy resource assessments in their business and
are highly satisfed with the results of the assessments used in terms of accuracy and resolution (mostly ShW industry).
Table XI Use of Solar Resource Assessments by Companies in South Africa
Number of
Companies
contacted
(interviewed)
Existing Energy
Resource
Assessments
Used Energy
Resource
Assessment Software tools
Solar
42 ShW (19)
12
7 4
21 PV (3) 9 4
Eskom 3
NASA 5
CSIR 4
SABS 2
RETSCREEN 3
Own measurements/
weather stations 4
Weather data 2
None 4
NREL 4
RAPS 1
In house 10
None 7
RETSC REEN 5
SOLA RC 1
SOLO 1
hOM ER 1
Figure 15 Use of Solar Energy Resource Assessment by Solar Companies in South Africa
Solar Energy Resource Assessment by Solar companies Use of sofware design tools
In summary:
SoUTh AFRICA
Theoretical and technical potentials of solar in South Africa are vast, and greatly exceed the current energy demand
of 220 TWh. The technical potential for wind is estimated at 80 TWh and for SWh at 47 TWh.
10 wind energy resource assessments
with wide range of resolution and quality
6 low resolution wind maps (1 with patches showing mean
annual wind speed, 2 with validated measurement data)
2 reports containing information on energy
resources
RE-Independent Power Producers report
RE briefng paper
10 solar energy resource assessments 7 low-resolution maps and their corresponding datasets (2 of
the maps obtained by interpolation of measuring station data,
1processing Meteonorm data)
3 solar radiation databases
Lack of high-resolution assessments of solar and wind energy (2009), although one high-resolution assessment is
planned for wind.
planning of larger installations, such as CSP plants.
ShW industry in ZA has been widely using solar data to assess the potential of the systems.
REVIEW oF nATIonAL PoLICIES To PRoMoTE SoLAR
AnD WInD EnERGY
This section describes national and regional policies for promoting solar and wind energy in
each country and documents the main technologies used in existing and planned solar and
wind applications. Vast solar and wind resources exist in the three countries where deployment
has not yet begun to approach its potential.
As an example, China is becoming an important global player in the PV and wind sectors, however, fast economic
growth, and abundant conventional resources enable continued use of conventional fossil fuels (IEA PV Technology
Roadmap, 2009). Without appropriate incentives and capacity to do otherwise, these countries are likely to follow
carbon-intensive development paths. China is working now to meet domestic demand and ambitious renewable energy
targets by installing substantial new clean energy-generating capacity. Brazil, has one of the cleanest primary energy
mixes (with 80% to 85% is coming from large hydro) yet deforestation is the major source of GhG emissions. The
country has put in place an array of policies and programs for the sustainable use of rainforests; however national
policies supporting wind and solar deployment are still weak.
Policies and use of energy resource assessments: An analysis of the information collected illustrates that policies to
promote solar and wind energy technology use in Brazil, China and South Africa are not based on integrated assessments,
and thus fail to reap the full economic, environmental and employment benefts of these technologies. Development of
such integrated assessments in the form of long-term policy roadmaps is seen as a precondition for achieving
deployment of solar and wind energy technologies and to follow a low-carbon development path.
In the case of Brazil, governmental policies have concentrated more on wind energy than on solar and therefore more
efforts have been made to develop high quality wind resource assessments. Even though wind energy is predominant;
efforts have been made to expand knowledge of Brazils solar resources in order to stimulate investments and technology
development. The National Electricity Conservation Program, PROCEL, made use of solar resource assessments to
ensure that solar heating was close to meeting the demand at peak hours. South Africa has an enormous potential for
renewable energy projects and various studies are publicly available, however resource potentials are often not considered
when discussing the policy support options.
Classifcation of wind and energy policies: Table xII outlines policy instruments for the promotion of renewable energy
sources for electricity in the three countries. Solar and wind energy instruments can be classifed by (1) stimulating the RE
electricity prices (or by establishing price premiums); or (2) establishing and promoting the installed capacity. Regulatory
instruments may defne the minimum amount of renewable energy to be produced or consumed (Centro Clima, 2010).
Review of National Policies to Promote Solar and Wind Energy
Table XII Classifcation of Solar and Wind Policy Instruments in Brazil, China and South Africa
System Price Quantity
Regulated
Focused on
Investment
Financial Subsidy/Capital subsidies, grants or rebates
BR: Biomass, mini-hydro, off-grid PV (Eletrobrs/
GTZ Technical Cooperation Project (2005); PROINFA-
Promotion of RES market through incentives and
subsidies (2002)
ZA: SWh up to 30% of capital cost (ESKOM), off-grid PV
CN
Tender system/Public
competitive biddings
Fiscal Incentives/Investment excise, or other tax
credits
BR: Local and regional regulations; Solar Heaters in
National Habitation Programs (2007); My home my life
(2009); Light for all (2003)
CN: 50% VAT reduction for wind since Nov 2001 CN:
Wind and Solar. Income tax free for frst 3 yrs., 50%
income tax reduction for next 3 yrs.
Based on
Generation
Feed-in tariffs
ZA: REFIT (2009, not implemented)
CN: Since 2009 for wind
BR: PROINFA, 2002
Tender system/Public
competitive biddings
CN: Wind (2003-2008)
CN: Solar PV (2009 to
present)
BR: Wind (2009-2010)
ZA: Wind (delayed or
abandoned))
Fiscal Incentives/Energy production payments tax
credits
ZA
Quota System With
Green Certifcates (RPS)
CN (2007)
Voluntary
Focused on
Investment
Shareholder Programs
ZA: RE 2003
BR: PROCEL National Electricity Conservation
Program (1985)
CN: WP 2009, REP 2009
Voluntary agreements
based on a defned
quantity with green
certifcates
BR, CN, ZA (non
existing)
Financing Programs
BR (not-known)
CN ($400 billion funds)
Based on
Generation
Green tariffs
BR, CN (non existing)
ZA: Green Certifcates in Cape Town

Source: Centro Clima/PPE/COPPE/UFRJ, INPE, Fraunhofer ISI, Research and Costa (2006), ERI, INPE, CRSES
Targets for wind and solar energy: China has set ambitious targets (not offcially announced yet) for wind, biomass
and solar energy. The RE targets were foreseen as 150 GW of wind power by 2020 and 20 GW of solar PV by 2020. The
offcial targets in the 2007 RE Medium and Long Term Plan are 15% share of renewable in primary energy by 2020 with
the following specifc goals: 300 GW hydro, 30 GW wind, 30 GW biomass, 1.8 GW PV, and 300 million m
2
of ShW. To
reach the envisaged government targets the current policies might not be consistent enough.
The South African governments target of achieving 4% of all power generated from renewable sources by 2013 has
been criticised for not being ambitious enough. however, without adequate incentives this target is unlikely to be reached.
The main characteristics of the existing wind and solar energy promotion policy instruments are summarized and
compared in the table below.
Table XIII Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in Brazil
Policy Instrument
Regulated vs.
Voluntary Investment vs. Generation Goal
Actual
(2009) Forecast
PROINFA-
Promotion of RES
market through
incentives and
subsidies
(2002)
Voluntary:
Strategic at
short term
Investment 3.3GW total to
National Grid:
2.074 GW 3.3 GW
Wind 1.1 GW 602.3 MW 1423 MW
Small-
scale
hydro
1.1GW 1135 MW 1191 MW
Bio-
mass
1.1 GW 514 MW 685 MW
Emergency
Program of
Wind Energy
PROELICA
(2001)
Voluntary Investment:
Incentive for wind turbines
importation
Generation:
Federal government
guarantees purchase of
wind- electricity by state
utility for 15 yrs
Addition of 1050 MW of wind capacity to the
national grid by December 2003.
Light for all (2003) Voluntary:
Strategic at
short term
Investment 100% of population has access to electricity
by 2008
Program behind schedule, decree extended
to 2010
National Electricity
Conservation
Program (1985)
Voluntary:
Short-term
measure
Investment:
Credit and fnancing for
rational use of energy and
increase energy effciency
Support energy
effciency among
energy utilities
(1)

and fnal users.
On-going Up to 18%
reduction
of the
electricity
demand in
2018
Figure 16 (16.A) Targets for Renewable Energy Installed (16.B) Targets for the Share of Electricity from
Renewable in Brazil, China and South Africa
500
400
300
200
100
0
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

(
G
W
)
30
20
10
0
South Africa Brazil
16
12
8
4
0
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
S
h
a
r
e

o
f

R
E

e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

(
%
)
South Africa
Brazil
China
2020 2016 2013 2009
Policy Instrument
Regulated vs.
Actual
(2009) Forecast
Public Policy
Programs and
Incentives for Solar
Heaters (2005)
Mandatory
for new
buildings
Voluntary
for existing
buildings
Investment:
Will be proposed after
regulation by the Executive
of Federal government.
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
National Policy for
Alternative Energy
(2007)
Mandatory Investment:
R&D government
investments
Federal tax incentives
Funding support with
long-term interest
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
Solar Heaters in
National Habitation
Programs (2007)
Mandatory n/a n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
Solar Heaters in
Buildings supported
by PNH and PAC
(2007)
Outlines requirements of
SWh fnanced by the PNh
and PAC National Programs
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
Alternative
Energy for
Isolated Systems
Program, Solar
Energy for Water
Heating Program
and Distributed
Generations
Program (2007)
Provides requirements
to promote distributed
electricity generation and
energy effciency by using
renewable energy.
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
Brazilian Program
for Solar Heaters
PROSOL (2008)
National Fund supported
by 0,1% of Annual Gross
Revenue of Electricity
companies
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
Eletrobrs/
GTZ Technical
Cooperation Project
(2005)
Support to power
distribution utilities in the
North and Northeast
25,000 electric
connections
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
Renewable Sources
of Energy (2009)
National Fund for Research
and Development of
Alternative Sources and
Renewable Energy
(3)
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
REINFA Incentive
Program for
Development and
Exploitation of
Alternative Sources
of Energy (2009)
Tax incentives for R&D in
renewable energy, storage
and generation technology
and devices with better
effciency.
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)
n/a
(2)

(1) Generation, transmission and distribution.
(2) Waiting for approval in Brazilian Congress.
(3) Royalties from oil; net operating revenues resulting from the operation of thermal power plants; federal resources, electricity tax.
Table XIV Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in China
Policy Instrument
Regulated
vs. Voluntary
Investment vs.
Generation Goal
Actual
(2009) Forecast
Middle and Long-
term Renewable
Energy Development
Strategy (2005-2020)
and
11
th
-Five-Year
Renewable Energy
Development Plan
(2005-2010)
Voluntary Non-binding
target
Wind
M and L
Strategy:
5 GW (2010 )
30 GW (2020)
11
th
- Plan:
10 GW (2010)
30 GW (2020)
6 GW by the
end of 2007
12 GW in 2008
(exceed national
target for 2010
of 10 GW)
20 GW (2010)
Solar PV
300 MW in 2010
1.8 GW in 2020
100 MW in 2007
130 MW
(estimated) in
2008
300 MW (2010)
Solar water
heating
150 million m
2

(2010)
300 million m
2

(2020)
108 million m
2

(2007)
150 million m
2

(2010)
Regulation of
Renewable Power
Pricing and Cost
Sharing(2006)
Regulated Generation:
Subsidy on
power price
Wind
M and L Term
Strategy:
5 GW (2010)
30 GW (2020)
11
th
- Plan:
10 GW (2010)
30 GW (2020)
12 GW in 2008
(exceed 2010
target of 10GW)
Strong turbine
manufacturing
industry as
result of the
stimulating
market.
Capacity could
reach 20 GW
(2010)
At least 60 GW
or, 100 GW
(2020)
Solar PV
300 MW in 2010
1.8 GW in 2020
Lack of power
price policy.
Four pilot
projects
(1)
with
power price
subsidy by 2009
Government
planning bidding
for selection of
PV developers;
the 1
st
bidding
project was
conducted in
March 2009;
power price
is the most
important factor.
Policy Instrument
Regulated
vs. Voluntary
Investment vs.
Generation Goal
Actual
(2009) Forecast
Special Fund for
Localization of the
Manufacturing of
Wind Turbines (2008)
Regulated Investment:
Financial tool
Subsidy for
Wind
Subsides for
assembling and
components
manufactures
(50%
respectively).
600 RMB Yuan/
kW subsidy per
turbine (US$ 82/
kW, based on the
exchange rate in
2007) for the frst
50 units.
Requirements.
1. Wind turbine
1 MW
2. Chinese manu-
factures
(2)
3. Developed
by and/or
belonging
to Chinese
enterprise
Several
manufactures
received subsidies
Estimated
that more
manufactures
will beneft from
subsidy.
The fund will
stimulate
improvement
of design and
manufacturing
of new
turbines.
Policy on VAT for
Some Resource
Comprehensive
Utilization Projects
and Other Products
Financial tool
Tax
8.5% VAT for wind
power projects
(the general VAT
rate is 17%)
All wind power
projects beneft
from VAT
policy
(3)
By 2010, about
31 GW increase
through the
policy
The policy will
continue and with
higher positive
impact
Special Fund for
Renewable Energy
Development
(2006)
Financial tool
subsidy
To Support,
1. R&D,
standard and
demonstration
projects
2. RE projects in
rural areas
3. Independent
RE systems in
remote areas
and islands
4. Resources
survey,
assessment
and database
for RE
5. Manufacturing
localization of
RE facilities
Ministry of
Finance arranged
the Special Fund
through many
channels
(4)
Expected that the
fund will cover
broad renewable
felds
(5)

(1) Two projects are the Solar-PV-Building in Shanghai and the Solar-PV-in desert areas in Inner Mongolia with power subsidy of 4 RMB Yuan/KWh. (about
US$ 0.58/kWh, based on the exchange rate in 2009).
(2) Or Chinese companies (51% stakes)
(3) In particular, before 2006 there was no feed-in-tariff policy for wind power in China.
(4) In 2007, 300 million Chinese RMB Yuan (about US$ 41 million, based on exchange rate in 2007) for National Wind Energy Resource Detailed
Assessment Program (from 2007-2011), with the expected output of at least 50GW detail wind power resources survey.
(5) Such as new renewable village power programs, and resources survey for solar energy, and solar pilot projects including solar-PV roof-systems etc.
Table XV Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in South Africa
Policy Instrument
Regulated vs.
Actual
(2009)
White Paper
on Renewable
Energy(2003)
Non-binding
target
Several fnancial and legal
instruments are proposed
but not yet implemented
10 TWh RE by
2013
4% of RE electricity
by 2013
Not yet achieved
Renewable energy
framework, DME
(2003)
Strategic:
Regulated
Generation:
The production tariff was
determined evaluating
the estimated capital cost
and the levelised cost of
electricity together with
the NERSA tariff
10 TWh RE by
2013
by 2013
Not yet achieved
Renewable
Energy Market
Transformation
Project, DME/DBSA
(2009)
Voluntary:
Technical
assistance
Generation:
Financing mechanisms
cover incremental cost
renewable;
Investment (SWh):
Grants strengthen
capacity of the private
sector
10 TWh RE by
2013
by 2013
Not yet achieved
Long-term
mitigation scenarios
(2007)
Voluntary:
Policy Support
Data-based scenarios Outline different
scenarios of
mitigation;
Inform long-term
national policy;
Provide solid basis
for negotiations
on a post-2012
climate regime.
Comprehensive
report
City of Cape
Town Energy and
Climate Change
Strategy(2006)
Voluntary:
Policy Support
Reduce climate
change through
the promotion of
sustainable energy
use;
Identify most
vulnerable
communities to
minimise impacts of
climate change.
Setting of energy
targets and
monitoring/
enforcing them.
Solar Water Heater
by-law City of
Cape Town
(in planning)
Compulsory The bylaw will be
implemented through
building plan approvals.
Sanctions with fnes.
10% of homes
equipped with
SWh by 2010
10% of City-owned
housing with SWh
by 2010
n/a
Green Certifcates
City of Cape Town
(2010)
Voluntary Generation:
Green certifcates (non-
tradable)
Sell generated
electricity by Darling
Wind Farm to Cape
Town customers
Electricity
generation of 13.2
GWh per annum
REFIT NERSA
(2009)
Compulsory Generation:
Feed-in tariffs
Not advancing
Review of national Policies to Promote Solar and Wind Energy in Brazil
The mechanisms currently adopted in Brazil to promote the use of renewable energy sources are auctions for
specifc sources done in 2008, and Reserve Energy Auctions, also done in 2008 exclusively for biomass, and in 2009
exclusively for wind.
The main criticism of the government policies is that they have had little effect on promoting renewable energy
sources for electricity generation. PROINFA was the key program for increasing the deployment of renewable energy
for electricity generation. however, PV systems were not addressed in PROINFA or any other government energy
sector program. Currently, there are no government programs specifcally for increasing the penetration of solar heating
technology in homes, public buildings or for industrial applications, however, there are local and regional regulations that
make ShW in new buildings mandatory.
It has been claimed that in Brazil electricity from wind is already competitive with conventional sources. however
wind power generating costs may increase when the best resource locations are used, then new incentives would be
necessary to maintain winds competitiveness and promote other renewables such as solar energy.
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In summary:
BRAZIL
Targets
According to governmental energy plans: Slight increase in renewable energy share of primary energy and
renewable electricity share.
3.3 GW added by 2006 from wind, biomass and small hydro additional 3.3 GW by 2016.
Wind power 2.7 GW by 2010 and 5,250 MW through new binding contracts by 2013
Policies
The mechanisms adopted in Brazil to promote renewable energy technologies include auctions for specifc sources
and Reserve Energy Auctions (2009-2010), a feed-in tariff (2002), guaranteed pricing, tradable certifcates and
third-party fnancing for onshore wind energy, bio-energy and hydropower (2002-2012).
Deployment
Combined new renewables such as biomass, small hydro and wind power account for less than 4% of the Brazils
electricity generation (85% of electricity generation is large hydro).
Since the implementation of PROINFA (Alternative Energy Sources Incentive Program) in 2002, there has been
more than a hundred-fold increase in the installed national wind energy capacity.
Lack of support for grid-connected PV
Brazil is well-suited for grid-connected PV due to the substantial solar resources available and match of solar
irradiance peak with peak loads. Nevertheless, solar PV is not mentioned in PROINFA, the major national program
for renewables.
Leading country for use of off-grid PV
In 2003, the federal government launched the electrifcation programme Luz para Todos (Light for All), which aims to
supply full electricity access by 2010. As a result Brazil is one of the leading countries in the use of PV technologies
for off-grid areas.
Several governmental incentive programs promote large-scale use of solar water heating systems.
Use of resource assessments in governmental policies
National policies have targeted wind energy more than solar. Nevertheless, there are efforts to increase knowledge
of Brazils solar resources in order to stimulate investments and technology development.
The National Electricity Conservation Program (PROCEL) made use of a solar resource assessment to ensure that
solar heating goals could meet demand during peak hours.
Review of national Policies to Promote Solar and Wind Energy in China
China is becoming an important global player in the PV and wind sectors, however, fast economic growth, and
abundant conventional resources encourage and enable continued use of conventional fossil fuels (IEA PV Technology
Roadmap, 2009). China is working now to meet domestic demand and ambitious renewable energy targets by installing
substantial new clean energy-generating capacity.
Since 2009, Chinas government has begun to promote eight wind power bases
1
. These wind park locations were
identifed taking into account partial resource assessments; they have rich wind resources on land and/or offshore.
Furthermore wind power has been promoted in China since 2005 considering the technical and economic potential.
China started to promote large-scale PV and CSP demonstration projects in 2010, however has not used high resolution
solar resource assessments to support the development of these projects.
1 Wind Bases are very large wind parks, for example, the West Inner Mongolia Wind Bases will reach 20 GW wind capacity before 2020.
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.
In summary:
CHINA
Targets
China has set ambitious RE targets (not announced yet), to include a wind power target of 150 GW and a solar PV
target of 20 GW by 2020.
The offcial targets fxed in the 2007 RE Medium and Long term Plan were a 15% share of renewables in primary
energy made up as follows: 300 GW hydro, 30 GW wind, 30 GW biomass, 1.8 GW solar PV and 300 million m
2
of
ShW by 2020.
Policies
Guaranteed prices determined by bidding process: Wind concession power (2003-2008) and large-scale PV has
a guaranteed price through bidding since 2009.
Reduced VAT income tax measures for wind technologies.
Feed-in-tariff for wind energy since 2009, all other renewable energy technologies under the feed-in tariff as
defned by the Renewable Energy Law (2005).The level of support is set by the provinces.
Capital grants through the Brightness Rural Electrifcation Programme.
Deployment
China is becoming an important global player in PV and wind, in terms of manufacturing capacity. however, PV
production is vulnerable to changes in policies abroad as 95% of the produced technology is exported.
Without suffcient incentives, China is likely to follow a carbon-intensive development path.
Review of national Policies to Promote Solar and Wind Energy
in South Africa
The non-binding target of 10,000 GWh of renewable energy contribution to the total energy consumption by
2013, as outlined in South Africas White Paper on Renewable Energy (DME, 2003), raised awareness of renewables
considerably. however, without adequate incentives, this target is unlikely to be reached. Unfortunately for the wind and
solar electricity sectors, the renewable energy target was envisioned to be achieved through a mixture of sugar bagasse
(59%), landfll gas (6%), hydro (10%), solar water heaters (13%), other biomass (1%) and only 1% wind; solar PV or CSP
were not included (DME, 2004).
Several measures are being implemented to address this problem but until now implementation has not been
effective. The most important measure to help meet the target is a feed-in tariff for renewable energy sources (REFIT)
that was established in 2009. however, there is still no clarity on the process and a functioning REFiT does not seem
to be advancing.
The Renewable Energy White Paper aims to eliminate barriers impeding the further promotion of renewable energies
through a variety of initiatives, including: 1) promoting fnancial and fscal instruments for redirecting national funds to
renewable energies; 2) developing effective legislation in order to manage the growth of renewable energy; 3) promoting
research and development of renewable energy projects; 4) raising public awareness; and 5) establishing technology
support centres to assist in the maintenance of the new energy infrastructure. A description of national policies for
promoting solar and wind energy is given in the table below.
T
a
b
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e

X
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In summary:
SOUTH AFRICA
Target
Non-binding target of 10 TWh of renewable energy by 2013.
Policies
The White Paper on Renewable Energy (2003) aimed to remove barriers for the promotion of renewables and
provide 10,000 GWh of RE by 2013.
Feed-in Tariff (REFIT) is the most important measure being implemented in 2009 but no Power Purchase
Agreements were signed as of the end of 2010. While proposed by the National Energy Regulator of South Africa,
the suggested feed-in-tariffs may not be high enough to stimulate signifcant investments (solar PV not included).
Use of resource assessment in governmental policies
To date resources assessments have not been used in creating policy, except in the broader sense where it is
recognised that ZA has signifcant solar resources and some wind and biomass potential. No high resolution wind
atlas is available and none of the policies to date referred to any specifc geographic area.
WInD AnD SoLAR EnERGY TEChnoLoGIES
Brazil
The main applications of PV technology in Brazil are telecommunications, rural electrifcation, water pumping and
public lighting in low-income rural communities. Grid-connected PV systems are still in the experimental stage, with
a combined power of 22 kWp installed (Varella, 2009). In 1995, the Brazilian government launched a programme,
PRODEEM (Programme of Energy Development of States and Municipalities), to promote rural electrifcation using PV
systems. Approximately 9000 PV systems were installed from 1996 through 2001, with a total of 6 MWp of installed
capacity. In 2003, the federal government launched the programme Luz para Todos (Light for All), which aims to provide
electricity to the entire country by 2010. The programme has an estimated total budget of about USD 2.6 billion funded
by the federal government, concessionaires and state governments. A programme for labelling PV equipment and
systems was launched in 2003 by INMETRO (Brazilian Institute for Metrology, Standardisation and Industrial Quality)
to guarantee the quality of equipment acquired and installed within the Light for All programme. This labelling scheme
is currently in force and applies to PV modules, charge controllers, inverters and batteries and is done on a voluntary
basis (Varella, 2008). The PV market is currently dominated by multinationals, and there are no domestic manufacturers.
however, with the support of the government, the Brazilian Centre for Development of Solar PV Energy (CB-Solar),
created in 2004, has developed a pilot plant to manufacture cost effective PV modules and silicon solar cells at scale
(Moehlecke and Zanesco, 2007), (IEA PV roadmap, 2009).
BRAZIL
602.3 MW (2009) and 931 MW by the end of 2010. The largest installed capacity in Latin America
until 2010 consisting of nearly 50% of the total capacity.
however, it is less than 3% of the potential capacity estimated for Brazil, 143.5 GW.
Total of 17 installed wind farms (2009), ranging from 0.3 MW to 50 MW.
Generating costs
Wind energy is already competitive with conventional sources (average of $0.08 /kWh); however,
since the best locations are being used frst, wind generating costs may rise again when the remaining
locations are used.
Domestic production capacity
high-quality industrial capacity to produce wind turbines from 250 W up to 2.3 MW for domestic
market and export (about 50% of annual production).
SOLAR Main solar energy technologies deployed
More than 2.2 million square meters of solar water heaters installed for domestic use and small PV
systems for off-grid applications.
Leading country in the use of PV for rural electrifcation.
Domestic production capacity of solar water heating industry is well developed.
Concentrating solar power (CSP)
No CSP plants or large PV systems are currently installed in the country.
Wind and Solar Energy Technologies
China
Chinas solar PV industry has been growing rapidly and the country now ranks frst in the world in exports of PV cells.
Domestic output of PV cells expanded from less than 100 MW in 2005 to 2 GW in 2008, experiencing a 20-fold increase
in just four years (Wang, 2008). This is the result of a strong demand from the international PV market, especially from
Germany and Japan. however, the PV market demand in China remains small, with more than 95% of the countrys
PV-cell products exported.
In 2009, Chinas cumulative PV installed capacity was 305 MW (National Energy Administration, 2009). Some 40%
of this demand is met by independent PV power systems that supply electricity to remote areas not connected to the
national grid. Market shares of solar PV for communications, industrial, and commercial uses have also increased. BIPV
systems, as well as large-scale PV installations in desert areas, are being encouraged by the Chinese government,
which began providing a subsidy of RMB 20 (USD 2.93) per watt for BIPV projects in early 2009. It is likely that
the 2010 and 2020 national targets for solar PV (400 MW and 1,800 MW, respectively) announced in 2007 will be
signifcantly increased. Experts predict that the installed capacity could reach 1 GW in 2010 and 20 GW in 2020 in China
(CREIA,2009).
In early 2010, a deal was signed for at least 2 GW of CSP to be constructed in China by 2020, with installation of the
frst 92 MW to begin in 2010 (Renewable Energy World, s.f.).
CHINA
WIND Installed capacity
China is the worlds largest market, with 13.8 GW added in 2009, more than one-third of the global
market.
Wind capacity was doubled in 2009 in pursuit of an ambitious target of installing 30 GW of wind by
2020.
Large-scale wind market is taking shape rapidly and the domestic industry is booming.
China remains the largest market for small wind turbines (2009).
SOLAR Installed capacity
Total capacity of 305 MW in 2009 (1/3 provided by independent producers off-national grid).
Major imbalance between PV production and domestic market. however, rapid expansion planned,
setting up ambitious mid-term targets for domestic market, 1,800 MW installed capacity by 2020.
PV industry has been growing rapidly; China is the worlds leading manufacturer of solar
photovoltaic panels, with more than 40% share of global PV cell production in 2009 and about 50%
in 2010.
95% of production is exported.
Most raw materials and equipment are imported.
Solar Water Heaters
China dominates the world market with 70 % global installed capacity.
CSP
In early 2010, a deal was signed for at least 2 GW to be constructed in China by 2020, with installation
of the frst 92 MW to begin in 2010.
Wind and Solar Energy Technologies
South Africa
South Africas accumulative installed capacity for solar and wind technologies is very low despite abundant resources
potentials and a national renewable energy feed-in tariff. There are only two wind farms in operation providing a capacity
of 3.2 and 5.2 MW respectively. Solar energy applications are concentrated to domestic solar hot water heating, a
strong sector that has received support through local mandates in Cape Town and a programme from the national
utility, Eskom. The City of Cape Town solar water heating mandate is under consideration to be adopted at the national
level. Renewables have a diffcult playing feld, as they forced to compete with cheaper conventional fuels, like coal,
also in abundance in South Africa. In addition, Eskom, the only utility in southern Africa, enjoys a monopoly in the
electricitysector.
It is expected that the feed-in tariff will help pave the way to making renewables more competitive with conventional
(coal) produced electricity and will support the growth of renewables.
SOUTH AFRICA
WIND Total installed capacity. Two operational farms:
Klipheuwel 3.2 MW
Darling wind farm 5.2 MW
Wind industry will boom with a viable feed-in-tariff.
SOLAR Domestic production capacity:
While the potential for solar is quite signifcant, the uptake of technologies has remained limited due to
the lack of incentives.
Main solar energy technologies being utilized are solar water heaters for domestic use (744.4MW
th
)and
small PV systems for off-grid applications
Large PV:
No concentrating solar power plants or large PV systems are currently installed in the country.
CSP:
The only CSP installation was a 25 kW Stirling dish but it is out of operation. Eskom is planning a
100MW solar tower near Upington, but fnances have not been secured yet.
South Africa
500
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Wind
Planned CSP (2010)
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PRoJECT DEVELoPERS AnD FInAnCIERS
This section collects information from the major project developers and project fnanciers in
each country about their data requirements for risk management of solar and wind energy
projects. The section analyses the most infuential barriers to investments in renewable
energy technologies in the three countries such as renewable energy capacity, research
anddevelopment, installation and maintenance, fnancial risks and initial costs.
Summary of Project Developers and Financiers in Each Country
BRAZIL
Ranked sixth worldwide in investment in renewable energy (2009); total of US$ 7,400 million.
Wind project developers made use of the existing wind energy resource assessment that indicates the best
economic conditions are in the Northeast and South regions.
Wind and solar energy policies have encouraged investment by companies mainly in wind energy (no investments
in large PV).
high-quality domestic industrial capacity to produce wind turbines.
Traditionally dominated by just one turbine manufacturer, Wobben Enercon, several other international players
have entered the Brazilian market, including Vestas, Suzlon and IMPSA.
There are no national manufacturers on the PV market in Brazil, dominated by small PV systems.
Companies expect to see new renewable energy policy measures resulting from Brazils National Action Plan
on Climate Change and suggest policies focus on bringing down the cost of renewable power generation, e.g.
through a special tariff, renewable energy credits, or reduced transmission costs for smaller renewable energy
generators (REEEP, 2010).

CHINA
Ranked frst worldwide overall in investment in renewable energy (2009), total of US$ 34,600 million.
National policy on renewable energy has provided a clear signal to companies and has stimulated investment.
Companies would like to see innovation in energy market structure and demand management, e.g. a renewable
energy generation obligation, a renewable energy or emissions trading market, generation-based subsidies.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has stimulated corporate investment, both directly (e.g. for project
development) and indirectly (e.g. new business areas for service companies).

SOUTH AFRICA
WIND There are a large number of wind farm developers and two main wind farm fnanciers.
SOLAR Main developers and fnanciers are municipalities and provincial governments for solar water heater roll-
out programs.
Ranked seventeenth worldwide in overall investment in renewable energy (2009) total of 125 million US$.
The Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff (2009) is changing investment patterns, however there is uncertainty about
how it will be applied; technology-specifc measures not favoured. By the end of 2010, large number of wind
farms, large scale PV and CSP plants as proposed REFIT projects but no Power Purchase Agreements (PPA)
were signed under the REFIT. Main stumbling blocks are the development of mutually acceptable PPAs and the
selection criteria used to assess and rank project proposals.
Industry would like to see R&D support, simplifcation of planning consents, renewable energy targets and in-
country support for CDM project development (REEEP 2010).
Many fnancial institutions willing to provide loans for RE projects.
Each of the three countries have done consultations with solar and wind energy companies, fnanciers and developers
to study the most infuential risk criteria from their point of view such as the availability of resource information, standard
approval or integration capacity of the existing grid.
In 2009 China was ranked third among G-20 nations, with 0.79 percent, and Brazil forth, with 0.37 percent, in clean
energy investment intensity (clean energy investment as a percentage of gross domestic product) (Figure 19). The fve-
year growth in investment for Brazil and China is 148 percent each.
Source: (Pew Research 2010)
Capacity (%) in Brazil (BR), China (Cn) and South Africa (zA)
Installed 5-year growth, %
Investment intensity, %
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n
s
i
t
y
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
CN, 79
CN, 0,39
BR, 0,37
ZA, 0,03
BR, 13,9
Figure 18 Solar and Wind Energy Developers in South Africa, Brazil and China
PV
ShW
Wind
CSP
100
80
60
40
20
0
Developers
Project Developers and Financiers in Brazil
The main PV solar energy project developers in Brazil are located in the South and Southeast regions of the country.
Most of the PV systems developers are electricity utilities and research institutes. All of the systems installed are small
and used for demonstration or educational purpose. Water heating is a major application of solar energy in Brazil.
Government incentive programs were created to promote large-scale use of solar water heating systems. The major
barrier to increase the adoption of solar water heating system is linked to the lack of information on this technology.
Regarding wind energy, the criteria for risk management are similar for the 14 developers interviewed in Brazil.
Figure 22 Main Risk Criteria Identifed by Wind Developers in Brazil
Very Important Authorization to act as Independent Energy Producer by the Brazilian Agency for Electrical
Energy.
Very Important Proof of ownership for the area utilized or leasing contract for a period not less than 20 years.
Very important At least 60% of the plant value in equipment and services should be manufactured in Brazil.
Must be qualifed as an energy producer and able to obtain governmental loan and other benefts
regulated by Law.
Very important The grid should be able to cope with the additional electricity being fed into the grid according to
the National operator of Electrical System or utilities.
Very important Environmental License issued by Brazilian Ministry of Environment or other authorized state
institute.
Very important Reliable wind measurements for at least one full year certifed by an independent wind energy
auditor accredited according to IEA rules. It is very important to evaluate the projects economic
feasibility.
Figure 20 Solar and Wind Energy Companies in South Africa, Brazil and China

PV
ShW
Wind
Figure 21 Solar and Wind Energy Financiers in South Africa, Brazil and China

PV
ShW
Wind
100
80
60
40
20
0
Companies
1 300
100
80
60
40
20
0
Financiers
Figure 23 Main Risk Criteria Identifed by Wind Financiers in Brazil
Very Important Technology, products and services generated by R&D projects.
Very Important Increase the scope of the distribution services of electricity.
Very important Wind farms should be in accordance with the PROINFA requirements regulated by Law no. 10438.
Very important The Ministry of Mines and Energy should announce the wind farm project as Enable to PROINFA.
Very important Performance status of other renewable energy projects in developing countries.
Very important Energy companies meet the Brazilian rules for receiving straight grants.
Project Developers and Financiers in South Africa
Wind resources are considered a key risk criterion to take into account during the development of wind farms as
resources must allow for a capacity factor greater than 30%.
Figure 24 Risk Criteria Identifed by Wind Farm Developers in South Africa
Very important
Important
Grid able to cope with additional
wind electricity
Neutral
Wind farm distance to grid 30 km Terrain should be environmentally
sound
Wind farm not located in area where
communication media are already in
place
Terrain accessible for construction Capacity factor has great infuence
on electricity costs: Wind resources
must allow capacity factors 30%
ShW developers do not identify solar resources as a risk factor, and it is not a factor considered in the development
of ShW projects, although a survey of the ShW industry shows that 90% of the enterprises take into consideration
different solar resource assessments and use software tools.
Figure 25 Risk Criteria Identifed by ShW Developers in South Africa
Neutral
Less important Standards approval
Water pressure Vandalism Important
Transport and storage Shortage of materials Shortage of installers Very important
Climate conditions house conditions Identifcation of recipients Appointment of service
provider
AnnEX I: AVAILABLE SoLAR AnD WInD MAPS
Available Solar and Wind Resource Assessments in South Africa
Figure 26 A Solar Radiation Data handbook for Southern Africa
A solar radiation data hand-
book for Southern Africa Available Free
Author/Publisher Eberhard, A., University of Cape Town/Energy Research National Programme
Foundation for Research Development
Methodology Interpolation between measuring stations:
Global and diffuse radiation from 12 stations
Sunshine hour from 86 stations.
(1)
Main Findings Low resolution maps of global radiation for South Africa and Namibia
The data are presented in contour maps, bar-charts and tables
Link to publication Contact anton.eberhard@gsb.uct.ac.za

(1) Where only sunshine hour records were available, the values for global radiation were estimated.
Annex I: Available Solar and Wind Maps
Figure 27 Climate of South Africa Sunshine and Cloudiness
Climate of South Africa
Sunshine and cloudiness Available Free
Author/Publisher South African Weather Service
Methodology Interpolation between measuring stations:
Sunshine hour from 13 stations were use
Main Findings Seeks to distinguish between areas of different sunshine climates as well as
cloudiness
Sunshine hour maps: The data are presented in contour maps, tables and plots.
No region receives less than half of the possible sunshine, and a very large region
in the interior receives over 80 %.
Link to publication http://old.weathersa.co.za/Publications/Documents/Public_General_info_
Publications.doc
Figure 28 PVGIS-JRC European Commission
PVGIS-JRC European
Commission Available Free
Author/Publisher Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission
Methodology and
Resolution
A GIS-based methodology for computation of solar irradiance/irradiation at a given
surface inclination
Main Findings Map-based inventory of solar energy resource and assessment of the electricity
generation from photovoltaic systems
Link to publication http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps3/pvest.php?map=africa
Figure 29 nasa: Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy
NASA: Surface Meteorology
and Solar Energy Available Free
Author/Publisher NASA's Earth Science Enterprise Program
Methodology and
Resolution
Low resolution map (1 degree longitude x 1 degree latitude)
Meteorology and solar radiation f from the NASA Science Mission Directorates
satellite and re-analysis research programs.
Main Findings Interactive maps: A renewable energy resource web site
Link to publication http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/sse
Figure 30 Swera Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessments
SWERA Solar and
Wind Energy Resource
Assessments Available Free
Author/Publisher NREL/UNEP,GEF
Methodology and
Resolution
Low resolution map (40km x 40km)
NRELs Climatological Solar Radiation Model uses information on cloud cover,
atmospheric water vapour and trace gases, and the amount of aerosols in the
atmosphere to calculate the monthly average daily total insolation (sun and sky)
falling on a horizontal surface.
Main fndings Solar resource data for Africa: monthly and annual average direct normal (DNI),
global horizontal (GhI), latitude tilt, and diffuse data and GIS data at 40 km by 40 km
resolution for Africa.
Link to publication http://swera.unep.net
Figure 31 Meteonorm
Meteonorm
Author/Publisher Meteotest, Switzerland
Methodology and
Resolution
The programme's calculation algorithms provide the basis for generating hourly
values for global radiation, temperature and other meteorological parameters.
Satellite data is used in areas with a low density of weather stations.
Main fndings Database with climatic data from 8055 stations around the world (29 stations in
South Africa of which only 11 provide solar radiation data)
Link to publication http://www.meteonorm.com/media/maps_online/gh_map_africa.pdf
Figure 32 South African Renewable Energy Resource Database Annual Solar Radiation. ESkoM
SA Renewable Energy
Resource Database Available Free
Author/Publisher ESKOM
Resolution and
Methodology
Low Resolution Annual Solar Radiation Map
Model estimates total or global radiation based on 1 geometric and 1 atmospheric
component. Total radiation estimated by adjusting predictions from the geometric
model by the transmissivity predicted by the atmospheric model
Main Findings Low resolution map with annual global horizontal irradiation
Solar radiation data, collected over a 40 year period at 130 sites by the South
African Weather Bureau, used to create/verify the various model components.
Link to publication http://www.crses.sun.ac.za/pdfs/Solar%20Mapping%20SA-1.pdf
http://www.erc.uct.ac.za/seminars-courses/presentations/Fluri_19-08-2009.PDF
Figure 33 CSP Study
CSP study-T.P. Fluri Available Free
Source T.P. Fluri/Energy Policy 37 (2009) 50755080
Resolution and
Methodology
Low resolution map (40 kmx40km)
Link to publication http://www.crses.sun.ac.za/UNEP/Additional%20-%20TP%20Fluri%20The%20
potential%20o%20fconcentrating%20solar%20power%20in%20South%20Africa.
pdf
Main Findings Maps derived from NREL data showing the average daily direct normal irradiation
(DNI) for the whole year and for the months of March, June, September and
December
Figure 34 A Proposed Renewable Energy Plan of Action for the Western Cape Assessment
A Proposed Renewable
Energy Plan of Action for
the Western Cape Available Free
Author/Publisher Nano Energy
Resolution and
Methodology
high for the west coast,
Medium for the rest of the province
Overlay created from physical data
Main Findings Wind map of Western Cape
Link to publication http://www.capegateway.gov.za/Text/2008/3/4._ses_re_banks_resources_
scenarios_plan_drafoctt20070523v5_print.pdf
Figure 35 Baseline Study on Wind Energy in South Africa
Windmill in use for Water pumping in South Africa
Baseline Study on Wind
Energy in South Africa Available Free
Author/Publisher Department of Mineral and Energy
Methodology Statistical data: Collection and processing of statistical and other information
pertaining to wind energy systems currently installed in South Africa
Main Findings Current utilisation of wind power in South Africa
Link to publication http://www.wwindea.org/home/images/stories/wwecs/docs/2003/
windbaselinestudy.pdf
Figure 36 Review of Wind Energy Resource Studies in South Africa
Review of Wind Energy
Resource Studies in South
Africa Available Free
Author/Publisher Department of Mineral and Energy
Methodology Report: Various sites visited and the accuracy or validity of existing wind maps are
assessed against actual measurements
Main Findings Predicting the wind resource from meteorological stations must be done with
caution and high uncertainty is expected
Link to publication http://unfccc.int/fles/meetings/seminar/application/pdf/sem_sup1_south_africa.pdf
Figure 37 South African Renewable Resource Database Wind Resource/Eskom
South African Renewable
Resource database Wind
Resource Available Free
Author/Publisher Eskom
Resolution Low resolution map with estimated mean annual wind speed at 10 m
Main Findings Patchy Wind map of South Africa
Link to publication http://www.sabregen.co.za/sarerd%20database/wind.htm
Figure 38 Bulk Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers in South Africa
Independent Power
Producers in South Africa Available Free
Sponsor/Author/Publisher Danish Cooperation for Environment and Development/Department of Mineral and
Energy
Figure 39 Resource and Technology Assessment-kwazulu natal
Independent Power
Producers in South Africa Available Free
Author/Publisher RAPS Consulting
Methodology/Resolution From published maps, it is diffcult to determine the speed at specifc sites
Main Findings From published maps it is diffcult to tell speed at specifc sites
Link to publication http://www.nura.co.za
Figure 40 Renewable Energy Briefng Paper: Potential of Renewable Energy to Contribute to national
Electricity Emergency Response and Sustainable Development
Renewable Energy Briefng
Paper Available Free
Author/Publisher holm, D., Banks, D., Schffer, J., Worthington, R., and Afrane-Okese, Y
Methodology/Resolution No map. Based on prior works by Banks and Schffer (2007)
Main Findings Reference paper not containing resource information just with reference to them.
Public information is moderate quality
Link to publication http://www.nano.co.za/REBriefngPaperFinal5Aug08.pdf
Figure 41 The Potential Contribution of Renewable Energy in South Africa/DAnIDA
The potential contribution
of renewable energy in
South Africa Available Free
Author/Publisher Sustainable Energy & Climate Change Project /DANIDA
Methodology/Resolution Resource from available studies
Main Findings Low resolution Wind Map
Link to publication http://www.nano.co.za/PotentialContributionOfRenewableEnergyInSAFeb06.pdf
Figure 42 Wind Atlas of Southern Africa
Wind Atlas of Southern
Africa Available Free
Author/Publisher/Sponsor R.Diab-U. KwaZulu Natal/Department of Minerals and Energy
Resolution Low resolution wind map for South Africa. Western Cape coast line given in more
detail
Main Findings Wind data from variety of sources was collected and synthesised to assess wind
potential
Link to publication Contact diab@ukzn.ac.za
Figure 43 Wind Engineering in Africa
Annual mean wind speed in m/s, 50m a.g.l. in m/s as generated, with a grid of 50km (African Development Bank, 2004
Detail of a world map of annual mean wind speed in m/s, 10m a.g.l. for the period 19761995 (WAsP, 2006).
Wind Engineering in Africa Elsevier fee
Author/Publisher J. A. Wissea, K.StigterTechnical University Eindhoven
Resolution and
Methodology
Low (50kmx50km) at 50 m
mean wind speed at 10 m
WaSP
Main fndings Wind maps of Africa from different resources
Link to publication http://www.sciencedirect.com
Figure 44 Wind Regimes in Africa/African Wind Energy Association
Wind Regims In Africa Map Available Free
Author/Publisher African Wind Energy Association
Resolution and
Methodology
Low resolution maps
WINDPLOT
Main Findings Wind map based on measured data see Wind Atlas of South Africa (Diab, 1995)
Link to publication http://www.afriwea.org/
Available Solar and Wind Resource Assessments in Brazil
Figure 45 Brazilian Atlas for Solar Energy InPE/SWERA
Brazilian Atlas for Solar
Energy Available Free
Author/Publisher INPE/SWERA
Resolution and
Methodology
Radiative transfer model BRASIL-SR and a geo-referenced environmental and
socio-economic database.
Main fndings Digital and printed maps of global, diffuse, normal direct and PAR components of
solar irradiation.
Solar energy scenarios prepared by GIS tools.
Typical meteorological year for main Brazilian cities.
Link to publication http://swera.unep.net/ and http://sonda.ccst.inpe.br/publicacoes/
Figure 46 Solar Radiation Atlas of Brazil Brazilian Institute For Meteorology
Solar Radiation Atlas of
Brazil R$ 30
Author/Publisher Brazilian Institute for Meteorology (INMET)
Resolution and
Methodology
50km x 50 km
Estimates provided by BRASIL-SR model based on satellite data
Main Findings All solar irradiation components (global, diffuse and normal direct) presented in
maps and charts.
Link to publication http://www.inmet.gov.br/html/informacoes/publicacoes/
Figure 47 Brazilian Solarimetric Atlas Ground Database CRESESB
Brazilian Solarimetric Atlas
Ground Database R$ 30
Author/Publisher CRESESB/CEPEL
Methodology Ground data acquired by pyranometer and actinographer at over 500 sites.
Main Findings Contour-line maps: Isolines Charts and Maps: daily and monthly global solar
irradiation and insolation.
Link to publication http://www.cresesb.cepel.br/
Figure 48 Brazilian Atlas of Electricity (3
rd
Edition)/Brazilian Agency for Electric Energy
Brazilian Atlas of Electricity Free
Author/Publisher Brazilian Agency for Electric Energy
Resolution and
Methodology
Statistical data and low resolution map collection
Collection of data (1998-2002): electricity generation and consumption,
demographic census, energy utilities and stakeholders, government and private
organizations
Main Findings Targets and forecasts for conventional and alternative energy sources for electricity
generation.
Production, transmission and distribution of electric energy, its socio-economic
and environmental impacts.
Link to publication http://www.aneel.gov.br/visualizar_texto.cfm?idtxt=1689
Figure 49 Atlas Do Potencial Elico Brasileiro CRESESB/CEPEL
Atlas do Potencial Elico
Brasileiro Available Free
Author/Publisher CEPEL/CRESESB
Resolution and
Methodology
1kmx1km
45 ground sites -Anenometers at 50m height
Numeric modelling with mesoscale model MASS/MesoMap together with limit-layer
model WindMap.
Main Findings Wind potential map.
Maps of annual and seasonal average for wind velocity and direction.
Weibull parameters.
Link to publication http://www.cresesb.cepel.br/atlas_eolico_brasil/mapas_1a.pdf
Figure 50 Wind Energy overview for the Brazil/AnEEL
Wind Energy Overview for
the Brazil Available Free
Author/Publisher ANEEL
Resolution and
Methodology
1kmx1km.
Numeric modelling by using mesoscale model MM5 together with WAsP
Main Findings Annual and seasonal wind velocity and direction at 50m high
Link to publication fnal report for the PNUD project at
http://www.dsr.inpe.br/projetofurnas/doc/RelFProj029.pdf
Figure 51 Wind Energy Atlas for the Rio Grande Do Sul
Wind Energy Atlas for the
Rio Grande do Sul Available Free
Author/Publisher ANEEL
Resolution 1kmx1km
Anemometers data acquired and numeric modelling with mesoscale model MASS/
MesoMap together with limit-layer model WindMap.
Main Findings Wind potential map
Thematic maps for annual and seasonal wind speed average and direction at
50m, 75m, and 100m (daytime regime).
Weibull distribution parameters.
Link to publication http://www.seinfra.rs.gov.br/atlas/INDEx_mapas.htm/
http://www.seinfra.rs.gov.br/index.php?menu=atlaseolico/
Figure 52 Wind Energy Atlas for the Rio De Janeiro
Wind Energy Atlas for the
Rio de Janeiro Available Free
Author/Publisher State Government of Rio de Janeiro-SEINPE
Resolution 200mx200m
Anemometers data acquired and numeric modelling with mesoscale model MASS/
MesoMap together with limit-layer model WindMap
Main fndings Wind potential map
Thematic maps for annual and seasonal average of the wind speed and direction
for 50m, 75m, and 100m height, daytime regime).
Weibull distribution parameters
Link to publication http://www.forumdeenergia.com.br/nukleo/pub/atlaseolicorj.zip
Figure 53 Wind Energy Atlas for Alagoas Eletrobras
Wind Energy Atlas for
Alagoas Available Free
Author/Publisher ELETROBRAS, Technology Institute for Development and University of Alagoas
(UFAL).
Resolution high resolution: 90m x 90m
Main Findings Identifes three areas for wind energy exploitation ;
The wind energy potential is estimated at 336MW in areas with wind velocity larger
than 7 m/s at 75 m high.
Link to publication http://www.desenvolvimentoeconomico.al.gov.br/minas-e-energia/mapa-eolico/
Figure 54 Wind Energy Atlas of So Paulo Metropolitan Company for Water and Energy
Wind Energy Atlas of So
Paulo Available Free
Author/Publisher Metropolitan Company for Water and Energy
Resolution and
Methodology
high resolution: 200m x 200m
7 wind towers between 50m to 100m
WAsP/KAMM method.
Link to publication Wind Energy Atlas in progress
Figure 55 Potential Wind Atlas of the State of Paran
Potential Wind Atlas of the
State of Paran N/A
Author/Publisher COPEL Companhia Paranaense de Energia
Resolution and
Methodology
high resolution: 100m x 100m
34 wind farms (one 100 m height)
Link to publication http://www.matrizlimpa.com.br/wp-content/plugins/download-monitor/download.
php?id=Atlas_do_Potencial_Eolico_do_Estado_do_Parana-MatrizLimpa.com_.br_.
pdf.zip
Main Findings Central Southern area: best potential wind sites.
Northern and Western regions present a larger wind resource than pre-estimated
The wind electricity generation in Paran can reach 3.375 GW-40% of the
consumption in Paran
Figure 56 Wind Atlas of Maranho
Wind Atlas of Maranho N/A
Author/Publisher State Government of Maranho and University of Maranho
Resolution In progress
Link to publication In progress
Figure 57 Wind Atlas for the northeast Region of Brazil AnEEL
Wind Atlas for the
Northeast Region of Brazil Free
Author/Publisher ANEEL -WANEB
Methodology 34 wind farms (one 100 m height).
Preliminary wind assessment using reliable wind data from the Brazilian Wind
Energy Centre, electricity companies and selected meteorological stations
Dynamical numerical model for typical wind climate
Main Findings Contour line maps
Description of trade wind front trajectory and modelling for wind power
applications;
Characterization of the meso-scale wind circulation,
Identifcation of the regional windy areas for installing wind turbines;
Classifcation of the regional roughness length for wind energy application, using
remote sensing analysis;
Modelling land-sea breeze circulation and daily speed variation;
Link to publication http://www.eolica.com.br
No digital copy available in internet
Figure 58 Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment in Brazil SWERA Project Report
Solar and Wind Energy
Resource Assessment in
Brazil SWERA Project
Report Free
Author/Publisher INPE/CEPEL
Resolution 10km x 10 km
Data acquired at airports, automatic weather stations and SONDA network sites
used for validation
Mesoscale ETA model for wind maps
Link to publication http://sonda.ccst.inpe.br/publicacoes
Report with long-term potential for large scale use of solar and wind energies in
Brazil.
High quality information on solar and wind energy resources; along with tools to
facilitate energy policies and investments
Available Solar and Wind Resource Assessments in China
Figure 59 Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment in China SWERA Project
Free
Author/Publisher UNEP/NREL
Resolution and
Methodology
East Asia Coverage- Low resolution map collection (40km)
Wind power density maps at 50 m height -Combination of analytical, numerical
and empirical methods
Model estimates monthly average daily total radiation using inputs derived from
satellite and surface observations of cloud cover, aerosol optical depth, precipitation
water vapour, albedo, atmospheric pressure and ozone sampled (2006).
Figure 60 Solar Resource Assessment for China
GIS of wind and Solar for China UNEP project titled Capacity Building of Rapid Commercialization of Renewable
Energy in China. ERI et al 2000-2001.
Solar Resource
Assessment for China
Author/Publisher/Sponsor ERI/China National Weather Bureau/Energy Research Institute-NDRC
Resolution and
Methodology
Low resolution map collection
Link to publication
Main Findings Map based on the data of solar radiation from 1951-1980, very low resolution
Figure 61 China Wind Resource Assessment Report nDRC
Wind resources density of China (unit: w/m
2
, 70m height, 1978-2008, resolution 1km1km)
China Wind Resource
Assessment Report
NDRC
Author/Publisher/Sponsor National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)
Resolution 50W/m
2
Data acquired at airports, automatic weather stations and SONDA network sites
used for validation
Link to publication Book-wind resource maps and report
Figure 62 China Wind Energy Resource Mapping Activity UnEP
China Wind Energy
Resource Mapping Activity
UNEP Free
Author/Publisher/Sponsor UNEP-NREL/GEF
Resolution 1kmx1km
Findings/Areas covered Eastern China including offshore areas
Figure 63 national Wind Energy Resource Detailed Assessment nRDC
Wind resources density of China (unit: w/m
2
, 70m height, 1978-2008, 1km1km)
Wind resources density of hangzhou Bay of China (unit: w/m
2
, 70m height, 1978-2008, resolution 200m200m)
China Wind Energy
Resource Mapping Activity
UNEP Free
Author/Publisher/Sponsor National Development Reform Commission/Ministry of Finance
Resolution 1kmx1km and 200mx200m
Numerical modelling, mesoscale model, 400on-site measurements
Link to publication n/a
Aims to fnd potential sites for 50 GW wind farms:
Onshore wind theoretical potential is 3800 GW
Onshore wind technical potential of 2,380 GW (50 m height).
Offshore wind technical potential of 400 GW (depth 50m)
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Centro Clima, Assessing the effectiveness of national solar and wind energy policies, and development of national
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CEPEL/ELETROBRS, Wind Atlas of Brazil, CEPEL/ELETROBRS, 2001.
CSIR, SAWS, CSAG and Risoe, Wind Atlas for South Africa, 2010.
Department of Minerals and Energy, Economic and Financial Calculations and Modelling for the Renewable Energy
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www.unep.org/dt|e
For more information, contact:
UNEP DTIE
Energy Branch
15 rue de Milan
75441 Paris Cedex 09
France
Tel: +33 1 4437 1427
Fax: +33 1 4437 1474
E-mail: unep.tie@unep.org
Web: http://www.unep.fr/energy
This report documents crucial information to support deployment of
renewable energies in three key emerging markets Brazil, China and
South Africa and provides information for policy-making aimed at
supporting renewable energy markets in these countries. Specifically
this study collates information on solar and wind resources and
resource information, renewable energy support policies and goals,
risk management and technologies integral to the increased renewable
energy technology deployment.
Enhancing
information for
rEnEwablE EnErgy
tEchnology
DEploymEnt in brazil,
china, anD
South africa
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www.unep.org
United Nations Environmental Programme
P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: ++254-(0)20-762 1234
Fax: ++254-(0)20-762 3927
E-mail: uneppub@unep.org
DTI/1459/PA

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Enhancing Information For Renewable Energy Technology Deployment in Brazil, China and South Africa

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