HS101 Lecture 30/10/2009 (Recap from previous lecture)Modernization process: - Change from traditional to modern.

- Tonnies: change from gemeinschaft to gesellschaft - Durkheim: change from mechanical solidarity (its the similarities that make you stick together) to organic solidarity (its the differences that make you stick together) Modernization perspective: - Modernization as a process - What is modernization? Based on a tradition-modernity dichotomy - Emphasis on psychological factors (a state of mind) - Neo-evolutionary model (happens gradually, over time, moves in one direction, there is no backward movement) - Takes place through diffusion (how it spreads) Underlying assumptions - It is a linear process - It is all encompassing (ever aspect of society will be affected) - There will be convergence (different societies might start at different rates, but everybody will end up at the same end-point) Human Society Traditional: - Value of traditionalism - Kinship as a reference point - Fatalistic attitude - World as a given - Ascription - Collective orientation - Authoritarian Modern: - Value of progress - Declining influence of kinship - Creative and innovative - World as makeable - Achievement - Individualistic - Democratic Ingleharts typology of values Traditional vs. Secular-rational: 1. God very important 2. Obedience more important than independence 3. Abortion never justifiable 4. National pride 5. Respect for authority HS101 Lecture 29/10/2009 1

Survival vs. Self-expression: 1. Priority to economic and physical security 2. Not very happy 3. Would not sign a petition 4. Homosexuality is never justifiable 5. Does not trust other people Critique of Modernization perspective: - Under-development - Focus on the development of capitalism, i.e., the relationship between countries - Dependency perspective Cause of under-development: - Contact with the West - NOT because of the persistence of traditional social pattern - Emergence of an economic world system How did Western countries become capitalist powers? 1. Expropriation of surplus values from their own labouring classes 2. Extraction of economic surplus from third world countries How did the extraction of economic surplus take place? 1. Distorting agricultural production 2. Exhausting supply of raw materials 3. Exploiting cheap labour Economic world system: - An international system of stratification - West as the core of the system - Third World as the periphery Marxian view of social change 1. Societies founded on conflict 2. Basic motor of social change is economic 3. Historical change and development shaped by economic organization 4. The individual can change society through rational action 5. By standing outside society, through critique, human being can understand and alter their historical position Note: - The modern state as an important dimension of society Giddens on globalization Two schools of thought on globalization: 1. Sceptics (Same thing, different name, leftists) 2. Radicals - Changes not just economic also social, political and cultural - Changes unclear because of shell institutions

Modernization is evolutionary, globalization is revolutionary

Key features of globalization 1. Interconnectedness of all societies 2. Trans-national corporations that work in a global economy 3. International economic integration, global production 4. Transnational media systems, the global village 5. Global consumerism and culture (mcdonalisation) 6. Global tourism and media imperialism Note : Being in the virtual world you can move around easily but in the physical form, when trying to get into another country, the state still has control. Recap 1. What is social change? 2. Macro view 3. Different dimensions of modernization 4. Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 5. Modernization perspective 6. Dependency perspective and the Economic World System 7. Globalization

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