BRANCHIAL APPARATUS (PHARYNGEAL ARCHES)

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

During 4th week intrauterine life of embryo : Neck not yet formed. Head swelling followed by cardiac swelling & bothe separated by depression of stomodeum (future mouth). During 5th week : middle mesodermal layer on each side show anteroposterior segmentation into 6 segments of pharyngeal @ branchial arches. Each arch have : a core of mesenchymal tissue (derived from neural crest cells) covered on outside by ectoderm & inside by endoderm. its own blood & nerve supply. st 1 arch (mandibular arch) divides maxillary & mandibular processes 2nd arch known as hyoid arch Succeeding arches are 3rd , 4th , 5th & 6th 5th arch is rudimentary & disappear d/t early degeneration of its blood supply Externally , arches separated by ectodermal grooves called pharyngeal clefts . this clefts is enumerated 1st to 4th in craniocaudal direction
Internally , arches separated by endodermal groove pharyngeal pouches (4)

Special Embryology MSR 1

MESODERMAL DERIVATIVES OF PHARYNGEAL ARCHES

1st

Divides into : maxillary & mandibular processes Its cartilage forms malleus, incus & Meckels cartilage Mesenchyme of maxillary process give rises to premaxilla, maxilla, zygomatic bone & part of temporal bone through membranous ossification Membranous ossification of mesodermal condensation around Meckels cartilage mandible Meckels cartilage regresses & disappears except small part which change to fibrous band forming sphenomandibular ligament Skeletal derivatives : i. Malleus, incus ii. Sphenomandibular ligament iii. Mandible by mesodermal condensation around Meckels cartilage Muscle derivatives (muscles supply by mandibular n.): i. Muscles of mastication (4) ii. Anterior belly of digastric iii. Mylohyoid iv. Tensor palati v. Tensor tympani Nerve : mandibular n. Artery : 1st aortic arch disappears except small portion persists forming maxillary a.

2nd

Its cartilage called :Reicherts cartilage Skeletal derivatives : i. Stapes ii. Styloid process temporal bone iii. Stylohyoid ligament iv. Lesser cornu & upper part body of hyoid bone Muscle derivatives : i. Muscles of facial expression, occipitofrontalis, muscles of auricle & platysma ii. Posterior belly of digastric iii. Stylohyoid iv. Stapedius of middle ear Nerve : facial n. Artery : 2nd aortic arch disappears except small portion persists forming stapedial & hyoid a.

3rd

Its cartilage forming lower part of the body & greater horn of hyoid bone Muscle : stylopharyngeus (the only muscle) Nerve : glossopharyngeal n. Artery : 3rd aortic arch persists forming common carotid a. & stem of ICA on both sides Its cartilage forms thyroid cartilage Muscle : cricothyroid Nerve : superior laryngeal n. (its external laryngeal br. supplies cricothyroid Artery : i. Left 4th aortic arch persist forming main part arch of aorta ii. Right 4th aortic arch persist forming stem of right subclavian artery its cartilage forming : cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate & cuneiform cartilages Muscle : intrinsic muscle of larynx Nerve : recurrent laryngeal br. of vagus.
Special Embryology MSR 2

4th

6th

Summary Of Mesodermal Derivatives, Artery & Their Innervation Pharyngeal Arch 1 (mandibular) Nerve Mandibular n. Artery Maxillary a. Muscles Skeleton Malleus, incus & Meckels cartilage Sphenomandibular ligament

2 (hyoid)

Facial (cr. iii)

Glossopharyngeal n. (cr ix) Superior laryngeal br. (vagus)

Muscles of mastication Mylohyoid Anterior belly of digastric Tensor palatine Tensor tympani Stapedial & hyoid Muscles of facial a. expression Buccinator Auricularis frontalis Platysma Orbicularis oris & oculi Stylohyoid Stapedius CCA & stem of ICA Stylopharyngeus on both sides Main part arch of
aorta (left arch) Stem of right subclavian a. (right arch)

Stapes Styloid process Lesser horn & upper portion body of hyoid bone

Cricothyroid Levator palati Constrictor of pharynx Intrinsic muscles of larynx

Greater horn & lower portion body of hyoid bone Laryngeal cartilages (thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate & cuneiform )

Recurrent laryngeal br (vagus)

Special Embryology MSR 3

PHARYNGEAL POUCHES Endodermal grooves separating pharyngeal arches 4 pouchs. The last one is atypical & divided into 2 parts Epithelial endodermal lining of the pouch gives rise to important organ Pouch Explanation 1 It forms a stalk like diverticulum, the tubotympanic recess which comes in contact with epithelial lining the first branchial cleft Distal portion of the recess widens forming primitive tympanic (middle ear) cavity Proximal part remains narrow forming auditory (Eustachian) tube Middle ear cavity come into relation with external acoustic meatus, the separating membrane forming tympanic membrane 2 Forms palatine tonsils Endodermal lining forms solid epithelial outgrowth into surrounding mesenchyme Its central cella degenarated forming tonsillar crypts During 3rd to 5th months, tonsil gradually infiltrated by lymphatic tissue Capsule of tonsils formed from condensation of mesenchyme In adult : part of pouch remains is known as tonsillar fossa Each 3rd & 4th pouchs is divided into dorsal & ventral wings. In 5th week, endodermal lining of dorsal wing forms inferior parathyroid gland (parathyroid III) while the ventral partforms thymus As thymus enlarges, it migrates in a caudal & medial direction, pull the P III with it Both glands loose their connection with pharyngeal wall The 2 lobes of thymus come in contact with each other in front pericardium &grat vessels P III adheres to posterior surface of thyroid gland Epithelium dorsal wing forms superior parathyroid gland (parathyroid IV) Epithelium of ventral wing forms ultimo-branchial body & a small amount of thymus tissue (rudimentary thymus) P IV looses connection with pharyngeal wall & migrate caudally with thyroid gland. It becomes adherent to posterior surface thyroid gland at higher level than P III ultimo-branchial body separates from wall of pharynx & becomes incorporated into developing thyroid gland forming parafollicular cells. Other views : ultimobranchial body degenerates & disappears

Fate Of Pharyngeal Pouches Pouch 1 middle ear cavity Eustachian tube of middle ear Tympanic membrane 2 3 Palatine tonsillar fossa Dorsal : inferior parathyroid Ventral : primordium of thymus Dorsal : superior parathyroid Ventral : ultimo-branchial body incorporated into thyroid then degenerates : rumdimentary thymus soon disappears
Special Embryology MSR 4

Derivatives

PHARYNGEAL CLEFTS

In 5th week, 4 ectodermal grooves are seen between arches called pharyngeal clefts Dorsal part 1st cleft penetrates underlying mesenchyme forming external auditory meatus. Ectodermal lining the meatus forming tympanic membrane Around developing meatus, pinna is formed d/t growth & fusion 6small surface elevations, 3 derived from first arch & 3 from second arch Remaining cleft buried by second pharyngeal arch which enlarges & grows inferiorly in neck Therefore : 2nd , 3rd & 4th clefts formf floor of cavity lined by ectoderm called cervical sinus sinus then obliterated by fusion of its walls

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES

1.Branchial cysts 2.External branchial fistula

Remnants of cervical sinus located below the angle of the jaw Occur when 2nd arch fails to graow caudally over the 3rd & 4th arches. Thus, cervical sinus remains in contact with surface by a narrow canal It usually lies along anterior border of sternomastoid Cervical sinus connected to lumen of pharynx by small canal which opens in tonsillar region.

3.Internal branchial fistula

Special Embryology MSR 5

Special Embryology MSR 6

DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE

DEVELOPMENT

Tongue : mass of muscles covered by mucous membrane Mucous membrane dorsum of tongue divided by sulcus terminalis (V-shaped) into : ant 2/3, post 1/3 because they develop from 2 differents origin & have different nerve supply. At 4th week swelling (from 1st pharyngeal arches) : 2 lateral lingual swelling 1 median swelling (tuberculum impar) nd 2 mesodermal swelling : copula (hypobranchial eminence) develop in floor of pharynx at pharyngeal arches 2,3,4. 3rd median swelling from posterior part 4th arch : development of epiglottis. Laryngeal orrifice lies behind this swelling & surrounded by arytenoid swelling. d/t growth of lateral swelling, they overgrow the tuberculum impar & fuse with each other anterior 2/3 @ body of tongue. The hypobranchial eminence overgrows & eliminate contribution 2nd pharyngeal arch definitive adult tongue. This part enlarges & spreads cranially in V-shaped fromed fuses with anterior 2/3 along sulcus terminalis to form posterior 1/3 muscle of tongue : develop bilaterally from occipital myotomes migrate in ventrally around side wall of pharynx to be under mucosa of tongue together with hypoglossal n. First, tongue is immobile because it adherent to mouth floor a groove appears at ventral & lateral sides & extends deeply tip & anterior part freely mobile. Innervations confirmed their development : Ant 2/3 : lingual br. Mandibular n. (n. 1st arch) Post 1/3 : glossopharyngeal br. (n. 3rd arch) Most post. & epiglottis : superior laryngeal n. Of vagus (n. 4th arch)
Special Embryology MSR 7

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES

Aglossia Macroglossia Microglossia Bifid Tongue Ankyloglossia Excessive length of frenulum

Complete/partial absence of tongue Abnormal large oftongue Abnormal small Split involve ant 2/3 d/t failure lateral lingual swellings 1st arch to fuses in midline Tongue tie to floor of mouth (not free) Held by short frenulum Excssive mobile of tongue & may fall back & occlude the pharynx suffocation

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE, LIPS, CHEEK & NOSE

Special Embryology MSR 8

 Frontonasal process : start as proliferation mesenchyme on ventral surfac developing brain & grows toward stomodeum. 2 maxillary process : grow out from upper end of each 1st pharyngeal arch , pass medially forming inferior border developing orbit 2 mandibular process of 1st arch : approach each other in mid line, inferior to stomodeum & fuse to form lower jaw & lower lip. Local thickening surface of ectoderm, nasal (olfactory) placodes appear on both sides frontonasal process under inductive influence ventral portion forebrain. At 5th week : nasal placodes invaginate nasal pits. Each pits surrounded by : Lateral nasal process : on outer edge pit Medial nasal process : on inner edge pit During following 2 weeks : maxillary process increase in size, grow in medial direction , compressed medial nasal process toward midline. Then medial nasal & maxillary process fuses. Upper lip formed by : 2 medial nasal process (form philtrum) & 2 maxillary process (form lateral part). Lower lip & jaw formed from mandibular process ( which fuses across midline ). Iniatially, maxillary & lateral nasal pocesses separated by nasolacrimal groove. Ectoderm floor of the groove form solid epithelial cord, which detaches from overlying ectoderm maxillary & lateral nasal processes fuses with each other. Then, this cord is canalized nasolacrimal duct, its upper end widen lacrimal sac Maxillary process enlarge cheek & maxilla. Nose formed from 5 facial processes : Frontonasal bridge Fused medial nasal crest & tip Lateral nasal side (Alae)

Special Embryology MSR 9

STRUCTURES CONTRIBUTES TO FACE FORMATION PROCESS Frontonasal Maxillary Medial nasal STRUCTURES FORMED Forehead Bridge of nose Cheeks Lateral portion upper lip Incissive fossa & primary palate Philtrum upper lip Crest & tip of nose Alae of nose Lower lip

Lateral nasal Mandibular

DEVELOPMENT OF PALATE

A. INTERMAXILLARY SEGMENT

d/t medial growth maxillary processes, 2 medial nasal processes fuse at surface & deeper level. Structure formed by these process known as intermaxillary segment, composed of : Labial component : form philtrum uppe rlip Upper jaw component : carries 4 incissor teeth Palatal component : form triangular primary palate In 6th week, main part definitive plate appear in the form of 2 palatine shelves from maxillary process & directed obliquely downward on either side of tongue. In 7th week, palatine shelves attain horizontal position above tongue & fuses with each other 2o palate. Anteriorly : the shelves fuse with 1o palate & incissive foramen in adults considered as midline landmark between 1o & 2o palates. Fusion takes place from ant to post uvula is last structure to be formed
Special Embryology MSR 10

B. SECONDARY PLATE

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
Unilateral : most common, d/t failure maxillary process to fuse with medial nasal process. Bilateral : d/t failure both maxillary process to fuse with medial ansla process Cleft lip on one side to medial margin orbit d/t failure maxilarry process to fuse with lateral ansal process. d/t failure fusion both medial nasal processes d/t incomplete fusion mandibular processes large mouth d/t incomplete fusion maxillary with mandible processes small mouth d/t excessive fusion of these processes all degrees of cleft palate d/t failure of palatine shelves of maxilla to fuse with each other in midline @ to fuse with primary palate failure of canalization developing duct

Cleft lip Oblique facial cleft Median cleft lip Cleft lower lip Macrostomia Microstomia Cleft palate Atresia nasolacrimal duct

Special Embryology MSR 11

DEVELOPMENT OF PITUITARY GLAND

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

It develop from 2 different parts ; Rathkes pouch : small ectodermal diverticulum, grow upwards from roof of stomodeum immediately anterior to buccopharyngeal Infundibulum : small ectodermal diverticulum , grows inferiorly from floor of diencephalon During 2nd month development : Rathkes pouch comes in contact with anterior surface infundibulum then loses connection with stomodeum (mouth cavity) Furtherly, cells in anterior wall of teh pouch increase rapidly in number pars distalis Upward extension pars distalis around stalk of infundibulum pars intermedia Cavity of the pouch disappeared . Infundibulum : differentiated stalk & pars nervosa pituitary gland, composed of neuroglia cells & nerve fibers from hypothalamus. During 3rd to 4th month, pars distalis cells differentiated chromophobe cells, acidophil cells & basophil cells.

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES

Craniopharyngioma Pharyngeal hypophysis

From remnants Rathkes pouch pituitary dysfunction Small portion Rathkes pouch persist in small portion

Special Embryology MSR 12

DEVELOPMENT OF THYROID GLAND

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

3rd week : median endodermal thickening in middle floor of pharynx at V-shaped junction ant 2/3 & post 1/3 of tongue between tuberculum impar & copula. Thickening diverticulum that grows inferiorly into underlying mesenchme Thyroglossal duct. Duct elongates becomes solid cord of cells & bilobed terminal swelling expands thyroid gland. Furtherly, thyroid gland descnd in front hyoid bone & laryngeal cartilages until reaches infront trachea at 7th week. Solid cord connect the thyroid gland to tongue degenerates. Site origin thyroglossal duct on tongue remains as pit called foramen coecum. Thyroid gland may divided into small median isthmus & 2 large lateral lobes. HISTOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION Early stage, thyroid gland consist of a solid mass of cells mass broken d/t invasion surrounding vascular mesenchymal tissue become small clusters of cells 3rd month : colloid accumulate in center of each cluster folicles Fibrous capsule & CT develop from surrounding mesenchyme. Ultimobronchial bodies incorporated into thyroid glands forming parafollicular cells (produce calcitonin). Other views report it degenarate & disappear.
Special Embryology MSR 13

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES

Agenesis of thyroid gland cretinism Incomplete dscend of Descend arrested at any point between base of tongue & trachea thyroid gland Type : Lingual thyroid (common) Cervical thyroid Etopic thyroid tissues Found in : thorax, bronchi & oesophagus Thyroglossal cyst Part of thyroglossal duct persist cyst along @ close to midline. Commonly occur in hyoid bone region. Thyroglssal fistula Thyroglossal cyst rupture sinus Cretinism Deficiency Thyroid hormone production during intrauterine life.

Special Embryology MSR 14

DEVELOPMENT OF SUPRARENAL GLAND

Develop from 2 components : Cortex is mesodermal : from coelomic epithelium Medulla is ectodermal : from sympathetic ganglion During 5th week development : mesothelial clls of coelomic epithelium (between root of mesentery & developing gonad) begin to proliferate & form foetal (primitive) cortex. Then, cells from neural crest & differentiating into sympathetic ganglion migrate & invade medial aspect fetal cortex to form suprarenal medulla. These cells differentiate chromaffin cells. Then, second series of cells arise from coelomic epithelium & enclose foetal cortex. These cells gives definitive(permanent) cortex. Differentiation characteristic adrenal cortical zones start during late fetal period. Zona glomerulosa & zona fasciculata present at birth, but zona reticularis not recognizable till the end of 3rd year.. some auuthor said zona reticularis is remnant foetal cortex. CONGENITAL ANOMALY Phiochromocytoma : chromafin cells tumour in suprarenal gland region

Special Embryology MSR 15