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Bad:
Takes up a lot of space Micro-slip/hysteresis/damping problems Difficult to model and control Can require long fabrication and assembly time
Components
At
Tensile stress area
Ad HBolt ld lt LT
Unthreaded length in grip
tw t1 t2 HNut tw
Ad
Major diameter area
lt
Threaded length in grip
ld d
Major diameter (unthreaded)
Martin Culpepper, All rights reserved
At
Things to consider with the clamped member: 1. Stone or lap the surface (increase stiffness) 2. Remove burs (increase joint stiffness) 3. Be sure flange surfaces are flat so bolt does not bend
Threads do not distribute the load evenly: 1. First thread has the shortest load path (stiffest)
What can be done to distribute the load better 1. Use a softer nut material
2. Use a bolt and nut that have different pitch Bolts are valuesonce for with used to begin precision applications 2.Threads plastically deform and nut The pitch of the bolt threads threads change as they are loaded 3. Use a special nut that lengthens the load path of the first thread
Martin Culpepper, All rights reserved
Stiffness
Preload
While preloading joint, are the flange & bolt springs in parallel or in series?
Series:
Same Forces Different Displacements (stretches)
Parallel:
Same Displacements (stretches) Different Forces
11
km
kb
12
Bolt stiffness
Shoulder bolt/cap screw consists of two different parts
Threaded Unthreaded
Ad E kd = ld At E kt = * lt
kd kt
The effective threaded grip length, lt*, used in the stiffness calc is the sum of the threaded grip length plus three threads
Martin Culpepper, All rights reserved
1 1 kt k d kb = + = k k kt + k d d t
13
Member stiffness
dw z
Pressure cone exists in the member materials and bolt head The clamping area at the member interfaces depends upon
25o-45o
dh
P dz d = E A(z )
2 2 dw dh A ( z ) = z tan ( ) + 2 2
Martin Culpepper, All rights reserved
km =
( d w d h + 2t tan ( ) ) ( d w + d h ) ln ( d w + d h + 2t tan ( ) ) ( d w d h )
14
Ed tan ( )
Loading
P
External tensile load
HBolt ld
tw t1 t2
Pb
Portion of P taken by bolt
Pm
Portion of P taken by members
lt LT HNut tw
C
Fraction of P carried by bolt
1-C
Fraction of P carried by members
Martin Culpepper, All rights reserved
16
P P
P km P kb
17
kb Pb = P=PC k m + kb
P = Pm + Pb
Pm = P (1 C )
Fb = Pb + Fi Fm = Pm Fi
km
kb
Pb Pm = = kb k m
P,
Martin Culpepper, All rights reserved
Fb = CP + Fi
Fm = (1 C )P Fi
18
CP Fi + b = At At C n P Fi + = Sp At At
n=
S p At Fi CP
P P
19
Shear resistance
When joint is in shear
Friction between the members takes the load, not the bolt Coefficient of friction and preload are the important properties Dowel pins or shoulder bolts should be used to resist shear
P P
P P
P = s Fi
20
s > k
22
Best practices
Best practices
D
H >2D
Threads should be at least 1.5 D deep for bolt to reliably hold a load
24
25
Exercise
Group exercise
The tool holder stiffness is critical to lathe accuracy.
Calculate the stiffness of the bolted joint between your tool holder and cross slide bearing.
How does the relative stiffness of this compare with the stiffness of other parts in the load path?
Structure Bearings Rails Etc
Martin Culpepper, All rights reserved
27
N F F = s*N
28
Rails
Carriage
1.5 L
Martin Culpepper, All rights reserved
L
29
High manufacturing cost Bolt spacing should be about 4x the bolt diameter
Martin Culpepper, All rights reserved
30