HEAT TRANSFER

Sixth Edition

J. P. HOLMAN
Professor of Mechanical Engineering Southern Methodist University

McGraw-Hill Book Company

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CONTENTS

Preface List of Symbols

1 Introduction
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 Conduction Heat Transfer Thermal Conductivity Convection Heat Transfer Radiation Heat Transfer Dimensions and Units Computer Solution of Heat-Transfer Problems Summary

xiii xvii

2 Steady-State Conduction-One
2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-1 1 Introduction The Plane Wall Insulation and R Values Radial Systems-Cylinders The Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient Critical Thickness of Insulation Heat-Source Systems Cylinder with Heat Sources Conduction-Convection Systems Fins Thermal Contact Resistance

Dimension

vii

viii Contents
P

Steady-State Conduction-Multiple

Dimensions

Introduction Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction Graphical Analysis The Conduction Shape Factor Numerical Method of Analysis Numerical Formulation in Terms of Resistance Elements Gauss-Seidel Iteration Accuracy Considerations Electrical Analogy for Two-Dimensional Conduction Summary
4
4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4

Unsteady-State Conduction
Introduction Lumped-Heat-Capacity System Transient Heat Flow in a Semi-Infinite Solid Convection Boundary Conditions Multidimensional Systems ,Transient Numerical Method Thermal Resistance and Capacity Formulation Graphical Analysis-The ~ c h m i d Plot t Summary

i ;4-5
4-6 4-7 4-8 4-4

Principles of Convection
Introduction Viscous Flow Inviscid Flow Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate Energy Equation of the Boundary Layer The Thermal Boundary Layer The Relation between Fluid Friction and Heat Transfer Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Heat Transfer Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Thickness Heat Transfer in Laminar Tube Flow Turbulent Flow in a Tube Heat Transfer in High-Speed Flow Summary

6 Empirical and Practical Relations for Forced-Convection Heat Transfer

6-1 Introduction 6-2 Empirical Relations for Pipe and Tube Flow

Contents ix

6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6

Flow across Cylinders and Spheres Flow across Tube Banks Liquid-Metal Heat Transfer Summary Remarks

7 Natural-Convection Systems
Introduction Free-Convection Heat Transfer on a Vertical Flat Plate Empirical Relations for Free Convection Free Convection from Vertical Planes and Cylinders Free Convection from Horizontal Cylinders Free Convection from Horizontal Plates Free Convection from Inclined Surfaces Nonnewtonian Fluids Simplified Equations for Air Free Convection from Spheres Free Convection in Enclosed Spaces Combined Free and Forced Convection Summary

Radiation Heat Transfer

Introduction Physical Mechanism Radiation Properties Radiation Shape Factor Relations between Shape Factors Heat Exchange between Nonblackbodies Infinite Parallel Planes Radiation Shields Gas Radiation Radiation Network for an Absorbing and T~ansmitting Medium Radiation Exchange with Specular Surfaces Radiation Exchange. with Transmitting, Reflecting, and Absorbing Media Formulation for Numerical Solution Solar Radiation Radiation Properties of the Environment Effect of Radiation on Temperature Measurement The Radiation Heat-Transfer Coefficient Summary

Contents

Condensation and Boiling Heat Transfer

Introduction Condensation Heat-Transfer Phenomena The Condensation Number Film Condensation inside Horizontal Tubes Boiling Heat Transfer Simplified Relations for Boiling Heat Transfer with Water Summary and Design Information

Heat Exchangers
Introduction The Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient Fouling Factors Types of Heat Exchangers The Log Mean Temperature Difference Effectiveness-NTU Method Compact Heat Exchangers Analysis for Variable Properties .Heat-Exchanger Design Considerations
1

L ll Mass Transfer
11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5 11-6 Ip$roduction Fick's Law of Diffusion Diffusion in Gases Diffusion in Liquids and Solids The Mass-Transfer Coefficient Evaporation Processes in the Atmosphere

12 Special Topics in Heat Transfer

12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 Introduction Heat Transfer in Magnetofluidynamic (MFD) Systems Transpiration Cooling Low-Density Heat Transfer Ablation The Heat Pipe

Appendixes

A Tables

Contents xi

B Exact Solutions of Laminar-Boundary-Layer Equations

C Analytical Relations for the Heisler Charts

653

659

Index

667

Ablation, 622 Absorption bands in atmosphere, 466 Absorptivity: for solar radiation, 461 for thermal radiation, 375 Accommodation coefficient; definition of, 617 values of, 617 Accuracy: of boundary conditions, 101 of numerical solutions, 100 Achenbach, E., 321 Adarns, J. A., 130 Adiabatic wall temperature, 254 Aihara, T., 369 Air, properties of, 643 Al-Arabi, M., 371 Albedo: definition of, 464 ( of natural surfaces, 465 of water vapor, 465 Allen, R. W., 320 Amato, W. S., 371 Ames, W. F., 130 Analogy: electrical, for steady-state heat conduction, 116 between heat transfer and fluid friction, 235, 279 for unsteady-state heat conduction, 134

Angle factor, 384 Ansari, M. A., 37 Arpaci, V. S., 130, 205, 368 Audunson, T., 369

Bachmam, R. N., 490 Backward difference in numerical methods, 163 Baker, D. R., 599 Barakat, H. Z., 129 Barron, R., 26 Bayley, F. J., 368 Beckrnan, W. A., 490 Bell, K. J., 522 Benard, H., 369 Bergles, A. E., 369 Bernodli equation, 214 Bernstein, M., 320 Biot number, 100, 135 Bird, R. B., 599 Birkebak, R. C., 370 Bishop, E. N., 367 Bjorge, R. W., 523 Black, I. A., 26 Blackbody radiation, 378 Blasius, H., 654 Blum, H. A., 70 Boelter, L. M., 319 Boggs, J. H., 370

668 Index
S -

BO&~:

bubble size in, 502 bulk, 500 effect of bubbles, 502 film, 500 forced-convection, 5 10 local, 500 peak heat flux in, 511 physical mechanism of, 501 pool, 500 (See also Nucleate pool boiling) saturated, 500 simplified relations for water, 513 subcooled, 500 Boiling regimes, 500 Boundary conditions, accuracy of, 101 Boundary-layer thickness: definition of, 208 for free convection, 327 for larninar flow on flat plate, 221 order!of magnitude for, 272 Boundary layers: in, buffer l a y e ~ 237 continuity pisuation for. 216 effects OS v yous dissipation in, 224 energy equation for, 222 exact solutio$ to, 653 general discussion of, 208 hydrodynamic, 208, 221 hydromagnetic, 604 influences of magnetic field on, 604 integral energy analysis for, 227 laminar: integral momentum equation for, 218 velocity profile for, 220 laminar sublayer, 237 momentum equation for, 216 temperature distribution in, 226 thermal, 225 transition of, 208, 237 turbulent, thickness of, 244 viscous heating in, 223, 254 Bromley, L. A., 521 Brown, C. K., 368 Brown D. R., 69 Bubble size in boiling, 502 Bulk boiling, 500 Bulk temperature: definition of, 249 related to heat transfer, 274

Burke, M. R., 631 Burnout heat flux,' approximate values, 515

Capacitance, thermal, 134 Carslaw, H. S., 129 Carter, C. R., 490 Cess, R. D., 489, 580 Chapman, A. J., 369 Cheesewright, R., 368 Chu, H. H. S., 370, 371 Churchill, S. W., 269, 320, 371 Citakoglu, E., 522 Claassen, L., 368 Clark, J. A., 129 Clausing, A. M., 70 Clifton, 9. V., 369 Colburn, A. P., 319 Colburn analogy, 236 Compact heat exchangers, 559 Condensation: approximate coefficients for, 515 dropwise, 492 on inclined surfaces, 496 inside horizontal tubes, 498 number, 497 Conduction: through a composite wall, 28 in cylindrical systems, 30 effect of variable conductivity on, 27 electrical analogy for, 116 equations: in cylindrical coordinates, 6 defining, 2 general one-dimensional, 4 genetal three-dimensional, 4 in spherical coordinates, 6 flux plot for, 77 Fourier's law of, 2 with heat sources, 38 through hollow cylinder, 3 l through a plane wall, 27 shape factor, 77 steady-state, two-dimensional numerical method, 83 unsteady-state: with convection boundary conditions, 139 electrical analogy for, 134 graphical method for, 186-189 lumped-capacity method, 133 multiple-dimension systems, 154

Index 669

j
1

Conduction, unsteady state (Cont.): multiple-lumped-capacity systems, 134 numerical method, 158 in semi-infinite solid, 136 use of Heisler charts, 141 Conductivity (see Thermal conductivity) Configuration factor, 384 Cornally, T. J., 370 Contact conductance, table of values, 58 Contact resistance, 55 Continuity equation: for boundary layer, 216 for tube flow, 21 1 Continuum flow, 614 Convection: general discussion of, 12, 207 physical mechanism of, 12 (See also Forced convection; Free convection) Convection heat-transfer coefficient (see Heat-transfer coefficient) Convection heat-transfer data, correlation of, 276 Conversion factors, 17, 65 1 Cotter, T. P., 632 Crank, J., 129 Critical insulation thickness, 36 Cross flow: over cylinders, 288 over spheres, 289 Cross-flow heat exchanger, 534, 535 Cwilinear square plot, 77 Cylinders: drag coefficient for, 290 flow across (see Flow across cylinders) forced-convection heat transfer from, 29 1 free convection on, 339 Cylindrical coordinates, 6 .

Diffuse radiosity, definition of, 43 1 Diffuse reflection for thermal radiation, 376 Diffusion: equimolal, 585 Fick's law of, 582 in gases, 583 in liquids and solids, 588 physical mechanism of, 582 of water in atmosphere, 594 of water vapor, 587 Diffusion coefficient: definition of, 582 for gases, 582, 646 Dimensions and units, 15 Dipprey, D. F., 320 Dittus, F. W.. 319 Doherty, P., 26 Dorrance, W.H., 631 Double-pipe heat exchanger, 527 Drag coefficient: for cylinder, 290 definition of, 289 for sphere, 290 Drake, R. M., 320, 370 Drop impingement, heat transfer in, 511 Dropwise condensation, 492 Duffie, J. A., 490 Dunkle, R. V., 488 Dusinbeme, G. M., 129, 205 Dutcher, C. H., 631 Dwyer, 0. E., 321 Dynamic viscosity, definition of, 208

Dake, J. M. K., 490 Dale, J. D., 369 Dalton's law of partial pressures, 586 deGroot, S. R., 599 Depew, C. A., 370 Design considerations for heat exchangers, 570 Devienne, F. M., 631 Dhir, V. K., 523

Eagleson, P. S., 490 Eckert, E. R. G., 268, 320, 368, 489, 631 Eddy properties in turbulent flow, 237, 239 Eddy viscosity, 237 Edwards, D. K., 371, 490 Effectiveness of heat exchangers, 545 Effectiveness-NTU (number of transfer units) charts, 548-553 Efficiency of fins (see Fin efficiency) Egbert, R. B., 490 Electrical analogy for steady-state conduction, 116 Electromagnetic spectrum, 374 Emery, A. P., 206, 368-370 Emissive power for thermal radiation, 375

670

Index
L. -

~rnigivit~: of carbon dioxide, 416 of surfaces: definition of, 377 values of, 648 of water vapor, 417 Empirical relations for pipe and tube flow, 276 Emslie, A. G., 130 Endo, S., 369 Enthalpy recovery factor, 255 Entrance effects in tubes, 282 Quimolal diffusion, 585 Equivalent solar temperature, 459 Error function, 137, 633 Evans, L. B., 367 Evaporation of water, 595 Explicit and implicit formulations, 163 Extended surface, oneldimensional equation for, 44

j
Fand, d. M., 320 Feldman, K.'T.,631 Fick's law of iffusion, 582 Film boiling, heat-transfer coefficient in, 501 Fl condensaen, analytical im treatment of, 493 Film temperature, 23 1 Fin efficiency: calculation of, 46 for circumferential fins, 49 definition of, 46 for rectangular and triangular fins, 48 Finite-difference method (see Numerical method) Fins: heat loss from, 45 temperature distribution in, 44 types of, 47 Fishenden, M., 369 Flow across cylinders, 288 Poiseuille, 247 separated, 289 across tube banks, 299 (See also Laminar flow; Tube flow; Turbulent flow) Flow regimes for low-density heat transfer,

Flow separation, 289 Fluid friction related to heat transfer, 235 Flux plot for conduction, 76 Forced convection: combined with free convection, 354 heat transfer, for flow over flat plate, 230 for high-speed flow, 253 for liquid metals, 305 in tubes, 248, 277 Forced convection boiling, calculation of, 510 Forced-convection mass-transfer coefficient, 590 Forward difference in numerical methods, 163 Fouling factors for heat exchangers, 531 Fourier number, 148 Fourier series, 76 Fourier's law of heat conduction, 2 Fox, W. E., 599 Franklin, J. L., 370 Free convection: boundary-layer thickness for, 327 combined with forced convection, 354 on cylinders, 339 in enclosed spaces, 348 on horizontal plates, 342 from rectangular solids, 343 from spheres, 346 on vertical flat plate, 323 Free-molecule flow, 6 14 Friction coefficient for flat plates, 235 Friction factor for smooth tubes, 278 Fried, E., 70 Fujii, T., 369 Gambill, W.R., 522 Gases: diffusion in, 583 diffusion coefficient for, 582, 646 properties of, 644 Gauss-Seidel method, 98 Gauvin, W. H., 368 Gebhart, B., 368, 369, 521 Geiger, R., 490 Gibbon, N. C., 26 Giedt, W. H., 319

614

Index 671

Gilliland, E. R., 599 Glaser, P. E., 26 Globe, S., 367 Goldman, C. R., 490 Goldstein, R. J., 370 Gowen, R. A., 320 Graetz number, 280 Graff, J. G. A., 370 Graphical method for two-dimensional steady-state conduction, 76 Grashof, Franz, 329, 369 Grashof number: definition of, 328 relation to transition in free convection, 329 Gray body for thermal radiation, 378 Gregg, J. C., 369 Grigull, U , , 130 Grimson, E. C., 319 Grober, H,, 205 Grover, G. M., 632 Gubmff, G. C., 489 Gumley, P., 320 Gunness, R. C., 368

Habne, E. W. P., 368 Hahne, E., 130 Haley, K. W., 521 Hall, G. R., 523 Harleman, D. R. F., 490 Harper, W. B., 69 Hartnett, J. P., 130, 320, 523, 631 Hatfield, D. W., 371 Hausen, H., 319 Hawkins, G., 521 Heat exchanger: compact, 559 cross-flow, 534 design considerations for, 570 double-pipe, 527 effect of variable properties, 563 effectiveness of, 545 formulas for, 554 fouling factors for, 531 general discussion of, 525 shell-and-tube, 533 Heat generation, 38 Heat loss from fins, 46

Heat pipe, 624 Heat-transfer coefficient: for cylinder in cross flow, 288 definition of, 12 effect of fluid injection, 609 effect of roughness, 279 in enclosed spaces, 348 in film boiling, 500 - for film condensation, 493 for forced convection from spheres, 296 for free convection: in air, 345 on vertical surfaces, 323 in free-molecule flow, 619 for high-speed flow, 253 influence of magnetic field, 607 for laminar flow: over flat plate, 231 in tubes, 247, 279 for liquid metals, 307 in magnetofllridynamic systems, 607 for noncircular cylinders, 296 overall (see Overall heat-transfer coefficient) for radiation, 471 for spheres in cross flow, 296 in terms of temperature gradient, 225 for tube banks, 299 for turbulent boundary layer on flat plate, 242 for turbulent flow in tubes, 276 Heisler, M. P., 205, 659 Hering, R. G., 489 High-speed heat transfer, 253 Hilpert, R., 319 Hollands, K. G. T., 370 Holman, J. P., 268, 367, 369-371, 522 Hottel, H. C., 490 Howell, J. R., 490. Husar, R. B., 368 Hydraulic diameter, 280 Hydrodynamic boundary layer: general discussion of, 208 thickness of, 221 Hydromagnetic boundary layer, 604

Imura, H., 369 Injection parameter, 608

672 Index,
W-

Indation: average solar, 465 definition of, 464 Insulation, applications for, 30 Intensity of radiation, 385 International unit system, 18 Irradiation, definition of, 400 Irvine, T. R., 320 Ito, C. H., 370

Jackson, T. W., 368 Jaeger, J. C., 129 Jakob, Max, 205, 320, 367, 489, 521 Janssen, J. E., 489 Johnson, K. R., 129 Johnson, V. K., 489 Jordan, R. C., 489 Jost, W., 599

Lienhard, J. H., 371, 523 Lightfoot, E. N., 599 Liquid-metal heat transfer, slug flow analysis, 306 Liquid metals: forced convection for, 306 heat transfer with, 307 properties of, 646 Liquids: saturated, properties of, 640 and solids, diffusion in, 588 Liu, C. Y., 370 Lloyd, J. R., 370 Local boiling, 500 Log-mean temperature difference, 537 correction factors for, 539 London, A. L., 321, 580 Low-density heat transfer, 614 Lubarsky, B., 319 Lumped-capacity analysis, limitations of, 134

~ a l i s hS., 321 , Katz, D. L . 319 ., J., Kaufman, 9% 319 Kayan, D. R,, 129 Kays, WAM.,320, 580 Kern, D. Q.,@O, 130, 580 Kirchhoff's identity, 377 Kline, S. J., 320 Knudsen, J. D., 319, 580 Knudsen number, definition, 6 14 Kohler, M. A., 599 Kondratyev, K. Y., 490 Garners, H., 319 Krasshold, H., 370 Gaus, A. D., 70, 130,580

Larninar flow: boundary-layer thickness for, 221 on flat plate, 208 in tubes (see Tube flow, lamina) Landis, F., 370 Langley, definition, 464 Langston, L. S., 206 Leidenfrost phenomenon, 511 Leppert, G., 319, 521 Levy, S., 522 Lewis number, 590

McAdarns, W. H., 319, 367, 489, 521 McDonald, J. S., 370 McGimis, F. K., 522 MacGregor, R. K., 368 Mack, L. R., 367 Magnetic influence number, 604 Magnetofluidynarnic heat transfer, 601 Mass-transfer coefficient: definition of, 590 for forced convection, 590 Matrix methods for conduction problems, 94 Mean beam lengths, table of, 4 18 Mean free path: for air, 614 effect on heat transfer between parallel plates, 616 related to low-density heat transfer, 614 Mean molecular speed, 615 Metais, B., 367 Metals, properties of, 635 (See also Liquid metals; Nonmetals) Mixing length, 239 Mollendorf, J. C., 368 Monochromatic absorption coefficient, 414 Monochromatic radiation properties, 378

Index 673

Moody, L. F., 319 Moore, C. J., 70 Moran, W. R., 370 Morgan, V. T., 321, 371 Mueller, W. K., 370 Mull, W., 370 Myers, G. E., 130, 206 Nakai, S., 320 Nelson, K. E., 488 Network method for radiation analysis, 401 Newell, M. E., 368 Newton's law of cooling, .l2 Nicolson, P., 129 Nix, G. H., 522 Nonmetals, properties of, 638 Nordenson, T. J., 599 NTU (number of transfer units), definition , of, 547 Nucleate pool boiling: correlation for, 505 physical mechanism of, 503 Numerical formulation for radiation problems, 442 Numerical method: with convection boundary condition, 86 stability of, 169 Nusselt, Wilhelm, 521 Nusselt number, definition of, 230

Pipe sizes, 650 Pitts, C. C., 521 Planck's radiation law, 378 Plane stagnation flow, 610 effect of fluid injection, 610 Pohlhausen, E., 655 Pool boiling, 500 (See also Nucleate pool boiling) Powe, R. E., 371 Prandtl, Ludwig, 229 Prandtl numbef: definition of, 229 physical significance of, 230 Pressure drop: in tube banks, 301 in tubes, 279 Prigogine, I., 599 Properties: of air, 643 of gases, 644 of liquid metals, 646 of metals, 635 of nonmetals, 638 of saturated liquids, 640 of water, 647

Okazaki, T., 320 Oppenheim, A. K., 489, 631 Order of magnitude for boundary-layer thickness, 272 Ostrach, S., 368 O'Toole, J., 370 Overall heat-transfer coefficient: approximate values of, 527 definition of, 34, 526 Ozisik, M. N., 130, 206 Ozoe, H., 269

Peak heat flux in boiling, 5 11 Peclet number, definition of, 279 Pera, L., 369 Petukhov, B. S., 321

R value, definition of, 29 Radiation: in absorbing and transmitting medium, 424 absorptivity for, 375 blackbody, 378 diffuse reflection for, 376 effect on temperature measurement, 470 from electrical conductors, 391 from electrical nonconductors, 391 emissive power for, 375 formulating for numerical solution, 442 gray-body, 378 intensity of, 385 network method for analysis of, 401 Planck's law of, 378 real surface behavior, 389 reflectivity for, 375 transmissivity for, 375 (See also Solar radiation) Radiation heat-transfer coefficient, 471 Radiation network method, 401

674 Index
W-

Ra&tion shape factors: charts for, 388 definition of, 384 Radiation shields, effect on heat-transfer rate, 410 Radiosity, definition of, 400-401 Raithby, G. D., 370 Raphael, J. M., 490 Recovery factor: calculatiofi of, 254 definition of, 254 enthalpy, 255 Reference enthalpy method, 255 Reference temperature method for highspeed flow, 255 Reflectivity for thermal radiation, 395 Reid, R. L., 26 Reiher, H., 370 Relaxation method, 95 Resistance, thermal (see Thermal rdistance) Reynolds number: for conde&ation, 496 critical, for, flat plate, 209 definition 01, 209 for tube'flow, 208 Richardson, BD., 205 Richtrneyer, R. D., 129 Rogers, D. F., 130 Rohsenow , W. M., 522 Rornig, M., 631 Rose, J. W., 523 Ross, D. C., 370 Rotern, Z., 368 Roughness effects on heat transfer, 279 Rowe, R. E., 371

Sabersky, R. H., 320 Salman, Y. K., 371 Sanders, C. J., 369 Sarofilm, A. F., 489 Saturated boiling, 500 Saturated liquids, properties of, 640 Scanlan, J. A., 367 Scattering in the atmosphere, 464 Schlichting, H., 268, 319 Schlunder, E. W., 580 Schrnidt, E., 370, 522

Schmidt, F. W., 368 Schmidt number, definition of, 590 Schmidt plot, 186 Schneider, P. J., 69, 129, 205 Schultz, H. D., 130 Schurig, W., 522 Seban, R. A., 319 Sellschop, W., 522 Separated flow, 291 Separation-of-variables method for solution of partial differential eqyations, 73 Sepetoski, W. K., 130 Shah, R., 321 Shape factor: . conduction, definition of, 77 for radiation (see Radiation shape factors) Shear stress: definition of, 208 Shell-and-tube heat exchanger, 527 Sheriff, N., 320 Sherman, A., 631 Sherwood number, definition of, 590 Shimazaki, T. T., 319 Sieder, E. N., 319 Siegel, R., 490 Silveston, P. L., 370 Similarity variable, 654 Simonds, R. R., 369 Singh, S.N., 370 Skin friction coefficients, empirical formulas for, 243 Skupinski, E., 320 Slip flow, 614 Smith, J. W., 320 Smith, T. F., 489 Soehngen, E., 369 Solar collector, 461 Solar constant, 459 Solar radiation, 459 absorptivity for, 461 influence of atmospheric absorption, 465 Somerscales, E. F. C., 580 Sparrow, E. M., 368-371,489 Spectrum, electromagnetic, 374 Specular-diffuse surfaces, analysis for, 43 1 Specular-diffuse transmission, 436 Specular reflection, 376

Index 675

Spheres: drag coefficient for, 290 free convection from, 346 heat transfer in cross flow, 296 Spherical coordinates, 6 Springer, G. S., 631 Stagnation properties, 253 Standard pan for diffusion measurements, 595 Stanton number, definition of, 236 Steady-flow energy equation, 212 Stefan-Boltzmann law of thermal radiation, 375 Stefan's law of mass transfer, 588 Stefany, N. E., 367 Stein, R., 320 Stewart, W. E., 599 Stretton, A. J., 371 Strong, P. F., 130 Subcooled boiling, 500 Sunderland, J. E., 70, 129 Superinsulations, 10, 12 Surface tension for water, 507 Sutton G. W., 631 Sziklas, E. A., 631

Tanger, G. E., 522 Temperature: adiabatic wall, 254 bulk, 249, 274 film, 231 reference, for high-speed flow, 255 Temperature distribution: in fins, 45 in lamina boundary layer, 226 in larninar tube flow, 249 in solids with heat sources, 37 Temperature jump, 616 Temperature measurement, effect of radiation, 470 Thermal boundary layer, definition of, 225 Thermal capacitance, 134 Thermal capacity in numerical formulation, 166 Thermal conductivity: defining equation, 2 of gases, 7, 8 of liquids, 9

Thermal conductivity (Cont.): physical mechanism of, 8 of solids, 10 of superinsulations, 12 Thermal contact resistance, 55 Thermal resistance, 28, 96 for convection boundary, 33 in numerical formulation, 96 values in different coordinate systems, 99 Threlkeld, J. L., 489 Tien, C. L., 371 Tong, L. S., 522 Torborg, R. H., 489 Townes, H. W., 320 Transient heating and cooling (see Conduction, unsteady-state) Transition of boundary layers, 208, 237 Transrnissivity for thermal radiation, 461 Transpiration cooling, 610 Trumpler, P. R., 631 Tube flow: continuity equation for, 21 1 friction factor for, 278 turbulent heat transfer in, 276 Turbidity factor, definition of, 467 Turbulent flow: eddy properties in, 239, 241 on flat plate, 238 . shear stress in, 240 in tubes, 252 heat-transfer coeffi-ient for, 277

units: and dimensions, 15 international system, 17 Universal velocity profile, 241

Vachon, R. I., 523 Van der Held, E., 370 Velocity profile: influence of fluid injection, 609 in laminar boundary layer, 220 in laminar tube flow, 247 universal, 241 View factor, 384

Viscosity: definition of, 208 physical mechanism of, 209 Viscous heating in boundary layer, 224, 254 Vliet, G. C., 319, 368, 369 von K h B n , T., 268

e'

Wachrnan, H. Y., 631 Wallis, G. B., 522 Warner, C. Y., 368 Warrington, R. O.,371 Water: properties of, 647 surface tension for, 507 Water vapor: albedo of, 465 emissivity of, 417 moyochromatic absorptivity for, 415 *

Weber, N., 369 Weibelt, J. A., 489 Weidman, M. L., 631 Westwater, J. W., 523 Wetting in dropwise condensation, 492 Whitaker, S., 269, 320 Whiting, G. H., 631 Wien's displacement law for thermal radiation, 378 Witt, C. L., 320, 368

Yamada, Y., 369 Ybarrondo, L. J., 70 Yuge, T., 367

Zienkiewicz, 0. C., 206 Zuber, N., 521 Zukauskas, A., 320, 321