Microbiology

1. Laboratory rules. 2. Cleaning and sterilization of glassware 3. Principle, Construction and working of Microscope Autoclave, Oven, Incubator (Ordinary and B.O.D), Laminar air flow Hood. Water bath. Quebec colony counter. 4. Preparation of culture media: Nutrient agar, Potato dextrose agar, Czapek-Dox agar. 5. Preparation of agar plates, agar slants and deep tubes. 6. Study of a. Pour plate. b. Spread plate. c. Streak plate. 7. Standard plate count 8. Staining techniques: a. Preparation of bacterial smear b. Simple staining c. Gram staining d. Negative staining e. Endospore staining. 9. Staining and examination of common molds and yeasts of industrial significance. 10. Staining and examination of Cyanobacteria or algae from fresh water. 11. Examination of a protozoan. 12. Calibration of an ocular micrometer. 13. Measurement of size of a cell/conidium/spore. 14. Determination of bacterial and fungal growths. 15. Effects of temperature on the growrth of bacteria (TDP & TDT) 16. Effect of pH on growth of bacteria . 17. Effect of atmospheric oxygen (air) on growth of bacteria. 18. Isolation and enumeration of microorganisms from soil by different techniques. 19. Isolation of Azotobacter from soil. 20. Study of indoor and outdoor microflora.

21. Isolation of microorganisms from water. 22. Isolation and Identification of Microorganisms from spoiled foods (Bread, fruits, meat & cake). 23. To study Litmus milk reactions. 24. Methylene blue reductase test. 25. Isolation of Lactobacilli and Streptococci from curd. 26. Wine and sauerkraut production in the Lab. 27. Detection of coliforms in water by multiple tubes fermentation test (Presumptive, confirmed, completed test). 28. IMVIC test for faecal bacteria. 29. Determination of BOD of water. 30. Determination of COD of water. 31. Isolation of antibiotic producing microorganisms from soil. 32. Isolation of soil microflora (bacteria and fungi) by serial dilution agar plate method. 33. Study and identification of viral, bacterial and fungal diseases of plants. 34. Isolation of a plant pathogenic bacterium or fungus from diseased tissues. 35. Demonstration of microbial antagonism in the laboratory. 36. Demonstration of degradation of cellulose by a mold/ bacterium in the lab. 37. Study of some common molds and bacteria from soil. 38. Production of wine from grapes in the laboratory. 39. Demonstration of mushroom production (White button mushroom). 40. Isolation of Rhizobium from legume root nodules. 41. Preparation of biofertilizer from Azotobacter and Rhizobium in the laboratory. 42. Demonstration of nodulation ability of rhizobia by inoculation of the legume seeds. 43. Culturing and identification of a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) in the lab. 44. Demonstration of amylolytic and proteolytic activity by a mold/bacterium. 45. Production of penicillin in the laboratory. 46. Demonstration of antibiotic sensitivity test. 47. Primary screening of amylase producing bacteria from soil. 48. Estimation of microorganisms total Count (Haemocytometer). 49. Demonstration/operation of large scale fermenetors .

50. Growth Curve Study Bacteria and Yeast. 51. Biomass production (Bakers yeast, spirulina, Agaricus, Aspergillus) 52. Production of alcohol and wine. 53. Estimation of alcohol by specific gravity method. 54. Estimation of lactic acid and lactose. 55. Estimation of fermentation products by titration methods. 56. Production of Primary and Secondary metabolites (one organic acid and one antibiotic). 57. Preparation of competent cells 58. Transformation of E coli and selection of recombinants. 59. Isolation of Plasmid DNA. 60. Isolation of chromosomal DNA from plant or bacteria or animal tissues.

BIOCHEMISTRY

1. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography 2. 3. Separation of amino acids and lipids by thin layer chromatography Measurement of pH of fruit juice/Soil.

4. Carbohydrate estimation by colorimeter. 5. Protein estimation by colorimeter by Folin-ciocalteu reagent.. 6. Qualitative tests for Carbohydrates 7. Estimation of reducing and non-reducing sugars 8. Separation of sugars by Paper Chromatography 9. Qualitative tests for Proteins and Amino acids 10. Protein estimation by Lowry method 11. Separation of Lipids by TLC method\ 12. Determination of saponification and iodine value of Lipids 13. Starch hydrolysis by salivary amylase 14. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of a biological sample 15. Analysis of urine for urea, glucose, uric acid and chloride estimation of Vit. C. 16. Estimation of acid/alkaline phosphatase activity

17. To study kinetics of enzyme activity 18. Gel Filteration chromatography/Ion Exchange Chromatography. 19. Estimation of DNA by DPA method. 20. Estimation of RNA by orcinol method. 21. Absorption spectra of proteins and nucleic acids.

BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. ABO blood grouping and Rh typing. 2. Differential leukocyte count. 3. RBC counting using a haemocytometer. 4. Dot ELISA. 5. Radial Immunodiffusion analysis. 6. Preparation of antigen. 7. Raising polyclonal Antibodies. 8. Diagnosis of infectious disease Widal test and VDRL 9. Isolation and quantification of genomic DNA from bacteria (E. coli), animals and plants. 10. Ligation of DNA fragment 11. Separation of DNA by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. 12. Restriction digestion of DNA and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis 13. Amplification of DNA by PCR using random primers 14. DNA fingerprinting 15. Internet Basics. 16. Introduction to NCBI websites. 17. Introduction to Data bases. 18. Analysis of DNA by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. 19. Methods for cell lysis: rupture Osmotic/Chemical/Enzymatic lysis of cells (RBCs) followed by centrifugation. 20. Extraction and estimation of proteins from plant or animal source 21. Protein purification by Gel filtration and Ion exchange chromatography.

22. Protein separation by PAGE/SDS-PAGE 23. Preparation and sterilization of animal cell culture media. 24. Lymphocyte culture/Animal tissue culture 25. Preparation and Sterilization of plant tissue culture media viz. MS (1962), Nitsch (1969) or Whites medium. 26. Callus and Suspension culture. 27. Induction of organogenesis/differentiation through hormonal balance modulation. 28. Micro propagation through Shoot Tip Culture, Nodal Culture, Axillary bud culture. 29. Plant protoplast preparation through enzymatic or physical method and to perform protoplast viability test 30. Anther or Pollen culture. 31. Somatic embryogenesis and preparation of synthetic seeds.