Eskom Document2

GUIDE Document Classification: Controlled Disclosure/Confidential Title: Distribution Guide Part 1: NETWORK PLANNING GUIDELINE FOR WIND TURBINE
E GENERATION (STEADY STATE STUDIES) Unique Identifier: Document Type: Revision: Published date: Total pages: Review date:
COMPILED BY APPROVED BY FUNCTIONAL RESP
34-2021 DGL
0
DECEMBER 2009 36 DECEMBER 2014

AUTHORISED BY
SIGNED
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ MM BELLO EG WG leader DATE: 07 Dec 2009
SIGNED
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CG CARTER-BROWN Planning SC Chair DATE: 07 Dec 2009
SIGNED
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ V SINGH for TESCOD DATE: 14 Dec 2009
SIGNED
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
MN BAILEY
CMDT for MD (Dx) DATE: 21 Dec 2009
Content
Page Foreword........................................................................................................................................................2 1 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................3 2 Normative references............................................................................................................................4 3 Definitions and abbreviations ................................................................................................................4 3.1 Definitions .........................................................................................................................................4 3.2 Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................5 4 An overview on wind turbine generators ...............................................................................................6 4.1 A brief discussion on asynchronous (induction) generators .............................................................6 4.2 Introduction to wind turbines.............................................................................................................8 4.3 Components of wind turbines ...........................................................................................................9 4.4 Basic principles of wind generation ..................................................................................................9 4.5 Applications of wind power .............................................................................................................11 4.6 Types of wind turbine generators ...................................................................................................12 4.7 Wind turbine power control .............................................................................................................16 4.8 Grid connection of embedded wind generation: .............................................................................17 4.9 Power quality ..................................................................................................................................17 4.10 Impact of wind energy facilities on distribution networks (Refer to DGL 34-1944) ........................21 5 Preliminary feasibility studies ..............................................................................................................24 5.1 Information required from WEF developer .....................................................................................24 5.2 Steady state study assessment process ........................................................................................24 5.3 Feasibility quotation (FQ) ...............................................................................................................25 Annex A - Modelling of embedded generation in Power System Analysis Software ..................................26 Annex B - Typical data for generator transformers .....................................................................................32 Annex C - Impact assessment.....................................................................................................................33
B Morrison / Dec 2009 / Rev 0
DOCUMENT CLASSIFICATION: CONTROLLED DISCLOSURE
NETWORK PLANNING GUIDELINE FOR WIND Unique Identifier: TURBINE GENERATION (STEADY STATE Type: STUDIES) Revision: Page:
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Foreword
With the foreseen development of wind generation into the networks in the near future, Eskom saw a need to develop network planning guidelines for the integration of wind turbine generation to the Eskom Distribution and Sub-transmission networks. This document gives guidance to Distribution Planners regarding the connection of wind turbine generators (WTG) to the Eskom Distribution and Sub-transmission networks. Clear direction is provided on the use of models, and in particular modelling within DIgSILENT PowerFactory. It must be noted that Micro-grid applications i.e. applications less than 1MW is not considered for analysis in this document. However, if an application less than 1 MW is received, the planner can use the principles in this guideline for analysis.
Revision history
This is a new document. Date Dec 2009 Rev. 0 Clause Compiled By: MM Bello First issue of document. Remarks
Authorisation
This document has been seen and accepted by: Name Designation MN Bailey Corporate Manager Divisional Technology V Singh Power Plant Technologies Manager C Carter-Brown Planning SC Chair This guide shall apply throughout Eskom Holdings Limited, its divisions, subsidiaries and entities wherein Eskom has a controlling interest.
Development team
This guideline was developed with input from: Mobolaji Bello Clinton Carter-Brown Hendri Geldenhuys Stuart van Zyl Gerhard Botha Ronald Marais Monique Klopper Zunaid Parker Neville Meyer Riaan Smit Muzafar Ebrahim IARC Network Planning IARC Network Planning IARC Technology Development IARC Control technologies -Protection ERIC Quality of Supply System Operations and Planning Southern Region-Network Optimization Western Region-Network Optimization Southern Region Network Planning Western Region Network Planning Western Region Network Planning
When downloaded from the IARC WEB, this document is uncontrolled and the responsibility rests with the user to ensure it is in line with the authorised version on the WEB.
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Keywords
Network planning, network design, wind turbine generators, wind energy facility developer, distribution networks.
Bibliography
Cigre technical brochure on modelling and dynamic behaviour of wind generation as it relates to power system control and dynamic performance working group 601 of study committee c4 final report. January, 2007 Development of a 100 MW offshore wind farms in Hong Kong Rev0, The Hong kong Electric Co., Ltd, July 2006 H Gehl, Doubly fed induction generator technology: Grid code compliance with DFIG in wind power plants without crowbar activation. Windtech magazine, Vo 5 No 3, April/May 2009, pages 37-39 T. Burton, D. Sharpe, N. Jenkins and E. Bossanyi, Wind energy handbook, Wiley books, 2001. P. Kundur Power System Stability and Control, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994 K.S. Smith, Transformer Inrush Studies for Wind farm Grid Connections, International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST05) in Montreal Canada, June 19-23, 2005, Paper No IPST05 026 T. Petru and T. Thiringer, Modelling of wind turbines for power system studies, IEEE Transactions on power systems, vol. 17, no. 4, November 2002, pages 1132-1139 V Akhmatov, H. Knudsen, A.H. Nielsen, J.K. Pederson and N.K. Poulsen, Modelling and transient stability of large wind farms, Electrical power and energy systems, Vol 25 Issue 1, 2003, pp 123-144 P. Barker and R. De Mello. Determining the Impact of Distributed Generation on Power Systems: Part 1 Radial Distribution Systems. IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 3(16451656), 2000.
Scope
This document covers the analysis of types of wind turbine generators. For other synchronous generators, refer to DGL 34-1944 and DGL 34-1946. The guideline is structured as follows; Overview of wind turbine generators (section 4): This section provides an overview of wind turbine generation technologies. Preliminary feasibility studies (section 5): This section provides guidance on the impact of WTG on the network, and the technical studies to be carried out to establish the feasibility and possible strengthening requirement to connect a proposed wind turbine generator or a group of WTGs. This guideline does not repeat analysis on load flow studies as it is detailed in DGL 34-1944. Emphasis is focused on the calculation of fault levels due to wind turbine generation connection. Appendix (A & B): The appendices illustrate the detailed modelling in DIgSILENT Power Factory; provide typical technical parameters for different wind turbine generator transformers and sub-transient fault current contribution calculation.
Supporting documents: The following documents are supportive to this guideline: Excel spreadsheet: short circuit penetration ratio calculation DGL 34-2021
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Network planning guideline for connection of wind turbine generation examples on steady state studies DGL 34-2022.
The application of this guideline should ensure that Network Planning correctly analyse the connection of WTGs to the distribution and sub-transmission network.
Note: Only DIgSILENT PowerFactory is used for system studies. For connections on MV distribution networks, planners are required to convert the relevant distribution networks case files from ReticMaster to DIgSILENT PowerFactory.
Normative references
Parties using this guideline shall apply the most recent edition of the documents listed below: 34-1944 Network Planning guideline for connection of embedded generation to the distribution networksexamples on steady state studies. 34-1946 Network Planning guideline for connection of embedded generation to the distribution networksexamples on steady state studies. 34-617 Network Planning guideline for transformers 34-618 Network Planning guideline for voltage technology and phasing 34-619 Network Planning guideline for lines and cables 34-450 Network Planning reliability guideline 34-1408 Network Planning guideline for electrical motors 34-1765 Embedded generators interconnection guideline 34-542 Distribution voltage regulation and apportionment limits TPC41-21 Eskom Transmission Operational Procedure: "Fault level analysis for the IPS" NRS 048-4: Electricity supply Quality of Supply
3
3.1
Definitions and abbreviations

Definitions
Embedded generation (EG): An entity that operates or desires to operate a generating plant that is or will be connected to the distribution network.
NOTE this definition includes all types of connected generation, including co-generators and renewable generation.
Distribution network: A system comprising of electrically connected equipment or elements that transport, transform and control electrical power at low and medium voltage levels not greater than 33kV nominal.
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Sub-transmission network: A system comprising of electrically connected equipment or elements that transport, transform and control electrical power at voltage levels >33kV and <=132kV Wind energy facility developer (WEFD): A person or organisation that owns a wind generating plant that is intended to be connected to the utilitys network. Wind Energy facility (WEF): The facility or site (or both) upon which one or more wind turbines are erected for the purpose of generation electricity. Islanding: A condition in which a portion of the utilitys network, that contains both load and distributed resources, remains energized while isolated from the rest of the utilitys network. Point of common coupling (PCC): The electrical node on the utilitys network, electrically nearest to a particular embedded generators installation, at which more than one customer is or may be connected or metered. Point of generator connection (PGC): The point on any electrical network to which a generator or generator transformer is directly connected. Point of utility connection (PUC): The point at which the embedded generator connects to the utilitys network Penetration limit: The maximum EG capacity that can be connected at a particular point on the network whilst complying with technical requirements.
3.2
Abbreviations
EG: Embedded generation WEFD: Wind energy facility developer WEF: Wind energy facility WTG: Wind turbine generator SSP: Secure Supply point FSIG: Fixed speed induction generator SCIG: Squirrel cage induction generator WRIG: Wound rotor induction generator DFIG: Doubly fed induction generator SFGS: Stator-fed generator system LVRT: Low voltage ride through
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4
4.1
An overview on wind turbine generators

A brief discussion on asynchronous (induction) generators
There are several similarities between synchronous and induction generators. For example, both have a similar stator and a series of windings designed in such a way that a rotating magnetic field is set up when a three-phase AC current is applied. However, there are also significant differences in the operational behaviour of an induction generator, compared to that of a synchronous generator. Some of the differences are explained below.
4.1.1
Magnetic field
While a synchronous generator requires a DC excited field on the rotor to develop torque, an induction generator relies completely on the power system for excitation to create the rotating magnetic field on the rotor. This excitation occurs through induction. When an AC current is applied to an induction machine, the rotating magnetic field is set up in the stator. This rotating field moves with respect to the rotor windings and thereby, induces a current flow in the rotor. The current flowing in the rotor windings sets up its own magnetic field. The interaction of the stator and rotor magnetic fields is what results in the machine developing torque and subsequently turning.
4.1.2
Speed
Synchronous generators are operated at synchronous speed, which is defined by:
NS =
120 f p
Where : N S = synchronous speed in r. p.m. f = p= frequency no of pole pairs

This
Asynchronous machines are operated at a speed slightly different from synchronous machines. difference in speed is called the slip, which is defined by:
s=
NS NM NS
Where : s= slip N S = synchronou s speed in r . p.m. NM =

4.1.3 Reactive power demand
machine speed in r . p.m.
Unlike synchronous generators, induction generators have no automatic voltage regulation and hence no reactive power regulation capability. Therefore, the power system, to which induction generator is connected, needs to supply all the reactive power necessary at all its generating levels. These generators
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create a reactive power burden for the power system, and may degrade system performance rather than support it. The real-reactive power characteristic of an induction generator is represented by the classical induction motor circle diagram, when operating as a motor or a generator, seen in Figure 1. At no-load, the reactive power drawn is about half the kVA rating of the machine.
Figure 1: Real vs reactive power output of an induction generator Modern wind generators have the capability to control their reactive power within the 0.95 leading and 0.95 lagging range. This is done using power electronic devices like capacitor banks and static VAR compensation units. These devices supply reactive power to the induction generator thereby reducing the reactive power absorbed by the generator from the grid. Wind turbine generators can have full load dynamic compensation where capacitors are continuously connected or disconnected depending on the reactive power demand of the generator.
4.1.4
Fault current contribution
The fault current contribution from asynchronous generators behaves similar to that of synchronous machines during the sub-transient phase. After the sub-transient phase, the fault current contribution from an asynchronous generator decays rapidly. The sub-transient phase is the phase during the first few cycles after a fault. Typically, this ranges from 1 cycle to 10 cycles. This is due to the lack of an excitation winding. A summary of the differences between synchronous and asynchronous generators are given in Table 1. Table 1: Differences between synchronous and asynchronous generators
Synchronous generators Can inject or absorb reactive power Can supply islanded networks, without the need for an external power supply. Operates at synchronous speed Asynchronous generators Always absorbs reactive power An external source of reactive power is required Operates with a slip frequency above the synchronous speed. The magnitude of the slip determines the injected power. Short-circuit contribution reduces quickly, typically before the sub-transient time period has been exceeded The power transmitted is dependent on the prime mover and the slip frequency Requires the system to supply excitation power Connects to system when operating faster than system and with slip
Short-circuit contribution takes longer to decay due to the sub-transient and transient behaviour of the generator The power transmitted depends on the prime mover and the load angle between the rotor and the system Requires an excitation system Requires synchronising equipment
NETWORK PLANNING GUIDELINE FOR WIND Unique Identifier: TURBINE GENERATION (STEADY STATE Type: STUDIES) Revision: Page: 4.2 Introduction to wind turbines
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Wind turbines convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The usual size of individual turbines expected to be installed at this stage, is in the range between 580 kW and 5 MW. Wind turbines are packaged systems that include the generator, turbine blades and drive or coupling devices as shown in Figure 2 . The hub height reaches up to 80 metres with the rotor diameter of up to 65 metres. As the wind blows through the blades, the air exerts aerodynamic forces that cause the blades to turn the rotor. As the rotor turns, its speed is manipulated to match the operating speed of the generator.
Figure 2: Diagrammatic representation of a wind turbine An important concept is the expected energy output of a typical wind turbine (or wind energy facility) over an annual period. This is often expressed as the capacity factor of the wind turbine (or wind energy facility). The capacity factor is defined as:
The capacity factor of a wind energy facility depends on the design and performance of the wind turbines and the wind profile at the site the turbines are located. A reasonably economic capacity factor may range from 0.25 to 0.3. Anything above 0.3 would be a good site. It is rare to find sites with a capacity factor much higher than 0.3 to 0.35 for land wind energy facilities. Offshore sites, on the other hand, tend to have higher capacity factors and typically range from 0.35 to 0.45. The technology of wind turbines is largely determined by the concepts of the rotor and the mechanical electrical energy conversion system. The rotor is either constructed with variable blade angle (pitch regulation) or in the non-variable stall regulation. Wind turbines use induction or synchronous generators. In the initial designs, an induction generator is coupled directly to the electrical network. Different types of compensation systems are used for controlling the reactive power consumption. Advanced modern systems use synchronous generators with pulse width modulation inverters.
NETWORK PLANNING GUIDELINE FOR WIND Unique Identifier: TURBINE GENERATION (STEADY STATE Type: STUDIES) Revision: Page: 4.3 Components of wind turbines
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The energy conversion processes are performed by its main components: The rotor that extracts kinetic energy from the wind and converts it into generator torque, and The generator that converts this torque into electricity and feeds it into the grid.
4.3.1
Rotors and blades
Modern wind turbines have two or preferably three blades. The blades are made of polyester strengthened with glass fibre or carbon fibres. The wings are mounted on a steel construction, called the hub. As mentioned, some blades are adjustable by pitch control.
4.3.2
Nacelle
This housing is constructed in such a way that it can revolve on its (steel) tower to face the rotor into the right wind direction. This is controlled by a fully automatic system and is set by a pennant on the turbine housing. The machine room is accessible from the tower and contains all the main components such as the main shaft with bearing, gearbox, generator, brakes and revolving system. The main shaft transfers the rotor torque to the gearbox.
Figure 3: Cross-section of a wind turbine nacelle
4.3.3
Gear box
A gearbox increases the speed of revolution from the shaft to the desired speed of revolutions of the generator.
4.4
Basic principles of wind generation
The rotor transforms the mechanical energy from the wind to turn the shaft of the wind turbine to produce electrical energy. Wind turbines extract the energy from the wind by transferring the thrusting force of the air passing through the turbine rotor area into the rotor blades. The rotor blades are aerofoils that act similarly to an aircraft wing; this is based on the principle of lift. The blades aerodynamic profile produces a lift because of its streamlined shape; the rear side is more curved than the front side. The lift effect on the blades aerodynamic profile causes the forces of the air to point in the correct direction. Figure 4 shows a cross-section of a rotor.
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Figure 4: Cross-section of a rotor wing showing speeds and directions As a result, the lifting force is converted into a mechanical torque. The torque causes the turbine shaft, connected to the rotor of the generator, to turn. The wind turbine runs at a low speed typically 0.5Hz. The mechanical speed regulation is accomplished by a blade pitch angle control with variable speed of the wind turbine generator and each blade is rotated about a longitudinal axis. Not all turbines have pitch control. However, the new WTGs have pitch control. Pitch control assists in power control, start up and emergency stop. Therefore, the power output is kept close to the rated power of the generator at high wind speeds. The disadvantage of having pitch control is the complexity of the pitch mechanism and it also causes higher power fluctuations at high wind speeds.
4.4.1
Power and efficiency rates
Mass in motion carries a certain amount of energy. This kinetic energy varies in proportion to the product of the mass and the square of the velocity. In units of time, this energy is similar to the power. Kinetic energy per second is Where: P is power (Nm/s or Watt)
P=
1 v 2 2
is air mass per second (kg/s)
V is wind velocity (m/s) This physical law is also applicable to air in motion. The mass of air flowing through the rotor has to be imagined as a cylindrical disc. The volume of the disc is equal to the surface area of the rotor and the length of the cylinder is equal to the wind speed. Where: P is power (Nm/s or Watt)
is air mass per second (kg/s)
V is wind velocity (m/s) This physical law is also applicable to air in motion. The mass of air flowing through the rotor has to be imagined as a cylindrical disc. The volume of the disc is equal to the surface area of the rotor and the length of the cylinder is equal to the wind speed. Air mass through the turbine rotor per second is:
= A v
Where: is density of air (kg/m3) A is rotor surface area (m2) V is wind velocity (m/s) Both formulas combined make the theoretically power: P = C p Where: Cp is mechanical power (efficiency) coefficient (at slow shaft)
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1 A v3 2
This leads to an important conclusion; the amount of energy is similar to the speed of wind raised to the third power.
4.4.2
As an example:
If for a particular wind turbine at a wind speed of 6 m/s the energy content is 132 W/m2 (Watt per square meter), when the wind is blowing at a speed of 12 m/s, the energy content is 1053 W/m2. In summary, it can be seen that when wind speed doubles, the power output increases eight-fold. This is why the location of wind farms is so critical and why there is a trend to consider off shore installations where the wind speed is higher. The viability of wind farms will therefore be very dependent on average wind speed, which varies significantly between countries. It must be noted that not all the energy present in the wind can be converted into usable energy at the rotor shaft. Using physical calculations it can be proven that the theoretical maximum efficiency of wind power is limited at about 59%. The net electrical power output of a turbine can be determined when mechanical and electrical performance rates are also taken into account. The net electrical power output: Where:
1 Pelect = C e A v 3 2
Ce is the electrical efficiency rate (%) Power output is proportional to wind speed i.e. exponential to the power of three, so even a small increase in average wind speed results in a significant increase in output. Wind speed will increase for height above ground level due to the drag of the surface and the viscosity of the air. Lower wind speed near ground level is related to surface roughness is different for varying terrain types. Obstacles near the surface reduce the speed of the wind and cause vertical and horizontal velocity components at right angles to the main direction of flow, causing the wind to slow down. Wind speed increases significantly with hub height, hence the move to larger higher turbines.
4.5
Applications of wind power
The amount of electrical power produced by a turbine depends on the size and type of the turbine and where the turbine is installed. A characteristic that represents a typical power output in relation to the wind speed is given in Figure 5. At low wind speeds, no electrical power is generated. At wind speeds over 25 m/s wind turbines are designed to shut down in a controlled way to avoid overloading or damaging the turbine's installation or construction.
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Figure 5: Typical turbine characteristic; power output in relation to wind speed A wind turbine produces maximum power within a certain rated wind interval and has an upper limit at the cut-out wind speed. At wind speeds higher than the rated wind speed, the maximum power production will be limited and the available energy of the wind will not be used optimally. Fixed speed wind turbines are designed for maximum generating efficiency at one particular wind speed. Some fixed speed turbines have two winding sets for low wind speeds and one for higher wind speeds. Variable speed turbines are designed in such a way as to generate efficiently over a wide range of wind speeds. The efficiency of most WTGs is based on the rated speed of the machine.
4.6
Types of wind turbine generators
There are different types of wind turbine generator technologies. The main differences between these concepts concern the generator and the control techniques used to extract maximum power from the wind and inject it into in the grid.
4.6.1
Fixed-speed induction generator (Squirrel Cage Induction Generator)
An induction squirrel cage generator is a wind turbine in which a gearbox is used to couple the turbine to the generator. The stator windings are connected to the grid which results in the network providing excitation voltage. The speed of the turbines is determined by the network grid frequency, the number of pole pairs of the generator, the slip of the machine and the ratio of the gearbox. Changes in the wind speed may not affect the speed of the turbine to a large extent; however it will alter the mechanical torque on the shaft. This affects the electromagnetic torque and consequently, the electrical power output. It should be noted that the mechanical pulsations, caused by the change in wind speed, result in mechanical stress on the drive train, especially on the gearbox. This type of generator connection is therefore also called a fixedspeed wind turbine. A squirrel cage generator consumes reactive power from the grid. This is not a desirable situation, especially in a weak network. The generator's need for reactive power is typically compensated for by using capacitors connected on the generator. The reactive power is dependent on the speed of the turbine, so it is continuously changing. The voltage at the wind farm could sag and flicker because the generator demands significant amount of reactive power from the utilitys network. Fixedspeed turbines are generally cheaper and more robust than the more expensive DFIGs. Figure 6 shows a typical arrangement for an induction generator connection.
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Figure 6: Squirrel cage induction generator [Source: N. Jenkins, Network integration and modelling of large wind turbines, Cired 2007] Figure 7 shows the speed torque characteristics of a 690kW, 690V FSAG and the reactive power speed torque of the same machine is shown in Figure 8
10 Torque speed curve
5 Torque [kNm ] 1515 rpm Speed [rpm] 0 1200 -5 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
s = -1.0 %
-10
Figure 7: Torque-speed curve of a 690kW, 690V squirrel cage induction generator [Source: N. Jenkins, Network integration and modelling of large wind turbines, Cired 2007]
3 Ra e ctive p w r [M A ] o e V R Reactive power speed curve
0.38 MVAR
Speed [rpm] 0 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
Figure 8: Reactive power-speed curve of a 690kW, 690V squirrel cage induction generator [Source: N. Jenkins, Network integration and modelling of large wind turbines, Cired 2007]
4.6.2
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Variable-speed asynchronous generator (Double Fed or Wound Rotor Induction Generator, DFIG)
In this generator type, the generator torque is fully controlled by an electronic converter. The magnetizing current is supplied through the rotor terminal. Variable-speed wind turbines, utilize their ability to store the varying incoming wind power as rotational energy, by changing the speed of the wind turbine. The mechanical stress is thereby reduced. This also results in the electrical output power becoming smoother. Variable-speed wind turbine systems, such as the double-fed induction generator system (DFIG) and the stator-fed generator system (SFGS), are able to control the turbine blades and thus also the grid current. A DFIG, like an ordinary induction generator, has a three-phase wound stator design, connected to the grid. Unlike a SCIG, the DFIG rotor windings are externally accessible through a set of slip rings and brushes. The rotor connections may be connected to a power electronic, voltage source converter, which can vary the voltage applied to these windings in magnitude and frequency. A control system controls the rotor currents to manipulate the active and reactive power output from the generator, as required. The frequency of the current injected into the rotor windings is variable, resulting in the electrical and mechanical frequencies being decoupled. Therefore even though the speed of the wind varies, i.e. the prime mover, the slower/faster rotor is matched with the network frequency by injecting a higher or lower frequency current component unto the rotor. A schematic diagram of a variable-speed induction generator is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9: Variable-speed induction generator [Source: N. Jenkins, Network integration and modelling of large wind turbines, Cired 2007] Figure 10 shows the speed torque characteristics of a 2MW DFIG.
Torque speed curve of a 2MW DFIG T r u [k m oq e N ]
60 40 20
Vdr = 50, Vqr = -100 Vdr = 0, Vqr = 0 Vdr = 50, Vqr = 100
B 0 500 -20 -40 -60 -80 1000 A 1500 2000
Speed [rpm] 2500 3000
Figure 10: Torque-speed curve of a 2MW variable-speed induction generator [Source: N. Jenkins, Network integration and modelling of large wind turbines, Cired 2007]
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A fairly new doubly fed induction generator technology has a converter system with a frequency converter. The frequency converter provides active fault ride-through during grid faults. In this configuration, the drive train of the generator is connected to the multistage gear box, which is powered by the rotor blades. The frequency converter system is located between the rotor of the doubly fed induction generator and the grid connection as shown in Figure 11 below.
Figure 11: A DFIG with improved grid fault behaviour The rotor side converter uses the DC-link to generate a voltage with variable frequency and amplitude depending on the rotor speed. The control of active and reactive power is achieved by modulating the rotor voltage. The crow bar protects the DC-links against over-voltage conditions caused by grid faults, internal faults on the electrical wind energy facility grid, or in the converter itself. If an over-voltage condition is detected, the rotor is short-circuited to protect the DC-link against further charging thereby preventing damage due to excessive voltages. The grid side converter controls the DC-link voltage by balancing the power flow through the converter in both directions when in normal operating mode.
4.6.3
Direct-drive synchronous generator
A direct-drive synchronous generator is used as another variable speed generator. The term "direct-drive" refers to the fact that these turbines do not have a gearbox, in stead they are connected directly to the network by a fully rated power electronic converter. Generator and grid are fully decoupled through the power electronic interface shown in Figure 12. In this configuration, variable speed operation is the norm. In this concept, some manufacturers use special low revolution generators. Generators with low speeds are recognizable by their relatively large diameters of the nacelle, positioned close to the turbine rotor. The rotor electromagnets are connected to the current by using brushes and slip rings on the axle (shaft) of the generator.
Figure 12: Direct drive Variable-speed synchronous generator

Table 2: Indicating performance comparison of different WTGs
Gearbox Required Fixed-speed induction generator Variable-speed asynchronous generator No Yes No control o Low cost o Simplicity in design o Mechanically robust Level of Control Advantages Disadvantages
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o Does not support any speed control o Structure must be able to tolerate high mechanical stress o More complicated system o Losses in power electronics o Increased cost of equipment
Control by electronics
power
Direct Drive Synchronous Generator No
Control by electronics
power
o Increased energy efficiency over a range of wind speed o Improved power quality o Reduced mechanical stress o Does not need reactive magnetising current i.e. does not draw reactive power from the grid
o More expensive than induction generator o Mechanically complicated
4.7
Wind turbine power control
Most wind turbines reach rated or nominal power at wind speeds between 12m/s and 14 m/s due to their designs. At higher wind speeds, the pitch of the blades is adjusted to limit the power produced to the rating of the generator. Wind turbine technology applies the following methods to control the power above the rated wind speed:
4.7.1
Stall controlled rotors
The rotor is kept at a constant speed which is typical for an asynchronous generator, using no power electronics and connected to the grid. Power control is based on the aerodynamic principle that if the fixed blades pitch reaches a certain speed limit, the stall point, the lifting force and subsequently the rotor torque stabilizes or even decreases in magnitude. The blades are bolted onto the hub at a fixed angle and due to the aerodynamics of the rotor the blades will loose power and shut down for high wind speeds. The main advantage of this concept is its simplicity; no mechanical or electronic systems are required to limit the power because this is a completely passive system.
4.7.2
Variable speed pitch control rotors
The rotor speed is variable and increases in proportion to the wind speed. As the rotor speed produces the nominal power; the power is kept constant by pitching the blades towards the wind. Hence, variable speed rotors have pitch control.
4.7.3
Intermediate power control solutions
This method combines stall control including constant rotor speed with blade pitch to optimize the stall characteristics. Another variation is the combination of stall or constant speed and power electronics to optimize the power quality. The advantage of using this is to efficiently control the power output. This will avoid exceeding the rated power of the machine during wind gusts. Another advantage is that it will enable the turbine to run very close to rated power at all high wind speeds.
NOTE: refer to 4.6.2 which deals with the DFIG. When downloaded from the IARC WEB, this document is uncontrolled and the responsibility rests with the user to ensure it is in line with the authorised version on the WEB.
NETWORK PLANNING GUIDELINE FOR WIND Unique Identifier: TURBINE GENERATION (STEADY STATE Type: STUDIES) Revision: Page: 4.8 Grid connection of embedded wind generation:
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Utility-scale wind energy facilities typically consist of several tens to hundreds of wind turbine generators. Each unit is equipped with a step -up transformer, often housed in the nacelle. The WTGs are connected to the network through a medium-voltage collector network which steps up the output of the WTG to the required MV voltage. A power transformer is used to interface with the grid. Depending on the application and type of WTG, shunt reactive power compensation may be added at one or more of the following locations: WTG terminals, collector system, and Substation interfacing with the network.
Figure 13: Typical schematic diagram of a wind energy facility [Source: V Akhmatov, H. Knudsen, A.H. Nielsen, J.K. Pederson and N.K. Poulsen, Modelling and transient stability of large wind farm, Electrical power and energy systems, Vol. 25 Issue 1, 2003, pp 123-144]
NOTE: The diagram above shows the schematics of a wind energy facility connected to the grid. Most utilities use 33kV particularly when connecting a large wind farm unto higher voltage levels. However, other MV voltages can be used. The utility interface is at the connection point shown in the diagram. The size and point of connection of the wind energy facility determines the supply voltage but typically supplied on MV or HV. It should also be noted that the utility is not involved in the operation and maintenance of the MV if the wind energy facility is connected at HV. The turbine output varies (as shown in the diagram above) due to prevailing wind speeds and slowing of wind speed as it travels through the wind farm.
4.9
Power quality
The major concern when connecting a significant amount of wind turbines to the grid is the effect a wind turbine can have on the power quality, which includes the following phenomenon: a) Voltage rise (Steady state voltage variations),
b) c) d) Transient voltage variations (dips or sags), Rapid voltage changes (flicker), and Waveform distortion (harmonics).
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The impact of wind turbines on the grid is significantly influenced by the strength of the grid, i.e. the fault level in relation to the size of the wind generation. Therefore, wind turbines that have the potential to cause poor power quality, will influence weak radial networks more severely than strong interconnected networks. Furthermore, different types of wind turbine technologies affect the power networks differently. The wind turbine technologies should therefore be analyzed for each of the identified concerns. It should be noted that the modern wind turbine technologies have very limited issues that adversely impact power quality.
4.9.1
Voltage rise
In areas with large amounts of wind generation, wind variability can have a significant impact on voltage profiles However, in weak networks; a relatively small wind farm can cause problems. Such wind energy facilities might require the installation of some form of reactive power compensation on the network. The voltage rise phenomenon is more prevalent on connections to a weak distribution network. Connecting significantly sized synchronous generators to distribution feeders (i.e. 11kV and 22kV) typically results in voltage rise. This is due to the resistance of lines in distribution networks (with a high R/X ratio), active power injection induces a significant voltage-rise effect. This phenomenon is explained in Section 5.5.4.3 of DGL 34-1944. Fixed-speed wind turbines (SCIG) consume a significant amount of reactive power from the grid. It is common practice to compensate, for the reactive power requirements of SCIGs, using compensating capacitors. The reactive power compensation techniques are usually either static or automatic in nature. Over-compensation, mainly associated with static compensation, may lead to a voltage rise at the connection point.
4.9.2
Transient voltage variations (voltage dips or sags)
Voltage dips and sags refer to the same phenomenon. Voltage sag refers to the remaining or residual voltage, i.e. the voltage decreases to the sag value. Voltage dip refers to the difference between the nominal or declared voltage and the residual voltage. E.g. a 20% voltage dip is equal to 80% voltage sag (80% remaining voltage). In South Africa, the voltage dip definition allows for voltage reduction down to 0 V, i.e. 100% voltage dip, typically between 3 seconds and 1 minute. Voltage dips will cause fixed speed wind turbines to over-speed as the load on the generator is removed. This in turn can lead to a high demand for reactive power which further depresses the network voltage. The depressed voltage may also cause contactors to open and voltage-sensitive control circuits to operate. Voltage dips or sags, which are usually caused by faults on the distribution network, are of particular concern, as they could result in damage to neighbouring customers equipment. Fixed-speed wind turbine generators increase the probability of voltage instability on a distribution network, especially if the ratio of penetration is high. The reason for this is that, after the occurrence of a large disturbance close to the induction generator, the fixed-speed wind turbine draws large amounts of reactive power. During a system fault, the wind turbine rotor will accelerate due to the imbalance between mechanical power extracted from the wind and electrical power supplied to the grid. Therefore, when the fault is cleared and the voltage is restored, large amount of reactive power is consumed which slows down voltage restoration. If the voltage is not restored quickly enough, the turbine will continue to accelerate and consume large amounts of reactive power.
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The high demand for reactive power further depresses the network voltage. Depending on the severity, this can lead to voltage instability or, in the worst scenario, voltage collapse. Variable-speed turbines pose less of a threat to the stability of a distribution network because of their control systems. Variable-speed turbines have the ability of controlling the reactive power requirements of the generator, to maintain a stable voltage level after the occurrence of a large disturbance, close to the generator. Synchronous wind generators make use of inverters to connect to the grid. These inverter-based connections are able to compensate for dips and sags; as a result, this phenomenon is not an issue.
4.9.3
Shutting down
Most wind turbines shut down when the wind speeds become excessive, typically above 25 m/s, in order to protect the turbine from mechanical damage. During this condition, when the turbine shuts down from full power output, a voltage step will occur. The size of the voltage drop is dependent on the size of the wind energy facility and the load at the time. The voltage limits specified in the voltage apportionment standard (DST 34-542) need to be met. A shut down condition would be considered an abnormal operating condition and abnormal voltage limits will apply.
4.9.4
Rapid voltage changes (flicker)
Voltage flicker describes the effect of dynamic variations in the network voltage which may be caused either by wind turbines or by varying loads. Voltage flicker can be a result of step changes in wind turbine output, which results in a voltage change on the feeder. The voltage flicker results in the flickering of lighting loads and this may be noticeable to customers. Wind energy systems have output that fluctuate significantly with changes in the wind intensity. During normal operation, wind turbines produce a varying output power. These fluctuations in the power output of a wind generator are the result of: a) b) c) d) e) 4.9.4.1 Wind turbulence, Change in wind speed, Tower shadow effects, Control systems, and Rotational sampling. Change in wind speed
Due to constant changes in wind velocity, wind energy facilities are not capable of a fixed power output into the grid. Complex voltage variations in the power network are caused by the power fluctuations, consisting of the active and reactive component, according to the generator system properties. In fixed-speed turbines, fluctuations are directly translated into output power fluctuations because there is no buffer between mechanical input and electrical output. Active power fluctuations are caused by the wake of the tower, wind shear and wind turbulence. This in turn affects the reactive power as wind turbines with induction generators connected directly to the grid consume reactive power as a function of the output active power. This is less of a problem with variable-speed turbines because wind speed variations are not directly related to power fluctuations.
4.9.4.2 Tower shadow effects
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Wind turbine generators experience a strong periodic torque pulsation at the frequency at which the blades pass the tower, typically around 1 Hz for a large turbine, which are superimposed on the slower variations caused by changes in wind speed. There may also be higher-frequency power variations (at a few Hz) caused by dynamics of the turbine. Fixed-speed turbines, using a low-slip induction generator, will lead to cyclic variations in output power and hence network voltage. Flicker is therefore a concern for fixed-speed turbines. Fixed-speed wind turbines, using a low-slip induction generator, will lead to cyclic variations in output power, and hence network voltage, if the network is not strong enough. Small, high slip induction generators possess good damping characteristics. These turbines can withstand faults due to the turbine momentum and inertia. Therefore, they can support the terminal voltage with reactive power and are able to dampen severe spikes and faults on the system during a network fault. Variable-speed turbines experience less mechanical stress, due to their control technique, and rapid power fluctuations are scarce because the rotor acts as a flywheel, storing energy temporarily and therefore buffering the effect. Therefore flicker is actively mitigated with variable-speed turbines. Variable-speed operation of the rotor has the advantage that many of the faster power variations are not transmitted to the network but are smoothed by the flywheel action of the rotor. However, as they increase in size, the ratio of the transient response to applied torque of induction generators starts to resemble that of a synchronous generator. 4.9.4.3 Rotational sampling
Since the rotor covers a large area, the wind speed at different parts of the area varies; usually mainly due to the wind shear. This may lead to another cyclical power variation, which is three times the rotational speed of the rotor. Due to the distribution of several wind turbine generators, this may even out for the combined output of the wind energy facility, but the potential exists causing voltage flicker in weaker network installations.
4.9.5
Harmonics
In general there are two ways in which harmonics can be generated by wind turbine generators: a) b) due to saturation in electrical machines, and due to harmonic injection by power electronic equipment
Harmonic voltage distortions will lead to increased losses in the generators of wind turbines and may also disturb the control systems and harmonic current performance of power electronic converters. Fixed-speed wind turbines, particularly those making use of power factor correction capacitors, alter the harmonic impedance of the distribution network and are therefore not expected to cause significant harmonics. However, the added capacitance may cause resonance. This resonance may either amplify the harmonics already on the system due to other loads, or even the harmonics generated by the wind turbines themselves. Harmonic impedance should always be checked when simulating wind energy facility installations, also for contingencies. Planners should note that this should be addressed during dynamic studies. Harmonic emissions could be limited by making use of harmonic filtering techniques. Standard international practice dictates that the converters of the variable speed wind turbines always employ filtering. These filters should also be checked against the existing network harmonics, as well as potential resonance conditions that may arise due to the installation of capacitance in conjunction with the wind energy facility installation. It is crucial that the potential to overload these capacitors and harmonic filters due to existing harmonic distortion be prevented.
NETWORK PLANNING GUIDELINE FOR WIND Unique Identifier: 34-2021 TURBINE GENERATION (STEADY STATE Type: DGL STUDIES) Revision: 0 Page: 21 of 36 4.10 Impact of wind energy facilities on distribution networks (Refer to DGL 34-1944)
4.10.1 Steady state conditions
In areas with large amounts of wind generation, wind variability can have a significant impact on voltage profiles. It may require switched capacitor banks and shunt reactors, and transformer tap changer control depending on the wind technology used. Some wind power plants have the ability to control or regulate the voltage and power factor by installing separate devices such as static VAR compensators (SVC) or by the wind turbine technology used. It should be noted that very limited capacities of wind generation can be connected at MV as the high impedance of the network and the relatively large currents flowing from the generators result in unacceptable variations in voltage. 4.10.1.1 4.10.1.2 Line loading Refer to DGL 34-1944 and DGL 34-1946 Fault levels Refer to DGL 34-1944 and clause 4.1.4.
During a network fault, WTGs will contribute fault current to the network and therefore increase the existing fault level. The impact on the fault current is a factor of the wind turbine penetration level, interface of the turbine and system voltage prior to fault and some other factors. Synchronous or induction generators without inverters can contribute up to 10 times their rated current for the first few cycles after a fault. Doubly-fed induction generators, despite the converter in their rotor circuit, will contribute a fault current similar to that of a directly connected induction generator. Table 3 provides estimated fault currents for inverters, synchronous and induction generators. The values can be applied to faults at the terminals of the generator. Table 3: Fault current levels of some wind turbines
Type of generator Separately Excited SG Fault currents [%] of rated current First few cycles: 500 1000 Permanent: 200 400 Induction Generator or Self Excited SG First few cycles: 500 1000 Permanent: Nearly 0 Inverter Between 100 - 400
4.10.1.3
Voltage
A network study is required to analyse the impact of the wind energy facility on the voltage. 4.10.1.4 Power factor
The wind energy facility developer should correct the power factor to unity at the PUC unless otherwise determined by the feasibility studies.
4.10.1.5 Technical losses Refer to DGL 34-1944
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The cost of technical losses should be considered when evaluating different grid connection options such that the option with the lowest lifetime cost is selected and used as the basis for quoting the wind energy facility developer (WEFD).
4.10.2
Transient conditions
The dynamics of individual WTGs and the entire wind energy facilities could have a significant impact on the stability of the bulk power system. Rotor angle stability is not an issue with wind power plants because most WTGs are asynchronous units i.e. there is no equivalent concept of rotor angle or synchronizing and damping torques for such generators. Some studies have revealed that bulk power system transient rotorangle stability is improved if wind power plants, as compared to other power plants with synchronous generators, are added at the same location. With WTGs, a smooth and non-oscillatory power delivery is reestablished following a disturbance. Wind power plants could have a significant impact on stability following a network fault. Induction generators absorb higher reactive power when voltage is low. Increased reactive power consumption can lead to voltage instability if the network is weak. DFIGs and generators with full converter interface do not contribute to system inertia. However, they may contribute to frequency instability particularly in smaller power systems with high penetration of wind generation. However, special controls are needed to solve this problem.
4.10.3
Low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of wind turbine generators
The old wind turbines trip offline when system faults occur. With the larger penetration of wind, tripping of large number of wind generators can either amplify the effect of the disturbance or destabilize the system. LVRT requirement keeps wind farms online to stabilize the voltage after the fault is cleared. It also protects the equipment from over-current and from over speeding during a system fault. 4.10.3.1 Low voltage problems
The voltage can collapse due to faults resulting in high current inside the machine. Although most generators are robust, they can only withstand the fault currents for short periods. Such fault currents are mainly inductive, i.e., the turbine produces less real power (which will result in stability problems) or the turbine produces more reactive power (which will result in a voltage problem). The output real power of the generator is substantially reduced due to an imbalance of mechanical and electrical power, hence, the generator speeds up. During the fault, the generator may fail to decelerate quickly enough, causing the over-speed protection to trip the turbine. After the fault is cleared, machines with high inertia may not speed up quickly to produce enough energy that would help the power system recover. 4.10.3.2 a) b) c) d) Ways to mitigate against low voltage problems Quick adjustment of the pitch angle during and after a fault. The effect of pitch control may be limited due to its long time constant, For doubly fed induction machines with DC link, rechargeable batteries and super capacitors can help maintain the machine online for a longer time, Braking resistance with chopper can absorb surplus energy to maintain system stability, and Adaptive VAR compensators can maintain the reactive power balance during and after fault.
4.10.3.3 a) b) International rules on LVRT that have been included in grid codes
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A wind farm will retain voltage and maximize reactive current to the system. The maximization of reactive current should continue for at least 600ms or until the voltage recovers, The wind farm must provide at least 90% of the maximum active power to the system subject to the available wind resource within 1 second of the voltage recovering to normal operating range, Generators with limited fault current contribution are required to support grid voltage in case of faults. However whenever there is between 10% and 50% voltage drop, the generators have to supply reactive current between 10% and 100% of the rated current (linearly proportional to the voltage.), and Generators with excessive fault current contribution are not required to contribute to voltage support. Table 4: Indicating control performance comparison of different WTGs
Fixed speed induction generators (SCIG) Voltage control and VAR Poor Poor ride Poor Poor Poor Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) Better Better Better Better Better Direct drive synchronous generator (DDSG) Best Best Best Best Best
c)
d)
Flicker control Low voltage through Stability control AGC control
4.10.4
Preferred generator types
Previous research and studies conducted on WTGs indicated the following: In mixed generation networks, bulk wind generation based entirely on fixed speed induction generators (FSIG) based wind energy facilities would make the network vulnerable to system faults, restrict generating capacity and pose operational problems. The studies on the simple generic network model indicate that FSIG based wind energy facilities can contribute significantly to network damping, but are vulnerable to network faults. Reductions in network voltage due to system faults can result in a collapse of both the terminal voltage and power output of the FSIG and consequent machine runaway and tripping. If a FSIG has to be connected, the WEFD shall provide the adequate power factor correcting and compensating devices. Bulk wind generation through DFIG based wind energy facilities, suitably controlled, can be accommodated on a network without introducing problems of transient or dynamic stability and can contribute positively to network operation and enhance network dynamic characteristics in terms of voltage recovery following faults and improved system damping. Only DFIGs or WTGs with fully rated converters should be considered for connection to Eskom networks by the planners at all times as they have low voltage ride through capabilities and can provide adequate reactive and voltage control during fault conditions.
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Preliminary feasibility studies

Refer to DGL 34-1944 and DGL 34-1946
5.1
Information required from WEF developer
The initial project planning phase is initiated by the wind energy facility developer (WEFD). At this stage, the WEFD will have identified a potential site for the wind energy facility. The WEFD should provide the following general information about the wind energy facility for the preliminary planning phase: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Physical location of the plant (it shall include GPS coordinates [degree, minutes and seconds], the property boundaries), Site plan, Number of wind turbine(s) that will be connected, Megawatt output per turbine, MVA rating per turbine Turbine output voltage Initial phase megawatt value, and Final phase megawatt value (with time lines)
5.2
Steady state study assessment process
On receipt of the application, the distribution planning engineer identifies network options for connection of the wind energy facility. A preliminary study is then done for each of these different network options. The planner shall refer to DGL 34-1944 for the steady state study assessment as there are no significant changes in load flow analysis.
NOTE: The only component that will be emphasized in this document is fault level calculation.
5.2.1
Short circuit penetration ratio
Another indicator which could be used to estimate the size of a wind energy facility that can be connected to the distribution network is the short-circuit ratio. The short-circuit ratio in % can be defined as the ratio of the wind energy facility capacity (MW) to symmetrical-fault level MVA without the wind energy facility being connected. In Digsilent Power factory, the fault-level should be obtained at the point of grid connection using the complete method that produces the Skss value. The allowable short-circuit ratio could be 20% if the wind generator size is less than 580kW. For wind generators varying from 580kW up to 2.2 MW a short-circuit ratio of up to 5% will be acceptable to connect a sizable wind facility without doing any steady-state voltage stability studies. However, if the short-circuit ratio in % is greater than 5%, a steady-state voltage stability study (where the generator output is increased) with the wind-generator connected in the voltage control mode should be done. This may indicate that more wind generators can be connected. Voltage control must be seen as an ancillary service that stabilizes the grid and secures the grid against voltage collapse in case of major disturbances. Voltage instability can be a problem on a distribution network, especially if the ratio of the total wind generation capacity to short-circuit MVA of the grid at the PUC is above 5%.
NOTE: The voltage control of WTGs is not discussed in this document.
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For example: If a planner receives an application to connect a 10MW WEF to a 33kV busbar, he/she can do a fault calculation in Digsilent power factory to determine the three phase fault MVA at the 33kV busbar without the wind farm connected. In this case, the 3 fault MVA is 187.54, as shown in Figure 14 below.
Figure 14: Short circuit penetration ratio The planner can then use the Excel spreadsheet as illustrated in Figure 15 below. If the value of the ratio is less than 5%, then the planner will know that no detailed system studies will be needed at this stage in order to evaluate the application.
Figure 15: Short circuit penetration ratio results
5.2.2
Fault level rating
The sub-transient short circuit fault level of the wind turbine (static) generator must be calculated. Using the Excel spreadsheet, this can be derived from the rated power and voltage (in kV) of the wind turbine generator. Refer to Figure 16. Typically, the sub-transient fault rating of most WTGs is 1.2 times the nominal power rating of the machine. The planner should note that the fault level rating will be used later (in this document) to model the WTG in Digsilent power factory. The machine rated current calculation is shown in Annex B of this document.
Figure 16: Calculations of sub-transient short circuit levels of a fully rated converter wind turbine generator
5.3
Feasibility quotation (FQ)
Refer to DGL 34-1944 and DGL 34-1946

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Annex A - Modelling of embedded generation in Power System Analysis Software

A.1 Introduction
In this annex, the basic modelling of WTG in DIgSILENT Power Factory version 14.0.514 is documented.
NOTE: It is possible that functionality and interface may change in future software versions of DIgSILENT. The latest DIgSILENT version and user guide should therefore be consulted.
A.2
Static generator element data
Wind generators, which are connected with a full-size converter to the grid, can be modelled as a static generator. When a static generator is selected for system modelling, it gives the planner a lot of flexibility in doing the system studies. However, the sub-transient generator fault contribution must be calculated (the Excel spreadsheet can be used for this). Generally, the sub-transient fault contribution from the generation is approximately 1.2 times the generator rated current for all WTG technologies.
NOTE: This is element data. The DIgSILENT screenshots below explains how a new generator element should be created. On the basic data tab of the static generator, the planner can choose the category of the element; enter the number of parallel generators and the ratings of one generator.
The WEFD should provide the data for the static generator element as detailed in clause 5.1. The specific element data required to model the static generator in DIgSILENT are listed below.
Figure 17: Static generator element data (Basic data)
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Annex A
(Continued) Table 5: Static generator element fields (Basic data)
1 Fields Name Terminal Category Number of parallel machines 2 Units None None None None 3 Notes The name of the generator shall be unique Generator connection point (this is set automatically once the generator is connected to the network) Select Wind generator from the drop down box Instead of creating five separate machine elements of the same type, one generator element can be created and the number of elements in parallel can be set to 5 Machine rated power factor Planner should use 0.9
Power factor
None
On the load flow tab, the planner can define the power output: active and reactive power, or active power and voltage magnitude, or even a droop. Additionally, capability curve can be specified, which may be the whole range of the converter or a curve with the shape of a V for a minimum and maximum power factor for example.
Figure 18: Static generator element data (load flow)

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Annex A
(Continued) Table 6: Static generator element fields (load flow)
1 Fields Mode of local voltage controller Input mode 2 Units None None Select Power factor tick box. Select the preferred input mode from the drop down box. .i.e. P, cos (phi). The generator output values should then be entered in the Dispatch section. Power output of generator. Value will depend on study being performed e.g. minimum or maximum generation Default Set to 1 (It is best to operate small generators at unity power factor to reduce voltage rise effect) N/A N/A Equivalent droop setting not applicable during preliminary studies N/A. Default values automatically set Default values automatically set Default to 1 3 Notes
Active power/ apparent power/ Reactive power Power factor Voltage Droop Primary frequency bias Reactive power limits (min & max) capability curve Active power limits (min) Active power limits (max) Rating factor
MW None p.u. % MW/Hz Mvar MW MW none
A.3
The sub-transient fault contribution from a wind turbine generator
Figure 19: Static generator element data (VDE/IEC Short Circuit) In order to allow the static generators to supply fault current(s), enable the option 'static converter-fed drive'. With this option enabled, a static generator will have a contribution like a Static converter-fed drive in accordance with IEC 60909.
Figure 20: Static generator element data (Complete short circuit)

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Annex A
(Continued) Calculating the sub-transient short circuit contribution from generator Xd:
Machine nominal power rating = SG (MVA) Generator voltage rating = VG (kV) Then; Sub-transient short circuit level (i.e. Xd in MVA) = 1.2 x SG (MVA).
Sub-transient short circuit level (i.e. Xd in kA) =
X d ' (kA) =
X d ' ( MVA)
3 VG
Table 7: Static generator element fields (Complete Short Circuit)

1 Fields Sub-transient short circuit level Transient short circuit level R to X ratio 2 Units MVA MVA p.u Calculated value Use same values as sub-transient short circuit level Typical value is 0.1 3 Notes
A.4
The generator transformer type data
Network planners must select the generator models using static generators for system studies.
Utility Grid
132/33kV
Point of grid connection
33/22kV
N-number of transformers
690V
N-number of wind static generators
Figure 21: Typical WTG connection schematic diagram
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Annex A
(Continued) For power system studies, modeling the details of the entire collector system may be too exorbitant. Thus, lumped models need to be used for power system studies. In general, the approach should be to group WTGs. For example, if we are to model a 10 MW wind farm which consists of eleven 900 kW units then it may be appropriate to lump the whole farm into a single lumped model as shown in Figure 21. Each unit has a dedicated step-up transformer that raises the units terminal voltage (typically 690 V) up to the point of utility connection voltage.
Figure 22: Generator transformer type data (Basic data) The planner shall populate the generic values in Table 8 as the basic data for all types of 11/0.69kV or 22/0.69kV or 33/0.69kV 2.5MVA generator transformers.
Figure 23: Generator transformer type data (Load flow)
The planner shall populate the generic values in

Table 9 as the load flow data for all types of 11/0.69kV or 22/0.69kV or 33/0.69kV 2.5MVA generator transformers.
NETWORK PLANNING GUIDELINE FOR WIND Unique Identifier: TURBINE GENERATION (STEADY STATE Type: STUDIES) Revision: Page: A.5 The generator transformer element data
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When the planner is populating the element data, the total number of parallel transformers number must be included as shown in Figure 24
Figure 24: Generator transformer element data (Basic data)
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Annex B - Typical data for generator transformers

The tables below provide typical values for WTG.
Table 8: Typical data for 11/0.6911kV, 22/0.69kV and 33/0.69kV 2.5MVA Generator transformer type basic data
Nominal Voltage (kV) Tech nology 3phase 3phase 3phase Freq (hz) 50 50 50 2.5 2.5 2.5 rated Power (MVA) HV Side 11 22 33 LV Side 0.69 0.69 0.69 DYN DYN DYN 11 11 11 Sc Voltage (%) 6 6 6 Copper Losses (kw) 2 2 0.2999 Absolute uk0 (%) 6 6 6 Resistiv e puk(%) 0 0 0.2999 Vector group Phase shift Positive seuence impedance Zero seuence impedance
Table 9: Typical data for 11/0.6911kV, 22/0.69kV and 33/0.69kV 2.5MVA Generator transformer type
Nominal Voltage (kV) Pri Sec Std Power rating (MVA) At Side Add Volt Per Tap (%) 33 22 11 0.69 0.69 0.69 2.5 2.5 2.5 6 6 6 DYN1 DYN11 DYN11 HV HV HV 2.5 2.5 2.5 Phase Of Du (degrees ) 0 180 180 0 3 3 -2 1 1 2 5 5 Neutral position Min position Max position No Load Current (%) 0.1 No Load Losses (kW) 2 Nominal Impedance (%) Vector group Tap changer at HV side Magnetizing impedance
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Annex C - Impact assessment

1 Guidelines
o o o o All comments must be completed. Motivate why items are N/A (not applicable) Indicate actions to be taken, persons or organisations responsible for actions and deadline for action. Change control committees to discuss the impact assessment, and if necessary give feedback to the compiler of any omissions or errors.
2 Critical points
2.1 Importance of this document. E.g. is implementation required due to safety deficiencies,
statutory requirements, technology changes, document revisions, improved service quality, improved service performance, optimised costs. Comment: Implementation is required to improve Dx Network Planning by providing network planners with the information/training to analyse and plan the connection of embedded generators.
2.2 If the document to be released impacts on statutory or legal compliance - this need to be very
clearly stated and so highlighted. Comment: N/A no impact on statutory or legal compliance.
2.3 Impact on stock holding and depletion of existing stock prior to switch over.
Comment: N/A no impact on stock holding.
2.4 When will new stock be available?

Comment: N/A no impact on stock.
2.5 Has the interchangeability of the product or item been verified - i.e. when it fails is a straight
swop possible with a competitor's product? Comment: N/A no impact on products.
2.6 Identify and provide details of other critical (items required for the successful implementation
of this document) points to be considered in the implementation of this document. Comment: The document must be used along with the guideline DGL 34-1944 and DGL 34-2022.
2.7 Provide details of any comments made by the Regions regarding the implementation of this
document. Comment: Comments obtained from WG members.
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Annex C
(Continued)
3 Implementation timeframe
3.1 Time period for implementation of requirements.
Comment: Can be applied immediately via self study. Full application by all network planners will be dependent on training rollout.
3.2 Deadline for changeover to new item and personnel to be informed of DX wide change-over.
Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
4 Buyers Guide and Power Office

4.1 Does the Buyers Guide or Buyers List need updating?
4.2 What Buyers Guides or items have been created?

4.3 List all assembly drawing changes that have been revised in conjunction with this document.
4.4 If the implementation of this document requires assessment by CAP, provide details under 5 4.5 Which Power Office packages have been created, modified or removed?
5 CAP / LAP Pre-Qualification Process related impacts

5.1 Is an ad-hoc re-evaluation of all currently accepted suppliers required as a result of
implementation of this document? Comment: No, is not a new product or change to an existing product.
5.2 If NO, provide motivation for issuing this specification before Acceptance Cycle Expiry date.
5.3 Are ALL suppliers (currently accepted per LAP), aware of the nature of changes contained in
this document? Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
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Annex C
(Continued)
5.4 Is implementation of the provisions of this document required during the current supplier
qualification period? Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
5.5 If Yes to 5.4, what date has been set for all currently accepted suppliers to comply fully?
5.6 If Yes to 5.4, have all currently accepted suppliers been sent a prior formal notification
informing them of Eskoms expectations, including the implementation date deadline? Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
5.7 Can the changes made, potentially impact upon the purchase price of the material/equipment?
5.8 Material group(s) affected by specification: (Refer to Pre-Qualification invitation schedule for
list of material groups) Comment: N/A is not a new product or change to an existing product.
6 Training or communication
6.1 State the level of training or communication required to implement this document. (E.g. none,
communiqus, awareness training, practical / on job, module, etc.) Comment: The guideline is suitable for self study, but training will be included as part of the Dx network planning training framework that is being driven by the TESCOD Planning Study Committee.
6.2 State designations of personnel that will require training.

Comment: All Dx Network Planners.
6.3 Is the training material available? Identify person responsible for the development of training
material. Comment: No. Training material will need to be developed via a new Research project that has been initiated within R&S for the development of Dx Network Planning training material.
6.4 If applicable, provide details of training that will take place. (E.G. sponsor, costs, trainer,
schedule of training, course material availability, training in erection / use of new equipment, maintenance training, etc). Comment: To be decided.
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Annex C
(Continued)
6.5 Was Training & Development Section consulted w.r.t training requirements?
Comment: Yes, this is being done as part of the broader Dx Network Planning training framework.
7 Special tools, equipment, software

7.1 What special tools, equipment, software, etc will need to be purchased by the Region to
effectively implement? Comment: None. The guideline utilises existing tools and simply enhances there application and the interpretation of results.
7.2 Are there stock numbers available for the new equipment?
7.3 What will be the costs of these special tools, equipment, software?
Comment: None. The guideline utilises existing tools and simply enhances there application and the interpretation of results.
8 Finances
8.1 What total costs would the Regions be required to incur in implementing this document? Identify all cost activities associated with implementation, e.g. labour, training, tooling, stock, obsolescence Comment: The direct costs will be training costs. Application will enhance network planning. Impact assessment completed by: Name: Mr Mobolaji Bello Designation: Engineer IARC, Embedded Generation work group leader.

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GUIDE Document Classification: Controlled Disclosure/Confidential Title: Distribution Guide Part 1: NETWORK PLANNING GUIDELINE FOR WIND TURBINE

DECEMBER 2009 36 DECEMBER 2014

B Morrison / Dec 2009 / Rev 0

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Definitions and abbreviations

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An overview on wind turbine generators

Synchronous generators are operated at synchronous speed, which is defined by:

Where : N S = synchronous speed in r. p.m. f = p= frequency no of pole pairs

Where : s= slip N S = synchronou s speed in r . p.m. NM =

machine speed in r . p.m.

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Fault current contribution

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Rotors and blades

Figure 3: Cross-section of a wind turbine nacelle

Basic principles of wind generation

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Power and efficiency rates

is air mass per second (kg/s)

is air mass per second (kg/s)

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Applications of wind power

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Types of wind turbine generators

Fixed-speed induction generator (Squirrel Cage Induction Generator)

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Speed [rpm] 0 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

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B 0 500 -20 -40 -60 -80 1000 A 1500 2000

Speed [rpm] 2500 3000

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Direct-drive synchronous generator

Figure 12: Direct drive Variable-speed synchronous generator

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Direct Drive Synchronous Generator No

o More expensive than induction generator o Mechanically complicated

Wind turbine power control

Stall controlled rotors

Variable speed pitch control rotors

Intermediate power control solutions

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Transient voltage variations (voltage dips or sags)

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Rapid voltage changes (flicker)

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Low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of wind turbine generators

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Flicker control Low voltage through Stability control AGC control

Preferred generator types

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Preliminary feasibility studies

Information required from WEF developer

Steady state study assessment process

Short circuit penetration ratio

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