Assessmentoflowfrequencynoise

fromwindturbinesinMaastricht
1

ByHenrikMller
*
, SteffenPedersen
*
, JanKlosterStaunstrup
**

andChristianSejerPedersen
*

*
SectionofAcoustics,
**
DepartmentofDevelopmentandPlanning,
AalborgUniversity, Denmark

1 Preface
ThenoisefromaplannedwindfarmprojectatLanakerveldinMaastrichthasbeenevaluatedinseveral
reports.BoukichandKoppen
1
studiedalternativeprojects,andKoppen
2
madeadditionalanalysesincluding
analysesoflowfrequencynoise.Koppen
3
analyzedtheoptimizedandselectedprojectcomprisingfour
VestasV1123.0MWturbineswith119meterhubheight.Aspecialanalysisoflowfrequencynoiseinthe
selectedprojectwasmadebyKoppen
4
.Uponrequestfromlocalresidents,anadditionalanalysisoflow
frequencynoisewasmadebyKoppen
5
takingintoaccountinformationgiveninanarticlebyMllerand
Pedersen
6
aswellasnewregulationsoflowfrequencynoisefromwindturbinesinDenmark
7
.
Subsequently,theCityCouncilofMaastrichthasrequestedthepresentreportinparticularaddressing
certainquestions.Unfortunately,onlythelatestDutchreport
5
wasmadeavailableinEnglish,but
employeesoftheCityCouncilandArcadisNederlandBVhavebeenveryhelpfulansweringquestions.In
addition,wehaveusedoriginalnoisemeasurements
8
anddatasheets
9,10
.
Thereportispublicandmayberedistributedasawhole.
2 Introduction
Abriefintroductiontolowfrequencysoundisrelevant.
Soundandnoisecanbecharacterizedbytheirfrequency.Therangefrom20Hzto20kHz(20cyclesper
secondto20,000cyclespersecond)isusuallycalledthenormalhearingrangeortheaudiofrequency
range.Soundwithfrequenciesabove20kHzisdenotedultrasoundandcannotbeheardbyhumans.
Soundwithfrequenciesbelow20Hzisdenotedinfrasound.Itisusuallyunderstoodthatalsoinfrasound
cannotbeheard,butthisiswrong.Infrasoundisaudibleatleastdownto1or2Hz,providedthatthesound
pressurelevelissufficientlyhigh.Thesoundisperceivedwiththeears,usuallygivingafeelingofpressure
attheeardrums.
The20200Hzrangeisdenotedthelowfrequencyrange.Slightlydifferentlimitsaresometimesused,e.g.
10160Hz.

1
PreparedfortheCityCouncilofMaastricht,ISBN9788792328823,AalborgUniversity,10.April2012.
2

Everyoneknowsfromhiseverydaysurroundingstheperceptionofhearingsoundatlowandinfrasonic
frequencies.Typicallowfrequencysoundsourcesareventilationsystems,compressors,idlingtrucksand
theneighborsstereo.Infrasoundatanaudiblelevelisusuallyfoundonthecardeckofaferryandwhen
drivingacarwithanopenwindow.However,infrasoundismostoftenaccompaniedbysoundatother
frequencies,sotheexperienceoflisteningtopureinfrasoundisnotcommon.
Forathoroughreviewofthehumanhearingatlowandinfrasonicfrequencies,seeMllerandPedersen
11
.
Theleveloftheinfrasoundproducedbymodernwindturbinesissolowthatthesoundcannotbe
perceivedbyhumansevenclosetotheturbines
6
.Muchhigherlevelsoccurelsewhereinourdaily
environment,e.g.intransportation.
Lowfrequencywindturbinenoiseisusuallydescribedashummingorrumbling.Itmayhaveamoreorless
pronouncedtonalcharacter,e.g.intermsoftonesthatfluctuateandvaryinleveland/orpitch,oroftone
likepulsesexcitedwithregularorrandomintervals.Thefeelingofpressureattheeardrumsisalso
reported.Itischaracteristicthatthenoisevariesalotintimeandwithwindandotheratmospheric
conditions.
Therateofmodulationofthelowfrequencynoisefromwindturbines(andhigherfrequenciesaswell)is
oftenintheinfrasonicfrequencyrange,e.g.thebladepassagefrequency,andthenoisemaythusbe
mistakenasinfrasound,evenwhenthereislittleorvirtuallynoinfrasoundpresent.
3 Specificquestions
ThequestionsaskedbytheCityCouncilareconsideredineachtheirsubsection.Thefulllistisgivenin
AnnexA.
3.1 EffectsofLowFrequencyNoisehavebeenresearchedalot.Onwhichaspectsdoes
theresearch(approach)ofMllerandPedersendifferfromthatofother
researchers?
Itistruethatmanyinvestigationshavestudiedeffectsoflowfrequencynoiseingeneral.However,only
fewstudieshaveaddressedlowfrequencynoisefromwindturbinesspecifically.
MllerandPedersen
6
didnotinvestigateeffectsoflowfrequencynoisebutfocusedonthephysicalnoise
fromwindturbines,suchasemittedsoundpower,itsfrequencydistribution,propagationtoneighborsand
transmissionintoneighborhouses.
TheapproachofMllerandPedersendoesnotdifferfromthatofotherresearchers.Mostmeasurements
weremadeaccordingtointernationalstandards,andconventionalstatisticalmethodswereusedinthe
analyses.Possibleannoyancefromlowfrequencynoisewasevaluatedfromitsaudibilityandcontribution
tothetotalnoiseaswellasstandardcriteriausedforothernoisesources.
TheinvestigationreportedbyMllerandPedersenwastoourknowledgethefirststudyfocusingonthe
relationshipbetweenlowfrequencynoiseandturbinesize.Themeasurementsweremadebythe
consultancycompanyDelta,whopublishedthedatainunreviewedprojectreportsbySndergaardand
Madsen
12,13,14
andHoffmeyerandSndergaard
15
.MadsenandPedersen
16
addedemissiondatafrom17
3

newturbinesof1.8to3.6MW.TheaddeddatawereincludedinanupdatedreportbyMlleretal.
17
with
essentiallythesameresultsandconclusionsasthosebyMllerandPedersen
6
howeverbasedonalarger
material.
DifferencesdoexistbetweentheresultsbyDeltaandbyus,buttheyaremainlymoderate.SomeofDeltas
findingsarenotclearlyreflectedintheirconclusions,though.Largerdifferencesexistbetweentheresults
andtheinterpretationsgiveninpressreleasesfromDelta,TheDanishEnvironmentalProtectionAgency
(EPA)andthewindpowerindustry,whichmightbeclaimedtounderratesomeofthefindingsandpossible
adverseeffectsofwindturbinenoise.
AtthisplaceitisrelevanttomentionthatMllerandPedersenalsoanalyzedDutchmeasurementsofwind
turbinenoiseoriginallypublishedbyvandenBergetal.
18
.Virtuallythesamelevelsandthesame
differencesbetweensmallandlargeturbineswerefoundasintheDanishmeasurements.
Itisrecommendedthatreadersmakethemselvesacquaintedwithouroriginalpublications
6,17
.

3.2 WhatarethemaineffectsofLowFrequencyNoise(LFN)onhumansandwhen
specificallydotheseeffectsoccur?
Noisewithprominentlowfrequencycomponentsmayaffecthumanhealthandwellbeingtoalarger
extentthannoisewithoutsuchcomponents.
Atlowfrequencies,theloudnessincreasesmoresteeplyabovethehearingthresholdthanathigher
frequencies(seee.g.Whittleetal.
19
,MllerandAndresen
20
,Bellmannetal.
21
,ISO226
22
).Thus,asound
moderatelyabovethresholdmaybeperceivednotonlyloudbutalsoannoying(AndresenandMller
23
,
Mller
24
,Inukaietal.
25
,Subedietal.
26
).Sincethereisanaturalspreadinhearingthresholdsbetween
individuals,alowfrequencysoundthatisinaudibleorsofttosomepeoplemaybeloudandannoyingto
others.
Lowfrequencysoundisparticularlyannoying,whenitoccursaloneorwithlowlevelsofsoundathigher
frequencies.Thismeansthatitisusuallymoreannoyingindoorsthanoutdoors,sincethehighfrequencies
aremoreattenuatedbythesoundinsulationofthehousethanthelowfrequenciesare.Alsoitisoften
moreannoyingintheeveningandatnight,whenitisotherwisequiet.
Prolongedexposuretoaudiblelowfrequencysoundmaycausefatigue,headache,impairedconcentration,
sleepdisturbanceandphysiologicalstressasindicatedbyincreasedlevelsofsalivacortisol(see.e.g.
Berglundetal.
27
,Bengtssonetal.
28
,Wayeetal.
29
,Wayeetal.
30
).
Thereisnoreliableevidenceofphysiologicalorpsychologicaleffectsfrominfrasoundorlowfrequency
soundbelowthehearingthreshold(seee.g.BerglundandLindvall
31
).
(Theaboveparagraphsarepartlyquotedfrom

Bolinetal.
32
andMllerandPedersen
11
).

3.3 TheDanishGovernmenthaschangedtheregulationsforerectingwindturbinesas
aresultofyourresearch.Isthatcorrect?Andifso,whatspecificchangeshave
beenmade?
TheDanishregulationsaregiveninastatutoryorderonnoisefromwindturbines
7
.Theorderwasupdated
in2011toincludespecificrulesforthelowfrequencypartofthenoise(beingeffectiveby1.January2012).
3.3.1 Background
Atthepreviousrevisionofthestatutoryorderonwindturbinenoisein2006,theDanishEPAstatedthat
regulationoflowfrequencywindturbinenoisewouldnotbeneeded,becausethegeneral20dBindoor
limitappliedtoothersourceswouldautomaticallybecompliedwith,whenthenormaloutdoornoiselimits
wereobserved.
Infact,theEPAsowndatashowedtheopposite
33
,andduringthefollowingyears,anincreasingpressure
wasputontheEPAfromneighbors,whocomplainedaboutlowfrequencynoisefromwindturbines.
Moreover,scientificresultssupportedtheneedforregulation,mostrecentlythepublicationsfromDelta
16

andAalborgUniversity
6,17
.
InOctober2010,areportfromAalborgUniversityrevealedseriouserrorsinthenoisesectionsofthe
EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)foraprestigiousDanishtestcenterforlargewindturbines
34
.The
lawestablishingthecenterhadtoberevised,andthehandlingofnoisefromwindturbinesintheEPA
attractedpoliticalattentioninParliament.TheMinisteroftheEnvironmentpromisedtointroducelimitsfor
lowfrequencywindturbinenoise.
3.3.2 Lowfrequencylimit
Thegeneral(i.e.notforwindturbines)DanishlimitforlowfrequencynoiseindwellingsisanindoorA
weightedsoundpressurelevelof20dB(eveningandnight)and25dB(day).Onlyfrequenciesinthe10160
Hzfrequencyrange(thirdoctavefrequencies)areincluded.Thelevelismeasuredasthepoweraverageof
thelevelsinthreepositions,ofwhichtwoareinthelivingareasoftheroom,wherethenoisecomplainant
perceivesthenoiseasparticularlyloud.Thethirdpositionisneararoomcorner(11.5mheight,0.51m
fromthewalls).Duetothepoweraveragingprocess,thefinalresultisclosetothelevelintheappointed
highlevelpositions.
Withtheupdatedorder,the20dBlimitappliesalsoforwindturbinesatwindspeedsof6and8m/s(wind
turbinesrunaroundtheclock).
Unlikeforothernoisesources,thelowfrequencynoiseisnotmeasuredbutcalculatedfrommeasurements
closetotheturbineoftheemittedsound.
TheindoorsoundpressurelevelL
pA
iscalculatedusingthefollowingequation:
a g ref WA, pA
dB 11
m 1
log dB 20 L L L

d
L L A +
|
.
|

\
|
=
10

L
WA,ref
istheapparentsoundpowerlevelinthereferencedirection,basicallymeasuredaccordingtoIEC
6140011
35
,dthedistancefromthenacelletotheneighbor,L
g
correctionforthegroundreflection,L
a

theairabsorptionequalto
a
d,where
a
istheabsorptioncoefficient,andL

thesoundinsulation.L
g
,
a

andL

aregiveninatablequotedhereasTable1.
Table1.ConstantsusedintheDanishregulationforcalculatingindoorlowfrequencynoiseL
pA,LF
.
Frequency
(Hz)
10 12.5 16 20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80 100 125 160
g
L (land)
(dB)
6.0 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.3 3.7 3.0 1.8 0.0
g
L (sea)
(dB)
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.2 4.7 4.0

L
(dB)
4.9 5.9 4.6 6.6 8.4 10.8 11.4 13.0 16.6 19.7 21.2 20.2 21.2
a
o (dB/km) 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.26 0.38 0.55

Calculationsaremadeforthethirdoctavefrequencybands10160Hzandthelevelssummarizedtogive
theAweightedlowfrequencysoundpressurelevelL
pA,LF
.
3.3.3 Commentstothelowfrequencyregulation
Basedontheexistingknowledgeoftheeffectsoflowfrequencynoiseonhumans,weconsiderthechosen
limitof20dBfortheAweightedlevelofthe10160Hzfrequencyrangeasareasonablelimit.
InthenewDanishstatutoryorderforwindturbines,thenoiseisnotmeasuredbutcalculated.Thisneed
notbeaproblem,ifthecalculationsarecorrect.Buttheyarenot.
Themainproblemisthesoundinsulationtabledinthestatutoryorder.Thevaluesarebasedon
measurementsin26DanishhousespublishedbyHoffmeyerandJakobsen
36
.Unfortunately,these
measurementswerewrong.
Theissueisthatsoundatlowfrequenciesvarieswithinaroomusuallybymanydecibelsandas
mentionedinSection3.3.2,thelevelshouldbrieflyexplainedbemeasured,wheretheannoyedperson
findsitloudest.Thesoundinsulationmustbemeasuredthesamewayinordertobeapplicablefor
calculationsofrelevantindoorlevelsfromoutdoorlevels.Butitwasnot.Theindoormeasurementswere
simplymadeatarbitrarypositionsthatwerenotselectedforahighlevel.Thustheobtainedvaluesof
soundinsulationaretoohigh.
Figure1showsanexampleofthesounddistributioninaroom.Eachframeshowsthesounddistributionin
agivenheight,andthecolorscalegivesthesoundpressurelevel(scaleattheright).
6

Figure1.Exampleofsimulatedsounddistributioninaroom(5.0mx3.6mx2.5m;LxWxH).The
soundisa112Hzpuretone.Thesoundentersthrougha90cmx90cmopening(assumedwindow)at
theleftendwall.Probablyasasurprisetomany,thisisnotwherethehighestlevelsarefound,which
isatthelowersidewall.

Asseen,therearelargeareaswithsoundpressurelevelsofmorethan25dB,whilelessthan10dBmaybe
measuredinotherareas.Thefigureappliestoanextremesituationwithapuretoneinanemptyroom,but
variationsof30dBwithpuretonesand20dBwiththirdoctavebandnoisearenotuncommoninreal
furnishedrooms.
TogetherwithaSwedishcolleague,wepointedouttheerrorinHoffmeyerandJakobsensdata
36
ina
commentary
37
inthescientificjournalwherethemeasurementswerepublished.
Inareply
38
tothecommentary,DanishEPAemployeeJakobsenseemstobeoftheopinionthatitmakesno
difference,whetherthemeasurementsaremadeintheloudestareasornot.Thisisobviouslywrong.The
firstauthorHoffmeyeroftheoriginalpublicationdidnotsignthereply,anddespiteofmanyrequestsithas
notbeenpossibletoclarify,whetherhesharestheviewsexpressedinJakobsensreply.
Basedontheirmeasurements,HoffmeyerandJakobsen
36
proposedsoundinsulationdatatobeusedfor
calculationofindoorlowfrequencynoisefromwindturbines.Duetothemeasurementerror,thesevalues
aretoohigh.FortheDanishregulation,valueswereincreasedevenfurtherby2.24.1dBdependingon
frequency.
Height: 0.05 m Height: 0.35 m Height: 0.65 m
Height: 0.95 m Height: 1.25 m Height: 1.55 m
Height: 1.85 m Height: 2.15 m Height: 2.45 m

dB
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
7

Asaresult,thecalculationoftheDanishregulationgivesvaluesthatunderestimatethelowfrequency
noisethatwouldbemeasuredinneighboringhouses.
Themagnitudeoftheerrorisestimatedtobearound5dB,seeAnnexB.
Evenwhenanerrorof5dBmightseemsmall,itisfarfrombeingnegligible.AsmentionedinSection3.2,
theloudnessandannoyanceincreasemoresteeplyabovethresholdthanathigherfrequencies.Thismeans
thatwhenthelevelisafewdecibelsabovethe20dBlimit,theconsequencesaremoresevere,thanifa
limitathigherfrequenciesisexceededbythesameamount.Mostpeoplewillhearasoundat20dB,and
somewillfinditannoying.Fewpeoplewouldprobablyaccept25dBintheirhomeatnightandhardly
anyonewouldaccept30dB.
Intheargumentationforthenewregulation,theEPAsays:TheDanishEPAfindsthattherewillbea
substantialnoisenuisance,ifthelowfrequencyindoornoiseexceeds20dBintheeveningandnight.The
perceivedannoyancefromlowfrequencynoiseincreasesstrongly,whenthenoisereachesabove20dB.
39

(Ourtranslation).
3.3.4 Limitsforthegeneralnoise
TocompletethedescriptionoftheDanishregulation,calculationsandlimitsfortotalnoiseshouldbe
brieflymentioned.
Thelimitsfortotalwindturbinenoisewerenotmodifiedintheupdate.ThelimitsareoutdoorAweighted
levelsof39dBinresidentialareasexceptforresidencesintheopencountryside,wherethelimitis44dB.
Theselimitsapplyatawindspeedof8m/sataheightof10m.Atawindspeedof6m/s,limitsof37and
42dBapply,respectively.Thelowsetoflimitsalsoappliestorecreationalareasandareasforvarious
institutions.
Unlikeforothernoisesources,thenoiseisnotmeasuredatneighboringdwellings,butmeasurementsclose
totheturbinesoftheemittedsoundareusedtocalculatetheoreticaloutdoorsoundpressurelevelsatthe
neighbors.
Thenoiseiscalculatedusingthesameformulaasfortheindoorlowfrequencynoise,exceptthatthesound
insulationL

isomitted.1.5dBisusedforthegroundreflectionL

(3.0dBoversea),andabsorption
coefficients
a
forthefullfrequencyrangearegiveninatablequotedhereasTable2.
Table2.AbsorptioncoefficientsusedintheDanishregulationforcalculatingoutdoortotalsound
pressurelevelL
pA
.
Frequency
(Hz)
50 63 80 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630
a
o

(dB/km)
0.07 0.11 0.17 0.26 0.38 0.55 0.77 1.02 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.4
Frequency
(Hz)
800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000 5000 6300 8000 10000
a
o
(dB/km)
2.9 3.6 4.6 6.3 8.8 12.6 18.8 29.0 43.7 67.2 105 157

3.4 RegardingtheArcadisReport,havethecalculationsandassessmentofLow
FrequencyNoisebeenmadecorrectlywithrespecttotheDanishmethodand
standards?Ifnot,inwhatrespectdotheydiffer?Willrecalculationleadto
substantiallydifferentresults?
WehavethefollowingcommentstotheArcadisreport
5
.
Table2ofthereporthasadatapointfortherelativespectrumat20Hz,whichisreportedtobefromthe
articlebyMllerandPedersen
6
(TableIII).However,ourarticledoesnothavedataatthisfrequency.Inthe
otherendofthelowfrequencyrange,forsomeoddreason,Table2doesnotincludethefrequencies125
and160Hz.
Likewise,inthecalculations,Arcadisuseddatapointsat10,12.5,16and20Hzallegedlyfromourarticle,
wheredatapointsdonotexistatthesefrequencies.Furthermore,thedatapointat20Hzusedinthe
calculationsisnotthesameasgiveninTable2.
However,theextradatapointshavebeengivenreasonablevalues,andsincethenoiseattheselowest
frequenciesdoesnotcontributemuchtothetotallowfrequencylevel,theirexactvaluehasonlymarginal
impactonthefinalresult.Nevertheless,theadditionofdatapointstotheMllerandPedersendata
should,ofcourse,havebeenexplainedanddiscussedintheArcadisreport.
Exceptforthis,theunderstandinganduseoftheMllerandPedersendataarecorrect.
AlsotheunderstandinganduseoftheDanishregulationforlowfrequencynoisearecorrect.Wehave
checkedthecalculationsoflowfrequencynoiseatthefourselectedneighborpositionsandgetthesame
results.
Itshouldbenotedthatthe20dBlimitwasactuallyexceededinthreeofthefourcalculatedpositionsinall
scenariosandinallfourpositionsinonescenario,whichisnotfullyreflectedinTable3,wherefiguresare
roundedtonearestintegerdecibel.InDenmark,thelimitisanabsolutelimit,whichmaynotbeexceeded.
Arcadisseemstobeunawareofthemeasurementerrorintheinsulationmeasurementsbehindthedataof
theDanishstatutoryorder.Despitethatthishasbeenpointedoutinthescientificliterature,itmaybe
consideredexcusable,sincetheorderitselfdoesnotinformabouttheoriginofthedata.

3.5 Inyouropinion,isthenoisespectrumreferredtoasArcadisacousticstudyin
Tables1and2arealisticworstcasescenarioforcalculatingLFNeffectsproduced
by3MWwindturbines?Ifnot,whynotandcanyouindicatewhatthecorrect
assumptionswillbe?Willthisleadtosubstantiallydifferentresults?
No,thespectrumoftheoriginalArcadisstudyinthesetables(Koppen
5
,firstrowsofTable1and2)does
notrepresentaworstcasescenario.Itmaybesofortherelativesourcelevelatcertainfrequencies,but
notforallfrequencies,andnotforthefinalresult,thenoiseattheneighbors.
9

WedonotknowtheexactderivationoftheArcadisrelativespectrumfromthenontranslatedprevious
Dutchreports(Koppen
2,4
),butworstcaseaspectshavenotbeeninvolvedinthederivationofthetwoother
relativespectra,andthefinalresultsofusingthethreesetsofdataareverysimilar(Koppen
5
,Table3).
ThedatabyMllerandPedersen
6
areestimatesbasedonmeasurementsofturbinesofvarioussizeand
models.Themodelisabestfitmodeloftheactuallymeasureddatawithoutadditionstoaccountfor
uncertaintyandvariationbetweenturbines.
Furthermore,theaveragingbyMllerandPedersendisguisestonesortonelikecomponentsthattypically
appearinsinglefrequencybandsforaspecificmodel,butindifferentbandsfordifferentmodels.Dueto
roomresonances,suchtonalortonelikenoisecomponentsmaybeparticularlyloudandannoyingin
certainhousesand/orrooms.
Thereisanunavoidablevariationinnoiseemissionbetweenturbines,evenofthesamemodel.The
probabilitythatagivendeliveredturbineemitsmorenoisethananaverageturbineorforthatmatter,
anyrandomlychosenmeasuredturbineofthesamemodel,isinprinciple50%.
Forplanningpurposes,thenoiseemissionshouldthereforebespecifiedaccordingtoIECTS1140014
40
.
Thisdocumentusesmeasurementsonseveralsimilarturbinesandtakesintoaccountthevariation
betweenturbinestoobtainthedeclaredapparentsoundpowerlevelL
Wd
forthemodel.Thisisthelevelof
theapparentsoundpowerthatwillonlybeexceededby5%oftheproduction.Usingsuchvalueswould
yieldascenario,whichcouldreasonablywellbedenotedasworstcase.
TheVestasV112scenarioofTables3isindeedderivedfrommeasurementsonasingleturbine
8
.Even
whenthelevelshavebeenmarginallyadjustedtomeetthespecifiedtotalnoiseinVestasdatasheet
9
,this
doesnotmakeitaworstcasescenario.VestasdoesnotrefertoIECTS1140014orotherwiseclaimor
documentthattheirvaluesarethemaximumemittedsoundpowerforsamplesoftheproduction.When
seenacrossthemeasuredwindspeeds,theirdatasheetvaluesareinfactclosetothemeasuredlevelsfor
thesinglemeasuredturbine.(SeealsoSection4.1).
Howmuchhighervalueswillbeinaworstcasescenario,dependsonthevariationbetweenturbines,and
sincethisisnotspecifiedfortheactualmodel,wecanonlygivegeneralinformation.Mlleretal.
17

estimatedavalueof2.64.8dBtobeaddedtotheaverageofturbinestoachievelevelsaccordingtoIECTS
1140014.Partofthisvariation,maythoughstemfromdifferencesbetweensimilarturbinesrunningin
differentmodes,amatterwhichwasnotfullyexpoundedinthedataatourdisposal.Onlyturbine
producershavethefullinformationonturbinesettingsandshouldprovidetheinformation,e.g.byusing
IECTS1140014.Thevaluesmentionedapplytothetotalnoiseandnotparticularlytothelowfrequency
noise.
ExperiencefromarecentDanishprojectwitheightVestasV903.0MWturbineshasshownthatthe
measuredsoundpowerlevels
41
exceedtheanticipatedlevelsfromtheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment
(EIA)
42
,andseveralturbinesnowruninnoisereducedmodestofulfillnoiserequirements.Theturbines
werebuiltbeforethenewDanishregulations,butthemeasurementsshowthattheyfulfillthenewlow
frequencyrequirements
43
.Nevertheless,thereareheavycomplaintsfromneighbors,anditisour
impressionthathighemissionsinthe50Hzthirdoctavebandareofimportance.Thenearestneighboris
545metersfromtheclosestturbine.ThedatasheetnoisespecificationsfortheV903MWturbine
44
are
10

veryclosetothoseoftheV1123MW,althoughmarginallylowerformostwindspeeds.Itshouldbe
emphasizedthatwehavenoreasontobelievethatsuchproblemsarespecifictoVestasturbines.
ThesourcedatausedbyArcadisfortheVestasV112scenario(Koppen
5
,Table3thirdrow),i.e.relative
spectrumlevelsfromthemeasurementsoftheV1123.0MWturbineappliedtodatasheetvaluesforthe
totalnoiseofV112andV80turbines,canbeconsideredrealisticandlikely.
Thesedatawillthereforebeusedforcalculationsintheremainingpartofthisreport.SincetheArcadis
reportonlydisplaysvaluesupto160Hz,valuesforthefullfrequencyrangearegiveninAnnex3.Datafor
theV112turbinearealsogiveningraphicalforminFigure2.

Figure2.ThirdoctaveapparentsoundpowerlevelsforVestasV1123.0MWturbinesusedinthe
calculations.

Itisnotedthattherearepeaksat63and100Hz,suggestingtonesortonelikenoiseinthesefrequency
bands.
Itshouldbeemphasizedthatallcalculationsofnoiseattheneighborsinthisreportincludenoisefromthe
proposednewturbinesaswellastheexistingBelgianturbines.

50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
1
0
1
2
.
5
1
6
2
0
2
5
3
1
.
5
4
0
5
0
6
3
8
0
1
0
0
1
2
5
1
6
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
3
1
5
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
3
0
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
5
0
1
6
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
3
1
5
0
4
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
6
3
0
0
8
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
dB
Thirdoctavefrequency(Hz)
11

3.6 IsitpossibletoindicatetheexpectedLFNthatwillbeproducedbytheplanned
fourwindturbinesoftypeVestasV1123MW,hubheight119m.
Itispossibletoindicatearealisticandlikely(notworstcase)scenarioforthelowfrequencynoiseexposure
attheneighbors.
Forthatpurpose,sourcedataexplainedinSection3.5andshowninFigure2andAnnexCareused.Forthe
soundtransmission,theDanishregulation
7
(Section3.3.2)isusedandresultsarecorrectedwiththe
estimated5dBerrorduetothesoundinsulationmeasurementerror(Section3.3.3andAnnexB).
Becauseofdifferencesinsoundinsulation,notallhouseswillhavethesameindoornoise,andhigher
soundpressurelevelsthancalculatedwillbeobservedinsomehouses.Itistheexpressedobjectiveofthe
Danishregulationthathigherlevelswillbeobservedin33%ofthehouses
39
.HoffmeyerandJakobsen
36
had
otherwiseproposedthatthecalculatedlevelshouldonlybeexceededin1020%ofthehouses.Inthe
following,calculationshavealsobeenmadewiththeirproposedsoundinsulationdata(resultslikewise
correctedbytheestimated5dBmeasurementerror).
Thesecalculationsofferacredibleestimateoftheindoorlowfrequencynoisetobeexceededinthe33%
respectively1020%poorestsoundinsulatedhouses.Thecalculationsdonotaccountfordeviationsinthe
noiseemittedfromtheactuallyerectedturbines(Section3.6)(includingtheirdirectionalpattern),
deviationsintheemittedsoundfromtheexistingBelgianturbines(includingtheirdirectionalpattern),
differencesinbuildingstyleandsoundinsulationbetweenDutchandDanishhouses,possiblyopen
windowsandvariationinatmosphericconditions.
Table3givescalculatedoutdoorandindoorlevelsforthefourneighborpositionschosenbyArcadis
5
.
Table3.Calculatedoutdoorandindoorsoundpressurelevelsatselectedneighborpositions.The
indoordataarelevelsexceededinthe33%respectively1020%poorestsoundinsulatedhouses.
Windspeed8m/s.
Neighborposition OutdoorL
pA
(dB) IndoorL
pALF
(dB)

Danishregulation
Hoffmeyerand
Jakobsen
7:
newhomesMalberg
45.1 25.3 28.1
7B:
Toustruwe,Malberg
44.0 24.4 27.2
17:
Kantoorweg
45.2 25.2 27.9
18:
Europark,Belgium
46.2 26.1 28.9
correctedwiththeestimated5dBerrorduetothesoundinsulationmeasurementerror
(Section3.3.3andAnnexB)

12

Itisseenthat,dependingonposition,outdoorlevelsof44.046.2dBareexpected.Fortheindoorlow
frequencynoise,levelsof24.426.1dBormoreareexpectedin33%ofhouses(columnDanishregulation)
and27.228.9dBormorein1020%ofhouses(columnHoffmeyerandJakobsen).
Togiveanideaofhowfarawaythe20dBindoorlimitisexceeded,20dBnoisecontoursfortheindoor
lowfrequencynoisehavebeencalculated.Thecontoursareshownonanopenstreetmap(Figure3)and
onanortophoto(Figure4)(MicrosoftBingAerial).
Thecontourscanalsobeseenonline,whereitispossibletoswitchbetweenmapandaerialview,andto
zoomandmovearoundwiththecursor.Itisalsopossibletousestreetviewande.g.seetheexisting
Belgianturbinesindifferentperspectives.Internetaddress:http://tinyurl.com/d7ht7xh.
Itisseenthatthe20dBlimitwillbeexceededinaverylargeareawithmanydwellingsandnotonlyatthe
nearestneighbors.Itshouldberememberedthattheloudnessincreasesmoresteeplyabovethehearing
thresholdthanathigherfrequenciesasmentionedinSection3.2,andthatTheperceivedannoyancefrom
lowfrequencynoiseincreasesstronglywhenthenoisereachesabove20dB(quotefromDanishEPA
39
as
mentionedinSection3.3.3).

13

Figure3.Contourswherethe20dBindoorlowfrequencylimitisexceededinthe33%or1020%
poorestsoundinsulatedhouses(redandorangeline,respectively).Windspeed8m/s.Seetextfor
calculationdetails.

14

Figure4.Contourswherethe20dBindoorlowfrequencylimitisexceededinthe33%or1020%
poorestsoundinsulatedhouses(redandorangelines,respectively).Windspeed8m/s.Seetextfor
calculationdetails.

15

4 Generalcommentstotheproject
Allquestionsasked(AnnexA)andthustheprecedingsectionshavedealtwithlowfrequencynoise.
However,wefinditappropriatetoaddsomegeneralcomments.
4.1 Totalnoiseoutdoors
TheDutchnoiselimitsforwindturbinenoise
45,46
arebasedonthedayeveningnightconcept,L
den
,thelong
term(yearly)equivalentlevel,wherenoiseintheeveningisgivenapenaltyof5dBandnoiseinthenighta
penaltyof10dB.Thisconceptwasdevelopedtoallowtrafficnoisewithatypical24hourpatterntobe
characterizedbyasinglefigure.However,suchdiurnalpatterndoesnotexistforwindturbines,sincewind
turbinesrunaroundtheclock,andwedonotfinditsuitabletocharacterizewindturbinenoisebyL
den
.Also
Pedersen
47
arguedagainstusingofL
den
forwindturbinenoise.
Sincemostcomplaintsrelatetothewindturbinenoiseintheeveningandatnight,weappreciatethat
thereisanadditionalDutchlimitforthelevelatnightL
night
.However,thislimitalsoappliestoayearly
average,whichallowsmorenoiseatsomenights,ifthereislessnoiseatothernights.Thisisnottheway
thehumanorganismworks,though.Ifwearedisturbedbynoiseinthenight,wecannottakeadvantageof
thefactthat,afterawhiletomorrow,aftersomedays,maybeaweektherewillbenightswithlessor
nonoise.Itisourconvictionthatlimitsshouldapplytotheactualnoiseinsituationsthatoccurregularly.
InDenmarkandSweden,noiselimitsapplytocalculatednoiselevelsatawindspeedof8m/s(10m
height).(InDenmarkadditionallowerlimitsexistat6m/s).Windat8m/soccurslessoftenintheactual
areaaroundMaastrichtthaninmostpartsofDenmark,thusthereareargumentsforusingthenoise
emissionatalowerwindspeedthan8m/s,e.g.6m/s.However,withtheproposedturbines(largerotor,
hightower),itmakesonlyamarginaldifference,infactthemeasurednoiseat7m/swashigherthanat8
m/s
8
.Figure5showstheemittednoiseasafunctionofwindspeedasmeasuredbyDelta
8
andasgivenin
thedatasheet
9
.Atlowwindspeeds,upto1.2dBmorewasmeasuredthangiveninthedatasheet,while
upto1.4dBlesswasmeasuredathighwindspeeds.
16

Figure5.ApparentsoundpowerlevelL
WA
asafunctionofwindspeedasmeasuredbyDelta
8
andas
givenindatasheetbyVestas
9
.

Further,thethreemostacknowledgeddoseresponsecurves,includingDutchcurves,havebeenmadewith
calculatednoiseata10mheightwindspeedof8m/sastheindependentvariable(PedersenandWaye
48
;
PedersenandWaye
49
;vandenBergetal.
18
andPedersenetal.
50
).Wehavethereforechosentocalculate
thenoiseforawindspeedof8m/s.
AsmentionedinSection3.3.4,thelimitsinDenmarkat8m/sare39dBindwellingareasand44dBat
dwellingsintheopenland.InSweden,generallimitsare40dBatdwellings,however35dBinareaswith
lowbackgroundnoise
51
.Theprojectareaisclaimedtobealreadymarkedbyindustry,whicharguesfor
usingtheslightlyhigherDutchnightlimitof41dBwithcalculatedlevelsat8m/s.Doseresponsecurves
indicate2324%rather/fairlyorveryannoyedat41dBcalculatedlevelat8m/s(interpolatedfrom
Pedersenetal.
50
,Figure2).
Contoursof39,41and44dBatawindspeedof8m/shavebeencalculatedusingthepropagation
calculationoftheDanishregulations.Resultsareshownonanopenstreetmap(Figure6)andonan
orthophoto(Figure7)(MicrosoftBingAerial).(SourcespectraasdescribedinSection3.5andgivenin
AnnexC).
Alsothesecontourscanbeseenonline.Internetaddress:http://tinyurl.com/cwv76ke.

97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
dB
Windspeed(m/s)
MeasuredbyDelta
Vestasdatasheet
17

Figure6.ContoursforoutdoorAweightedsoundpressurelevelsof39dB(orangeline),41dB(blue
line)and44dB(redline)usingthepropagationcalculationoftheDanishregulation.Windspeed8
m/s.

18

Figure7.ContoursforoutdoorAweightedsoundpressurelevelsof39dB(orangeline),41dB(blue
line)and44dB(redline),usingthepropagationcalculationoftheDanishregulations.Windspeed8
m/s.

NoisespectraatthefourpositionsselectedbyArcadis
5
areshowninFigure8.

19

Figure8.ThirdoctavespectraofthecalculatedoutdoorAweightednoiseatfourselectedpositions
byArcadis
1,5
:7(newhomesMalberg),7B(Toustruwe,Malberg),17(Kantoorweg)and18(Europark,
Belgium).TotalAweightedsoundpressurelevelsL
pA
are45.1,44.1,45.2and46.2dB,respectively.
Distancestonearestturbineare467,546,381and385m.Windspeed8m/s.

Thepeaksat63and100Hzaremoreprominentthaninthesourcespectrum,sinceatthesedistancesthe
higherfrequencieshavebeenattenuatedbythesoundabsorptionoftheair.

4.2 Additionalcomments
InadditiontotheformalquestionsraisedandgivenineachofthesubsectionsofSection3,wewereasked
toaddresscertainaspectsifpossible(seeAnnexA).Mostoftheseaspectshaveobviouslybeenmentioned
already,andafewmorewillfollowherealongwithothercomments.
Onesubjectisthestateofrepairofwindturbinesandthenoiseproduction.Wehavenospecific
knowledgeofthis,butitseemstobegenerallyagreedthatthenoisemayincreasewithimproper
maintenanceandalsonormalwearofthemechanicsandtheblades.
Anothermatteristheheightoftheturbinesanditspossibleinfluenceonthenoise.Theturbinetoweris
extraordinaryhighandtherotordiameterlargefor3.0MWturbines,whichisprobablyneededtoachieve
anadequatepowerproductionwiththelowwindconditionsoftheactualarea.
Aspecificproblemwithlargeturbinesisthatactualwindspeedprofilesvaryalotandoftendeviate
substantiallyfromthenormallyassumedlogarithmicalprofile(see,e.g.vandenBerg
52
,Botha
53
,Palmer
54

andBowdler
55
).Inastableatmosphere,whichoftenexistsatnight,variationswithheightcanbemuch
largerthanassumedwithhighwindspeedattheturbineheightandlittlewindattheground.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2
0
2
5
3
1
.
5
4
0
5
0
6
3
8
0
1
0
0
1
2
5
1
6
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
3
1
5
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
3
0
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
5
0
1
6
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
3
1
5
0
4
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
6
3
0
0
8
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
dB
Thirdoctavefrequency(Hz)
7
7B
17
18
20

Alargevariationofwindspeedacrosstherotorareaincreasesthemodulationoftheturbinenoise,andthe
normalswishswishsoundturnsintoamoreannoying,thumping,impulsivesoundasreportedby,e.g.,
vandenBerg
56,57
andPalmer
58
.Theeffectismoreprominentwithturbineswithlargerotors,wherethe
differenceinwindspeedbetweenrotortopandbottomcanbesubstantial.Theeffectisusuallynot
reflectedinnoisemeasurements,whicharemainlycarriedoutinthedaytime,whenthelogarithmicprofile
ismorecommon.
Anotherissueregardingatmosphericconditionsisthatitisoftenclaimedtoreflectaworstcasesituation,
whendownwindpropagationisassumedforcalculationsofneighbornoise.Thisisbarelytrue,though.Itis
correctthatnoiseisusuallymoreattenuatedinupwindconditions,andmostpeoplehaveeveryday
experiencewiththis.Theeffectisduetobendingofthesoundwavesfromrefractionintheatmosphere,
whichcausesupwindshadowzones.However,fornoisesourcesoftheheightoflargewindturbines,
shadowzonesarenormallyfurtherawaythanusualnoisecontours,includingthosegiveninthisreport.
Itisalsoourexperiencethatcomplainingneighborsdonotexplicitlymentiondownwindconditionsasthe
worstsituation.Sometimes,nuisancesarementionedasbeingmoresevereinotherwinddirections,which
maybeexplainedbyadirectionalpatternoftheturbinecombinedwithitsorientationtotheneighbor.
ItisalsorelevanttomentionthatinDenmarkthereisanabsoluteminimumdistancetodwellings
irrespectiveofthenoiseoffourtimesthetotalheightoftheturbinetopreventthattheturbinesappear
toogiganticandintrusiveattheneighborsplace.Sincethetotalheightoftheplannedturbinesis175
meter,theabsoluteminimumdistanceinDenmarkwouldbe700meter.
5 Concludingremarks
- Arcadisunderstandinganduseofourdataarecorrect,exceptforafewminorissues.Alsotheir
understandinganduseofthenewDanishregulationoflowfrequencynoisearecorrect.
- However,thecalculationofthenewDanishregulationunderestimatestheindoorlowfrequency
noise.Wherethe20dBlimitisjustmet,realmeasurementswillgivevaluesthatexceedthelimitby
severaldecibelsinmanyhouses.
- Acreditablecalculationoftheproposedprojectshowsthattheindoorlowfrequencynoisewill
exceed20dBinmanyhousesinalargegeographicalarea.
- Thisisimportant,sincetheperceivedannoyancefromlowfrequencynoiseincreasesstrongly,
whenthenoiseexceeds20dB.
- Prolongedexposuretoaudiblelowfrequencysoundmaycausefatigue,headache,impaired
concentration,sleepdisturbanceandphysiologicalstress.
- Thecalculationsusethemostlikelyvaluesofemittednoiseanddonotrepresentworstcase
scenarios.Thereisnomargintoaccountforuncertaintyand/orincreasednoiseduringageingof
theturbines.
- Wedonotconsidernoiselimits(suchastheDutch)basedonyearlyaveragesassuitableforwind
turbinenoise.Incommonactualsituations,DutchandDanishlimitsforthetotaloutdoornoisein
dwellingareasareexceededinmanylocations.
- InDenmark,thereisaminimumsetbackdistanceirrespectiveofnoiseoffourtimestheturbine
height,i.e.700meterforturbinesproposed.
21

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24

AnnexA. QuestionsfromtheCityofMaastricht
1.EffectsofLowFrequencyNoisehavebeenresearchedalot.Onwhichaspectsdoestheresearch
(approach)ofMllerandPedersendifferfromthatofotherresearchers?
2.WhatarethemaineffectsofLowFrequencyNoise(LFN)onhumansandwhenspecificallydothese
effectsoccur?
3.TheDanishGovernmenthaschangedtheregulationsforerectingwindturbinesasaresultofyour
research.Isthatcorrect?Andifso,whatspecificchangeshavebeenmade?
4.RegardingtheArcadisReport,havethecalculationsandassessmentofLowFrequencyNoisebeenmade
correctlywithrespecttotheDanishmethodandstandards?Ifnot,inwhatrespectdotheydiffer?Will
recalculationleadtosubstantiallydifferentresults?
5.Inyouropinion,isthenoisespectrumreferredtoasArcadisacousticstudyinTables1and2arealistic
worstcasescenarioforcalculatingLFNeffectsproducedby3MWwindturbines?Ifnot,whynotandcan
youindicatewhatthecorrectassumptionswillbe?Willthisleadtosubstantiallydifferentresults?
6.IsitpossibletoindicatetheexpectedLFNthatwillbeproducedbytheplannedfourwindturbinesof
typeVestasV1123MW,hubheight119m.
Ifpossible,pleaseaddressthefollowinginyouranswer:
a.ApplicableDutchandBelgianlawsandregulationsandrecentjurisprudence;
b.Thestandardswithrespecttonoise(LdenandLnight)inBelgiumandtheNetherlands,howthese
standardscameabout(legalhistory)andhowthedescriptionspecialcircumstancesasreferredtointhe
ActivitiesDecreeisbeingputintopractice;
c.Thelowandhighfrequencynoiseandthestandardsapplicabletoit;
d.Thenoisespectrumofthewindturbine,thetonalandpulsatingnoise;
e.TheaspectsrelatingtocumulationwiththeexistingcompaniesandwindturbinesinBelgium;
f.The(provisional)resultsofthenoisemeasurementoftheexistingsituationinLanakerveld
1
;
g.Reliabilityofmeasurementsasopposedtocalculationsbasedoncomputermodels;
h.Thewindspeedinrelationtothenoiseproductionofthefourturbines;
i.TheacousticstudyoflowfrequencynoiseandtheDanishstandard;
j.Thestateofrepairofthewindturbinesandthenoiseproduction;
k.ThemultiyearwindstatisticsoftheKNMI,theshaftheightofthewindturbineandthenoiseproduction
(sourcelevel);
l.Thewindspeedintheevening/nightatagreatheightandthenoiseproduction(sourcelevel);
m.TheautonomousdevelopmentofAlbertknoopandLanakerveldanditseffectonthetotalnoise
production;
n.Thedeterminationofthemaximumsourcelevelbythesupplierandtheguaranteesofthemaximum
sourcelevelgivenbythesupplier;
o.Therelationshipbetweentheshaftheightofthewindturbinesandthelowfrequencynoise;

1
Thesemeasurementshavenotbeenavailableduringpreparationofthepresentreport
25

AnnexB. EstimationoftheerrorbyusingHoffmeyerandJakobsens
insulationdata
Pedersenetal.
59
havefoundthata3Dcornermeasurementmethodisusefulinfindinglevelsnearthe
maximumlowfrequencylevels,peopleareexposedtoinrooms.ThisissupportedbydatafromBrunskog
andJakobsen
60
,whosimulatedthesoundfieldin100room/frequencycombinationsandfoundthatthe
3Dcornermethodhitsquitecentrallythemaximumlevels,whichinhabitantsareexposedtointheopen
areasoftheroom(theirTables3and4,meanerrorbelow1dB).
Inparallelmeasurementsinninerooms,meandifferencesof0.39.6dBdependingonfrequencywereseen
betweenthe3DcornermethodandtheprocedureusedbyHoffmeyerandJakobsen
36
(measurements
reportedbyHoffmeyerandSndergaard
15
andbyHoffmeyer
61
,respectively).
Anestimatederrorinthemiddleofthisrange,i.e.5dB,isthusproposedforthetotalindoorlowfrequency
soundlevel.Thisisaconservativeestimate,sincethemaincontributionsareusuallyfromfrequenciesat50
Hzorabove,andatthesefrequenciesdifferencesareabout5dBorhigher.
AdifferenceofthesameorderofmagnitudeissupportedbyPedersenetal.sownmeasurementsinthree
rooms(theirFigure20).
Finally,MoorhouseandRamadorai
62
foundthatthepoweraverageofmeasurementsinalownumberof
arbitrarypositionsasintheISO140series
63
underestimatesthetrueroompoweraverageby23dBor
moreatfrequenciesbelow125160Hz.ISO140hasfivepositions,HoffmeyerandJakobsenonlythree.
Pedersenetal.foundthatthehighlevelareasare34dBabovethetrueroompoweraverage.
Consequently,thisalsoleadstoaconservativeestimateof5dBfortheerrorfromusingHoffmeyerand
Jakobsensdata.
References:

59
S.Pedersen,H.Mller,K.P.Waye,IndoormeasurementsofnoiseatlowfrequenciesProblemsandsolutions,
JournalofLowFrequencyNoise,VibrationandActiveControl,26(4),249270,2007.
60
J.BrunskogandF.Jacobsen,Measurementsoflowfrequencynoiseinrooms,Memorandum(DanishEnvironmental
ProtectionAgency,2008).
61
D.Hoffmeyer,Supplerendedatabehandlingafresultateraflydisolationsmlingergennemfrtiprojektet
Lavfrekventstjfrastorevindmller(Supplementarydataprocessingofsoundinsulationmeasurementscarriedout
intheprojectLowfrequencynoisefromlargewindturbines),ReportRL20/08,Delta,29.September2008.
62
A.Moorhouse,R.Ramadorai,Measurementoftheaveragesoundpressurelevelinaroomatlowfrequencies,The
ThirteenthInternationalCongressonSoundandVibration,Vienna,2006.
63
ISO140,AcousticsMeasurementofsoundinsulationinbuildingsandofbuildingelements,International
OrganizationforStandardization,Geneva,1998.
26

AnnexC. Spectraofemittedsoundusedincalculations
Frequencydistributionsofemittednoisearenotavailablefromtheproducer.Relativespectrumvalues
frommeasurementsoftheV1123.0MW
8
turbinehavethereforebeenappliedtothedatasheetvaluesfor
thetotalnoiseoftheV802.0MW
10
andV1123.0MW
9
turbines.Thisisthesameprocedureasusedby
Arcadis
5
.SeealsoSection3.5.
Table4.SourcespectrausedfortheV802.0MWandV1123.0MWturbinesandthebackground
data.AlldataaregivenasAweightedsoundpowerlevelsindecibels.

MeasuredforV112
at8m/s
Datasheet8m/s
V80 V112
TotalL
WA
106.0 105.2 106.5
Frequency Relative Usedincalculations
10 45.2 60.8 44.4 45.7
12.5 49.9 56.1 49.1 50.4
16 56.3 49.7 55.5 56.8
20 65.9 40.1 65.1 66.4
25 70.4 35.6 69.6 70.9
31.5 70.3 35.7 69.5 70.8
40 74.9 31.1 74.1 75.4
50 77.9 28.1 77.1 78.4
63 87.0 19.0 86.2 87.5
80 86.2 19.8 85.4 86.7
100 92.1 13.9 91.3 92.6
125 89.3 16.7 88.5 89.8
160 90.0 16.0 89.2 90.5
200 91.4 14.6 90.6 91.9
250 90.4 15.6 89.6 90.9
315 91.9 14.1 91.1 92.4
400 92.0 14.0 91.2 92.5
500 92.6 13.4 91.8 93.1
630 95.6 10.4 94.8 96.1
800 95.5 10.5 94.7 96.0
1000 96.9 9.1 96.1 97.4
1250 96.9 9.1 96.1 97.4
1600 95.0 11.0 94.2 95.5
2000 95.2 10.8 94.4 95.7
2500 92.8 13.2 92.0 93.3
3150 91.6 14.4 90.8 92.1
4000 89.9 16.1 89.1 90.4
5000 84.1 21.9 83.3 84.6
6300 80.8 25.2 80.0 81.3
8000 78.8 27.2 78.0 79.3
10000 77.8 28.2 77.0 78.3