Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PLEASE NOTE: The orthography used in this Guide is not yet completely consistent with the orthography of the dictionary. There is no separate syllabary representation of each linguistic example, and tone information is not yet available for all examples that are discussed. Later versions of this Guide will be completely consistent in this regard.
Table of Contents 1.
2.
Why are there different ways of writing Cherokee? .. What is there to represent? ... Basic sounds in the CED . Vowel length in the CED Tone in the CED .
3. 4. 5.
Looking up words in the CED 10 What information goes into a dictionary entry? 10 The architecture of a verb entry ........ 12 5. 1. 5. 2. 5. 3. 5. 4. 5. 5. The PRESENT form ...... The REMOTE PAST form ...... The PRESENT HABITUAL form ........ The IMPERATIVE form .......... The INFINITIVE form ............ 13 14 14 15 15
6.
How to put together new verb forms with the CED ..... 16 6. 1. 6. 2. Isolating the left end of the verb stem ....... 16 Working with the 5 aspect stems ........ 17 6.2.1. 6.2.1. 6.2.1. 6.2.1. 6.2.1. 6. 3. 6. 4. The PRESENT stem ......... The PERFECTIVE stem ........ The IMPERFECTIVE stem ....... The IMMEDIATE stem ....... The INFINITIVE stem ........ 17 18 19 21 22
7.
Special cases ...... 24 7.1 7.2 7.3 Verbs with partially identical stem forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Verbs in which pre-pronominal prefixes are obligatory . 24 Verbs which lack certain or all stem forms 24
8.
Additional Information... ... 25 8.1 8.2 8.3 Phonological Rules 25 Cherokee in conversation and speech . 26 Next steps in learning . 27
9.
Further reading....... 27
1.
Introduction
The Cherokee-English Dictionary (CED), authored by Durbin Feeling and edited by William Pulte in 1975, is the most sophisticated Cherokee dictionary to date. This Guidebook is designed for second-language learners of Cherokee who use the CED in their studies. It shows students how to best utilize this important reference work. Having worked through this Guide, you will be in a position to understand and make the most of the different types of information which the CED provides. For example, you will be able to create and recognize grammatical forms of words which you may never have heard or used before. The CED comes together with the Outline of Cherokee Grammar (OCG) in one volume. The Dictionary makes up the first part, and the Grammar is the second part. The two parts can be studied independently, but they are designed to be used together. For example, the same orthography is used for both. You need not understand and memorize everything in the Grammar section in order to use the Dictionary. However, the more aware you are of the information in the Grammar, the more you will be able to appreciate the information in the Dictionary. This Guide includes occasional references to particular sections of the Grammar where appropriate. It also provides some additional grammatical information, beyond what is contained in the Outline of Cherokee Grammar, in particular regarding the issue of aspect stems. However, the Guide is not designed to replace it, but to complement it. To familiarize yourself with the Cherokee-English Dictionary, it is best to read the Introduction (pages vii-xix) now, before going on to work through this Guide. Also, after having read through this Guide, you should go on the work through the Outline of Cherokee Grammar. This will be necessary because not all of the information in the OCG is summarized in this Guide. There is a lot more to be discovered! Finally, in order to become seriously engaged in the study of the Cherokee language, it is inevitable that you consult some of the primary literature written by linguists, especially the major grammatical descriptions by Duane King and Bill Cook, and Janine Scancarelli. These works are more technical than this guide or the OCG. But they present the state-of-the art when it comes to explaining Cherokee grammar in scientific term. At the end of this Guide you can find references the these and other works for further reading. 2. Cherokee sounds and Cherokee orthographies
The first things you might notice about the Cherokee-English Dictionary is the way in which Cherokee words are written in it. Understanding the orthography (the writing system) used in the CED is extremely important to understanding the information contained in it. Open any page of the Dictionary, and you will see that every word is given in two different writing systems. First, they are written in a alphabetic orthography designed for students of Cherokee. This writing system is based on the letters of the Latin alphabet. In this Guide, we will refer to this system as the CED orthography. In addition, words are additionally written in the Cherokee syllabary. The first, alphabetic representation may remind you of what many people refer to as Cherokee phonetics. Like the traditional Cherokee phonetics, the CED orthography 3
aims to give a representation of the sounds of Cherokee based on the Latin alphabet, thus allowing those who do not know the Cherokee syllabary to learn it. However, the CED orthography differs from Cherokee phonetics in that it is a complete representation. What that means is that it gives you all of the information that is required to pronounce the words like a native speaker would. This includes long and short vowels and tone information. For this reason, it is the best suited orthography available today for secondlanguage learners, and it is important to become familiar with it from the beginning. 2.1 Why are there different ways of writing Cherokee?
There is no single, best way to write Cherokee, or any language for that matter. How to best write down a language depends on who is going to read it. And there are at least two different audiences. If you are a native speaker of Cherokee, you dont need a full representation of all the details of pronunciation. That is because you already know the words which you are reading, including all the information about their pronunciation. All you need to do is recognize them. Then, once you have recognized them, you will be able to say them. The Cherokee Syllabary was designed for native speakers of Cherokee. It includes the information needed by a native speaker to recognize the words. At the same time, it ignores certain details such as long and short vowels, tone, and most aspiration contrasts. There is nothing wrong with that because a native speaker will automatically fill in these aspects of pronunciation. In fact, adding all of this detail would probably be unnecessarily cumbersome for the purposes of a native speaker. Second-language learners, on the other hand, are not in a position to fill in any missing information. Rather, in order to know how to pronounce a given word, the writing system must represent all relevant aspects of pronunciation. In order to know how to say a given word a full representation is needed, if a second-language learner is to be able to say Cherokee words like a native speaker would. It is necessary because second-language learners will frequently have to say and pronounce words which they have never heard before. The CED is designed to satisfy both of these audiences, which is reflected in the fact that every word is given in two different modes of representation. It is important to point out that the two orthographies that you find in the Cherokee-English Dictionary, the Syllabary and the CED orthography, are both equally valid ways of writing the language. The difference between them is that they are designed for two different jobs. The syllabary is designed for native speakers (and, perhaps, advanced learners). The practical orthography is designed for second-language learners of Cherokee. 2.2. What is there to represent?
In the following, we will go through CED orthography in detail. To start out, we need to ask: What is there to represent? What phonetic information is it that we need to write in order to write Cherokee? There are basically three types of information that need to be
included in the written representation of a Cherokee word in order to give second-language learners a chance to pronounce it correctly. 1. 2. 3. Basic consonants and vowel information for example, is the given consonant d or t ? Is it y or hy ? Is the vowel a or v? Vowel length for example, is the vowel long (e.g the a in gadu bread) or short (e.g. the a in gadu top)? Tone for example, is a given vowel pronounced with a low tone (e.g. the first a in 2ma water), high tone (e.g. the first a in a3ma salt), or some other tone category?
As you can see from this list, vowels pose a much greater challenge than consonants in Cherokee. That is because every vowel has both a short and a long variant, and can carry one of 7 tones. This means that each of the 6 vowels can, in theory, be pronounced in 14 different ways! This gives you an idea of the amount of information which is lost if you write Cherokee in a system that ignores length and tone. To be fair, there are fewer different pronunciations than this in practice. But the number of different pronunciations is still great and there is, in most cases, no way to predict what it will be unless it is part of the written representation. You may have heard that Cherokee has nasalized vowels. That is true. The difference between nasal and non-nasal (oral) vowels actually adds yet another dimension to the complexity of Cherokee sounds. However, unlike lenth and tone, whether or not a vowel is nasalized is completely predictable. What that means is that second language learners can learn the system very quickly and soon wont need the aid of the writing system any more. What is there to learn? In Cherokee, one vowel is always nasalized: the vowel that is written v. The other 5 vowels are normally not nasalized, but they, too, become nasal when they occur at the end of a word. Teachers of Cherokee report that nasalization is rarely a problem for learners, and since the rules are easy to learn and understand, we wont say anything more about them here. 2.3. Basic sounds in the CED
Given this complexity, what solution have the authors of the CED arrived at? First, every sound has a letter, or letter combination. In this alphabet, there are 6 vowels and 22 consonants. The vowels are the same as those used in the traditional syllabary transliteration: i, e, a, o, u, v. The consonants are more complicated, because there are more of them. But there is an easy way of simplifying the system. Most of the 22 phonetic consonants of Cherokee form pairs of aspirated and unaspirated sounds. The difference between an aspirated and an unaspirated consonant is, roughly, the same as that between the English voiceless and voiced versions of the same sound, for example k (as in kill) and g (as in gill). The two columns below show the Cherokee sounds which come in such pairs, written as they appear in the CED orthography. On the right are the sounds which dont come in aspirated-unaspirated pairs.
unaspirated:
d g j dl gw w y n l
aspirated:
t k ch tl kw hw hy hn hl
Look at the two columns on the left for a minute. Note that many of the sound contrasts are familiar to English speakers. For example, it should not be a problem for a learner to pick out the difference between d and t or between j and ch. That is why the CED authors have opted to use those letters, and this is what makes their orthography practical. However, note that other sounds dont occur in English, at least not regularly. The sounds hw and hy may be somewhat familiar from words like which or hue. But, the sound hn (known as a voiceless nasal) does not ever occur in English. It is therefore important to pay extra attention to this sound. It is very easy to overhear hn, and beginners are likely to hear it as n. Finally, the hl sound does not exist in English either, but it appears to be easy hear because it is sufficiently different from l. The only issue in connection with hl is that, as you may know, native speakers will sometimes, or always, use hl for tl and in some cases dl. Note that the CED orthograpny has two different ways in which the sounds hw, hy, and hn are written. This sound is written as hw before vowels (e.g. ahwi deer) but as wh before consonants (e..g. jgowhtha I see it). It is important to understand that these are not different sounds. In this Guide, these sounds are consistently spelled with an initial h (hw, hy, hn) which is also how they appear in all linguistic work on Cherokee. There is one more issue in connection with aspiration. In Cherokee the s sound aspirates sounds which directly precede it. For example, the world nigalsdi its happening is actually pronounced nigahlsdi. This effect is completely predictable. Because it can be predicted, the authors of the CED do not write such sounds as aspirated. The sound s has a similar effect on short (but not long) vowels that precede it. If a short vowel precedes s, you will hear a faint h sound right before s. This h sound is, essentially, the apiration associated with s. For example, the word sv>i night sounds like hsv>i. Since this h sound is completely predictable, it is not written in the CED orthography. There is one letter in the CED orthography that does not exist in the Latin alphabet: the glottal stop. This letter is written as a dot-less question mark - >. 2.4. Vowel length in the CED
In their normal form, the letters i, e, a, o, u, and v represent long vowels in the CED. The short counterpart of each vowel is marked by a dot under the letter: , , , , , v.
This sounds easy enough. However, there are two complications associated with the shortlong distinction as it is written in the CED. 1. In Cherokee, if a word ends in a vowel, that final vowel will be short. In other words, there are practically no words which end in long vowels (a few exceptions exist, but you can remember this as a very useful rule-of-thumb). Given that for these final vowels, the longshort distinction doesnt exist, final vowels are not given an underdot although they are (predictably) short. For example, the word ya I has two short vowels, even though only the first one is marked as short. 2. Another class of vowels is actually short, despite the fact that the CED uses no underdot. These are vowels in closed syllables. What is a closed syllable? Syllables which end in a vowel are called open (e.g. ga in gadu bread) and those that end in a consonant are called closed (e.g. gahl in gahljode house). Note how the word house is represented in the dictionary:
The a is not given an underdot, although it is short! That is because it is predictably short. 2.5. Tone in the CED
It was the creators of the CED, in collaborations with linguists, who first gave a full account of the tone categories found in Cherokee. Before this time, there was a general awareness that Cherokee had some kind of tone system, but it wasnt clear what those tones were. According to the present knowledge of Cherokee, a vowel can carry one of 7 tones, i.e. it can be pronounced with one of seven different pitch contours. What does this mean? When you pronounce a vowel you can do so it with a higher or lower hum or pitch. You can also pronounce it with a moving pitch, i.e. a pitch that goes from high to low or a from low to high. The pitch range that is needed to describe Cherokee can be divided up into four levels. You can think of this like a musical scale: The lowest pitch level is called 1, and the highest pitch level is called 4. The tones of Cherokee inhabit this pitch range between 1 and 4. The 7 tones, and how the CED writes them, are summarized below: low high rising falling extra low fall extra high rise extra high fall
a2 a3 a23 a32 a1 a4 a
Tones 2 and 3
2 3 (short vowels) 2 3 (long vowels)
Tones 2 and 3 are easy to understand, because they are level tones. A level tone is a steady, non-moving tone. You can think of it like holding a tune. The pitch stays at one level. The simplest tone is a tone at level 2 because this tone is the normal pitch. Slightly further up is level 3. Tones 23 and 32
23 32 (always on long vowels)
The next two tones are called 23 and 32 because they represent a rise from low to high, or a fall from high to low, respectively. Such tones are known as contour tones. Tones 23 and 32 are fairly subtle. They are easily confused with level tones. While the 23 tone is fairly common, the 32 tone is rather rare. Tones 1 and 4
(always on long vowels)
Unlike what their name suggests, the tones known as 1 and 4 are not level tones they are also contour tones. They are easier to pick out than the other two contour tones because they reach into more extreme pitch ranges. The first of them, tone 1, is a falling tone that starts roughly at level 2 and falls from there. It is the only tone that falls lower than level 2, and therefore easy to hear with some practice. Tone 4 rises higher than the 23, i.e. it goes up further than the normal high level. That is why it is called 4. Where this tone begins depends on the preceding tone. If the preceding tone ends at level 2 or lower, than the 4 tone will start roughly at level 2. If the preceding tone ends at level 3, then tone 4 will start at level 3 and rise from there. Tone 4 can be recognized by its very steep rise, which is often accompanied by some additional loudness. It may appear that there is a stress.1 Tone on word-final syllables
(always short)
Tones in the final syllables of words (e.g. wesa cat, h?a this) are unmarked. This doesnt mean that there is no tone here. Such syllables are pronounced with a distinctive
There is no such thing as stress in Cherokee (despite what some people may tell you). What you find is tone, and it is extremely important to pay attention to tone distinctions from the first day of your Cherokee studies even if it is very hard and frustrating to do so at first, while your ears are not tuned to it yet.
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tone, which only occurs here. This tone is very high and falls shaply, described above as an extra high fall. It should be easy to remember this tone because it is found only on the last vowel of words, and also because this is precisely the vowel that is normally omitted. Different tone notation systems The pitch notation system is only one of many ways in which these categories can be marked. The numbering system may appear cumbersome, perhaps even confusing, to you. You may find the visual system, which was newly developed for this guide, easier. Below is a summary of the 7 tones followed by some examples of Cherokee words written in this format.
23
32
da
jisgwa
nvya
rock
wlosi
frog
kmama
butterfly
wesa
gadu
gd?a
its hanging
dihnwo
clothes
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gisdi
something to eat
3.
Although its name would suggest the opposite, the CED actually works both ways: from Cherokee to English and from English to Cherokee. The Cherokee-English section is the first part. It is far larger than the second. In this Guide, we are concerned exclusively with the first part, the Cherokee-English part, because it is here that the crucial grammatical information about the Cherokee words is listed. Nevertheless the English-Cherokee part is important as well. It may happen that you dont know the Cherokee word that you want to find information about. More likely, you may know the word, but you may not know what form it is listed under. In those cases, you will want to take a detour and go to the English-Cherokee part first. You look up the English translation of the word youre looking for, find the Cherokee word (hopefully), and then look that up in the first part. Lets start by looking up a word. Well keep it simple and begin with a noun. Imagine youve heard the word digwenvsv, which someone has told you means home, as in I went home. You want to find out more information about it, for example how to pronounce it. So, you look it up the the Cherokee-English part but you dont find it listed. Does that mean that the word home is not in the Dictionary? Or that youve not heard it correctly? Perhaps, but not necessarily. To be sure, you go to the second part and look up home. You find juwenvsv?i. Now, you look this up in the Cherokee-English part. As you look through the Cherokee-English part, note that the words in the CED are arranged alphabetically. You can look words up using the familiar order of the alphabet. However, one letter, the glottal stop, is new in that it is not part of the Latin alphabet. This sound is ignored by the CED order. That is, words are listed as though it was not there. For example, juwenvsv?i comes in the same spot where you would expect the word juwenvsvi. Now that you have found the word juwenvsv?i, you see that it means his home. (Actually, it could equally well mean her home the CED always gives only the masculine version in cases such as this.) What happened? It turns out that you were looking for the word my home, but the CED has such words listed under his/her home. 4. What information goes into a dictionary entry?
Now lets look at a dictionary entry in more detail. Compare the entries for hlgv?i tree and alsdvhnha Hes shaking his head.
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What is the main difference between the two entires? Obviously, there is a lot more information contained in the verb entry (shake ones head) than in the noun entry (tree). In fact, the additional piece of information that is found in the noun entry besides the example sentence Cut down all the trees is the plural form trees: dehlgv?i. You may wonder: Why is he plual included? The answer to this question also gives you the answer to the question, why are noun entries so much simpler than verb entries? Essentially, a dictionary entry includes all of the information which a student needs about the relevant word that cannot be derived from general rules of the language. As it turns out, there is no general rule of plural formation in Cherokee. Different types of nouns form the plural in different ways, and some nouns have no plural form at all. What this means is: In many cases it will not be predictable how the plural is formed. Therefore, this information needs to go into the entry. Compare this to English. There is a very general, and almost completely regular rule in English by which the plural form of nouns is formed by adding s to the word, e.g. shoe, shoes and test, tests. Once you know this rule, plural formation is no longer an issue, because it can be predicted for any nouns (with a very small number of exceptions) what it will be. How does this help us understand why verb entries are so complicated in the CED? Again, think about English. In English, verbs dont change their form very much to begin with. Moreover, to the degree that the do change, these changes are very predictable (although the number of irregular verbs is larger than that of irregular nouns). There are only a handful of endings that can be attached to a verb, and once you know these endings, almost any new verb can be dealt with. He wants to jump (work, listen, etc.) Hes jump-ing (work-ing, listen-ing, etc.) He jump-ed (work-ed, listen-ed, etc.) He jump-s (work-s, listen-s, etc.) Of course, there are irregular verbs in English, such as see, which changes to saw. But the vast majority of verbs work this way. As a consequence, once a student of English has 11
learned how to attach the endings ing, -ed, and s they can create all verb forms. All that needs to be learned is the verb, e.g. work, and the rest will be 100% predictable. In Cherokee, different verbs change in largely unpredictable ways. In other words, to form the different verb forms, you cant just memorize one basic form and a small set of rules (as in English). Instead, as it turns out, you need to memorize 5 basic forms (see the discussion of aspect stems below). This is why all of these forms are listed in the dictionary. 5. The architecture of a verb entry
Next, lets see in more detail how verb entries are organized. We will deal almost exclusively with verbs from here on because verbs in Cherokee are by far the most complicates word class. Once you have fully understood the way in which verbs change, noun structure will pose no problem. Take a minute to look over the entry for the verb speak.
As we have seen alreay, not one but about half a dozen forms of the same verb are listed. Of these forms, only the first one is translated into English: gawonha s/he is speaking. Moreover, this form is given a privileged position: it is the form which the verb is listed under. In other words, it functions as the name for the verb as a whole within the CED. Because this form is used to represent the verb, it is called the citation form of the verb. In the CED, the citation form of the verb is the 3RD PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT form of the verb. What does that mean? It means that this is the form used to say that a person is doing the action right now (for example, hes speaking, shes jumping etc.). We will look at this verb form and what it is made of in more detail below. You may wonder why is should be this form of the verb that was chosen as the citation form? The authors of the CED explain that this is since verbs occur very frequently in the third person singular and because third person singular forms are relatively short and grammatically simple.(page xii)
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To the right of the citation form is given the syllabary representation of the first form. And to the right of this you find the word class in this case, verb and information about whether the verb is transitive or intransitive. In the case of speak, you read v. i., which stands for verb, intransitive. What does it mean for a verb to be transitive, or intransitive? Essentially, a transitive verb describes a situation involving two people or things, whereas an intransitive verb describes a situation involving only one person or thing. For example, the verb see involves someone who sees, and someone (or something) that is being seen. This second participant is what makes it transitive. Our example verb speak involves only one person, the speaker. That is why it is intransitive. Other examples of intransitive verbs are jump or sleep. Next, you see a very short translation of the citation form. This translation is very brief, and more like a practical gloss than a true definition. The dictionary doesnt provide a more extensive definition of the verb because the creators of the CED had to save space here. Incidentally, for the same reason only the first verb form, the citation form, is translated into English. The other forms are not given a translation. You simply need to know what they mean. But figuring out their meaning is easy to do once you become familiar with the basic architecture of the dictionary entries, which we will outline in the rest of this section. Below the citation form are five additional verb forms. These are not any five forms of the verb. There is a good reason why these particular forms are given for each verb. Together with the citation form, these particular forms make it possible to construct all basic grammatical forms of the verb. In particular, they make it possible to isolate the five stem forms (aka. aspect stems) and to create new verb forms from them. This is the subject of the next Section. For now, lets run through each of the forms.
5.1. The Present form
The first two verb forms in every verb entry go together. They both illustrate the Present tense form of the verb. This is the form used to say that the action which the verb describes is happening right now. This is why the form typically translates into English as He or she is doing X. The difference between the first and second form is that the first is is the 3rd person singular ( = someone else, i.e. he, she, or it), and the second form is the 1st person singular ( = I, the speaker ). For example, in the entry for speak we find gwonha Hes speaking as the first, and jwonha Im speaking as the second form.
You may wonder why the authors decided to include both of these forms. After all, looking at the verb speak it would appear that one could derive the second form by simply exchanging the pronoun prefix ga- he/she/it with ji- I because apart from the prefix, the two verbs are identical. In other words, their stem ( = the part which the prefix is attached to) is exactly the same, which is not surprising because they both illustrate the
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PRESENT stem. In other words, for speak the second form is predictable from the first form and this is precisely not the kind of information that we want in a dictionary. To see why it is useful to include the second form, take a look at the entry for the verb shake ones head.
In this case, note that the two verb forms differ not only in their prefix, but also in their stem. If you remove the pronoun prefixes (a- and ga-) there is still a difference! Take a close look at the stems you will see that, depending on which prefix is put on the verb, the verb changes its form slightly. In those cases where the two forms differ, the first form shows the stem in the h-mode (or: h-grade), while the second shows the stem in its glottal stop mode. For more on these terms, ask your Professor about h-metathesis and glottal stop lowering. These changes are extremely difficult to anticipate (although they do in fact follow regular rules). For this reason, the authors include the first sigular form here. As long as you deal with intransitive verbs like these, you will have to worry about these changes only in connection with the 1st person singular prefixes ji- and g-.Therefore, for beginning students it may be
easiest to remember that this happens with the 1st person singular prefixes. 5.2. The Remote Past form
Lets go on to the next verb form. The third line of our sample entries speak and shake ones head is the form of the verb which describes the action in the past.
S/he shook his head. S/he spoke. Again, no translation is given. But its easy to remember that this verb form corresponds roughly to the English Past tense (He spoke) or Present Perfect (He has spoken) both translations may apply, depending on context. This particular form is called the Remote past in Cherokee grammar. The word remost means distant or far. The tense form is called remote because it differs from another verb form, called the Recent past, which is used to describe an action as having occurred just now, as in She just spoke. We will look at the anatomy of this verb in more detail in the next Chapter. For now, note simply that this form ends in the Past suffix v?i You can see this by comparing what the two verb forms above and seeing what they have in common. 5.3. The Present Habitual form
Take a look at the next verb form in the list. This form form describes the same action as occurring periodically, i.e. on a regular basis.
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S/he speaks (regularly). S/he shakes her head (regularly). This form practically always translates into English as the Present tense, as in examples like He speaks (fast), She shakes her head (whenever she sees me). Another way of saying that something happens periodically is that it happens habitually. That is why this Cherokee verb form is called the Habitual Present. Again, lets ignore the details of these verb forms for now. But note what they both have in common: They end in o?i (with a long o in the first and a short in the second case). 5.4. The Imperative form
Now consider the fifth form in the list. This verb form is used to ask someone to perform the verb action. Shake your head! (talking to one person) Speak! (talking to one person) This verb directly translates into the English imperative, i.e. as the form Speak! or Shake your head! In Cherokee grammar, this particular form is also called the Imperative. There are other ways of asking someone to perform the action in Cherokee, and this is only one of them. To distinguish this verb form from others, it has been called the Present Imperative. 5.5. The Infinitive form
Now look at the last verb form entry. The fifth, and last verb form is what is called the Infinitive. for him/her to speak for him/her to shake his/her head Here, there is a direct parallel to English. Just as in English the verb want goes with an Infinitive verb form, the Cherokee verb want goes with the Infinitive.
uwonihsdi udulha ulsdvnhdi udulna
This verb form is the only form of the forms listed in the dictionary that cannot be used by itself as a complete sentence (at least not with this tone pattern). The Infinitive form is not used by itself. Rather, it functions in connection with other verbs. This concludes our run-down of the verb forms in the dictionary.
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6.
To create a new verb form means to put together existing pieces in a new way in order to express a new meaning. But recall that the CED only lists complete verb forms, i.e. forms which are readily usable by themselves as complete sentences (with the exception of the Infinitive form). What this means is that, in order to put together new verb forms, you first need break down the forms that are given in the dictionary into their component parts. After this, you can change some parts, while leaving others the same. 6.1. Isolating the left end of the verb stem
Perhaps the first thing you have learned in your Cherokee course when it comes to the structure of verbs is how to put a different pronoun prefix on a verb. For example, you will need to know how to change a form that means I know to a form that means He knows. Obviously, in order to create such a form we need to find the boundary between the prefix and the stem. Which part means I and which part means know? Then, we need to replace the I prefix with the s/he prefix. The problem is that the left end of the stem is not always clear from simply looking at the citation form, i.e. the first form. The problem with this form is that the 3rd person singular form often changes the form of the stem. To see exactly what this means, lets look at an example in which the verb stem is changed. Compare again the two verb entries for speak and shake ones head.
What would happen if we tried to isolate the verb stem simply by subtracting the pronoun prefix of the citation form? We know that the two prefixes are g- and a-. (You should have a chart that gives you this information). We would have to assume, then, that the verb stems are wonha and lsdvhnha. But this would be wrong. The verb stem of shake ones head actually starts with an a. How do we know? We can see this if we look at the Imperative forms: hwonihi Speak! and halsdvhnga Shake your head!. You know that the 2nd person singular prefix ( = you, when speaking to one person) is h- and that this prefix is reduced to h- before a vowel. Looking at the form of the prefix in halsdvhnga, we must assume that the stem starts in a because the prefix is not h- but h-! Thus, we isolate the following Present tense stem form for shake ones head: alsdvhnga. Now that we have isolated the left end of the stem, we can use this stem with any of the large set of Cherokee pronoun prefixes. 16
In conclusion, when isolating the the stem, look at the Imperative form this form almost always starts with h()-. (The only exception are cases where h()- has metathesized.) An alternative strategy is to look at the second form, which works even where metathesis has occurred, is to use the 1st person singular (I) form. This prefix also never affects the stem. You just subtract j- or g- (depending on which prefix you find) and you also get the same stem form. Try it for shake ones head above it works! 6.2. Working with the 5 aspect stems
Lets now turn to the right end of verbs. Just as we can separate out a piece on the left, we can separate out at least one piece on the right. Speaking more technically, each of the verb forms listed in the dictionary includes a suffix, which is attached to a stem (just like the lefthand part of the verb can be separated into a stem and a prefix). In the rest of this section, well take a look at each of the verb forms, see what the suffix is, and then try to see how this suffix can be varied, and what the resulting grammatical forms are. Another way in which verb forms differ is in their tone pattern. 6.2.1 The PRESENT stem
Look at the Present form of the verb. Recall that this is the form which is found in the first two verbs in the list. Flip through the dictionary and see what all Present forms have in common. As you can see, there is not much that they all share. Still, you will probably have noticed one thing: almost all of them end in a, and a small number of them end in i. Technically speaking, this final a (or final i) is a suffix. In other words, one can separate Present Tense forms into a Present stem (everything between the pronoun prefix and -a / -i) and the suffix, as shown below:
PRESENT FORM gPronoun prefix wonh PRESENT stem -a PRESENT suffix He is speaking
It may seem unnecessary to you to separate out a Present stem and a Present suffix like this. After all, they both include the meaning of present. And its true practically speaking, it is perfectly okay to ignore the fact that the Present tense consists of a stem + suffix at the beginning studying Cherokee. In fact, it wont be necessary to know this to understand any of the verb forms discussed in this Guide. You can simply treat the Present Stem + Present Suffix as a single unit which happens to always end in a (or i). You might wonder which verbs end in a and which verbs end in i? For one thing, there is some variation between speakers. Some people will prefer a where others prefer i. In addition, there is some regularity. Many (though not all) verbs of motion take i, while verbs which are not describing motion never take i. You can see this as you flip through 17
the dictionary. Verbs which have a Present form ending in i include, for example, walk, run, and fly. 6.2.2 The PERFECTIVE stem
Recall that the next verb form in the list is the Remote Past form, e.g. S/he spoke or S/he has spoken. As weve seen earlier, this form ends in the Past Tense suffix -v?i. But note that this is not the only difference between it and the Present form. In other words, you cant get from the Present to the Remote Past form simply by switching the suffix.
guPronoun Prefix wonh wonis Stem -a -v?i Suffix S/he is speaking S/he spoke / has spoken
Not only the suffix, but also the stem the part between the pronoun prefix and the Past tense suffix is different. The stem which is used to build the Remote Past verb form is called the Perfective stem, or Stem form II. (Well call the Present stem Stem Form I.)
REMOTE PAST verb form uPronoun prefix wonis PERFECTIVE stem -v?i PAST TENSE suffix
Lets see what else we can do with this stem form. We can, for example, replace the Past tense suffix v?i with the reportative suffix e?i. As explained in the Outline of Cherokee Grammar (p. 290), this suffix is used to express that the speaker who says the sentence did not witness the action personally. Instead, it implies that the speaker is merely reporting the event, perhaps after hearing it from someone else. For this reason, this verb form is called the Reported Past.
REPORTED PAST verb form uPronoun prefix wonis PERFECTIVE stem -e?i REPORTED PAST suffix
You may be wondering about the change of pronoun prefix here as well. The last two verb forms which we discussed take the 3rd person singular B-prefix u- rather than the A-prefix g- / a-. This is a requirement whenever the Perfective stem is used to talk about a past event with v?i or -e?i. This goes for all pronominal prefixes, or, more precisely, for those pronominal prefixes which switch back and forth between A- and B-prefixes. 18
Another verb form that is based on the Perfective stem is the Future tense. This verb form requires not only a particular suffix (here, the Future suffix i) but also an additional prefix, the Future prefix da-.
FUTURE verb form dFUTURE prefix gPronoun prefix wonis PERFECTIVE stem -i FUTURE suffix
Please be aware that the Future suffix d- changes its form somewhat depending on the following sound. For the varying forms of this suffix, see the Outline of Cherokee Grammar, pp. 249-251. Also, note that although we are calling the suffix i a future suffix, it does not do the job of indicating the future by itself. Rather, when it is used to express a future event, it is always used in connection with the prefix d-. You will find that some verbs dont form the Future in this way. That is, rather than being used with d- i, these verbs have a simpler way of forming the future: they use the Future suffix -esdi. Moreover, verbs which have a future form with d- i also have the form with esdi. For more on this topic, see the following section. 6.2.3 The IMPERFECTIVE stem
Next, consider the Present Habitual form, which is the fourth line of our verb entry. As we saw earlier, this form ends in the suffix o?i. This suffix is called the Habitual suffix, because it portrays the situation described by the verb as recurring regularly. From this verb form we can isolate another stem form: the Imperfective stem. The strategy to do so is the same as before. The stem consists of everything in between the Pronoun prefix and the final suffix.
PRESENT HABITUAL verb form gPronoun prefix wonisg IMPERFECTIVE stem -o?i HABITUAL suffix
He speaks (habitually)
Dont be confused by the term imperfective. Perhaps you can make sense of it by thinking back to when you learned Spanish or French, and your teacher talked about the corresponding past imperfective forms. In any event, you can also remember this stem form as Stem form III.
19
Lets see what else can be done with this Stem form. One thing we can do is to take the past tense suffix v?i. and attach it to the Imperfective stem. This gives us the Past Progressive form.
PAST PROGRESSIVE verb form gPronoun prefix wonisg -v?i
As a result of switching the suffix, we get a different meaning. Now the action of speaking is portrayed as ongoing at a moment in the past, as in the English past progressive (S/he was doing x). In other words, this form is the equivalent of the Present, but transposed into the past. Rather than saying that the action is ongoing right now, it portrays it as ongoing right then. The imperfective stem can also be modified by means of the Future suffix esdi. As one would expect, the result of using this suffix is that the action of speaking is said to be ongoing in the Future.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE verb form gPronoun prefix wonisg -esdi
Note that we now have two ways of talking about the Future. Just as there are several ways of expressing an event in the past, there are several ways of referring to events in the future. In other words, there is no one Past tense in Cherokee, as well as no one Future Tense. At this point, you may wonder what construction is used to talk about past habitual actions. In some cases the same construction as the Past Progressive also applies here, but when youre talking about people and their actions, you may need a different construction. This construction is also based on the Imperfective stem, so we will deal with it in this section. You may already be familiar with this construction because it is also used to create nouns from verbs. For example, to say that someone is a speaker, in the sense of someone who speaks regularly, e.g. for a living, you can take the Imperfective stem and use it in connection with the A-Pronoun prefix and the nominalizing suffix i and create the noun: g-wonisg-i speaker. Now, to say that someone used to speak would require the same form as to say that he or she used to be a speaker in addition to the verb be with the Past suffix -v?i.
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PAST HABITUAL verb form gPronoun prefix wonisg IMPERFECTIVE stem -i PAST suffix gees-vv?i s/he.was
As you can see, the Imperfective stem form is very versatile. It can be combined in various ways with other suffixes to create a range of grammatical forms. It is in particular the Imperfective and the Perfective verb forms (Stems II and III) which get used in these multiple ways. The other three stem forms (The Present stem, as well as the remaining two stem forms) do not work like this. Rather than taking different suffixes to arrive at different meanings. They carry the same suffix. The tricky part of working with them, as well see, is that they undergo tone changes. 6.2.4 The IMMEDIATE stem
The next verb form in the list of verbs provided in each entry is the Imperative. Recall that this is the form used to issue a request or command, to someone. We can break this form down as follows:
IMPERATIVE verb form hPronoun prefix Speak! wonih -i / -a
In this case, we have a similar situation as with the Present Form. We dont really have any need at this point to distinguish a Stem and a suffix here as long as we deal with the simple verb forms which are covered in this Guide. The only reason for doing so now would be to take account of the fact that speakers often substitute -a for i. But of course, you could equally well remember that the Imperative form sometimes ends in -a and sometimes in i (depending on speaker and on dialect). Note that you can use the Imperative not only with the prefix h- you, but with other pronoun as well, to make various kinds of imperatives.
Other IMPERATIVE forms hinigPronoun prefix wonih wonih wonih IMMEDIATE stem -i / -a -i / -a -i / -a Suffix Speak! Let us (two) speak! Let him speak!
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The same form, if pronounced with a slightly different tone pattern, gives you another tense form: The Recent Past. This is the counterpart to the Remote Past verb form. If you refer to something that happened fairly recently (roughly, on the same day, but especially just before), you need to this form.
IMMEDIATE PAST verb form gPronoun prefix wonh IMMEDIATE stem -a Suffix He (just) spoke.
Another usage context for the Immediate Stem is in expressions which translate into English as can, may, or might. For example, to express that someone can speak, or might speak, you can use the word eligwu its possible, in connection with the Immediate Stem (with the suffix a) and the conditional prefix yi-.
eligwu y-g-woniha S/he may speak!
Note the different tone patterns of these different ways of using the Immediate Stem form. Also, note that in some cases the vowel length may change.
h-wo1ni4hi g-wo2n2ha y-g-wo3ni2ha Speak! He (just) spoke. He may speak.
eligwu
6.2.5
The last stem form in the list of verbs given in the Dictionary is the Infinitive form of the verb. This form can be broken down into an Infinitive Stem and an Infinitive Suffix, but, as with the Present stem and the Immediate Stem, this not of particular importance at this point. So, just for the record:
INFINITIVE verb form uPronoun prefix wonihsd INFINITIVE stem -i INFINITIVE suffix
The Infinitive stem has at least two uses which are important at this point. As in the case of the Immediate stem, the different depends on the tone pattern. The first is the use which we already saw, and which corresponds fairly closely to the Infinitive in English. This is the form used, for example, in connection with the verb want.
uwonihsdi udulha He wants to speak.
22
The other use of the Infinitive form is a way of expressing the idea of of have to or need to, and related notions. This form can be used all by itself as a sentence:
uwonihsdi He needs to speak.
Or you can use the word ase to stress the idea of must, i.e. the idea of obligation.
ase uwonihsdi He must speak
ju2lv23hw3sdahn1di ju2lv23hw2sdahn1di
udulha
6.3.
Cherokee verb stems always appear in particular stem forms. There is no single, neutral form of the verb. For most verbs there are 5 basic stem forms, which are then combined with a final suffix to make a complete verb stem. Stem I: Present stem Stem II: Perfective stem
g-wonh-a he/she is speaking (now) u-wonis-v?i he/she spoke u-wonis-e?i he/she spoke (reportedly) d-g-wonis-v?i he/she will speak g-wonisg-v?i he/she was speaking g-wonisg-esdi he/she will be speaking g-wonisg-o?i he/she speaks (habitually) g-wonih-a he/she spoke (just now) h-wonih-i Speak (now)! u-wonihsd-i for him/she to speak u-wonihsd-i he needs to speak
6.4.
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7.
Special cases
Given what we have said so far, you will be in a position to create and try out a lot of novel verb forms. However, you will also find out that not all verbs work in quite the same way. In this section we will go over some additional complications arising in connection with forming new verb forms. 7.1. Verbs with partially identical stem forms
This is not really a problem, but it should not surprise you that some verbs dont distinguish all 5 Stem forms. Most frequently, the Present and the Imperfective Stem are the same, but in other cases the Present and the Perfective may be identical. 7.2. Verbs in which pre-pronominal prefixes are obligatory
There are also verbs which are always used in connection with particular pre-pronominal prefixes. Most frequently, this involves the plural (aka. distributive) prefix de-. For example, the verb work requires this prefix in all cases. It is not be possible to omit it.
daglvhwsdanha (not: aglvhwsdanha)
The reason why this matters when you use the dictionary is that such verbs will be listed under d, rather than a, g, or u, like most other verbs. 7.3. Verbs which lack certain or all stem forms
There is a small class of words in Cherokee which do not have different aspect stems at all. Some of these still distinguish an Infinitive stem, but all other stems are the same. This does not mean that all grammatical forms are the same. Rather, suffixes are attached directly to the stem. As an example of such verbs, take a look at the verb to stick out.
If you subtract the Present Suffix -a, the Past Tense suffix v?i, and the Habitual suffix o?i, you see that all stem forms, except that the Infinitive, are essentially the same (with a
24
small tone difference in the first form). Note also that this verb forms the Imperative (Be sticking out!) with -esdi. Other verbs work the same way. 8. Additional Information
This guidebook provided a brief description on the Cherokee-English Dictionary regarding its uses, organization, and basic ideas. With the CED, students can produce a wide range of forms in various tenses, grammatical complexities, and with proper tonal structure. However, the CED does not provide all of the information useful or necessary in creating forms. While it is not possible to account for all of these other areas here, a few of especial significance can be highlighted. The first deals with phonological rules in the language, the second regarding concepts of speech for Cherokee, and the third and final covers next steps beyond the CED. 8.1. Phonological rules
Phonological rules (Sound Rules) are an important part of language learning since, in Cherokee, many forms will sound and look different than what the grammar predicts IF these rules are not used. Many of these rules are basic and common processes that occur in daily speech, and the rules given here fall within that range. Note, however, that this is not a comprehensive list, and there are many other rules relating to other phonological rules and what are called morphophonological rules (sound rules that occur due to the use of affixes on words or forms). The rules you see here are not given in any particular order, but there are a few that are more important in terms of their frequency. /agi-/ I becomes /ak-/ before the consonants /t/, /d/, and /s/ (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs)
/ak-tvdasdi/ Im listening /ak-sganoli/ Im slow /ak-dlvga/ Im sick /ak-sdayvhvsgi/ My wife /ak-tadegia/ Im thirsty
/ja-/ You becomes /ts-/ before the consonants /t/, /d/, and /s/ (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs)
/ts-tvdasdi/ Youre listening /ts-sganoli/ Youre slow /ts-dlvga/ Youre sick /ts-sdayvhvsgi/ Your wife /ijch-tadegia/ You all are thirsty /u-anhta/ S/he knows /ts-tadegia/ Youre thirsty
/u-/ S/he deletes the vowel /a/ on any word (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs)
/u-adanhta/ S/he is feeling /u-atana/ big /u-adanhti/ friendly
/hi-/ You Set A Form moves when any of the prefixes of /yi-/, /wi-/, or /ni-/ are put in front of it (known as h- metathesis in the literature)
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Negation & Movement /h-ega/ You are going /tla h-y-ega/ You are not going /h-w-ena/ Go (away from me)
/di-/ Plural Command marker deletes /a-/ S/he Set A Pronoun and the initial vowel /a-/ of /ani-/ Set A Pronoun
/di-aktosda/ Let him/her watch them /di-anaktosda/ Let them watch them /di-agowata/ Let him/her see them /di-anigowata/ Let them see them
*Note that this ONLY deletes /a-/ if its the pronoun marker; if the vowel /a-/ is part of the verb, /a-/ does NOT delete on the s/he. However, since the Set A Pronoun /ani-/ They uses /a/ as part of its form, this will always be deleted on all forms.
/d-ahltaduga/ Let him/her jump /di-n-ahltaduga/ (di-an-ahltaduga) Let them jump /ju-weda/ S/he went there /d-asega/ Let him/her count /di-n-asega/ (di-an-asega) Let them count
/ji-/ Past Time Marker becomes /ju-/ before the prefix /wi-/
/ju-waniluhgi/ They got there
/wi-/ motion distance marker becomes just /w-/ when /ji-/ Past Time Marker or /yi-/ conditional marker precede it
/ju-w-geda/ I went there /tla yu-w-jiluhgi/ I didnt get there /tla yu-w-gena/ I didnt go there /yu-wena/ If she went
/yi-/ Conditional Marker becomes /yu-/ before the prefix /wi-/ /a/ and /a/ will combine to make one sound /v/; this occurs when any prefix ending with /a/ is next to a prefix that begins with /a/ or a verb stem beginning with /a/ - the three pronoun prefixes this happens with are /a/ S/he Set A, /ani-/ They Set A, and /agi-/ (or /agw-/) Set B; it also occurs in normal speech when one word ends in /a/ and the next word begins in /a/
/tla yi-g-v-ga/ S/he cant eat it /ga-/ prefix and /a/ S/he Set A Prefix: /ga-a-/ = /g-v-/ /tla yi-g-v-ni-gowata/ They cant see it with /ga-/ prefix and /ani-/ They Set A Prefix: /ga-ani-/ = /g-v-ni-/ /g-v-gw-alenhdi gaisvi/ since I started walking with /ga-/ prefix and /agw-/ I Set B Pronoun Prefix - /ga-agw-/ = /g-v-gw-/ /utan v-chuja/ big boy with /a/ on end of /utan-a/ big combined with the initial /a/ on /a-chuja/ boy to make /v/
8.2.
Another aspect of language learning to note regards Cherokee in conversational and speech form. As with any language, the cadence and rhythm of spoken speech provides a different 26
pattern that with words given in isolation. Thus, a word given by itself may have certain features, but when spoken as part of a longer statement, will have others. One dominate feature of spoken Cherokee is the practice of shortening words. Often, final vowels are dropped, words will be combined when possible, and other vowels within words will often drop as well. Only through conversational practice can this area of Cherokee be learned and mastered. 8.3. Next steps in learning Cherokee
This guidebook and the CED are a good starting point for learning Cherokee, but obviously it represents only an entry into the process. Beyond this, there are other concepts that learners will need to develop in mastering Cherokee. These include acquiring conversational conventions of speech (how ideas are expressed in Cherokee in everyday conversation), learning about semantic categories of knowledge, but also learning how to apply grammatical processes to speech. The next section, Further Reading, offers a list of sources useful in this basic endeavor. 9. Further reading
The most useful book for you to continue with is the Outline of Cherokee Grammar, contained in the same book as the Cherokee-English Dictionary. The outline gives a brief, yet extensive, overview on the basic grammatical concepts as they apply to Cherokee language forms. Outside of the CED, the following titles provide linguistic descriptions of Cherokee grammar which may be useful:
Cook, William H. 1979 A Grammar of North Carolina Cherokee. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University. Feeling, Durbin 1994 A Structured Approach to Learning the Basic Inflections of the Cherokee Verb. Muskogee, OK: Indian University Press, Bacone College. Feeling, Durbin, Craig Kopris, Jordan Lachler, and Charles Van Tuyl 2003. A Handbook of the Cherokee Verb: A Preliminary Study. Tahlequah, OK: Cherokee Heritage Center. Holmes, Ruth Bradley, and Betty Sharp Smith 1976 Beginning Cherokee. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. King, Duane H. 1975. A Grammar and Dictionary of the Cherokee Language. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Georgia. Montgomery-Anderson, Bradley 2009 A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kansas.
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Scancarelli, Janine 1987 Grammatical Relations and Verb Agreement in Cherokee. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, UCLA. Van Tuyl, Charles 1994 An Outline of Basic Verb Inflections of Oklahoma Cherokee. Muskogee, OK: Indian University Press, Bacone College. Walker, Willard 1975 Cherokee. In: James M. Crawford (ed.) Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages. Athens: University of Georgia Press, pp. 189-236.
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CWY
Jalagi Cherokee
- fins - Yonega
English
?-
n.pref. third person animate (see Gram. 11, A) v.pref. third person subject (see Gram. I, B) v.suf. present tense (see Gram.
1 , Dl
D ~ C boy n.
He's thinking about raising chicks. cf: agina a1da2de3ga DLSS v .i. it 's bouncing ga2d?2de 3ga S LSS u1da2di23nv32sv237i BLJORT a1da2de3g037i u2da2di23nv32di
DLSAT B L JDJ
a-a ?'chu4ja
The
D M C axLaJ
Lomaas.
a2chvZya DC@ n. male (animal) ?2ni2~hv2ya DhC@ Jitaga anichvya ugitsdeyi anayhgo7i.
IrWS DhC@ BYbaSJ3 DBB AT.
Eladi wudina sgwahlesdi udadinvsv7i. RWI 9 1 e a n a r a. = r When he threw the ball down, & bounced. cf : a1d?2de3ga (limp), adadinvdiha a1d?2de3ga DLSS ga2d?2de 3ga u1d?2de3sv237i a1da2de3g037i ha2da2du l ga v.i. he's limping
S LSS
Roosters crow at dawn. cf: julichvyasdi a2da D L n. wood Hila jugvwahldi sagwu igasvti &? AW dEGGJ t13 TSRa How much does one rick of wood cost? -
. .
a?
~ ~ d a ~ d i ~ ~OL1OJ ~ d i n v ~ Ayo'uhli asgaya adadegv jigowhtiha. D m D @ S 3 DLSE IrAG2.L. I see a lame man limping. cf: a1d?2de3ga [bounce) v.t. he's
d V B V 1 DLD-a+.
S LJOJ+
Na alasgalisgi sdayi adadinvdiha sgwahlesdi. 0 DW@SPAY 2 1 ~ 5D l A 0 ~ f . G, 2 8 L @ A . The ball player is bouncing the ball hard. cf: a1da2de3ga (bounce)
He - prays
cf: adadclisdi, gadoliga g3da2ge4?i D l k T adj 1. tender 2. very young, new a2ni3da2ge4?i D h L P T Anidage tuya anije duhwasv didana?nv?i. p h l P S 3 DhY SGR A L e D T . She bought tender green beans at the store. Adage ayohli unvdigwu iga aditasgo7i. D & k DfiC (PO-.& TS DIWAAT. A - very young child drinks only milk. ?'daZgeyh2di D L k G A n. love Adageyhdi ulsgeda. Love -is cf:
DLPG.1 O l : , F l . .
important.
pretty
adadlosdi, gadlohiha
a2da23hi2hi D L 4 4 a2na2da23hi2hi
Igada dikisdi anadahihi tsgwisdi yidakisa. Adadlosdi zginesv Danisdayohihvvi. D L d 3 A DY. lR L h2L f i G > T . I got a - for Christmas. belt cf: adadlohiha
DLVP3.d 7 5 6 A Y N A D B L A A b P 2 A :5L.Ybr.
Some pills are killers if too many are swallowed. cf: ahiha, didahihi a2da2hli2ne3sah12di D L C M P A purse di2da2h1i2ne3sah12di
AbC:WPJ
?2da2d0231i32sdi
n. prayer
n.
The preacher asked for riayers, cf: adadolisdiha, gadoliga a ' ~ i a ~ d o ~ ~ 1 i ~ ~ s DLVP2.d.I. di~ha he's praving ga2da2d02 31i "sdi2ha
?1;i;'do231i32~di25gcj'i.
v. i.
Ije adahlinesahldi unvnelv usdayvhvsgi. IY DLCIWPJ @@A*? Q 3 L B C 2 . He gave his wife a new purse. cf: kanesahla
DL./LI
S G V P.2.1.G
Pl.!,!Ji).I,;,17
?2da2%neh2di di3(!a2'hneh2di
n. gift
I
u1dn2d0231i32stB2nv23?i Q L L T f 2 U 0 T
JLAA
i
adahyoneha anadananesvhvsgo yvwi. Lh,?Lfi.%r Qi h Y d u D8LBilR115tA B 8 . When ~ t ' s close to Christmas, people shop for gifts. cf: ahneha a1dg2hno3ye2ha D1,ZB.G v.i. he's fanning himself ga2da'no3yc2ha
S 1, Z8.E-
Usgwa'da gohweli degohwelisgv, udahvastanv'i Nhen he finished wrlting letters, he stretched. a2da2hye4sgi D L B A Y n. cancer Adahyesgi udlvgv ajinvwanv'i. D L B H V OPE D b K Q T . He was cured of his cancer.
-
~ ' d ~ ~ h n o ~ y e ~Qh Z89,7. ~ i L v ~ ~ a1da2hno3ye2sgo37i D L U S A 7 hs'dg2hno2yv231a .GL ZBM' Udahnoyehdi uduli yuwzya. asehnv hla adahnoyo
cf: gahye'a,
@ I , L B . ; QSP 0 4 0 P D b Z f i GG2. She wants -- herself, but she has to fan no fan. cf: adahnoyo, kanoyeha
rL4iS
u i f .
cf: adahnoyeha, kanoyeha a'da2hwah2tv2hi2 3do32ha DGG6"AV.C. v . i . he's visiting S L G PA\' ~JJ g?2da1wah2tv2hi23d032ha u1da2hwah2tv2hi23d0321v23?i QLGPAV97 a1da2hwah2tv2hi23d032h03?i DLGPAL-8 T
3164. C3Z h f r f i f S .
Hla ayv agwenvsv yigi ahani. Gadawahtvhidohagwu. c DB ~566~53.'. ~ . s LGVAV.GJ. D.c This isn't my home. -j s I'm u t visiting. cf: ahwahtvhidoha a1da2hya32sd12ha DL&d+ stretching v.i. he's Chaneline dikanowadvsditlhlesdijadahyonelv'i" adiha. c n r ~ @ Z G ~"Lad CLBA4T"DJ.G. J J 'The eighth commandment says, "Thou
L
adahyonehdi, adahyonehi
The Bible reproves adultery. cf: adahyoneha, adahyonehi g2da2hyo2ne4hi D L f i A A n. adulterer Jani osda kanohedv chaneline ayatohlv ajine7isdi adahyonehi agehya.
Ch 6 @ L a236 C/U'A DLfiAB DF3.
P 860a W T @ J D L F a A T .
When he's getting ready to go somewhere, --he uses a mirror. cf: adakehdi ?2da2keh3di D L F J n. mirror di2da2keh3di J L f J Utana adakehdi nuwanhdi disehisdivi. @We D m 9 G 0 J 1 4 B J J T . She has a big mirror on the dresser. cf: adakeha a1da21e2ni3ha D L G h + v.i. it's beginning
D3VP DkAT@J
cf:
adahyoneha, adahyonehdi
a m ~ t Ds L A
F+ a c e s r - I .
a.
When it's time for them to play ball, the ball game begins. cf: aleniha, didalenisgv7i a1da2na2ne3sv2hy3sga DL Q M & f v . i he1< shopping gg2da2n?2ne3sv2h~3sga f L Q M & f u1da2na2ne3sv2hnv2 37i O'L Q M 0 T a1da2na2ne3sv2hy2sgo3?i D L O M Q A T
a2da2jvy4sgi 0 stings
~ n. something that 7 ~
Gohusd usdi tsgoya adajvysgi uwajvhyv Some kind of a stinging bug stung him on his hand. cf: gajvysga a1da2ke3ha D1k-G v.i. he's looking 'at himself in a mirror
adanhteha She wants to do a lot of shopping, but the prices are too high. cf: adana3nvVi a1da2n?73nv43i DL007 n. store
Duyaweja ahyvki aktiyv, unali'i udanedliyvstanv'i. S a C DBY D S J B ~ When he not tired of guarding the prisoner, his friend iook hi; place.
B8PT B L K B @ W O T .
--
adanedliyvsdisgi, ganedliyv7a
DLKB@JAY
cf: adananesvhvsga, udanavni a1da2naw32sd~3ha D8L BG@J.G v. i he's taking off running ga2da2naw32sdi3ha S L 8GJJ.G
. . .
. .
The ball players always have substitutes. cf: adanedliyvsdiha a1da3ne2hlv4?i DLAPT supplies n. provisions,
Gihli dasuhwisgv utvgana, udanawstanvvi . When he heard the dog bark, -he ran. v. i . he,
E.lsdayhdi adanehlv duhnelv juniyosisgi. He gave a supply of food to the hungry. a1da2ne231v43i DLA4T n. building ~ I a ' d a ~ n e ~ ~ l v ~ 3LiL A 4 1 Unole uyostanohnv adanelv7i.
B Z 6 BfiJWZD DLA4T. DP@LBJ SA4 d h f i b z .
n. heart
changed.
di2danh2do JLOV Adanhdo yulehwistana, ayohusgo yvwi. Whenthe heart stops, a person dies. cf: udanhdo
DLOV G6B@Wi8, DfiF3A B B.
ganedliyv3a
a'danh2tg3ha D1OE.G v.t. he's thinking ~ ~ d g ~ n e ~ ~ d l i ~ y v ~ sBLKBaWO7 ~ ? i tg~nv~ a1dg2ne23dli3yv1sdi2sgo39i D L K B 3 J d A T ha'd?2ne2dli2yv'sda +I K B d l . 23.. . c i l "y~l\-1sdch2di Pl.!K8;\ -1
. .
S LKB2J.G
adanhtehdi
Gad0 usdi hadanllteha? What are - thinking about? you cf: adanhtehdi, adanhtehilo?a Utana inada adansini. a2danh23teh2di D L Q ~ J n. thought Gosdigwu ijadanhtehdi ijvneha. I'm just giving you something to think about. -cf : adanhteha a1danh2te23hi31p2?a DLQT,!WD v. i. 1. he's pondering 2. he's considering
.4 2JL PC L 0 % "1 :%A-G
sv s , . G~Q ~ . G S I
When the twister hit the tree, it twisted. Gosdi jinohiselv adanhtehilo?a. .~a.l z ~ 4 9D L Q X , ~ h He's considering something I told him. cf: adanhteha a1dg2n02hyv2h1~2sdi 3ha 1 L 7 B C d I/ 1 v.i. he, it;s making noise g?2da2n02yv11~2~di 3ha
S I Z B PC,) I+
cf: ganuteyoha a1da?3ny2?a D L Q D v.i. he, it's moving from one place to another g?2da?3ny2?a S LQD ~ l d ~ ? ~ n v l s v ~ 8 1? i T ~ QR
Dl,7 B C C k . l J , i 7
Doya na?v yiga?luchela adanohyvhlisdisgo?i. Vu? Oi v3SMYW D l ZB(;311Kl.1T. When you get close to a beaver, it makes noise. -cf: ganohyvhlisdiha, unohyvhga a1dan2si23ni D L O b h v.i. he's crawling ga2da2na1si23ni f L O h h
He lived in Tahlequah for ten years, then - wanted -he to move. a1d?2nv23sga D L Q J S v.t. he's ordering it g? 2d? 2nv3sga SlQ23 ~ l d ? ~ n v ~ ~ s v ~8 L O R 7 ?i a1d?2nv23sgP3?i DLOAAT ha2da2nv231a
C LOW
~ 2 d a ~ n v ~ ~@ ld i j A s @ Sudetiyvda iyudali ije dagwalela adanvspo7i. esnBc TGCP 77' CZ6W DC02A7. He orders a new car every year. a2da2sdayh1di4?i
~ d 3 C A ~ f 7n , kitchen
v.i. it 'S
S IBMYD
819(KLl
a1da2we231r?3gi1sgo37i DLLJIJMYdb47
Adasdayhdi aya?a ditelido degvdiye7a. & & J D 2 D ..&PI' S F-131). & & She's in the kitchen washing dishes. cf: adasdayvh~isga,didasdayvhvsgi a1da2sda32yv2h\!3~ga [)/,&[,86& she's cooking a meal
V. i.
DLScM'YD.
. .
n. flame
d69@MYo3Jr
The flame burned his back. cf : Hla ase jadasdayhdi yigi, hlaheno yagiyosiha. You to cook, -d o n m e -- because not hungry. cf:
C D CC@f B.1 hY, C r ' 7 u Y f i b 4 . 4
DGdMY&,\'
n. gun-
I'm
My dad has worked at a piace where they make gunpowder. cf: adawelagj7a
I
a2da2 3we3hi nl,fi.g n. magician a2ni2da23we3hi p h [ , g9 Igada Anijalagi unilvkwdi anidawehi junihnohehdivi. 7 S 1% 1)11(.12.\' Dh9YJ DllLQi3 d h 7 ? J T . Some Cherokees like to talk about magicians. cf: ?'daZ3we4hi a2da23we4hi Dl.L(.J (magical) adj . magical
i J
ti-I S 1
ph(:M')'.
cf:
gawrsolvsdiha
I. :
.4dar2
nohehdi. A man named Adam wants to speak to you. a1dg2w03"a DLUD v.i. 1. he's bathing 2. he's swimming ga2d?2wo 37a SCUD ~ ~ d ~ ~ w o BLUi Tv ~ ~ ~ i ~ 7
d V T L D J f 3 BSP @LCZ?1.
nsaxa .
Jalvkwdis jadawosdi ?
cw12
CLU21?
a1de2hloh2gwa3?a DSdXD v . t . he's learning, hers learning it g?2de 110h2gw?37a f SOXD BS ~ ? T ~ ~ d e ~ h l o h ~ g w a ~ ? v ~ dXii a1de2hloh2gwa32sgo 37i DSdX2AT ha2de2hloh2gwa +SdX u2de2hloh2gwa1sdi ~~pf121 Ahidas adehlohgwasdi Jalagi gawonihisdi? Is it easy to learn to s ~ e a k Chero' kee? cf: didehlohgwasgi, junadehlohgwasdi?i a1de2h023hi3sdi2ha DSb,g@I+ v.t . he em6arrassing him ji2y?2de2?023hi 3~di2ha kJSbjA@l+ ~ l d e ~ h o 2 3 h i ~ s t a ~ n v ~ ~BSbA2WOT 'i a1de2h023hi 3sdi2sgo37i DSbA212AT hi2y?2dc2702hi2sda AJSbjA2 L 3sdoh2di BSIA2VI Udehohisdohdi anehldiha.
DAL2 DSdX21 CWY f B h A @ l ?
n. swimming
--
I like to swim in a creek more than in a swimming pool. cf: adawo'a ?2da2yv231?2ty2sgi DLBWPJY n. television di2da2yv231?2ty2sgi ALBWo12Y Hadlv jagise na ulsuhwid adayvlatvsgi? +P CY4 8 BPK8L L B W 6 Y? Where did you get t e color television?
1 DACd+.
cf: udayvlata a1de3ha DS+ v.t. he's giving him a long object ji2de3ha hS+
BS 9 T
DSb T Adb
0.31
a1de2h023sga DSb@f v . i. he's embarrassed 2d$ 27o 23sga g? SSbj@f ~ l d e ~ h o ~ ~ s v ~ 7 RT BSb i a1de2h023sgg,3?i DSb2AT h?2de2h02 3hi +SbA ~ ~ d e ~ h o ~ ~ h BSbA@-Ii i~sd Agehyuja uktasdanela udehosv'i.
When the girl winked at him, -he got embarrassed. cf: adehohisdiha, udehohisdi, udehosati
Udelohosv ajilonu?esgv?i. O'SGF R DbG 9RZE7 He found --- out that he was being cheated.
?3de21v4?i
DY4T
n. dollars
nn ~rarzsc.@A o . ~ E G C I . s1
cf: adela, uhnosda a1de2tv3sga D.Sb'oc,S v.i
Hi?a alsgwetuwo sgo adelv jugvwahldi. The price of this hat is ten dollars.
he's diving
Hisgi iyuwahnilv jigesv kohi sunale He was born --morning. at five o'clock this
a'de231a DSW n. money "Adeia ageyhdi gesv didaleni asgahni." "D.CH' D f G 1 F R J L c f h Dash." "The love of money is the root of evil .I1 cf: adelvvi 32de123diyh2di4?i, a2de123ju2niyh2di4?i ' ll,SlV_117, D.Y u d h d f n. bank Yijadulas adeldiyhdi dijalvhwisdanhdi?
LICSH';: DSlY11 1 C 4 8 @ L A l ?
a1de3y92ha D3fi.G v.i. 1. he's going around a curve 2. he's turning off the road 3. he's circling it ga2de3y02ha ulde23y0321V23?i a1de3y02h03?i ha2de2ya2ga u2dey23sdi Adanelv gadeyoha.
-
S Sfi+
(j'.f
fi q'!'
D.S'fiJ T
+.f G'S
@ .$;JJ
a'de123ju23hlv4?i fornia
DSH P J
n. Cali-
a,r(oa~ s p + . a
cf: adeyohv?i, gadeysdiha a1de3y92hv4?i W f i d 1 n. curve da1de3yq2hv4?i L . S f i 8 7 Ayanuli ahi?lisv iyusdi dunvdv adevohv?i .
D;qr D9PR T G A l SO6 D 3 f i d T .
cf: a'di3?a
scattering
a1di32sgo3?i Dd1,1A7 hi 'a d HI u2di sdi QA2d Ahani daji?di hi?a suhdi. DLh ..Ill Cd. I am going - -lay this fishing pole to - -here.
'
Ahnawo uligvhaluhyv udigaleyojv sdaya unolvna . Dt8 B P E G M B BdSdfiC L B Z 9 8 . 2 Pieces of cloth scattered xhen the wind blew hard.
, t
!!
i
II
-..
cf: ahvsga, gakqtv;ga, ganehvsga, ganvysga a1di2di3ha Ddd,L- v.i. he's rising from a prone position
ga2di 3gw?21v2de3y92ha jdS7Sfi.G u'di3gw~21v2de23y0321v237i BJTqSfi 11. a1di3gw~21v2de3yq2h03~i D l T 9.Y fi T 6 ha2di 1gw?21v2de2yg2ga u2di ' g ~ ? ~ l v ~ d3sdi ey~ .GATqS.2S QdX'3SA,?,[
Sudali iyuwahnilv sunale gadidisgoTi. 68 CLI: T G G h ? Z ' S 162.47. I rise at six a.m. -cf: dalehvsga a1di2ga21e23ya39a fl-i~d;j~ t. he's v. scattering it g?2di2g?21e2 3y?3?a S AS en3D
Ayanuli adigwalvdeyoha gagwatv al5hwisdohdohdivi. D34P 0dTq.Yfi.G SX6" Dd82VL'A T The wheel - spinning too fast to is stop. cf: gadigwalvdeysdiha
a1di2ha Dd+
v.t. he's saying it ga2di 3?a SAD ~ldv~hnv~~?i QfQT a1di23sgq37i D,1JAT
'+ L ~ ~ d i ~ ~ ~ ~ B1 f cfB T ~ ~ v ~ ha2da~ 1 d e ~ a1di2ga21e23ya32sgo3?i ,,/sc*2&1T u2tdi 8 6 3 Gado usdi adiha? h?2di2g?21e2 3ya PdS d@ ST.; QJd Dd.G? ~ ~ d i ~ g ? ~ l e ~ ~ y a OAS8&d i ~~sd What is he saying? Digohwel gasgilv duhlaTv dudigaleyv digohwelcd uhyala. a1di23nv32di2ha ~ d O d + v.t. he's .I IdP S A Y ? Sf i Ydf oqB d t i iJ B I j LP running over him, it He scattered the papers on the table -j i2y?2di23nv32d12ha, ga2diL3nv32di2ha when he looked for his pencil. kZd@d+, S d@J+ af: adigaleyoga Bd@w@T a1di2g+21e23y032ga DdSdh'S v.i. it's a1di23nv32di2sgo3?i D.I@d,?AT
--
a'di2ta3sga it Nvnohi dejinadiwsgv ale dagwalela nagwadinvtanv3i. 02,9 .Qh.O.lQJE D$ IXJM' &Z'dO.WDT. Crossing the road, L w a s almost run over by a car. a1di2sgS2hlY3sga DJ;SP;IS hiding g?2di1sg?2hly3sga v.i. he's
SJZ'SPAf
DAYn\..,S
ga2di'ta3sga
~ l d i ~ t ? ~ h v ~ ~ ?b d T BJ i a1di2t?2sgo3?i h?2di23ta
DJ\\ ,?A1 +A\\'
e_T
diI/d
n. spoon
../or,h
h: i. -.( .
gvsgahlvsga, udisgahla
Do% D;',ICJE
-
SSR13.Y kAG..i'+.
kJb3D QJbBT
Hidisiya gasgilo. Hla yudlanvda galadisdi dagwalelu'i. A J b 2 S3YG. C GAOL SM'J3J I.TFMP. Leave the chair. There isn't room to put it in the car. cf: ahiya?a, gakahiya'a, ganehiya'a, ga?niya?a a2di23ta2sdi drink
' 2 n. something to
17u O
cf:
X PC D h A X
DJC.
di2di23ta2sdi
J.iW,AJ
Gado usdi aditasdi jaduli? S l ' @2,J DJ\\'i -f CSP'? What kind of -a drink do you want? cf: aditasga
S S P DSM'.
'dIe3,,:
: !.c
road
12
adlecheha
Where ---- off? did he turn cf: adlesgv?i Gado usdi adli?a? Ama, unvdike? SV 0 2 D C D ? Dd", QDJI-? '1 What - is sKpouring? Water or milk? cf: gahlvsga, galadi?a, galvysga
-
a1dle3che2h03?i
DL?" i
. .
Udlechehdi udulvhv asesgini hla vsgi yinudvnele?i. O L Y J Q S U D 4 2 Y h L i 5 Y h46"/16T. He to take - wanted -- revenge against him but he didn't do it. cf: adle?isdi, udlega ?2dle'?i 3sdi DLT2-l n. revenge
Juwoduhi didlivado duniha Anijalagi Unohlvhnvnv Unadana?nv?i Daligwa. JUSA J_CDV S h G D h C W Y B Z P O U QBleD-T LET. They have some pretty earrings at the Cherokee Arts and Crafts in Tahlequah. cf: udli?ada a'dli32ga DCS v.i. 1. it's pouring into a container (liquid) 2. 2. it's filling
Hlesdi adle?isdi yijahyohesdi LAJ D L 7 2 1 iXfi?Ad. Don't be looking for revenge. g2dle1sg2do D L B V n. apron di2dle'sa2do JLBV Adlesado adlesadvysgo adasdayhdi yidulvhwisdanela. V&D DLB572A Dl21 8 6 dS98JlAW. She puts on an apron when she works in the kitchen. a'dle3sgv4?i DL@ET n. turn-off
Gadawosgv, ama udlijv ji?leni. Slt"JE, D T QCC b6h. While I was swimming, water filled my ear. cf: adli?a a'dli23ha DCG v.t. he's drawing a liquid out of a container
adolanvsdi
13
a1dloy3sga 06725 v.i. he's getting off ga2dloy3sga Ama adliha svdoni7i. D$ RVhT. He's - drawing water from a barrel. cf: adlila, adlisdiha a1dli32sdt2ha DC2d.G v.t . he's pouring a liquid into a container ji2dli32sdi2ha h.C@d.G ~ ~ d l i ~ ~ s t ~ O'C2WO.T~ ~ ? i ~ n v hi2dli1sda a1dloy3sgo37i 56725 DtTTJAT ~ ' d l o ~ ~ s v8tJTRT i ~ ~ ~ hs2dlo1hi dd.9 u2dlo1h13sdi BtTA@d Agayvliyv iyusdi, segajv udloysv sogwili7i. pT 'P DfBPB TGJd 4 S C B f R + P 7 . Because of his old age, he barely got off his horse.
--
v.i. he's
ACJC
Gado usdi adlisdiha? ulvsa7dis, guguke? SV B@d DC@d+? B 4trJ2, J J P ? What -- pouring it into? A glass is she or a bottle?
--
g?2dlv23gwa32sga SPZaS DP ? i ~ ~ d l v ~ ~ k w s v ~ ~ XRT a1dlv23kwsg?37i DP P 2 A T h?2dlv2 3 k ~ a +P Z ~ ~ d l v ~ 3sdi w i DPPJJ ~k Adlvkwsgvgwu iga geso yuwonisa. DPP?E3 75 P.1. GOhtr. does is j s brag when he ut speaks.
cf: adlisdohdi, gahldiha, galadisdiha, galvdiha ?3dli1sdoh2di DC,?Vd (for liquid) n. container
All
Hisgi go?i didlisdohdi dagwaduliha. AJY AT d l LXSP+. I want five oil containers. cf: adlisdiha, gahldohdi, galadisdohdi, galvdohdi a1dlo2hy13ha D6JN v.i. he's crying Eligwus hyiyadlvta heli? RPJ@ E W ? ) I? Do you think'you can catch I L -J him? 2do 21%2nv3sdi DVWDZd cane Hlesdi jadlohyilv7i. LJd C d h . 7 T . Don't L crv. cf: dadlohyiha with -
n. walking
.IifCI/Oc2,1C.lP f i l l ])I. L f i P J E T He makes --- canes by carving wood, walking a2d023ni'+sgi 1 n. sorcerer
. .
DOj7/Ip>Y
.t~firya YC;
PI~.~;J' D.;+JTJY$
Advnelisgi iyulsdohdi adehlohgwa?a didehlohgwasgi. DsT:lPi1.Y -PGP O'V"1 D.SdXD . I S ~ T ; I Y The student is studying to become an actor.
cf: advneliha a1dv2nv3?i2sdl3ha DbVT3d.G V. t . 1. he's preparing it 2. he's getting ready g?2dv2nv3?i2sd1 3ha SPOT2J.G
a2du2da21e4sdi 1 , n. freedom Hadlv ahwahtvhdi ad~idalesdi? 4-P D i . DSL(T2-I? (T1 Where does one find freedom? cf: gudaleva +'dy2ji
D6-h.
n. 1. Dutch 2. German Dlv agwenvsdi gadvnv?isdiha S 6W7.2-I+. I'm getting ready to go somewhere. Tsgwisdi alsdayhdi advnv?isdisgo Danisdayohihv?i.
.JD D , P ' I T ~ S . Y O. - I I
a1dv3ne2ha DiYjlQ gg2dv b g 2 h a u1dv3ne21v237i a1dv3ne2h03?i ha'dvl ga
~ ~ n i ' j i~ ~ D h~i,'~ d Hi?a Advj i oginali7i. ~ h i s y e r m a nis my friend. v.t. he's doing it Soi,l&
85'11 37
P D;dd ;O?
DKlk I
l.7 s
She prepares a lot of food at Christmas. cf: udvnv?isdi a2ga2da2ha47i DS L +7' adj . dirty (animate) ?2ni2ga2da2ha4?i DhS L,&T Gadohi yidunanelohna diniyohli, anigadaha nanalsdisgo?i. When children play on the ground,
u2dvnh1di iYf'A.1 Gado hadvnehesdi Dodagwidena? Slf h W . 1 1.1 @ P O ? What will you be doing Saturday? aldv3ne21i3ha 1 siilY ga2dv3ne2113ha u ldv3ne21v2hnv237i ha2dvlne231a
\i.
i. he's actl~lg
S ):lPC
8o7/l X?l
a l d ~ ~ n e ~ l i ~ ~ s g ? ~ lP,AT DY ? i
1 bTi CV
Nigohilv agahliyi geso udasdehldi9i h.4.94 D S C h I-$ 0 L,ilSCdT. He's sa eager to help. 31ga31i2ha Df/',b v.i. it's (sun or moon) shining
a2ni2gg?3ng2kt i
~p
-~f
H.
The moon shines brightly if it's a full moon. a'ga132sga D ~ W v.t. 1. he's J ~ breaking a flexible object 2. he's cutting a flexible object j12ga132sga u1ga132sv23?i algal 32sgo3?i
I ~ WAS S BS WRT D S M1@A7
a1ga2nawh2d?3ha warming it
W A G v .t. he's
Julasihdeni daganawhdiha.
JB:b.Eh I f 8C>d.I6.
The girl wants -- her hair. to cut Juwoyeni gvhdi ugalsv asti.
dC8h Ed BSU'R
D ~ @ ( ~ J s v.i. it's
He broke t h e t r i n g with his hands. -cf: asgwalsga a2g?21u23ga D f M f n. twister Igada agaluga jusdi geso, igadahno jutana. T f C D f M f d@d k?. T f I 2 dWQ. Some twisters are small and some are big. a1gg2naZ3di3?a D f 8dD licking it ji2gg2naZ3di3?a v.t. he's
h f OdD
Dan.
it's raining
- - - - -- -
-- - - --O,S@d
ASQC B f 8dJd
u2ganh2di
16
agasuyeda
adj a person ?2ga1su2ye4da DSZ8 L who has been chosen Hi?a asgaya ase agasuyeda uwonihisdi7i.
AD D 2 S 3 0 4 DSe8.I O'@h,9@lT.
~herokees like to play ball cf: agehya agi- v.pref. first person singular subject (see Gram. I, B) a1g13?a g y g v.t. he's eating it (a single solid food) jt2gi37a u1gv23?i a1gi32sgo37i hi2ga u2gi1sdi
~ Y D
O'ET DYJA7 AS O'YJd
My uncle has an - squirrel dog. old cf: uweti q2gg2yv231i3ge4?i D S B P P T woman g2ni2gg2yv2 3113ge4?i n. old
The Cherokees like -- corn bread. to eat cf: agisdi, asdigi?a, gahye?a a1gi3?a DYD v.t. 1. he's picking j t . up 2. he's getting it j12gi37a
hYD
Dhf BpI.7
~'gi~sv~~?i BYRT
The -- has been teaching for old woman twenty years. cf: agayvli Adel ugoha gadohi ahv ugisvqi. a3ge4 DI. adv. over there
D.YW @A+ SVA D 8 B A T .
When he saw money on the ground, he picked it up. Tavli ijudetiyvda iyudali ije dagwalela agisgovi.
W P T J S J B I TGLP TY ITdW D Y d A I .
He - gets a new car every two years. cf: ayiha, gane?a, ganegi?a ?2gi2hli4yi DYCA n. agony, pain
i z e -? DG
g2gi23si DYb
.2 .23si g 2nl gi
n. female animal
D ~ Y L
Sgohi iyani7j j itaga anigisi dejigowhtiha, sagwuhnv achvya. MALI T 2 h 7 h . U f D h Y b SkAG.T.G, tl>@
T ) cj ;
a1gi2hli23y032ga DYCfif v.i. he's in agony, pain j?2gilli?3YO 32ga IrYPfi S .lgi2h] i23y032jv23?i a1gi2hli23y032g037i
O'YcfiCT DYCfiAl
. . .
1r;,4dMiJ.L ,
s .4d;d.[
DAdZJJAT
JTi.9 L
1A.O L OYCfiCT
two days.
hi2ya2gq2hY2sda, h92g02hv2sda
HSAL, L
u2gp2hv3sdoh2di
J M P d&(a 1, AS.Z.1.C..
+AhdL 8A&,,17d
cf:
agihliyi
g2giL'na DJ'Q n. young animal (not born in litter or hatched) Sogwil agwajeli agina uwakaha.
DTYP m O C u f , . 8 My horse has a colt.
$'Pf
cf. a?da a3gi1sdi DLYkll n. something to eat (single solid) Gohusd agisdi higisv didana?nv?i. 11rJ.1 DYZlJ &Yl{ JL 807. Get something -- at the store. to eat cf: agi?a
: 'gi32sdo2?a ,
D,\';,IrD
v. t. he's chewing
it
Dagwalela duhlihgwadina agohvsgv udalenvhv7i. 1. 7 ; y n M . SC7.10 DAS, P @1,d'@61 . \Then the car overturned it started burning. cf: agohvsdiha n. perch
?2g021a 4
DZotL. J f B 2 d .
,
18
agona
I am friend. - - reading a letterfrom a udlvgi. Aga7nakti ugoliyedi udulisgv The patient wanted a doctor to examine him.
DSBSJ
BAPXIC P ~OF Y . B T
Hlas hyigowhti? LZ & J , &? Don't --you see it? cf: agowhtvhdi , agowhtvhdiha 62gowh2 3tvh2di DAG6'.,1 n , sight
Agonas jalosvhi?
CGlt3?
Have you gone through famine? a 3go2ni3ha D.4h-G v.i. he's target practicing ga3go2n; 3ha u3g02nv2hv237i a3g02ni23sgo3?i ha1g023na u lgonh23di
SAh+
@,,10.8.7
=\ ,
ssqn
b 3c
s c s ! ~L
I ~ G ~ J~ T . F
The green grass is really a beautiful sight, cf: agowhtiha, agowhtvhdiha v.t . he Is
;
a
h.iiLo7.1,G
@.4C,r\VD7-
LI.4h.2.47 ;G.1 H
0.i0.J
a1gowh2tvh2di23sg5,3?i Dtl(X'.l< AT
BAG S'I,
Q AG S"V "1
<
Ije gahlja7di gvhdi agoniha. 1 S I ' C . 1 E.i M I . 7 He's target pacticing with a new bow. a2g03sda2gi 32sdi D l,Ly,~( n. lettuce Jisdu gvwsvhnelv agosdagisdi.
1 r i S E(;kL 7 D 3 4 x L Y
r
Jej ahlilostanv ugowhtvhdi uduli jaj i . YCCR,,W/O @,lGT'J B SP C h . Your mother wants -- a pictcre to see of you. cf: agowhtiha, agowhtvhdi
(.
a2g04sdi
D I d 1 adj . raw
Dh 1, 1
a2niLgo4sdi
?'gv2d?2ge4ni
5,:t-s
n. his forehead
I
!
a 1g o h t ~ ~2 t -h-i
7
1) l(.,.l i
11. t
. he
im ,
i7
Ga?ni;.isgi sgwahlesdi gaoniyisgv dunvda agvdageni uwahni lv7i. 1; 5,,'.\. rL.r.i S t1.5,; YO;' D F L F h F
BCh.)l.
When the catcher missed catch in^ the ball, it hit him on -his forehead. a1gv2hB21i3ha DE4.P.C. v.t. 1. he's cutting it 2. he's slicing it ji2gy2?+21j3ha u'gv2h?21v2hv2 3?i a1gv2ha21i23sgp3?i
hLDP+ 0E.L~S-T DE.LP3.47
Dfi./lS 2 G l l . l ' T , D E f f - T I - ?
Is your friend a white person or black? cf: gvhnagevi a1gv2sgo231v32sga DE2A92.S scolding him v. t. he's
i3E.IU' l-Li'gv2h?21a @ E,.l.C .I u2gv2hah12di Asano uwohlvhdi ugvhalvhv?i. Dl3 7 B ( ' ~ ' P P E.l, 9d. T .I She cut a pattern for a dress. -Hayelsdi gvhdi agvhali g a d ~ uganasda. ..E.dPiA LA - SLY B f 0 2 1 . . DEOGO She's slicing the cake with a knife.
Na asgaya uweji achuja agvsgolvsga. 8 D 2 5 3 Q S ' h D d C DEG,A*?;;S. The man is scolding his son.
cf:
j ~2gy2?~21~y32sga hEDMZ,S
u1gv2h?21u32hyv23?i 0 E . L M B T u2gv2sgwo1sdi
8 E21f'~.d
Wesa yulsdayvhnohna agvsgwosgo?i. L l GP211. B Z t D E21rJAT c3 ~ ~ its - after it eats. A cat u washes - ~ face
agw-
Chop u l some cabbage to cook. cf: agvhaliha, galuysga ?igv2ha21v4da DE+?L adj a piece of something that's been cut Gadu uganasda agvhalvda skvsi.
S $ @ S G x L Dt.t.7L
. .
Hla kilo yulvkwdi ahalada. C ,YG C.)lrd D a . Nobody likes a loudmouth. a1h?21u23gi3Ta D+,Z~.)-L) v.t. 1. he's diverting him, it 2. he's flagging him, it down ji27a21u23gi37a 32sv23?i a1hG21u23gi 32sgo3?i hi2?a21u23gi
h.DM<YD 0+41Yli7
@Eh.
. .
D6MYG A 7
.3Dh1\
20
Hi?alugi na dagwalela
~ + h , ~h
Let's meet -after a while. here cf: na a2hg2wi, ?hi 'w D+@, D @ n. deer Ahwi -hawiya osda agisdi.
D8 - G83
6031 l?,Yd.l.
B9cd .u' Gahlgwogi iyani?i saloli degajilv aginohalena. S P V Y T2hP t / G P SSh- "?YZGde. I - killed seven squirrels when I went hunting . cf: adahihi, didahihi
a1h;T31e2ha DAd+ v.t. he has possession of a vehicle ji2?i31e2ha
h 70%
hi2?g2wo sda
dD E 2 1
When I closed the windows, I smothered it. ?'hi4da 0131 adj . , adv. easy di2hi4da -1.41 Igada inada hla ahida yigi digowhtvhdi
He's - driving his dad's car. cf: ahi?lvsdi?i a1hiT31i 0 3 P v.t. he's driving it (vehicle in motion or animal) ir 7-P j 127;31i ~ ' h i ? ~ l v 3 s v ~ 3 ?B.9'1RT i a1hi?31i3s03?i
P S L T 8 6 'L
easy to see.
a1hi23d032ha DAV+ v.t. he's handling it, he has it in his hand . 27i2 3d032ha
I?
'
--------------
DAPI. T
hll L
u1hi23d0321v23?i a1hi23d032h039i hi2hiZ3da u2hi2 1da32sdi Gado xsdi hihidoha? S ! 9' i .>"I L ,; ,;.. 1; --~
84Lr9T
DBVI P
1 3L
83 1. ,?A
He's drivxg the cattle toward the pasture. cf: ahi?lvsdi?i a2hi?21~ lsdi4?i 1 , . n. steering wheel ~li?hi?~lvlsdi~?i. [ L ] ~ , ~ - [ T
Gohusdi galsda ahi?lvsdi7i. .lr,?.l sf21 ~.-3q;'.11 Something happened to the steering wheel.
cf:
Gohusdis ahlawidisg jaduli? 41; dd DPF.I,V (. S P ? Do you want something -that flies? cf: ahlai,ridlha, ahlawitdiha a'hla2wi2tdi3ha l?ffJ.l.II. s a t . he's making him, it fly
j i 2ya2dl?2wi2tdi'ha,
ga2d1?2wi2tdi3ha
Leave the car when vou ao back. cf: adisiya?a, gakahiya?a, ganehiya?a, ga?niya?a a1hla2hY3sga D P & ; S v.t. he's placing it on something
Jiyu dinehldohdi ulvkwdi uhlawitdohdi. Ir(; .lAC17.1 0 91".1 O,L'031..6 . ' He likes -- a tov airolane. to flv cf: ahlawidiha, ahlawitdisgi a2hla'wi2tdi4sgi 1 who makes it fly n. person
Gasgilv hihlahvga na gugu. YoL.'-'7 .3pcs 0 J J . Put the bottle - the table. on cf: ahlohdi a1hl;!2~i2di3ha 1 v . i . he's taking off'flying, it's flying away
Are you ---- this plane? the one who flies cf: ji.yu dihlawitdisgi a1hliZgi3?a T)C.iT1) 11.i . h e t s having a nightmare
Gohusdi yusgasdanela jisgwa, ahlahidi sgo?i. 4rK.l , X S , , ~i ~ i I I H I , P L P / , , 11. ( When sorncth~ngscares a blrd, it flies aha?. --
3 -3
ahli3il idoha
v. i . it's
getv, uhliyvhgwid~nv~i.
r. iu'lt' r.f
When he hit the steel post with a car, -it bent. cf: ahyvhgwidvsga a1h1~2yv23s?3na,1sdi3ha DCBUr)G3A1.(. v.i. he's snorting
Hila igohid uhli?ilidole etsdoyesgv? 11.v 1 1.11. qc*rrr RC,Lr8Jf? How long --did it take for you to get a haircut?
cgn
cf:
hila ahli?ili, juhli?ilvstanv3i v. t. he's measuring Gohusdi yasgasdaneh ahwi, ahliyvsanawsdisgovi. . I , l l , , S31:1 D 8 , DCBUOG;Zilfir4 7. , r Y . 1, Khen a deer is trying to scare something, - snorts it
a1hli2103?a D C G D it
Dihnesgesgi ahlilosdi kdisgo ahlilosgv iyv usgwalsdi3i hyahtena. ul.'\,ckG,J' 1lCG0al f-.I;!.-l DCGG)F T B
L .
v.i. he's
;iao.
A carpenter uses a ruler in measuring the place where h e cut the board. cf: ahlilosdi
a2hli2104sdi Dc; C:J Ahlilosdi esgidisi lc:cI R*ir.ltl. l(,. Hand me a ruler.
-
n. ruler
n. preacher
cf:
ahlilo3a Jo3i iyani3i juwej i anichuja anahljadohvsgi nunalstanv?i. Three of his sons became preachers. cf: ah1 jadohvsga
--------------
u2hli2yvh2gwi2dv 'di
O.C'RPY.1
ahl1ta2wo3?a DI"\\('n his hail. gp21i1tp2wo"a &I 1ta2,,r03?v23?i ah11ta2w03sgo37i Sgwahlesdi uwahnila jolani, uhlkodvhnv7i. d1'Li.i PGhM' K M h , BfAi'OT. When a ball hit the window, it shattered.
s I-\\'('
@f\\ CT'jT
DP\\(.,iiAT
&(.\kc C:
cf:
hah12ta2u023ja uh12ta2u01sdi
0. \\/Ck "i l;
ahlkotdiha
Dayohihv dahlkotdisgo gugu. L fi2a I PAGJAA J J He shatters the bottles by shooting them.
cf:
ahltawova, atawova
cf:
ahl'te'lv2hy 3sga 01-L .lLdS v.i. he, it 's moving (without changing location) ga21i1te31v2h23sga
f f 9~ x L
uh11te31\,2hn\~2371
BP b 407
cf:
a1hna2w?39i2yv3?a D t i ; T R changing his shirt ga2ni1w? 37i'v 37a y Oginvsa oginalasgalvha, jihlosv7i.
13.vU.U j3.j R l l d S ?-I, h J R l When we * laved ball bv ourselves. I
beat him. --
,I,&(; T08
(kf,~7~fi:~,/
Gadaha nulstana uhnawo, uhnawa7iyvsv7i. fl.~P J Y E B ~ C , ~ J Brir. When his shirt got dirty, - changed he it. cf: ahnaweTa, ahnawo, ahnawo7a a' hna2we37a DtScD v.t . he ' s taking his shirt, coat off
a1hne2ha D.li. v.t. he's giving it to him j i1ne2ha a1hneZ3ho3?i hi2?v2si u2hneh3di
hi1;G
. .
B~ld
Sgohi adelv uhnelv uweji achuja. ZilA DS.? 8 1 @Oh. DJC. ,4 He gave his son ten dollars. -cf: adeha, gakaneha, ganehneha, ganvneha Uganawosa, uhnawesv gasaleni. BSQC'H, 8 t U R S H r ? h . W e n it got warm, ---off his he took coat. cf: ahnawa?iyv?a, ahnawo, ahnawo7a uhnawo
62hn62wo DtC; n. 1. shirt 2. cloth Wahga ganega gohlvhtanv ahnawo agina?a. G f fAf .qP\Y/D DYOD. I have a shirt made of cowhide. cf: ahnawa7i)v7a, ahnaiv.e7a,ahnauo7a uhnario Aniyvwiya unilvkwdi unahnesdi. D hB 021;h W.l OOldl I '!,.. Indians like - wrestle. to cf: dihnehihi s1hneh13di2ha D/IC.l.l- v. t . he's interpreting, translating it ga lnehl 3di2ha S ,lC.I+ ulhnehl3ta2nv237i alhnehl3di'sgo3?i ha2hnehl 2da u2hnehl 3doh2di BLlC\kO-I D,IC-l,L!T C1 L :C @,ICVul
Tje gasnlcni a j invnelv ti5eh.n~ h:n yilhna:~o"e'?~ . ? t ' ' ; l j ' . ~ / ,Ill?!. .!, '7 /)'LO r (: I , , --l , R -She \+!asg ii.cn a new coat , o i ~ t.qhe -i ~ . d r i ' t - i..r.. bear .
Gawonisgi gawonisgv ahnehldiha. S [ ' : h , ~ , v S C ' h,?L D/1C.I,C tle's interpreting the speaker's speech.
cf:
ahnehltanv7i
Hi'a
gc8t,rqeli a h n e h l t a n v a g w a d u l i h a .
A[(/. D
nn
cf:
lruo nssr+.
--
--
I want a t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h i s l e t t e r .
ahnchldiha
a 1 h n i 2 g i 3 2 s d i 2 h a DhY2J.i. s t a r t i n g it
v.t.
he's
D f K H A7
+AKi S
BAK J
Dagwalela u h n i g i s d o h d i u d u l i , asehnv h l a d i s d u 9 i s d i yiduwaya. 1Su"M' BhYAliil C L S P , D 4 0 C J 2 S T A J J~SG 3 He w a n t s -- r t t h e c a r , b u t h e t o sta d o e s n ' t have t h e keys.
Ganulvhi anahnejosga d i n i y o h l i . S4.7,3 LIOAK2f J h f i C . The c h i l d r e n - f r o l i c k i n g i n t h e are grass. ~ l h n e ~ s ~D,q,,)f.t- av . t . h e ' s ~ ~ h building a house
cf:
ahnigi9a
~ ~ h r ~ ~ h l i ~ ~ n v "O.IC@x.I ~ d i
h 7 .1
cf:
!':li2gi39a
gainf ' g i 3 9 a
a ' h n i 2gi" s g o " ~
ha2hni 2gl u23h;i 3gil s d l
a2h041i I J k f
8r3h,r.lDSPJijF, D 4 0 c~.,f'Il . He - wanted to hit him on the mouth, but he got scared. a1hv3"a DPD v.t. he's moving it from one place to snather i 11?v3? a hi D
J .
h a alidlisgv dahudi7a selu. ,!IS^ ,!IPC,<E 41 1. She's putting some corn - the boiling in water . cf: guhvsga
I$-0
a2hu1ja2wo?3!a3dv4di D~CYCC'P..~ stove n. pipe, iar,? chimney ~~ di2hu1j ? . ' w ~ la2dv4di .lr(,f:CYr.l Hadlv yidejiyvwahta osi dihujawoladvdi? LP .P5SlrBG'L ,51> ([I. -~ W"" - "J,.? Where can I find some stove pipes? cf: ahujawoladv?i
D~-c:e'kVf'T
Qd,,.I
- ,
[.rJ<KI?T
Sdikidagwu aksgaili didla y ~ djakahnana, i ahuj :iwoladv7i . yuhwigot.;.nhta,c,.lY[,A .;S h .lo% (".l~;dtzOG6I:lC\Yi D'j
n cc
+-,
{r I
Jowr
:1 1 see
ahuj awoladvdi
a1hwah2ti3ha . him, it
,!If? 1,
j i 'wah2ti3ha
hC.3i.
j i2'u21v3ni2ha ulhu:lr23ni3?lv23?i
a1hu21v3n?2h03'i hi.-'-qu:lv'nilga u2hu:!1v2 ? n i2.i 3,d
MY :It, 6
(pr
:]r
Di ,') hfi 1
.D '4 11,<
(?/- :I
11 , < ' . /
Gohusdi yag~sgalanelaahida ahwahtis9137i. -- l L - ~ , L L %S H ~ , ~0 1C1 clLr K I I r C hhen something L S hi 'den from ' . ~ m , k- -- it ea7; 12. : finds o
27
v .t . he's
fJ2S
Gago hi~<ahtvhidasdijaduli? Who du you want -to visit? ci: adahwahtvhidoha, ahwahtiha a1hwi2di3ha D8J.t v.t. he's taking it somewhere
> 1
Nuna tihyahketsa.
S O JaF.4R.
;',lL;-!
CSP?
Uwoduhi ahyahldi ugisv udetiyisgv7i. OC' 7 13 D ~ Z 0J.n n snlsx~ . I7 She recelved a pletty necklace for her birthday. a1hyah'tv23hy3sga 7 2 d L 5 v .i. it's (the ground) becol?ing frosty
a'hw>.qdi23sgo3?i hiihwiZ3da
u21 1 .
D@.l
.,? C? 1,
.I
!I
,'tdi
am-f
. rcon
o m . .,IILJJ .
a1hwi2sga it
m ---
OR hfR?
a'hyg'ni3ha Duhi v.t. I , he's calling, inviting him 2 , he's receiving, getting him
n. necktie
Ahyadlvdis chawahisdi jaduli? DuP.fx CG 3.r.I ('SF? Do you want to buy a necktie? cf: gahya7dlv?i
Wahga uhyona gvhdi ahyaniha gihli. GS O'fiCI t . l D;hC . J C . He's calling the dog with a cow horn. - hiyanvhe hi?a gihli? Hadlv
.(,P ,'3;r?07 .9D .YC?
28
a'h~e~~a DBS v.t. he's taking it somewhere by hand ji'~e~~a hBS O'BRT ~'hyv~sv~~?i DBAT a1hye3g03?i hi2hyu' ga K S u2hyv'sdi
+P - J X L d d ? A8S
I
I
8B @ d
Hadlv hihyega sgwahlesdi? Where - you taking the ball? are cf: ahyeha, gahnega, ganega, ganhjega a'hyg2ha his hand
ji'ye2ha
D8.L v.t. he's holding it in Ir 8 .t. DBaT DPII'
on the
a1hye21i3?a DBPD v.t. 1. he's imitating him, it 2, he's mocking him ji'ye21i3?a a1hye21i3sgo3?i
h8PD D8 P A A T
~ l h y e ~ l i ~ s v ~ 8 8?Pi T ~ R
a1hye2hv23?i a'hye2h03?i
--------------
nsw
SRET.
&T.
He - imitates birds with his whistling. Gago hiyeli?a? Who - you mocking? are B2hye12sdi, h+2ye12sdi n. knife
GE P J d , .GE P J d
He had - - ten dollars worth of pennies in his hand. --cf : gahneha, ganeha, ganhjeha v. t. he's a'hyeh2ga2hlv3sga D B S P 3 S <ing it
I lost my knife while hunting, cf: a'hyeh2g?2hly 3sgp37i D ~ S P J A T hi2hyeh2ga2hlv'ga AESPS u2hyehZgahl 2di BBSC-I Unega ujilv gvhdi uhyehgahlanv?i.
I)',.lS BIr 4 E d B B S C O T .
ahyehloha
She it - quilted - with white cotton. cf: hyehgahli a1hyeZ3hlp3ha D R d G v.t. 1. he's making an incision 2. he's operating on him
a'hyp3ha Dfi+ v.t, he's looking for him j ilyp3ha hfi+ ~'hy?~lv~~?i 0'284T a'hy92h03?i DfikT hiyhlga Afi S uy2sdi 8,226 Oginali?i jiyoha, Hadlv wigalohi?
75YOPT
h.fi.L.
+ P
@SOB?
m m -
Where
29
a1hyS13?i2ne3ga DGTAS v.i. he's swimming (propelling himself through water) galF37i2ne3ga
SCTAS O'GTQRT
Sudal ilasihdi iganvhida ahyvhdlo uwohlvhnv?i. r 1 P 7161 T f QAL m B W Q T . d He made a six-foot ladder. a1hyvh2gw?3dv32sga DBPPZS v .t he's bending it 2 . she's hemming it
1.
v.i. it's
Hlesdi jihihyvhgwidvni!
Ldd IrABPPh !
- -
When I finish sewing the quilt, - I am going to hem it. ---cf: ahliyvhgwidvsga ?2hyvh2je4ni DBYh throat n. his neck,
ba7X'G b 8 8 d E 8 f C L b B P r h .
Do you hear it thundering? cf: ahyvdagwalosgi p2hyv2d?2gw?2101 sgi DB L XGJY thunder HisgahoTis ahyvdagwalosgi?
A@SE T@ DB b EGJY?
n.
his
Are you afraid of thunder? cf: ahyvdagwalo?a g2hyv2dlg2di1sdi4sgi D B l d J d J Y n. 1. refrigerator 2. air conditioner Ahyvdladisdisgi uhwahisdi uduli gogi iyv?i.
DBld2d@Y O'G,92d WSP AY T B T .
throat but I missed. cf : uhyvhjinvtga a1hyvh2te3?a D B X D v.t. he's kicking him, it jiZya1yvh2te3?a, ga1yvh2te3?a
'r=B%D.
SBXD
~ l h y v h ~ t e ~ s v ~DBZRT ~?i
He wants to buy an - conditioner air in the summer. cf: u1hyv2dla (cold, v.), u2hyv4dla (cold, adj . ) a2hyvh2dlo DBJ n. ladder
30
ahyvki cf: ahyvhjeni a37i DT v.i. he's walking ga37i ST a37i2sv237i a37i2s037i
DTRT DT+T
I
a2hyv4ki DBY n. prisoner, captive Igada aniyosgi anihyvki nunalstana. I f L Dh152Y D h B Y 9 8 P 2 W B . Some soldiers have become prisoners. cf: ahyvkidi7a
D~ 7 D a I h y ~ ~ ~ k i ~ d i B Y J a v.t. he's capturing him jilyv23ki 3di27a h-BYJD ~ l h y v ~ ~ k i ~ d v Q B~ P T i ~ Y~ a ' h y ~ ~ ~ k i'sgo37i ~di DBYJSAT hily~~ki~~da ABY L ~ ~ h y v ~ ~ k i ~ d i ' s d i Q B .Y &..I Dinidahnawi uhyvkidv a7yosgi. d h L 28 DECAY.
I 1
Someone iswalking toward the building, g2j?72di D C J n. fish Hila iyani7i aja7di dehiniyvhe?
AW T 3 h T D C J S A h B ? ?
Ajahdas na asgaya, Ajalagike? v.t. he's hitting him on the nose jilyv23sde31u2hy2sga hB2.SMdLAS ~'hyv~~sde 31u2hnv237i QBi2S!rfQI a1hyv23sde31u2hy2sgo3?i DBJSMSr,,;.41' hi 'yv2sde21u2hv1ga Gago uhyvsdeluhne?i?
S A QB@SMAT?
~3 2.9 IMQ S B
1 s a t man a Choctaw or a Cherokee? a1j?37i27a DCTD gg2jg37i27a u I? 3?i1sv23?i v.i. it's hatching
f CTD
D C I 2 8 D a S 3 , DCWYF?
QCTRT
Who hit him on the nose? ----a ' h ~ y ~ s ~ i ~ ~D~ 3 Y~W a v.t. he's Bi . h choking him
hC2ja27i W T u2ja27i1sdi 8CTad Hila iyani7i jitaga anida unaja?iseTi? &W T 3 h T b W f D h L 8 h82F4 T? How manv chicks hatc e . cf: aja7vsga
. a 1 1%2nv 2sga DCOJS v.i. he's dressing up g? 2. 2nv 1sga. 1% f COAf u1j a2nv2hnv237i 8 C W T a jg2nv2sgo37i ' DCD.,?AT ha2ja2nv23na +~OO u a2nvh2di ' j 8COd
D t V f 2 QB2YJS.G.
31
9.
a' jB37y2sga D G i J S v . i . h e ' s g e t t i n g i n a c a r , box, e t c .
Gadohi a j e w i 7 a ama. SV.9 D y B D Dr. He's s i l l i n water on t h e ground. Tsgwisdi a e l a y i d u h a , d a j e w i s g o 7 i g w . ~ ' I P ; - I DSM' AS+, I Y ~ Z A I L C . When h e ' s g o t a l o t o f money, - just he wastes -. it
- a 9 g
?2ji231a n . grave
D ~ W . fire n
a1je231i32sdv4'i
A j e l i s d v duhlvnv a n i j i l v s g i . DYPZZ' SPO 8 hh ? ' 3 . She p u t f l o w e r s on t h e g r a v e . a 1l. e 2 l v 2 s g a 1 ) 7 / 9 ~ v . i . h e ' s a c t i n g ~ l i k e him gg j e l v sga u1 j e 2 1 v 2 h n v z 3 7 i 8Y.?OT a1je21v2sgo37i
DY?,ll
2
2
A j i l a ahv anadeyoho a n a l s g i s g v gatiyo7i. J J D9. D e S f i j DOPJYfilE S 3 f i T . b' A t t h e stomp grounds, t h e y dance around t h e f i r e .
.. g 2 ] I 2 3 l a Dl,&
n. watercress
f Y.7,; S
cf:
amayi, e h i
like -an
JYJV
Indian.
? 2 j. e 2 sdo DYJV n . m a t t r e s s Aj esdo gana7v anahnehihv a n i c h u j a The boys were u r e s t l i n g on t h e mattress. a 1 j e 2 3 w i 3 7 a 1)7.81) v . t . 1 . h e ' s s p j ! l j n g i t (a l i q u i d o r nn:; l i q u i d l i k e s a l t , s ~ g a r )2 . :
cf:
g 2 j i 2 3 1 a ( f i r e ) , gehloha
DhM' AP.1
a 2 j i 2 3 1 a go3hlvh2di match
n.
.l/~Il . / lP.1
32
aj ilvsga
a1ji21v2sga
He's blowing on the hot coffee. a1jv2sty3sga DC3oTa?S v.t. he's turning on a light
Flowers bloom in the spring. cf: ajilvsgi g2ji21v4sgi ~ b q an. flower g2ni2ji21v4sgi ~ h b q ~ y Anijilvsgi dunvsi kilo'i.
Dhh9AY S o b Y G T .
-.
? TGG h 9 C 8 6 SAC2VOT.
Turn on ---the lights at six o'clock in the morning. cf: ajvysdi ?'jvy4sdi
DCJl
n. lamp, light
g2. .2 1 na :
Db8 n. cedar
WRT.
When lightning flashed, the electric lights went out. cf: ajvstvsga ak(see agi -)
He lit -- the cigarette with a match. cf: ?2ji231a (fire) a1j03tg2sga DKWZS v.t. he's blowing, he's blowing on it gg2j03tg2sga u1jo3tg2hv23?i a1
SKWKS
Bk\\ 9 r
He hur: his .
- ;k /, 02,):; -
e 11~~vja. - ~iwc!iisdarlel~'
!,.
0 L( L;
when he fell
DK\\
,.I r
alke23he32ga D P P S him, it
. . . .
B.
. .
Where are the stairs? cf: akihlosga a1ki21v32di2ha DY.7d.L v.t. he's riding it (anything that can be straddled) ji2ya1ki21v32di2ha, ga1ki21v32d12ha
n. his elbow
di2ki2yu2sge4ni
dYG3I- h
His - elbows got dirty when he crawled. cf: akiyusge a1koZ3dc3?a DASD Tavli digagwati ukilvdohdi ulvkwdi.
WP AS XJ QY4Vd O'Qtrd, He to ride - likes -- a bicycle.
j i1k023d$3?a
u1k023de32sv23?i 0'113RT a1k023de32sgo3?i DASJAT hi2ko2daZgi AALY ~ ~ k o ~ ~ d e ~ ~Bs d i AS@d Anijilvsgi juwakohdi akode?a.
The doctor gave the patient some pills. cf: akisga a1kl2sga DYJS v. t . he's swallowing
Dh h 43Y JG Ad D & D
-
34
He's making a handle for a shovel. cf: akode?a a2ksga2ni D a s h n. left Aktisi didla wudlesv anisovihno aksgani didla wunadlesv7i.
D f 3 b 60% L R DhITZ DSJSh JO% J B L R T . J
Akta ayelvhi akahna sagwu7i. DSW - D84A D Q f t13T. He has one artificial eye. cf: aktohdi, aktoli a1ktg2ha DSW-G jlzga1tg2ha v.t. he knows how
hSW+
He turned right but the others turned left. cf: aksganida, aktisi ?2ksg?3ni4da Df@ShL handed adj
left-
This ball player is left-handed. cf: aksgani a1ksQ3sga DSIJS hi1 1 v.i. he's going down
Who is a witness to what happened? cf: aktaha g3ktq2hn?27i D S W t T able adj knowledge
AD D J S QVAG D S W ~ T . ~ u2kso1hi2sdi BS+A@-I This man is very knowledgeable. Ganvhida aksosgv aksosgo ama yunegisena. cf: aktaha, aktahi SORL DSI@E DS+@A Dd" GAY3B. He down hill - goes -- a long -when he goes a1kt?2hv3?a DSW&D v.i. 1. he's after water. turning back 2. he's turning (his head or body) cf: aksosgv?i
aktiyi Kilo uhyanisgv utvgana uktahvsv'i. '5 YG 0'3haE 0 6 8 QSW8RT. When he heard someone calling him, he turned around. Winuluhjvnagwu uktahvsdi udulvhvTi. 84MCm Qf W8aJ QS49.T. He wanted to turn back before he got Z e r e. cf: akta, ahv7a
35
---
Hla gohusdi yagwaduli. Jigatenolidohagwu . t ATaJ 3ISP. bS5 ZPV.G3. I don't want anything. I'm just looking around. cf: aktenasdivi a'kti2ha DS3.G v.t. he's peeking through gG2ga'ti2ha S S2.6 ~'kt?~hnv~~?i 0SWO.T a1kti23sg937i DS3dAT hf2kta +SW u2ktoh2di P SV J Jolani aktiha kilo7i. Kwh YGT. Someone - peeking through the window. is cf: akta, aktohdi a2kti2si DS3b 1. n. right position, right hand 2. adj . right-handed g2ni.2kti2si Aktisi gvhdi udego sgwahlesdi. D x b EJ QSA JILaJ. He throws a ball with his right hand.
Na achuja agehyuja aktasdaneha. 8 D J C DFGC DSWa1A.G. The boy is winking - the girl. at cf: daktanawsga, daktasdiha
a1kte21u2hy3sga DSTM9.aS v. t. he's hitting him on the eye ji2ga'te21u2hy 3sga hS% M&aS ~'kte~lu~hnv~~~i PS5MQT a'kte21u2hy2sgo37i DSX M8aA7 hi2ga1te21u2hv'ga AS5M8S Nvya gvhdi ukteluhnv achuja. Q@ EJ BS5MQ DJC. He hit with a rock. -- W o y in the cf: akta, aktoli
--
a2kte23na32sdi47i DST 8JJT n. scenery Uwoduhi geso aktenasdi gogeyi. @USA PS Df582d Afd. The scenery is pretty in the spring. cf: aktenoha a1kte3np2ha DSTZ.G v. i. he's looking around ji2ga1te3nq2ha 1r53Z+ 0 s Z ~~ T
a'ktiZ3ya D S 3 3 v.t. he's waiting for him, it .23 ji2ga1ti23ya, ji2ga1tl ya Irsaa, h S 3 3 ~'kti~dv~~7i QS3PT
Sgiktiyesdi. Kilagwu dvji l h i. 'uj aYS382J. Y O 6 I M . 'rh Wait for me. I'll be rieht back. q2kti4yi D f J d n. guard
36
aktohdi
C W.62 D L B WVaY b fV J V J ? Do vou like to w a m e v i s i o n ?
He was chosen to be a guard at the bank. B3ktoh2di D S V l n. telescope Aktohdi uduli udetiyisgv'i.
D S V l B S P BS-7&JET.
Some Cherokees have wisdom. a1ktv31e2sga D S S 8 2 S v.t . he, it's going through it
He wants a telescope for his birthday. cf:. akta, aktiha, diktohdi a1kto32hy2~ga D f V&@S becoming wise v.i. he's Segajv uktvlesv usdi udlanvdv'i.
4SC BSV6R 8 2 J B W T .
He - barely opening.
a1kuZ3gi3'a DJYD v .t. he's dipping iiquid ji 7 2 g ~3g13?a 2 ~ J Y D u1k~23gi32~~23?iJYRT B a1kuZ3gi32sgo3?i DJYJAT h?2ku23gi AJY u2ku23gi32sdi BJYJl Svdoni akugi'a ama.
R V h DJYD
DSVP
Aktisi aktoli nigohilv udehyahtohdsoi . ig' DfJb W P h a 9 OS3VlJAT. His right eye is always bothering him.
DS.
She's dipping water from a bucket. cf: akugisdi ?k2 'u 3gi4sdi D J Y J l n. dipper
Where's the dipper? I'm thirsty (for water) . cf: akugi?a a1kwi2yi3ha
DPJ5.G
v e t , he's paying
alasgalisgi
-
37
a1kwi,2yi23sgQ33i D'P&AT ha2kwi2ya M3 u2kwiyh2di B'PBJ Sudalsgo adelv gagwiyiha dagwalela sinvda.
cYIPJAA DSq
He - always speaks badly of people cf: alasdvysga a1 la32sdy2sga DWaPaf v.t. he's stepping on him, it ji2y?21a32sdy2sga, g?21a32sdy2sga
I'm paying sixty dollars a month for my car. cf : akwiyv?eha a'k~i~~v~?e~ha D'PBRG v.t. he's paying him ji2y? 2gwi2yv3?e2ha b X ' B R G ~'kwj~yv~?e~lv~~?i OBBR9T a1kwi2yv3?e2h03?i DBBRl T 2y? 2gwi2yv1 si A&TB b hi u2kwi2yv2?eh3di DBBRJ Hila iga hiyagwiyv?ele? How much -you did cf: akwiyiha ?2kwsdo
A TS A X B R g ? W
l I 6 W b0.l
h a w s a s , s wxas
AmTJ6iS:
There's a bug crawling. Step on it! cf: alasdaveha a11a32sg921 j3ha DM'JSPG v.i . hefs playing ball g321a32sg?21~3ha S WAS P.G u1la32sg?21v2hv23?i @WAS 91eT a11a32sg?21i23sgg3~i DWaSPaAT hg21a1sg?21a W a sw Uwoyeni uwehisdanehv iyusdi hla yulasgalvhe?i.
0'08 h 0'99AJLflB TGJJ I GWAS 9 3 T . ?
him? -
DBA1/' n. pillow
Cherokees like feather pillows. a11a32sd?2?e2ha DWJLR.G v .t. 1. he's tromping on him, it 2. hefs speaking badly of him j i2F21a32sd?2?e2ha, g?21a32sd?2?e2ha
He ball - didn't play -because his hand was hurting, cf: alasgalisgi, unalasgahldivi
n. ball-
pwa~m~ ap
T ~ L .
Judodagwvda analsinahvsdisgo analasgalisgi . d V L E L D Q P b e A J J J A DBWJSPJY. The ballplayers practice every day. cf: alasgaliha, unalasgahldi3i
on
v. i. he's taking
S WAED
BWJERT
Talugisgi gageda ulehdohdi unehltanv?i. W M Y a f f G 8 6 V J 0ACWO.T. He tried to stand a heavy piece of steel -- upright position. in an cf: dalehdiha
--
A crippled man takesa step carefully. g21a1suh123di D W N I n. law suit Alasuhldi dulvhwisdanehv ulenvhv ditiyohihi. The lawyer began working on a law suit. a21a1su2310 DWrG n. shoe
D W K I S 4BJGA8 B f P 8 J J f i A A
--
0d'O.T
s.
Stand here -- in the middle. cf: dalehvsga a11e2hwi2sdi3ha Dd'8Jl.G v.i. he, it's stopping gg21e1wi2sdi3ha f d'@@l+ u1le2hwi2st?2nv3?i Bd'8.JWO.T a11e2hwi2sdi23sgp3?i Dd'@@l@AT hG21e2hwi2sda W@J G u21e2hwi2sdoh3di Bd'@@VJ Kilo uhyanisgv utvgana, ulehwistanv?i. When he heard someone calling him, he stopped. cf: alehwisdoiidiha a11e2hwi2sdoh3di3ha D&@@Vl+ v .t. iets stopping him, it j i2y?21e1wi2sdoh3di3ha, g?21e1wi2sdoh3d13ha
h3d'@@Vl+, fd'B@Vd+
g21e Dd' adv. almost Ganulvhi galisv - inada nijiyalaale sdvtanv?i. f 4 4 A S T R L T9G hhi2WJGWO.T. 8 As I walked along the grass, I almost stepped on a snake. ?21e Dd' conj . 1. and 2. or ale Anisgaya - anigehya gajigowhtiha.
DhdSJ D M J fhi1GJ.G. I see men and women.
YG B3h@E B V f 9 , 0'682W0T.
I
1
Jenvsdi yijaduli, ale hla yigi osigwu. Y@AJ h C S P , D . 6 f 663. If you want to go - not, that's just or fine . a11eh2di3ha D f l + v.t. he's placing long object in an upright position g?21e1di3ha f d'l+ u11eh2ta3nv3?i B dW1O.T a l ~ e h ~ d i ~ ~ s g ? Dd'AJAT ~?i
hi2ya21e1w~2sd~h2da, ha21e2hw?2'sdoh2da A ~ $ @ ~ v L. G ~ B ~ V G , u21e2hwj2sdoh3doh3di 8fBJVVd Halehwisdohda dagwalela. 968aVG LXdW. Stop the car. cf: alehwisdiha a11e2ni3ha D8h.G 'beginning ga21e2ni3?a ulle2nv2hv23?i v.i. he's starting, S8hD 88DieT
a21i2gv2du210 DPESO n. mask d i 2 1 ~ 2 g v 2 d ~ 2 1 JPESO ~ Dinhdladisgi dilsdehldohdi diligvdulo danhdisgovi . -fD.daJa~~ JPaS?VJ dl)ESG G DJ@,41'. Firemen use protective masks. a11i2he231i32~hp2ha DP?PW v.t. he's thanking him ji2ya21$2?e2 31i32ch92ha b3PRPY.G 8P?PY4T a li2he231i32che2h033i DP?P7'J T ' hi'yg21~2~e21i1~h12si A3PRPh b ~ ~ l i ~ h e ~ ~ l i ~ ~ c h 8P?PYd i eh~d Uweji achuja yusdelvha dulvhwisdanehv, alihelichehovi . 8 d h D J C G2S4.G S 4@@LA& D P 3 P W T . When his son helps him work. he thanks him.
. .
a1le2ni23sgf,3?i D$h@AT ha21e23na .G88 u21enh2di 88C-J Hilayv eligw h alen dejalvhwisdanehv? AWB RP3 3$8 SC @@GAB? When can you start working? cf: adaleniha
a21i D P n. sweat Ali - dutevesv uhnuwvvi . LP SERR 846T. His shirt was soaked with sweat. a11i2dli3ha DPC+ v.i. it's boiling
v.i. he's
a11i2he231i32g03~i DP?PAT +r?PY h?21i2he21i'gi u21i2he21i3sdi 8P?P@d Gado uyehldi aliheliga? SV 8 B C d DP?PS? For what reason is he happy? -cf: alihelicheha a21i2?i D P T n. friendship Ali?i ulsgeda yvwi anehvvi. - QP2FG BQ DA9,7. DPT Friendship is important in the lives of people. cf: unali?i a11i3?i2di;3?a DPTJD v.t. he's exchanging, trading it ga21i3?i2di3'?a SPTdD
Kahwi alidliha.
96' D. m
?21~2gv2da2n~23~doh2di DPEL ZJVJ n. headband di21i2gv2da2n023sdoh2di JPEG a v J Na ganvhida ustihgi jigi Ayvwiya aligvdanosdohdi uduliha. 8 S0f36 @GUY b Y D B Q 3 D PEL Z2Vd 8 P.G. T e Indian with the long hair wants a headband.
2'
cf: aliyesusto, aliyesustvsga, uliyesustga 621~2ye1su23sto DPBCJV Inalivida hayelsdi. TOPTI .GBPJJ. t t s trade e' --knives. a11i2ti37a DPJD v.i. 1. he's running away 2. he's escaping g?21i1ti37a SP J D ~ l l i ~ t i 3 s v ~ B P~ i T ~ JR n. ring
I I
OW8 DPBCaV M A S .
I am making a big
ring.
a11i2ye32su2sty 3sga DP8CX'X v.t. he's putting a ring on his I > finger 3 g?21i2ye32s~2sty3sga SPBC~~S : i ~ ~ l ~ ~ y e ~ ~ s u ~ s t ~ ~ n v ~ BPBCAWOT
a21i2ye1su210 DPBCG n. glove di21i2ye1su210 JPBCG Diliyesulo dagiyohusi. JPBCG IYfiTb I lost -gloves. some
. .
Jisdu jiniyvhvvi svhi asehnv ~ w a l i tivelvvi. h J S hhBBT IUI 040 DZPJR4T. I caught a rabbit yesterday, but it from me. ran away -Junadasdudi ayavv ulitisvvi. d8lJSJ D3i BPdRT. He escaped from jail. -
jugvwahldi aliyesuJovitsgwa adelv . . sto uliyesustga. K T h Z D S 4 JEGCJ DPBCAV BPBCXIS . She has a three hundred dollar ring EThherfinger. -cf: aliyesustgiva, aliyesusto, uliyesustga a21iZ3yo D f n. sock Pi di21iZ3yo J f Pi Digigage diliyo duliyoha. JYSF SPfi+. He has on red socks. cf: daliyogiva, daliyohiha, daliyosiha, duliyoha a11ji3kwsga ~ p gal 2ji3kwsga ul 1ji3kwv23vi a1 l ji3kwsgo3v.i ha12ji1kwa h v.t. he's spitting p ~ ~ SP~~V~S Bph&T Dl) hVJAT +PhZ
:I II
cf: daliyesuleva, daliyesuliva, duliyesula alli2ye32~~2~tgi3va B C a Y D v.t. he's DP taking his ring off
Yudawovena aliyesustgisgo?i. G 6 V R 8 DPBCXIYJAT. When he goes swimming, --- his he takes ring off.
a11sg21g2di3?a DPtlWlD v. i. he, it's asclnding, raising gg2li1sg2lg2d?3'7a SPtlWl D ullsg21?2da32nv23?i a1 1sg2192di32sgo3?i ha12sg21?2dv1ga Halsaladvga hlega.
+PBRGS LS QPblCt LOT DPblHIaAT +PtlWGS
h a ~ ~ s d e ~ ~+PaSW la u12sdeh12di 8 P a S 4 l Gahljode danahnesgesgv ~ P K S ~ A J F @ ED P ~ S P ~ L He helps in the building of houses. cf: alsdehldohdi all~du~~l$~?a DP@S8D v.t he's taking off his cap g?21i1sdu231e3?a SPaS8D 3?i Q P a S 8 R T a l ' s d ~ ~ ~ l e ~ ~ s g oDP@SfaAT ~?i
~ a l
She wants to shop for groceries. cf: alsdayvhvsga a11sda32yv2hy3sga DPaL Bd@S v.i. he's eating a meal g?21i1sda32yv2h?r3sga f P@LBd@S
BP@L BOT
When he entered the house, -he took --3. off his cf: alsduliva, alsdulo, ulsdula all~du~~le~ha DP@S8+ v.i. he's washing his hair
a1 1sda32yv2hy2sgo3?i
DP@L Bd@AT
In the evening he eats a big meal. --cf: alsdayhdi, junalsdayhdivi a1 2sdeh123doh2di D P 2 S q V - f n. aid, assistance (financial) Alsdehldohdi utayohlv didehlohgwasgi. The student asked for assistance. cf: alsdeliha a1 lsde21i3ha DP@SP+ v.i. he's helping g?21i1sde21i3ha S P@SP+ ul l ~ d e ~ l v ~ h v ~ ~ P ai . 1 8 T 8? S a l l ~ d e ~ l i ~ ~ s g DP@SP@AT ~~?i
D P ~ ~ V owylfi~J S e f x a Y . S J
How long does it t a k e e n she -washes her hair? a l l ~ d u ~ ~ l ; ~ ? aJ S P D DP v,t he 's putting on a cap g921i1sdu231i3?a S P@SP D ul 1sdu231a32nv23?i QP@SWL)T
uhyvdlaheno
42
alsdulo
Igada Anijalag anigehyuj unilvkwdi unalsgisdivi. Some Cherokee girls like to dance.
a -
TS L DhCWY DhfGC O h 9 Y J 8 8 P 2 , Y a J T .
+P C A 4 AD DPJSG?
Where did you get this cap? cf: alsdule?a, alsduli?a, ulsdula a11sdv2hly3sga D P m a S v.i. he's taking a seat gg21i1sdv2hly3sga SP&5T@S u11sdv2hly3nv3?i O P J 5 V O T a1 ' ~ d v ~ h l ~ ~ s g m @ A Ti DP~ ~ ~ ha12sdv2hlu1 ga +Pam' S u12sdv2h1y3sdi OP2PO'@J Gawonisgi gadogv na?v ulsdvhlunv?i.
S O h a Y SVE 8 i O P m O T .
all s g ~ h l ~ d a ~ ~ n ~ ~ h a DPaA9LA.C v.t. he's permitting him ji2y? 2l i ' s g ~ h l ~ d a ~ ~ n ~b3P@A4LA+ ~ha ul ' ~ g o h l ~ d a ~ ~ n e ~ l v ~ ~ ? i LA 4T OP@A4 a1 ~ g o h l ~ d a ~ ~ n e ~ h o ~ DPaA9 LAic T ?i hi2y?21i1sgoh12da1si B3PaA 4L b u12sgoh12da1neh3di OPJA9LAI Sgwalsgohldasi agiwonihisdivi.
@XP@A9 L b DYV h A @ J T .
permit - to speak. me
He sat down --- close to where the speaker was standing. . cf: uwohla a1 l sdv2hni3ha D P 3 h . G v. i. he's shaking his head gg21i1sdv2hn~3ha S P 3 h . G ~l~sdv~hni~lv~~?i OP@6'h9T a11sdv2hni3hg3?i DP,;3G'hET ha1 2sdvnh2ga + P a p hS u12sdvnh2di OPX'hJ Gohusdi uwahnil aktol, ulsdvhnilv7i.
AT@I OGhW D S V P , B P 3 h 9 T .
a11sgu32sga D P U @ S v. i. he's nodding his head ga21i1sgu32sga S P ~ J S ul 1sgu32hyv23?i O P ~ B T a1 l ~ g u ~ ~ s g o ~ ? i X J A T DP ha12sgu1hya +Pa3 u12sgu1sdi OP2JaJ Halsguhya dehadanilvgesdi. Nod head -your -if you a1 l sgwa2di37a DPaXJD ending
+ P a 3 S+L h 9 f J I .
accept. v .i . it 's
When something hit him in the eye, he shook his head. ---
a11sgi3?a DPJYD v.i. he's dancing gg21il sgi37a SP a D ~ l ' s g i ~ s v ~ ~ ?O P a Y R T i a11sgi3sgo3?i DPaYaAT ha12sgi
+pay
I had just arrived when their speeches ended. cf: asgwadiva a11sgwg21u23di3?a DPJXMJD v .i. he's sticking his head out
Hila iga jakwiyvhe na alsgwetuwo? A W TS CBB? 8 DP@JSU? How much did you pay for the hat?
u12sgwe1tuh2gi1sdi
QP@J,SY2J
Halsgwetuhgi. Jigoliya. GP@JSY. hAP&. T a k e o u r hat off. Let me look at ---it. cf: alsgwetuhvsga, alsgwetuwo, ulsgwetuhga allsgwe3tv 2h 3 sga DP~LSS,ZS ! v.t. he's putting his hat on
Digaduhv yuwena judanvgalvda dahnawosgo?i osdahno alsgwetuwo alsgwetuhvsgo?i. J S S B G d ( 0 dLOSqL LtC34T h 3 1 Z DP@JSC' DP@>SB;lAT. When he goes to town, he puts on clean clothes and a good hat.
cf: amayi a3ma D8' n. salt Ama higisv digaduhv hwedolv?i. FAYR J S S 8 99VqT. Get some -when you go to town. salt a2mah13di4?i DJ'PJT n , water well Gago usgose?i hi?a amahldi?i? f A QdA4T A D D P J T ?
44
amahldohdi
Who dug this water well? g2mahl 3doh2di D R V d n. waterbucket Amahldohdi hikalija.
DPVd BPC. h P J J B B D e L C b + d S S B A4 T S . A lot of people are gathering in
--
town today.
~ i l the waterbucket. c
4 2ma 3ye3hli
DrBC d=R
v.i. it's
D5 r J
Jump -the water. into cf: ?2ma (water) 92ma2yuh14di D K C d n. 1. shore 2. bank Amayuhldi daginawhtvhv h' ia dilasulo.
D G C d G Y 0 G 6 8 AD AWcYG. I found these shoes by the shore.
It's -lightening too much to play outside. ?2na'gg21i23sgi D e S P A y n. 1. lightning 2. electricity 3. battery di2na1g?21i23sgi d e S P 2 . Y Ulihwojv anagalisgi unulvhnv uhnigisdohdi dagwalela.
BPVC D G S P ~ Y 4 4 0 D
cf: ?2ma (water), uhldidlv7i B2me3gwo47i D W T n. ocean Amegwo anehi aja7di junatana gesovi
D / ~ ADCJ J e w e f t ~ .
ohyavd 1 x 8 ~ .
The dead battery couldn't start the car. cf: anagaliha ?2na2hli2nv4d1i DBCQC n. brothers (more than two) Hi?a hisgi iyanivi anichuja nigada anahlinvdli.
A AAY T 3 h T D h J C h S G D O C K . D
The fish in the ocean are big. cf: g2ma (water), egwa
a1ng2da2g02n?2tdi23~g~47i 0 G A 8 J d 2 E T D
- -
She entered a beauty contest. a1ng2da3h1i2si3ha D0GCb.L v.i. they are gathering ~ ' j ? ~ d a ~ h l i ~ s ? ~ h a d3CGCb.G ~~n?*da~hli~s?~hnv~~7i 88GCUQT a1n?2da3hli2si23sgq37i D e G C b 2 A T i1j92da1hli23sa TCGCU ~~n?~da'hl iZ3soh3di 80GC-I.d Tsgwisdi yvwi anadahlisiha digaduhv7i kohi iga.
These five boys are all brothers. cf: dinadahnvhli a'ng21i3g02hy3sga DBPA&aS v. i. 1. they are getting together 2. they are dating (when the dual form is used) u1ng21i3g02hnv23?i i1jg21i1g02hv1ga ~~n?~li'kdi
8 BP AQT
T C P AillS ~ P A J
no
Hi?a agehyuja achujahno unalikdi unaduliha. This boy and girl want - together. to cf: unaligoha, unalivi, unalikdi n. doll
DFGC D J C Z s e r A r
sesr+.
a l ~ ~ e h l ~ DACd ~di
6821 Dhl-GC
A C l L BAClaAT.
Little girls play with dolls. cf: danelohvsga, dinehldohdi a3neh12di3ha D A C l + v. t. he's attempting it ~ ~ n e h l ~ t ? ~ n v ~ ?BACWOT i
They grow a lot of strawberries in Stilwell. a1ni2d032nq2?a DhVBD v. i. they are standing (congregation) oj i2d032"021, ' 6hVBD a1ni2d032nq2?v23?i a1ni2d032n92?03?i
DhVBi T Dhl'OkST
He's -trying to start the car. a1ne231q3di2?a DAWJD v. i. he's getting married ga2ne231g3di2?a f AWlD
B A WGT
f-
Sa?du iyuwahnilv usv gayula anihlinv?i. At eleven o'clock last night, they were already asleep. cf: gahliha a1niv3na D h B v.i. they are sitting (congregation)
U S T G G h 4 O R SGW D h C D T .
46
anineli
Ah 8
DhDT DhZT Kvhli usadvnv asehnv hla yuniyvhe?i. EC PP Uf GB'. hiT He set a trap for a raccoon but he --- catch it. didn't cf: sadvdi n. her husband al~g~l?~di~?a DUWID v .t. he's liking, raising him, it hUWJD ji1s?21?2di37a u1sg21?2da32nv23?i QbrWLDT DbrWJaAT hi 'sa2la2dvlga, hi2sa21a2dv1ga AUWPS, AUWPS
Ehlawe ani?nv?i. RfO W T . They sat quietly. cf: uwohla ?%i%e41i DA' hf
Junadehlohgwasdi dadehyohvsgo anineli. deStfI03-f LSfiBJA phllP. Her -husband teaches at school. cf: aneladiva, ganeli +2ni2sgwa2ni4?i Dh@IhT n. Mexico Anisgwani dagesi gogi iyvvi. DhaIh LI-b A Y TBT. I'm going to Mexico in the summer. cf : Asgwani, sgwanijesdv?i
.2 DhfiAYl' n. military ? 2nl y93sgi47i service Jo7i judetiyvda agiyvhlv aniyosgi7i. KT dSJBL DYBP DhfiAYT. I was in the military service for three years.
. .
. . .
~ ~ s g ~ l ~ ~ d o ' d i QbrWVJ Jolani hisaladvga. K w h AbrWPS. Raise the window. cf: alsaladiva 42sg2ma4di DUTJ adj. smart 92ni2sg2ma4di Dhbr TJ Gago ugodi asamadiya, nihi ejadoke? SA Q A I DUTJ3, hA RCVI-? Who is smarter, you or your sister?
cf: avyosgi h1sgv2ti D h @ U n. May Ansgvti hisgine udetiyisgi eji. p h E A 2 A QSJJXJY R h My mother's birthday is fifth.
A2nv 2hyi DO-6 n. March Anvhyi ka?lv adalenisgo gogeyi. D@J5 3 4 DL Gh@A AI-~3. Spring begins in the month of March. a1sg2dv32sga DbrPJf v.t. he's setting a trap jilsg2dv 32sga hU6"JS
a1sg2no D U Z n. dress dil~?~no I U Z Ije asano agwaduli TY ~TDISP I want a new dress. cf: usano
a1sda2gayh2di3ha D@LSBJ+ v.t. 1. he's making it crisp 2. he's starching it ji'sdq2gayh2di 3ha h@G fBJ+ QJL SBWDT u1sdq2gayh2tq3nv37i a1sdg2gayh2di23sgp3?i D L SBJJAT @
Anineli juhnawo dasdagayhdiha. D M P dm L2LSBIG. She's starching her husband's shirts. cf: asdagayvhiha, usdagayvhida
2 alsd?2g?yv 2hi3ha D2LSBA.G becoming crisp
v.i. it's
--------------
u2sdalwa2dv lsdi @ I GF@1 @ Na usdi achuja udoda asdawadega. 8 0 1 D J C BVL D2GGSS. 2 The little boy - following his is father. a1sde21i3ha D2SP.G v.t . he's helping him
Agalisgv wunvna inada ganega usdagayvhlv?i. D S ~ s ~ TeL SAS B ~ L S B P T . E e When he put the snake skin out in the it sunshine-, - became crisp. cf: asdagayhdiha, usdagayvhida a lsda2nv2hnv4?i D 2 L W T n. line da1sd?'nv2hnv4?i L@LWT Hila dasdanvhnv tisdawaduga A D L 2 L W 62LGSS. Follow these lines. cf: asdanvhnvsga a1sda%v2hny3sga D@LW@S drawing a line Gahljode ahnesgesgv j isdeliha. SP K S DA@F@E h2SP.G. I - helping -build a house. him - am a1sde3y02ha D2Sfi.G v.t. he's braiding it ji1sde3yq2ha Ir2Sfi.G u1sde23y0321v23?i B@SfiqT a1sde3y02h03?i D@SfiB T hi2sde2y?2ga A@S@S ~ ~ s d e ~ 3 y o ~ ~ dB23fiJ i Ustihgv asdeyo agehyuja. Q,VE DFGC. The girl - braiding her hair. is cf: sdeyida a l ~ d i ~ ~ g i D@IYD v.t. he's eating ~?a a long object h@dY D ~ l s d i ~ g v ~ ~ ? i @@JET a1sdi23gi32sgo3?i D@JY@AT h$2sdi23ga A@lS ~ ~ s d i 32sdig i 821~21 ~ ~
ji ' ~ d i ~ ~ g i ~ ? a
v . t. he's
Gigage digohwelodi gvhdi usdanvhnanv?i. J M G I E l O'JLOdiOT. He drew a line with a red pencil. cf: asdanvhnv?i a l ~ d a ~ ~ w g ~ d e ~ g a v.t. he's DGLGSS following him, it
48
asdigisdi Gagama usdigisdi uduliha. The barber -- son's hair. trims his cf: didasdoyesgi, dilsdoyhdi
He to eat - wants --
D~IYJ
+--
Hisduhvga galohisdi?i.
.A~S&S SGA~JIT.
a1sdo3?a D@VD v.t. he's crushing it ji1sdo3?a h@VD u ' s d ~ ~ ? v ~ ~ ?Bi V i T @ a1sdo3sgo3?i DJV@AT hi2sdo2 ja A@VC u2sdo1sdi B@V@J Nvyas usdosdi jaduli?
oa
Do you want him to crush some rocks? cf: asdosgi?i 82~do1 sgi4?i D@V@YT n. crusher di2sdo1sgi4?i I @ V a Y T Gado galsda asdosgiTi?
SV SP@L D@V@YT?
---
a1sdV3?i2?a DaSTD v .t . he's opening it h @ S TD jilsdy3?i2?a u1sdy3?i'sv23?i BJSTRT aAsdy3?ilsgo3?i D@ST@AT hi 2sd~2?i A@S T u2sdy2?i lsdi BAS T@I Gahlgwogi iyuwahnilv asdu?isgo adana?nv?i .
SCTY TGGh4 D@ST@A DLBDT.
What happened to the crusher? cf: asdo?a a1sdo2ye3ha DJV8.G v.t . he's trimming it (boy's hair, grass, hedge, but not paper, cloth)
He - opens the store at seven o'clock. cf: sdu3isdi, ulsdu?ida g2sdv23h92hli D 3 K n. sandwich di2sdv23hg2hli J X K Jo?i disdvhahli dugv?i.
KT IX+ SET.
He ate three sandwiches. cf: asdvhahlvsga a l ~ d v ~ ~ h ~ ~ h l ~ ~ s g a v.t. he' D@6"+P@S sandwiching it j i' ~ d v ~ ~ h ~ ~ h l ~ X . G P @ S h~ s g a u1sdv23hQ3h192nv23~i @@f%f@T
asgaha
49
--
cf: asdvhahli a2se3dv3 0461 adv. maybe, perhaps Dagutahnis heliva? Asedv.
L JWh@ ?PD?
He forgot - include my friend. to cf: dasehiha, disesdi a3se2si3ha 046.6 v.t. 1. he's withdrawing (a motion) 2. he's withdrawing (his candidacy) 3. he's pulling it out (a drawer) ga3se2si3ha 546.6 ~~se~sv~hv~~vi 84RBT a3se2si23sgQ3?i D462AT hal~e~~sa u1seZ3svh3di
.64U 84RJ
D4r.
Do you think it's going to snow? Maybe. q2se4gi D4Y adj., adv. peculiar Asegi agwadanhdavdv hlega. D4Y - DXL066 LS. I felt peculiar for awhile. a1se2he3ha D4P.6 v.t. he's showing him ji2ya1sg2he3ha b34?%
84?qT
He - withdrew dent.
cf: disehisdivi a l ~ e ~ ~ s vD4RL adj . withdrawn ~da dil~e~~si~da J4RL Na asaladv asesvda nigalsda.
8 DblW6" D
B hfP26.
The motion has been withdrawn. cf: disehisdivi a l ~ g a ~ ~ g @ S S v.t. Da he'ereprimanding him ji 1sga32ga h@SS u1sga32jv239i B a s CT a l ~ g a ~ 3vi o D@S AT ~g hi1sgalgi, hi2sga1gi A@SY, A@SY u2sgay sdi B@S@J Achuja jolani uyostana, udoda usgajvvi.
DdC Kwh Bfi@WB, BVL 8@SCT.
When he gets here show him where to park the car. a2se3hno, a2se3hnv D4Z, D40 conj. but Doyi dagesisv asehnv do uhyvdla.
V A LFbR I was going to go outside - it's but
--
~-m.
too cold. a1se2sdi3ha D421.6 v.t. he's including him, it (in counting)
When the boy broke the window, his father reprimanded him.
50
asgahlga
ji l ~ ~ a ~ ~ b@f h a%
u1sga31v23?i B @ f 9T a1sga3h03?i D@f fiT hi2sga23ya A @ f9 u2sga1sdi B@S@l Na utana gihli jisgaha.
8 OW8 Y C b 2 f G .
I'm - afraid of that big dog. cf: asgasdaneha a1sgah12ga D a S C f him, it v.t. he's biting
"Asgayegvsda osdineli," udvhnv agehya. The woman said, "My husband is handsome." ?2sg?2ye2gv23sda Daft3E@d n. officer ?2ni2sg?2ye2gv23sda D & f S Ead Asgayegvsda dodvgoliye?i aniyosgi dunahnuwvvi .
D@SflEJd V 5 A P f l T D h f i a S 8 9 6 T . " D @ f f l E 2 d bj@JAP," 850 D I . 3 .
The dog tried -- the man. to bite a2sgg2hni D 2 S h n. evil, sin Gado usdi wutanv asgahni?
SV 821 J W 0 D@fh?
An officer is going to inspect the soldiers' uniforms. 92sgi23na Day8 n. demon, devil g2ni2sgi23na D h a 8 Gado usdi dudalehna?a asgina, Sedanihno?
f V 821 S d d t D
What is the biggest sin? cf: asganvga a2sgg2na4?i 0 2 5 8 T n. sinner g2ni2sgg2na4?i Dhaf 9 T Kilovis eha asgana nigesvna?
Y G T ~R+
m e ,
4dhZ?
~ a f eFne? h
Is there anyone living who is not a sinner? cf: asgahni, asganvga alsg?2nv 32ga D a f Q f v.t. he's committing a crime, sin ji l ~ g g ~ n v ~ ~ g a 1raf0f u1sgg2nv32jv23vi 8 2 S D C T a1sga2nv32g03vi D@S@AT hi2sgg2nv1gi ,9af OY u2sga2nvy'sdi P @ f0 T a - I Hla usganvysdi yuduliha.
?hat is the difference between a devil and Satan? cf: dasginadiva, jvsgino, Sedani a1sgi2tsga D a J @ f v.t. he's dreaming about him, it
sv
021 c a a 4 B R W R T ?
51
. he Is gnawing
Dudo?v usgolvdv gohweli?i.
S V i OaA.16" M P T .
ji1sgo2gi3?a k@AYD u'~go~gv~~?i P ~ A E T a1sgo2gi3 2 ~ g ~ 3 ? iD J A Y J A T hi2sgo23ga AaAS 32sdi OJAYa1 Asgogisgv galeyvsdisgo dluhgv doya. DJAYJE ScfBaJaA I E V 3 . T A beaver makes a tree fall by gnawing it.
a l ~ g o ~ ~ h n i D2Ah.G v.t. he's ~ha mourning for him, it ji ' ~ ~ o ~ ~ h n i ~ h a 6aAh.G
0aAh4T DaAhl T
He - erased his name on the paper. cf: asgolvdisdi, asgolvga 92sgo231v4di lsdi D@A4&1 n. eraser di2sgo231v4dilsdi JaA41J1 Na disgolvdisdi dodiskvsi.
8 JaA4121 VJaEb.
hi'sg~nh~~ga, hi2sgonh23ga
A a A h S , AJAhS
b&APBD,
hi2ya1sgo21i23ya, ha2sgo21i23ya
A&AP3, GJAP3
Rub -my head, it hurts. a'~go~~lv~d~~?a DaA41D V.t. he's erasing it ji'sgo2 31~3di2?a k d A 4 1 L
He rubbed his shins when he stopped -running. a l ~ ~ w ? ~ d i D@XJD v.t he's 37a finishing it ji l~gw?~di37a
h@XJD
ulsgwa3dv237i B@XPT a lsgwa2di 32sgo 37i D@IJ@AT hi 2sgw? 2da A@IL u2sgw?2di lsdi 8@.IJ@J Nvhgi ayehli asgwadisgo dulvhwisdanehv7i.
OY DBC D@IJ@A S46'@LA&T.
Whenever you sharpen a pencil, it becomes shorter. cf: asgwala7i alsgwal32sga D J I ~ J S v.t. he's breaking a long object
He - finishes his work at 4:30. cf: alsgwadi3a ?2sgw?2ge4ni D@Ik h n. his side di2sgwa2ge'+ni J@Ik h Asgwageni uwehisdane udanawstanv7i.
D@Ik h 899A21A 8 L 88JWOT.
His side -- is hurting from running. a l ~ ~ w a ~ ~ h l e ~ 7 a v.t. he's DJILD catihing a falling person, object ji l ~ g w a 3 ~ h l e ~ 7 a h@ILD ulsgwa32hle1sv237i B J I L R T al~~wa~~hle's~0~7i D@IL@AT hil~gwalhl?~gi, hi2sgwalhla2gi
BAIL?,
AAIPY' 0@5LJJ
8 0 2 5 3 SM&J
J K J @@IPRT.
The man broke an axe handle. cf: agalsga, ayosdiha a1sgwa21v3ni2ha DJI4h.G v.t. he's ' hitting him on the head with a long object
When the ball was thrown to him. he caught it. cf: sgwahlesdi a2sgwa21a4?i DJIWT adj short
He tried -- the dog --to hit on the head with a bat. ~ ~ s g w a ~D@Ih n. Mexican ni A2ni2sgwa4ni Dh @ I h
53
in the --
v . i . he s
on his friend's
He was --
a1sgwg2nu32tsga DaP4h.5 v.t. he's sucking it ji ' s g ~ ~ ~ n u ~ ~ t s g h.AP9h.f a u'sg~g~nu~~tsv~~~i 02X43RT a1sgwg2nu32tsgo3~i DaXUJAT A@PU U h~2sgwg2nu1tsa ~~sgw?~nu'tsdi BaX9h.J Tamahli uwansv asgwanutsga.
W K BGhR D@X?hS
She's sucking on a ripe tomato. a1sgwo2hg21v3n~2haDX.G4h.G v.t. he's hitting him on the abdomen with a long object ji 1sgwo2hg21v 3n12ha hX.G.7h.G
u1sgwo2hg21v23ni321v23~i B;V.G4h4T
He me - slapped - for no reason. cf: dasihtvniha a3si2ne3ga DbAf v . i . he's backing up ga3si2ne3ga SbAf ~i~si~nv~sv~~?i BbORT a3si2ne3g03?i DbAAT
a1sgwo2hg21v3n~2h03~i DaV.G4 hfi T hi 'sgwo2hg2lv2ni'ga AaV.G4 h f u2sgwo2hg21v23ni32sdi B~V.G~ Gihli duktilena gansda gvhdi usgwohalvnilv3i.
YC s s ~ d e o a l EJ C P G Y ~ ~ ~ T . f
When I say back 2, back up. cf: asini, ega a1si2ni Dbh adv. backwards
54
asiyvwi d a ' ~ o ~ ~ h y v ~ 7LIBT i Asohyv uki7la j itaga achvya. DI B BYW h W S DC3. he rooster is sitting on the fence. cf: asohyoha a1s021v2da2gi37a DI 4IYD v.i. he's waving his hand ga1s021v2da2gi3~a SI 9 LYD u1s02~v2da2gi3sv237i B I 4LYRT a1so2lv 2d? 2gi3sgo37i D146YJAT h92s021v2d?2gi .GI 4LY ~ ~ s o ~ l v ~ 'sdi~ g i 01 4 1 ~ a . i d? Unali7i ulosa usolvdagi?elv?i.
BBPT BGB B I 4 1 Y R 4 T .
Why are you walking backwards? cf: asinega g2si2yv 4wi DbB@ n. individual, one person ?2ni2si2yv2wi2ha D hbB 86 . Asiyvwi uwonisv danadlosgv7i. One -person
DbB8 BVhR L W J E T .
+2sk~41i D@AP
When his friend passed by, he waved to him. -al~on~~sdi~ha D.f.0aJ.6 vat. he's pressing down on him, it ji2ya1son32sdi3ha,ga1son32sdi3ha
h
--
a1s1?2di37a DaWJD v. t . he's roping him, it ji1sla2di37a b@WJD ~~s1?~dv~~7i BJW6"T a1s1?2di32sgo3vi D@WJ2AT hi'~l?~da, hi2s1?'da A@WL , d2WL
y ~l?~di'sdi
82WJ3J
s 02J.6,
s IUJJ.6
~ ' s o n ~ ~ s t ~ ~ n v ~0 @ ~ 0 f BI ~7i
IVP E. =A
B@WGT
Sdaya hasonsda.
213
+maL.
~~-
I Y B I 3 3 9E.b.
a 1so2nv 2sna DI@@S v.t. he's wo;nding him, it ji1s02nv2sga ir102f ~lso~nv~hnv~~7i BIDt)T a1s02nv2sgo37i DI02AT hi lso2nv23na A1 0 8 u2s02nv2sdi BI 02J Dahnawa ahlihv ajisonvhne asgaya. The man - wounded fighting in a was war. ?%ti
D X
L t G DCa DbIQA D 2 S 3 .
n. 1. string 2. thread
asuligoga
I
55
m?
a1su3?a DCD v.t. he's sopping it ga 1 su3 ?a SCD u ~ s u ~ s v OCRT? ~ ~ ~ a1su3sgo3?i DCSAT ha2su23ja W C u2su1sdi OC@J Asusdi gasu?a. DCaJ SCD. I - am sopping gravy. cf: asusdi
BlfWTBd?d
Dlogesi yidodayulvhwisdaneli, asula?iyvsgo?i. dfb J~VLG~~JLAP, DCWTBZAT. Whenever he is going to work in the garden, - changes -pants. he his cf: asuleva, asulila, asulo a3su21e3?a DCGD v.t. he's taking his pants off SC~D ga 3su2le3?a u3su21e3sv23?i BCGRT a3su21e3sgo3?i DCGJAT ha1su21g2gi WWY ~ l s u ~ ~ l e ~ ~OCGJd sdi Asiladv adawohiladisgv uyostana usulo usulesv osda nuwanelvvi. D~WG DLVBWJAE B i s e BCG BC"$R fav dJ@l 4GA4T. When he tore his pants while crossing over a fence, ---- off and he took them mended them. cf: asula?iyv?a, asuli?a, asulo a3su21i3?a DCPD v.t. he's putting his pants on
a l ~ u ~ ~ h y ~ DC&@S sga v.i. he's fishing g a ' s ~ ~ ~3sga hy SC8JS ~ ' s u ~ ~ h n v ~ ? iBCQT a1su23hy3sgo3?i DC&@AT ha 2su2hv1ga e S l 2 u2suh3di BC1 Hadlvyv asuhvsga? .GPB DC&af? Where - - fishing? is he cf: suhdi a1suZ3hwi3sga DC8Jf painting it v.t. he's
Gado usdi ulsuhwida tisuhwis gahljode? f V B@J @PC81 3C82 SCKS? What color -you going - paint the are to house? cf: disuhwisdi, ulsuhwida a3su21+39i2yv37a DCWTBD v.t. he's changing his pants ga3su21+3?i2yv3?a SCWTBD
Nudale kilo usulo usulanv?i. 41 d Y c" B C G 8CWO.T. ' He put - someone else's pants. on cf: asula9iyv?a, asuleva, asulo, usula
alsu 1; 2 2 - go3ga DCPAf v.i. he's quitting j i 1 su21; 2go 3ga bCPAf .
56
- go J U 1SU211 2 3' V239; $CPACT .2 alsu21~ go 3go3?i DCPAAT hi2su21i2gg2?i MPAT ~ ~ s u ~ l i ~ ~ g ~ BCP fla1 sdi Hilayv tsuli o'e hoksgv?
AWB CCP
What lengthof pants do you wear? cf: asula?iyv?a, asule?a, asuli?a n. gravy a2su3sdi I Hiktahas asusdi johlvhdi?
ASW+J ~ ~ K 2I ? 1 P
ga1su2f i 3sga f CBJS ulsu2yv3nv23?i oy?BQT a'su2yv3sgo3~i DCBJAT ! L . j 2 512y\!27~1ga K B i f ~'su'~v ' i d BCBI Svgi inage ehi yunvhnistana Anija?agi, juweji dansuyvsgo7i.
l V
When Cherokees cook wild onions, they mix them with eggs. --a1sv32ga DRS v.t. it smells ji ' s ~ ~ ~ g a hRS a1sv32g03?i
DRAT
1W B a A T
Do you knowhow to make gravy? cf: asuva a1su2ye3?a DCBD v.t . he's choosing him, it ji2ya1su2ye3?a, ga1su2ye3?a
h Z 8 D , SC8D
u ~ s u ~ ~QCdRT ~ ~ S V ~ ~ ~
you want.
Do you know anyone who works in a sawmill? a1svh2dlv4?i DRPT n. bridge da1svh2dlv4?i GRPT Unohugana igada dasvhdlv duyostanv ama .
hq2su2yv2 31a
KBW
f f Z r S 6 T S I IRP
sfiawo ~
g .
57
He burned his hand -- touched when he a hot stove. a1sy2hy3sga DR&f v.t. 1. he, it's using it up 2. he's drinking, eating it up ji1sv2hv3sga ~R&@S u1sy2hnv3?i @ROT a1sy2hy3sgo3?i DR&@AT hi2sy2hna ARt
a1tg2hwo3sdi2ha DW@l+ v.i. he's holding his breath g??2d?2hwo3sdi2ha f LU@l+ ~ ~ t ? ~ h w o ~ s t ? ~ n v ~ WDT 3?i B W J a1t92hwo3sdi2sgo3?i D W a l a A T h?2t?2hwo1sda W@ L ~~t?~hwolsdoh~di B W @ V l Ta?li iyatahwostanv igohida utahwostanv?i. - -- - . - -
WP T 3 W a W Q TAB L B W J W O T .
. .
He held his breath for two minutes. --cf: iyatahwostanv?i, uhawosdiha a1ta21a2di3?a D W W l D v.t. he's mooring a boat
. .
Suhliloda go?i usvhnv?i. It used 2 one gallon of oil. Ulvsa?di kali unvdi usvhnv?i. B 4 U l a P @ D l @ROT He drank 2 a glass full of milk --
--
i?CG L AT @ROT.
hi2t?21?2da AWWL ~~t?~l?~di'sdi ~ W W J J J Hitaladv na jiyu hasuhnohnvpi. F'EFthe boat when you're through --fishing. a1tg21e2sga DW&af a hole v.t. he's drilling
AWWG' 8 b c W Z D T
q2sv2n023yi DRZd n. Nighthawk !2ni2sv2n023yi DhRZd Elisi Asvnoyi gesvpi. My grandmother was - Nighthawk. a cf: svnoyi a4ta D n. young woman W Hi?a achuja anata juhlinohehdohdi ulvkwdi .
AD DdC - d C Z ? V l 8 4 1 r l . D8W RPb DRZd F R T .
hi2taZl.?2ga AWWf ~~t?~le~sdi W&~J @ Ditalesdi gvhdi utalesv hyahtena. He a hole in the board with - drilled -a drill. cf: atalesvPi, ditalesdi
-iw&al
EJ BW&R
a@.
a 1 t a 2 1 e 2 s v 4 ? i DWGRT
n. hole
cf:
atalesga, ditalesdi v. i . it I
s
a 1 t a 2 n 0 2 3 1 e 3 2 g a DWZGS steaming
Kayegwona nvhgine d i t a s g i s g i d a n h t a s g i s d i s g o yvwi. 9 B Y 8 0YA -AVJY@d L h W a Y a d J A B 8 . On i u l v f o u r t h ~ e o ~ fli r e f i r e e crackers. cf: atasgiva n. explosive
a1tg2n0231e32g037i
DWZ$AT
NaYaY
Ganayego goksdi d i t a s g i s g i dasgwanigodv n a v v v i . S a y AS@d . J V a Y a Y 1 2 I h A 6 ' 8 i T . I t ' s dangerous t o smoke n e a r a p l a c e where e x p l o s i v e s a r e s t o r e d . cf: atasgiva v.t.
a 2 t a 2 n u 4j a
DWqc
n. adolescent g i r l
bl99ViJS
. .
Uwej i agehyuj a agvdageni utawedonv7i. BSPb D f G C D E l f h O'\VflV@T. She k i s s e d h e r d a u g h t e r on t h e f o r e head. a1ta2w03?a DwD v . t . h e ' s combing someone's h a i r j i1t?2w03?a
bW D
AWG (?Wad
cf:
a 1 t 9 2 s g i 3 s d 1 2 h a DWaY@d+ exploding it
atli She's combing her son's hair. cf : ahltawoTa, ahltawosdi alt?2y02hi3ha DWfiA$ v.t. he's asking fo; it Don't shake the ladder. cf: ahltelvhvsga a3tih12di
59
hi2t?2y02 3ha 4Wfi.G 2 2 u2t+ yo sdi owfia1 Hlesdi hyisgahesdi tstayosdi?i. L a 1 rnS?@1 GWfi21T. Don't be afraid ----it. to ask for a1t821g2di3?a D5WJD v. t . he's joining
Atihldi uwohlvhnv anineli uhnawosdi. DJCJ 8 . ~DMP otva1. e70 Shemade -a shirt for her husband to wear. cf: kihlvsga a1ti3hni Djh v.t. he's leading him ji2ya1ti3hni bah 1 2 3 23Ti u ti hnv sv O'JORT a1ti2hne3g03?i DJAAT hi2ya1ti2hnu1ga A a 9 S 002 3-1 u2ti2hnv1sdi Dikewi asgaya at ihni . 11.8 D@SJ He's leading a blind man. cf: didatihnidohi
a.
.
8% W12J u2tC21?2di1sdi AniTyosgi uteladisdi uduliha. DhfiaY 85W121 8SP.G. He to - wants - join the military service. cf: keladidoha, keli
g2te21i23do DaPV n. dish, plate ~ I i ~ t e ~ l i ~A P V ~do Ditelido degvdiye7a, JZPV SE18D. She is washing dishes. alte3lv 2hy 3sga D54aaS v.t. he's shaking him, it ba was jilte3lv 2hy 3sga alte3lv 2hy 2sgo33i D% 4aaAT hixte1lv 23na, hi 2te 1 lv 23na A%.le, ,9546 u2tehl ' i d 85.11 Hlesdi jihitelvhni ayvhdlo . Lad b ~ a 4 hDBG.
a1ti2y023hi3ha DJfi4.G v. i. he's arguing 2 - 2 23hi3ha g- d; YO a' S1fiA.G u1t~2y023hlv3?i @Ji T LfP a1ti2y023h+3h03?i DJfiAET .2 h? 2t+ yo23ga .GJfiS 2 2 23sdi u ti yo O'Jfiad Gado jijalvkwdi j atiyosdi? sv h e w 1 wfiad? Why do you like to argue? cf: atiyosdi, ditiyohihi g ti yo23sdi DJfia1 n. argument .2 di2t; yo23sdi ~fi2-i Nigohilv atiyosdi uhyoho3i. hA.04 DJfi21 8fiJT. He's always looking for an argument. cf: atiyohiha, ditiyohihi a 1tli D1Cv.i. he's running g?2di1tli S1C
2
2
Kilo dvtli. YO X C . Someone - running -- direction. is in this a1toh2gi23y?3?a DVY3D v.i. 1. he's racing 2. he's running for office ga1toh2gi23ys3?a S VY3D
BVYB T DVY&AT
Who loaned - the car? him cf: atolida, atolsga, didatolsdisgi a1to12sga DVP@S v.t. he's borrowing him, it
+VY3 BVY&J
two raced?
n. 1. candi-
-------------u1t023yaw32sv237i B V X R T
DVX~AT
0asa
b s v h D ~ B CBEBGA d s r @ J a Y
DVYGUY.
The man making the speech is a candidate -for president of the United States. cf: atohgiya7a
jigowhtiha.
hg2tsdg2gi u2tsde1sdi
v.i. he's
Are you lying to me? cf: gayhgogi a1tuZ3gi3?a DSYD v.t. he's taking a drink (alcoholic beverage) g+?2du23gi3?a f SYD ~ l t u ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ BSYRT3 ? i s v ~ altu23gi32sgo3?i DSYJAT hg2tu23gi 32sdi
.GSY QSYJJ
iiiinutes
cf: atvgi?a a l t ~ ~ ~ d v ~ h DPP8,1f a v.t 1. he's ~~sg asking him a question 2. he's asking a question ji2ya1tv23dv3hv2sga, g a l t ~ ~ ~ d v ~ h ~ ~ s g
bG%'P8@f7 f6682f
k G ~ BSYJJ. J He doesn't like ---- a drink. to take cf: atugisdi 62tu23gi4sdi D S Y J I beverage
DSY@l B M . T 1
~ l t v ~ ~ d v ~ h n v ~Q66UT ~?i
Atugisdi unehnelv7i. He gave him -a drink. cf: atugi7a a1ty3?i2sdi3ha DST2I.G promising v.t. he's
Ask him --what he's going to do. a'tv2gi3?a DVYD v.t. he hears him, it ji2ya1tv2gi3?a, ga1tv2gi3?a
b26'YD. SPYD
u1tv2ga32nv23?i @ 6 f @ ~
So?ika?lesdiuwedasdi utu?istanv?i.
I T c3cfJI V D L J J 0ST2WUT.
62
atvhisdiha Odalv galvladi danahnesdahlahvsgo awohavli. d L 4 S 4 W 1 L ~ A @ L ~ &m A . I P Eagles build their nests on mountain tops. alya3?a D 3 D v.i. he's inside e.2 3.7 3; Y? a 630
d Z S A Dhh42.Y
66"BadAAT.
Which room --is he in? a2ya2nu41i D34P adj., adv. fast di2ni2ya2nu41i I h 3 4 P Ayanuli a?isv3i.
D34P TRT. - Dwalking He was
a1ty2sga 06-25 v.i. he, it's growing g??2dy2sga 56-25 ulty2sv237i B P R T a1ty2sgo39i DP2AT
fast. -
cf: gajanuli Udohiyu atvsga. He is -- really growing. cf: atvhisdiha ?2wi4na D 8 8 n. young man
BVG
m.
Hiyoligas na awina?
yvwi uyatohlv
cf: awinuja g2wi2nu4ja D84C n. adolescent boy g2ni2wi2nu4ja DhB4C Hla yagwanhte anita?li aniwinuja dejakahvqi . ' 3x0'6 D hWP D h 8 q C SCXdIT. L I didn't know you had two teenage boys. cf: awina ?2w023h9?31i W.GP n. eagle
k ~ @ ~ - 4 8 6 B8 B S V P D P J L B J . -0
distributed food among a lot of people. cf: ayatohihi g3ya1t92hi2hi D3VAA n. 1. one who distributes 2. deacon q2ni23ya1tq2hi2hi D h 3 V A A GaTlohni tavlsgo hisgine, sohneladu isgohitsgwa gahlgwasgo jo?i ayatohihi nulstanv?i. SG h W P 2 A A a A , f A W S T @ A A h I S C I 2 A
KT D3VAA 9P@\VIOT.
He became a deacon on August 25, 1973. a1ya32t92hlv4?i DJVPT n. chapter da1ya32t?2hlv4?i LGVPT Hila ayatohlv higoliyeva? A m P AAPBD? W Which chapter are you reading?
D B f v.i. he's waking up
ayh 1d l 3ha DBJ.G v.t. he's putting him inside (somewhere large enough to move around in) bB1.G ji2yv1di3ha ~ y h l t ? ~ n v ~ ? i BB WOT ayh1di23sgq3?i hi2yv1da uyh2doh3di Sogwil uniyvsdi
1.61) BhB@J -B DBJJAT AB L BBV1
uyhtanv sogwili.
IVP.
hi2yelgi ABY u2yF2?i2sdi 0'8 T2d Hiyegi agosela, uyejvvi. When he was told to wake 2, woke he -UD
gaYh3ga u3yvl2sv23?i
cf: ayevisdiha 92ye4hli D8C n. 1. center, middle 2. half 3. half dollar Ahani ayehli johlesdi
Have you heard a hen crowing? a1yi3ha DJM v.t. 1. he's getting a long object 2. he's picking up a long object ji2yi3?a hJ3D ~ ' y v ~ h v ~ ~ BBBT vi
D+h
KL@l.
Sit here in the middle. a1ye3?i2sdi3ha DBTa1.G v.t. he's waking him up j i2ye3?i2sdi3ha hB TJ1.G u1ye3v12stg3nv3'?i BBTJWOT
Don't wake the -- baby. cf: ayega +2ye21v4vi DgqT n. his body Ayehli iyv ayelv duleyvsvvi.
DBC TB
He ot five new pencils at the store., n a k w a y a digohwelodi. RWJ L ~ R ~ ~ G J . She picked up a pencil from the ground. cf: agiva, ganeva, ganegiva, guteva n. floor a1y02da32hlg2hv4vi D f i LCBT da1y02da32h1?2hv4vi LfiLCBT Ama uj ewasdohtanv ayodahlahvvi
DB.l
SORT.
~r o?/(;avw@ ~ ~ L C B T . D
Sheaccidently spilled water on the floor. The children are playing ball. Diyohli nvya duwutesv7i. Ific 03 SSXRT. He picked up some small rocks. a1y02hly3sga D f i P a ~v.t. 1. he's whittling it 2. he's carving it 3. he's hewing it
dhfic -a x L a d L e ~ ~ a a s .
a l y 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ 9 i DfiA7 u2yoy lsdi Dfiad Gugu uyojv uwohosa. The bottle broke when it dropped. cf: ayosdiha, uyojv7i a'yo2hi3ha DfiA+ v.t. he's shooting him, it
JJ ~fi~'oe7fiEr.
Several men are hewine railroad ties ?2y02h~2h;2sdi DfiTAaJ n, death Hla kilo yvgvdisgalas ayohuhisdi. f YG BEAJSWa DfiTAaJ. No one can hide f r o m e a t h . cf: ayohusga
The hunter -a d e e r with an arrow. shot cf: dasdayohiha a1y03hi2sdi3ha DfiA@l+ v.i. he's taking a break
Hila iyv jigesv uyohuse7i? A TB h f R @fiT4T? W When did -he die? cf: ayohuhisdi, galihwoga, ulihwojvvi, uyohusvvi a'yo31i2ha DfiP+ him v.t . he Is greeting
What time do you take a break from your work? ?2y04hli DfiC n. 1. child 2. small
ayvhwahtiha
hfi@WZQS ji yo st3 nQ hy3sga ~ ' y o ~ s t ~ ~ n q ~ h n (PAaWZDT v~~i a'yo3stg2nQ3hy 3~go37i DfiaWZdaAT hi 2yo1stg2nq 2hna A f i @~t ~
2 3 2 3
65
u 2yo 1sta2nQ 3hy 3sdi BAaWZ&J Uhlinigida ganolvsgv uyostanohnv usdi adanelvvi.
.2 alyo31i ha him
v.t..hels greeting
The strong wind destroyed the small building. cf: ayosdiha 42YQ27~4hli D m C adj . lame, crippled di2yQ2?u4hli Jfi(PC Ayo?uhli asgaya adolanvsdi utayohlv7i. =crippled
DABC D@S@ DVWDaJ QWfiP T .
Every time he'sees me - greets me. he alyo3sdi2ha Dfi2J.G v.t. 1. he's breaking it 2. he's spoiling him
He broke - accidently -a water glass. cf: agalsga, asgwalsga y~2sgi D f i a n. soldier . g 2n1 3YQ 2sgi D h f i J J Jo?i judetiyvda G : g i gesv?i.
K T J S J B L bfiav . . .. 1 was - soldier for three years. a -
alYv2hi2h03?i DBAIl T 2yv 23ha hi AB u 2yv 2sdi BB@J Gahljode agiyvhlv ugahnanihla. SPKS m P D S t h P . I entered the house when the rain came. cf: ayvsdohdi?i
-+?
cf: aniyosgi'i a ' y ~ ~ s t ~ 3hy 3sga Dfi@W/Z&2f ~nq he, it's destroying it v.t.
66
ayvhwidiha T s t v g a n v 7 i s ayonega J a l a g i gawonisgv? CPSOTd D f i f l f CWY SVhaE? Have you heard a white person speak Cherokee? cf : ayvwi, unega
~ h ? ~ n e ~ ~ l a , adj eight
DB8JaAT
hi2yv2hwi23da u2yv2hwi2tdi
CAW, JAW
AB8L BB 8 2 1
Hadlv dehiyvhwidi ada? .GP SABBI DL? Where -you t a k i n g t h e wood? are cf: ahwidiha, ganawidiha, ganehwidiha
frzaf
n. coal
9 2yv 2 s d o h 3 d i 4 ? i
DB@VJT
n. entrance
d i 2 y v 2 s d o h 3 d i 4 ? i dB@VJT Sdudi k t o ? a ayvsdohdi d l o g e s i . 2 S J EVD DBaVd 6 F b . There is a g a t e a t t h e e n t r a n c e t o the pasture cf: ayvhiha n. p e r s o n ,
ddada-
DhB8
m?
cf:
ayvwiyavi
4 2yv 2w i 2 y a 4 ? i
DB83T
Hi?a a c h u j a a k a l i Ayvwiya?i. A DdC DaP DB83T. D This boy i s a f u l l - b l o o d I n d i a n . cf: ayvwi, -ya Dudovv uwohwelodi asdanvhnv dudahnaws t a n v v i naktahvna gesv i y u s d i G i l i s i uwohwelodi7i. S V i Be5SPGd D 2 L W S L t@@WOT OSklB8 F R TGad YPb BUdGdT. He made a n A on t h e s i g n a t u r e l i n e
a2yv 3w v 3ne 2 g a y 32yo 3n e 2 ga DBJAS, DfiAf n. w h i t e person . . ? 2n l 2yv3wu 3ne 2 g a , ? 2 n l 2yo3ne2ga DhBSAS. DhfiAS
dadehyohvsga because he didn't know how to write English. cf: dadahnawsdvvi, didahnawida da1da2hnaw32sdv4?i n ~ ~ n o ~L L th X T ~ 8i DZA n. crossroads Dadahnawsdv nvnohi dunadlosv?i. They met at - crossroads. a cf: dadahnawsdiha, didahnawida da1da2hne2se3?a L LA4D v.i. he 's conjuring de2gg3da1ne2se3?a SS LA4D d ~ l d a ~ h n e ~ s a ~ ? vSLAtli T ~~?i da1da2hne2se3sgo3?i L LA4aAT t?2da3hne2s?2ga WLAUS ju2da2hne2selsdi dLh4aJ Dadahnesesgv uwhtanidasdi uhyalv judahnesesdi ajitayosela.
LLA4aE BGWhI@J 8 3 9 JLA4@J DbWfi4W.
67
L L t 8 3 02 S W R T . 23
Gadohv hla yidojadanvdistane? S VB E J ~ VLG DdaWA? Why didn't you dodge? cf: ganvdiqa da1da2w03?a L L B D v.i. he's performing baptism de2g?3da2w03?a SS LBD d ~ l d a ~ w o 3 ? v ~ ~S? i i T LB da1da2w03sgo3?i L LBaAT ta2da3w02ja WLBC ju2da2w01sdi d LB@J Uhyvdli iga dudawo?~ah1jadohvsgi .
BBC TS DPCVB2.Y.
He looked for his conjuring material when he was asked - conjure. to cf: didahnesesgi
The preacher performed baptism on a cold day. cf: adawova, didawosgi v.i. he's giving
da1da2yC3sga L L f i 2 S
UP
da1dg2ni21v3ga LLh4S v.t. he's accepting him, it 2ji3y? 2d? 2ni2lv3ga, de2gg 3dg2ni 2. de
2cf: dayosga Dodvdanilvjis heli? Do-ink he is to -- going - accept? cf: didanilv?isdi d a1d a2 v 23di32sdi2ha LLOJa1.6 n he's dodging v.i.
VPL h4h.a ?I)?
v.t. he's
68
dadlohyiha
A I 8SefXaE ISfiQAT Y
da1dlo2hyi3ha IPfJ3oG v.i. he's weeping de2ge3dlo1yi3ha SfefJS.6 du1dlo2hyi31v3?i Sef64T da1dlo2hyi3hq3?i I e f J S P T t?2dloyh3ga Wef JSS ju2dloy2sdi deTJ3;3J Wasnwalahiw udahlav Galvkwdi Gohweli. " ~ i s adudloh ilv?i I' adiha.
Whatever price you set I'll pay you. cf : jugvwahldi dg2gwg21e31a LZdW n. car, wagon Digaduhv wigaluhjv asgaya, dagwalela dayuhwasi. J S S & 8SMC Daf 3 , 6 1 6 W LGGb When he gets to town, the man is going to buy 5 car.
G S X W A m ! l M P , "btl DJ+.
da1hlih2ge3ha LCF+ v.i. he, it's rocking de2g+?31ih2gp3ha SSPF .G d ~ l h l i h ~ ~ e ~ ~ hSCF&T v~?i
-JhWBaJ
S f SmWO
+T
ba*?T.
The were married in a chapel last -&m cf: dichvsdi dg2gv23na I E8 n. 1 . oyster 2. ?sari 3. pimple Dihyahldi danohlvndisgo?i dagvna.
J 3 P J I ZPOJJAT
They make necklaces out of pearls. da1gv2wah12di3ha EGG& v .t. he's setting a price de2ji3gv2w92101di3ha 3bEGQJ.G d ~ l ~ v ~ w a h l ~ t ? ~ n v ~S?EGQWOT i da1gv2wah12di23sgq3?i L EGGJaAT
m.
dahvtvsga cf: didahlilosdisgi, didahlilostanv?i da1hli2n02hg3ha ICZ3.G v.i. he's conversing de2gg31i1no2hF3ha S f PZ3.G d ~ l h l i ~ n o ~ h e ~ ~ h lSv ~ 3 P T CZ?i da1hli2n02he23sg?3?i I C Z 3 2 A T t?2hli3n02hv21a VI'C Zdi W ju2hli2n02heh2di dC 2 3 1 Dihlinohehdi degalinohesgv?i. I was -1CZ 3 1 SSPZ3aET. JSSPL S46 StGTBRT.
69
He - changed his wet clothes. cf: dahnawo?a, dihnawo da1hng2we3?a I t d D undressing v.i. he's
de2g?hi 'we3?a SfM D d ~ l h n ? ~ w e ~ s v ~ ~ t?di T S R da1hng2we3sgo3?i I W a A T ta2hng3wG2gi WtGY ju2hng2we1sdi Jtd21 DeganiweTa aksvsdi ugvwahli.
3 S M D DYIQJ BEGC.
dah11tg2de3ga I P W S S v.i. he's jumping de2g?31i1ta2de3ga SSPWSS d~hlltg'di~~nv~~sv~~?iOAT SPWJ dahl ltC2de3go3?i I PWSAT tahl 3t?2du1ga V P W SS j ~ h l ~ t ~ ~ d i ~ ~ n v P~ ~ O d i J Wd d Hila iyagalvladi eligwu yidehahltaduna? A
AW T 3 f 4 W 1 R P 3 i S . G P W S S ?
I am - - undressingto go to sleep. cf: dahnawo?a, dihnawo da1hn?2w03?a I W D v .t he's putting on clothes de2g?3ni lwo3?a S S hOD d~lhn?~wo~?v~~?i 7 stf'cj ' da1hnit2w03sgo3?i I W J A T tg2hn?3w02ja WWC ju2hn<: 2w01sdi d W 2 l Judanvgalvda tahnawoj a.
JIOS.71 W .- - -
How high can you jump? cf: dihltadegi da2hn?2wa I t G n. war IlvhiyuTis to?i nidagalstani heli dahnawa? Do you think that -w i l l v e r war cease? cf: dinidahnawi da'hn?2w?3?i2yv3?a I t G T B D v.t. he's changing clothes ~ l e ~ g g ~ n i ~ w ? ~ ? i ~ y v ~h G T B D S f ?a
d.sihn?2w?3?i2p?r3s\r23?i S t G T B A T
1'4.QGTa VT hISPaWh 3P ItG?
Put on -- some clean clothes. cf: dz.hnawe?a, dihnawo ~ a ~ h n u ~ ~ 1 4 ~ T in. Vian o Av Dahnugo na?v gohlv gatiyo?i. There is a stompground near Vian. da1hv2ty3sga I W 2 S v. t. he's putting fuel (solid) into a fire de2ji3?v2ty3sga Skid761S d~ilhv~t?~nvj?i SGWOT d ~ i l h v ~ t ~ ~ s g ~I ~ ? i 7 8~at1 ti2hv3tvlga J W S jcLhv2tdi J C.2.i
19-1 - 8.i AP S d S T .
L.
. padcl id?
d:,!~ri
>I.?.-
He wood into the stove. - put green ---da1hyv23g~3?a LBYD v.t. 1. he's tickling him 2. he's spurring a horse de2ji32yv23gi3?a .FhBYD d ~ l h y v ~ g v ~ ~ ? i SB ET d a l h y ~ ~ 32sgo3?i L BYJAT ~gi ti 32yv23ga
2 BY
da'kg2ne23hyi3ha I9AJS.G v. t. he's untying it de2ji3ga1ne23hy13ha ShSAJS.G du1kg2ne2 3hyv3hv2 3?i S9ABd.T da1kg2ne2 3hyi3sgo3?i L9A&AT
3~v13 ti2k?3ne2hya ju2ka2ne23hyvh3di J9ABJ Dulasuhlv dukanehyvhv dulasulesa. SWrP SaABJL SWrd'V.
He - untms
Don't tickle me while I am eating. cf: dihyvgisdi da1je23h1a I Y f adj., adv. better Gado usdi dajehla? f v @@"A L y P ? Which one is better? da 3..2 J ; hly3sga LIrT@f v.i. he's squatting de2ga32ji2hlV3sga S f N @ f du3ji2hlv3nv3?i da3ji2h1y3sgq3?i
ShF@T L hF@AT
de2ji3ga1n02~?2di23d032ha S h f 2GJV.G. du1kg2n02wg2di23d0321~23?i SaZGJV?T da1kg2n02wg2di23d032h03?i LaZGJV i T . ti2ga32n02wa2di2 3da J~ZGJL JC~ZGJL@J j ~ ~ k ~ ~ n o ~ w ~ ~ d i ~ ~ d a ~ ~ s Gago dejakanowadidoha?
S A SCil ZC,JV+? -- - . . .
-
Who is looking after cf: dikanowadidohi da1keZ3wa3'ga LPGf becoming blind de2ji?3ge23wa32ga du'ke23wa32jv23?i dalke23wa32go3?i tt2ke3walgi ju2keZ3wa3?i2sdi
you?
WhF S ta3ji2hlu32ga j~'ji,~hl~~sdi JhFaJ Unulvhnv julehdi degajihlgv?i. 89.10. J$J SShFET.
v.i. he's
ShFGS SPGCT LPGAT JP GY JPGT2-I
He couldn't get up from - squatting a ~osition. ~ l a l k g ~ n e ~ ~ h iL9ilA.G v.t. he's tying ~ha it
Gohida ulsihgv yvya?a yidvkewagi. AAL B P b E B 3 D B'PGY. If you're in the dark for a long time, you'll become blind. cf: dikewi
-
71
cf: aktasdiha, daktanawsga da1kti231e32ga L S J f S v.t. he's attacking him, it de2ji3ga1ti231e32ga,de2ji3ga1tiZ3le32ga S kS3fS ,
SkS3fS
He opened the lock with a wire. da1ksv3sdi3ha I S R 2 J . G v.t. 1. he's making smoke 2. it's smoking de2ji3galsv23sdi3ha S k S m I . G dulk ~ v 3 s t ? ~ n v ~ ~ ? i 5 m W O T S dalksv3sdi3sgo3?i L SR2laAT ti3ksv2sda 3SmL ju2ksv23sdoh3di dSR2Vl Dinagalisgi juyanv duksvstanv dutewsa.
j e s ~ a y S S ~ W OI B B . S
G r
r
I
The electrical wires smoked when they became hot. cf: juksvsdi dalkt?2na~~~sga LSWBGJS v.i. he's blinking de2g?3galt?2naw32sga S S SWBG@S d~lkta2naw3~sv~~?i SSWBGRT da lkta2naw32sgo3?i L SWBGJAT ta3kta2na lhwa WSWBG ju2kta2nawlsdi dSWBG@I DuklaneSv iyusdi daktanawsgv?i .
SSWAR T G A l L SWBGJET.
liontamer.
Yiduktinvdesa hla osda yagowhtisgo?i. When she takes off her ----ZSS30;S'B C ,3JL
She was --blinking because she had tears in her eyes. cf: aktasdiha, daktasdiha
3AGJJAT.
~lalkta~~sdi~ha L5WJI.G v.i. he's cloiing his eyes de 2ga 3ga1ta32sdi2ha S 5 S W a l . G d~lkta~~sta~nv~~?i SSWAWOT L 5 W a I J AT da1kta32sdi2sgo 3?i ta 3ktalsda WSW@L ju2kta1sdoh3di dSKIJVI Duktastanv usgosdi ajvstv duktoyvsa.
da1kti2nv2tv3sga LSJDd"a5 v.t. he's putting on glasses de2g?3ga1ti2nv2tt13sga S S S 3 O C 2 S du1kti2nv2ta3nv3?i S 5 3W O T da1kti2nv2tv3sgq3?i LS3WAAT t?3kti2nv2tv1ga W5306S Igada agalisgv yanedoha julsihgi diktinvtdi danaktinvtvsgo?i. When some people are in the sun, they put on dark glasses. cf: daktinvdeva, diktinvtdi, duktinvta
T S L DSP@E 2dlV.G J P b Y J S 3 Q J I L BS3Dd"@AT.
s swawo B
~ A DCS ~ I
SSVBB
-5
72
da1ktlf3ha ISCf+ v.t. he's shelling corn de2jh3ga1tli3ha dalktli23sg93?i ti3ktla ju2ktlvh2di
9fiSC.G
d ~ ' k t l v ~ h v ~ ~ ? i .CSP&T
I S C@.4T
da11a32~u2hlv3~gaLWfPAS on shoes
v.t he's
3SJ?
dfPJ
Dije dilasulo julasuhldi uduli Wili. Bill wants - put - some new to on
JY
rwm
J W ~rP Q s r
v. i. he's
sr .
shoes.
cf: alasulo, dalasula?iyv?a, dalasu1e7a da11a32su21a3?i2yv3?a GWCWTBD he 's'changing shoes de2g?31a32su2193?i2yv 3?a v.t.
LXWYJAT 3XtVY
dx~y2-i
SSWCWTBD SWCWTBRT
Gago dakwalagisge usv jigesv? Who - snoring last night? was da1kwa2y03?y2sga L S f i i S f v.t. he's (with a liquid, sprinkling it powder, salt, etc.) \! de2ji32kw?2y03? sga Slr,Z'fii@S d ~ ' k w ? ~ y o ~ n v ~ ~ ? i .YjSfiOT da1kwg2y03?Y2~g03?i L X f i idAT ti2kw?3y02?v1ga ju2kwa2yo'di
3.TfiiS
He changed shoes because they were - long. too cf: alasulo, dalasuhlvsga, dalasu1e7a
ICVCcfD v.t. he's da'la'2su21e3?a taking off his shoes
JJfi d
Ama dakwayo?vsga dihnawo jutesdi. She is -- sprinkling water clothes she is going to
D&' l , X f i i 2 S J t U d ' 6 2 J .
on the iron.
cf: ,iasdudli?a,dikwayodi da2kws?3ni LiPHh n. turnip Dakwsanis dijaivkwdi? I, ,Pb' -- .h@ .IC W J ' Do ) ou like turnips? d?21a71a
LX'lY
n. woodpecker
da11eh2di3ha Ld'J.6 v.t. 1. he's hilping him up 2. he's standing it up (object with legs)
LPI - CWY
Unulvhvsgesdi julehdi dehiyaletanvli. 044d2JI.a-J dd'l S A W 0 . T . If he can't get up, help - % . him cf: alehdiha da11e2hi23si3ha LOb.6 v.i. he's recuperating
da11i2ye32su21e3?a L B d D vet. he's PC' taking off his gloves de2g?31i3ye32su21e3?a SSPBCd'D du11i2ye32su21e3s~23?i SPBCd'RT dalli2ye32s~21e3sgo3?i LPBC62AT WPBCWY t? 2I? 3ye1su2153gi ju21i2ye1su231e32sdi dPBC6a.J Nihina? sloves off. cf: aliyesulo, daliyesuli?a da11i2ye32su21i3?a LPBCPD v.t. he's putting on his gloves ; 3 su : S SPBCPD de2g?3 1 3 ye 2 21 3?a du11~2ye32su21a32nv23?i SPBCWDT da11i2ye32su21i32sgo3?i L PBCPJAT WPM 4s t?21i3ye1su21v32ga ju21i2ye1su231032di dP8CG-J Degaliyesuli dodvgilvhwisdanelihehno. SSPBCP VbT4826AP3 2. I am on - - putting - loves because I am going to work. cf: aliyesulo, daliyesule?a da11i23y03gi2?a LPfiYD v.t. he's taking off his socks de2ga31i23y03gi2?a SSPfiYD du11i23y03gi1sv23?i SPfiYRT da11i23y03gi1sgo3?i LPfiYaAT ta2li3yo2gi WfY Pi .23 .1 ju211 yo 3gi sdi d~fi 2 1 ~ Dulasulesv ale dulivorrisv3i. SWCd'R D6 SPfiYRT. He took off his shoes and socks. ----cf: aliyo, daliyohiha, daliyosiha, dul ivoha
w
Junidlvgi waya?v dalehisiha. dhPY G3i L8Ab.G. He's recuperating in a hospital. cf: dalehvsga dalle2hy 3sga L6DJS v.i. he's getting up (from sitting or from involuntarily assumed prone position) de2gt31e2?v3sga SSd'iaS d~lle~hnv~~?i SGDT dalle2hy2sgo3?i 6 tg21e3hvlga WGDS ju21eh2di dd'l Dijalehvga gadvnv nigad dejalehnv3i. 1CdDf 5'- hSL 3Cd'DT. 60 When I say stand 2, everyone standup. cf: adidiha, alehvsga
..
74
da11i23y03hi2ha LPfi4.G v.t. he's putting on his socks de2ga31i23yF,3?i2ha SSPfiT+ d ~ ~ l i ~ ~ y o ~ h lSv f~ P~ ? i P i T da11i23y03hi2h03?i LPfiAP T
L a
n. horsefly
While -- putting --he was on his socks, someone stole his shoes. cf: aliyo, daliyogi?a, daliyosiha, duliyoha da11i23y03si2ha LPfi6.G v.t. he's changing his socks Unadodagwohnv danadahivlidohesdi.
Q0VLYD L 0LAPV?@J.
Taliyosa digadulida dejaliyohv3i. Chanee your wet socks. cf: aliyo, daliyogi?a, daliyohiha, duliyoha da11s02sdi3ha L P I @ J + v.t. 1. he's aiming at him, it 2. he's aiming it de2ji3y?21i1s023sdi3ha, de2gg31i sdi3ha S h 3 P f @A+, du11s023stg3nv23?i
SSPf@J+ SPf@WDT WPfibr J S S P L S C P f i B T .
A lot of Cherokees met at Tahlequah in order to hear the chief speak. cf: didlohisdi'i, dudlosga
Hlesdi kilo galogwe gvhdi yitiyalisosdisgesdi. Don't -- anyone with a gun. aim at
L@J Y Q S Q 3 EJ L Z 3 P f @ J @ P @ J .
v.i. they
dasdlusga
75
Anijalagi Unadodagwidena usv danilawieo?i . D~CWY ovGvse O R L ~ W B A T . Cherokees hold church services on Saturday nights. cf: digalawisdivi
Why did they separate? cf: junagalenvda da3nehl2d 3ha IAB1.G ; with him, it de2ji 3ya3neh12di3ha, v.t. he's playing
sv
021 C Y ~~ h a t f i ~ ~ ~ ?
What did you get for Christmas? dalni2ye21i2sga L hBP@S are adj ourning v. t. they
da3neh12di23sg03?i
. T a BL
GAGJaAT
ti2ya32neh12da, ta3neh12da
, WAG I
j ~ l n e h l ~ ~ d o h ~ d i d f16' V 1 Gado usdi danehldi na usdi achuja? What is the little boy playing with? cf: danelohvsga
2 hy da 3ne2 lo 3 3sga
sv
@ad
LA~J e
02-4 o d e ?
IAB&S
v.t. he's
SSAGdaS
When - they going - adjoprn? are to da1sda2y02hi3ha IaLfi4.G 1. v.t. he's shooting at him 2. v.i. he's shooting de2j i32sd92y02hi3ha
SbaIfiN
d ~ ~ n e ~ l o ~ ~ h n v ~SABOT vi
Sgwahlesdi dodaganelohni sunale udodagwada. J X L ~ J G S A B ees svLaL. V ~ I am going - play ball all day to tomorrow.
-cf:
Segajv dusdayohlv galogwe asdayv gojanesdivi iyusdi He the - barely ashotr d togun because trigger w x pull. cf: ayohiha d a l ~ d l u ~ ~ s ma S v .t. he"s L~ @ splitting it de2j i 32sdlu32sga Sb.Xf'@S d ~ ~ s d l u ~ ~ h y v BT ~ i SX ~ ~
4 S C SaLfiP SG3
DL aB
ACAaJT T G a 1 .
the
He - curses when something makes him angry. cf: asgina Osi adasdayhdi juhvtdi ada dasdlusga. b b DLaLBd d U d DL L n @ S . He's -splitting some cook wood. da1sdu2d1i37a LJSCD v.t. he's sprinkling it (with a liquid) da1sih2tv3ni2ha Lb6'h.G 1. v.t. he's clapping his hands 2. v.i. he's applauding
Gagama dakiwisv ama dejisdudli7a. Sf T LYBR Db" S k a S C D . I am - - sprinklingwater on my cucumbers. cf: dakwayo7vsga da1sB2hi3ha 14A.G it, them v. t. he's counting
Ugvwiyuhi uwonisohna dul:ssihtvnilv yvwi. ~ E B C AB V M t S e b P h 4 B Q . When the president finished his speech, the people applauded. cf: asihtvniha da3stg2ye2sga LaWB@S v.i. he's getting exhausted de2ga32stg2ye2sga SS@WB@S d ~ ~ s t ? ~ y e ~ s v ~SaWBRT ~?i da3stg2ye2sgo3?i ta3stg2ye23hi ju1stg2yeZ3hi 3sdi
L@W8@AT WaW8A dJW8AaJ
Adela aktiyi adela dasehiha. The treasurer - counting money. is cf: asesdiha, disesdi d a l ~ g i ~ ~ n a ~ d iL~ Y e d D 1. v.t. he's av a cursing him, it 2. v.i. h c ' s cursing de2ji32sgi23na3di27a S b 2 Y e d D
DSW D S J A DSW L4A+.
Hlesdi vsgi isdayi yidijalvhwisdanehesdi , dotastayesis L a d i T a L b d.JC.18aLA?@d, U b%k %$ %r so hard - you'll get or exhausted .
saYem
d a l ~ g i ~ ~ n lsgo 37i a~di
L2YedaAT
ti32sgi23na3da,ti2sgi3na2da
JaYeL, 3aYeL j~~sgi~~na~di'sdi 6 3 0 ~ 2 ~
jussv2hwi' d si
d~~82J
%en
it becomes , t i :
. t4e i o z -- t i s . >a
deganadiwsga
77
I
da1sv2sdi3ha LR2J.G v.t. he's sGheduling a time . d? 2wo 31,2yu 4sdi LOPG@J 1 n. cork Dawoliyusdi gvhdi usduhnv?i svdoni gvgusgv?i. LOPG@J Ed BJSOT RVh EJaET. He stopped the leak in the tub with a cork. -~ a ' y q ~ s ~ aL f i @ f him de2ji 3yg 3sga dalyq3sgo3?i v.t. he's releasing
Shfi2.S SfiRT 1 fi@AT
He speech for - scheduled his to speak. Monday night when asked d a1t e 23sga
652s
Tiyohi jisdu
~ f
de2ji32te23sga S h ~ @ f d ~ l t e ~ ~ s v ~ ?SERT i da1te23sg93?i LE@AT ti2tv 31a 3VW j ~ ~ t e ~ ~ s d i 2J 66 Hila ahlivilisv jalenvhe dehitesgvyi? A DCTPR 6801 SAEaET? W What time did you start ironing? cf: ditesdi d?2wi23sg?31a L@@SW n. flint Dawis ala gohlvhtanv gahlida uska & ? i .
L@@SW APWO S C L
Let the rabbit go. cf: duyosga dev.pref. plural object (see Grain. I, A)
has.~ i
She picked -a sack full of hickory nuts. de2g?31v2dv23ni 32sdi2ha S f 4VhaJ.G v.t. he's slamming him, it de2ji 31v2dv23ni32sdi2ha,de2ji 31v2d ~ ~ ~ n i ~ ~ s d i ~ h Slr 4Vh2d.G, a
Slr 4Vh2J.G S 4VMWOT
de2ga31v2dv23ni32sdi2sgo3?i
w a
BGssT.
S f 4VhJJ2AT
When it freezes,the roads get slippery Sdudi dulvdvnistanv unvgoja. i?'-w~~li LOP n. mushroom
2.Y J S 4VhJWO BOAC
Sgada dawoli anosda diganyesdi 'cadahno anadahihi. 'i s i - D Z ~ L~ LOP ~ T S a Z Dd L A A . L Q :-;::.z mushrooms aye good to eat b:-t -:rs are pc:.s:.. : .
~
He slammed the door when he went out :'E23ng2diw3sga S f Q J @ @ f v .t . he's crossing (a roa.d, bridge, erc.)
78
deganojahlvsga
He endured working in the heat all Zy. cf: getvsga de2g032si2si3ha SA6b.G v.t. hels a expliining it ( Biblical text) de2g032si2si3ha SA6b.G dul~o~si~s~~hnv~~?i SObtlOT de2g032si2si23sgg3?i S A b b a A T to3si2sa Vbtl Unadodagwasgv Dinadehlohgwasgi dige-
night. cf: degasohga de2g?3n02j?2h1y3sga S S ZCP@S v.t , 1. he's advertising it 2. he's announcing it S b ZC42.S de2j i3n02j??21y 3sga d ~ l n o ~ j ? ~ h l ? ~ n v ~ ? i S ZCCDZ ti2n03j?2hlv1ga
3 ZCP S
A T 2 1 J Y Z C 9 - J D2'SP.G.
to - announce something.
The Sunday School teacher explained what they had read. cf: digosisohdi
cf: diganojahldi deZgu3kdi3ha SJA1.G v. t. he's de2ga3soh3ga S S # S v.t. he's c r - . ~ ~ ~ , deciding it (a body of water) d ~ ~ w u ~ k t ? ~ n v ~ ?S J AWOT i tuZ3kda SAG jy2wu2kdoh3di 63AVJ Uhlisdi duwuktanv?i. He - d e c i d e d o quickly. cf: digukdisgi, digukdohdi deZgv3diz3ye3?a SE&D v .t . he's washing (dishes) de2gv3diZ3ye3?a SEJBD du1wa2di23ye3?~23?i S G J d i T de2gv3di23ye32sgo3?i S E 1 5 a A T P13 tv2di3ya jy2wa2di23ye32di dG&1
@ c a d S J AWOT
-+-+
Kilitary service. cf: deganadiuhza de2ge3ty2sga SFPAS v .t. he's enduring it (idiom) de2gt?3dy'sga du1we2ti3nv3?i
SFPaS SO3 OT
dichvsdi Yunalsdayvhnohnagwu degvdiyesgo ditelido?i. G 8 P a L B Zt3 S E l 5 a A l X P V T She washes the dishes immediately after they finish eating.
79
de2gv3tq2hi37a SEVBD v.t. he's shelling, picking out (peas, nut meats, etc.) de2gv32t02hi ?a S EVAD d ~ ~ w v ~ t q ~ h i ~ s S6VBRT i v~~? de2gv3tq2hi3sgo3?i SEVAaAT
The singers all night. cf: dikanogisdi de2kQ3nu2g023sga S d 4 A 2 S v.t . he's clawing him Sk4A2S de2j i32nu2g023sga d~lhnu~go~~sv~?i S ?ART de2kq3nu2g02 3sgo3?i S a 4 A 2 A T ti32nu2g0231a 2 ?AW j ~ ~ h n u ~ g o ~ ~ s d i 4A 2 1 d Digosdaya dusuhgahlv gvhdi duhnugosv wesa.
l A 2 L 3 S G f P E l S 9 A R dtl.
+
wa
1
I
!
I
I
-+
S G 8 2 1 T SEVBD
1
i
The cat clawed him with its sharp claws. de2kg3yv23sgwq3?i2ha S 9 B X T . G v.i. (see giga dekayvsgwo?iha) de3kgi2103?a SEYGD v.t. he's washing flexible objects (including clothes) de2gv32gi2103?a SEYGD duhlgi2103?v23?i S Y G i T de3kgi210 3sgo3?i SEYGaAT tvh2gi3102ja 6"YGC juh2gi2101sdi dYG@l Gado hadvne, dehvhgilovas?
~ e ~ h ~ ~ 1 un.~June ~ i %+Ma ~ Dehaluyi ka?lv adalenisgo7igogi. Summer begins in the month of June. de2ka31ih2gwa2de3ga S 3 P a S f v.t. he's turning him, it over
S+MA04DLdhSATAY.
What -you doing, washing? are cf: junhgilosdi didi din.pref. plural (see Gram. 11, A) (see de-) v.pref. distant position (see Gram. I, A)
f V W f l , SBYGDa?
When he went around the curve too fast, - turned the car over. he de2ka3n02gi3?a S a W D singing de2ji32n02gi3?a S hW D d ~ l h n o ~ g i ~ s v ~ ~ ?Si R T W de2k?3n02gi3sgo3?i S a W A A T
v.t . he's
ill?
80
didahihi Do you know rrhere - conjurer lives? a cf: dadahnese?a n. murderer . di 2da2hnv 2wi 4sgi man
.1G@@@Y n. medicine
That man is a Cherokee medicine man. cf: kanvwi?a li2da2hye23hlp2hi dL8efA n. surgeon
Na usdi achuja didahyehlohiiyulsdohdi
uduli atvsv7i.
8 B2d D J C dL8efA TGP@V-1BSP DGRT.
The lawyer is going to the courthouse. cf: danadahi?lidoha di2da2hli2101sdi4sgi dLCG@d&Y n. 1. camera 2. photographer
That little boy wants to become a surgeon when he grows up. cf: ahyehloha di2da3ne21v4?i JLAk?T adv. at home Didanelv jv?uwenvsv kohi.
cf: dahlilosdiha, didahlilostanv?i di2da2hli2101sta2nv4?i dLCG@W@T n. 1. picture 2. photograph Gago ujeli hi?a didahlilostanv?i?
f
n. false
A BYP AD dLCG@W@T?
n. cemetery
Some men are working in the cemetery mowing grass. cf: ga?nisiha n. policediZda2ni23yi4sgi dL h&Y man di2n?2da'ni23yi4sgi d8L h w
81
cf: ga7niyiha, ga7niyisgi di 2da2~ d a ' y v ~ ~ h ~ ~ s ~ i JLaCB&ZV' n. cook Hisgi iyanivi dinadasdayvhvsgi dusuyesv unadasdayhdi7i.
BAY T3hT JeLdCB&ZV' SCBA BBCaLBJT.
He became a deacon in a First Baptist Church. cf: dadawova di2de23hloh2gwa1sgi JSefI2.Y n. student di2na2de2 3hloh2gwa1sgi J B S d I A Y Sohnel sgohi iyani7i dinadehlohgwasgi dunisgwadv kohi gogeyi. IAW2AB T3hT JBSdXiAY ShaI6" A-9 Ninety students graduated this spring. cf: adehlohgwava di 2de2hyo23hy2sgi
JSfidL2.Y AFJa.
n. barber
n. teacher
JCaSJT, delaSJT
n. jail
Jayvhlvvis junadasdudi? Have you been in j i ? al cf: asduhvsga di2da2ti2hni2d04hi JCJhVB n. leader di2na2da2t~2hni2d04hi J e b J h v B Hadlv didatihnidohi ijadahlgv?i?
@ J L J h V B TGCITET?
I lvsgi judetiyvda didehyohvsgi nige-. so"i T . ~ S J f i & hFIT. dSdB6 She's been - teac er for a few years. a cf: dadehyohvsga
-%+?'
GBP T A J e C a s J ?
di3dla J A prep. toward Nvnohi didla wa7isv juwijigowahta. I saw him walking toward the road. di2dlo2hi2sdi49i J d B a J T n. meeting place Agwadlohjv uhna gohlvsv didlohisdivi.
DIdG 8 t AP A J d B a J T I couldn't find the meeting place.
QZA @ GTA d6'lrAGW.
Where is the leader of your group? cf: atihni di2da2to12sdi4sgi JCVP@JZV' n. lender di2n?2da2t012sdi4sgi JeLVPaJa Adela dinadatolsdisgi unadohlvhnv utana gaduhvvi. They f w o -association in a a n big city. cf: atolsdiha
DSH' J e L V P a d X 8BVPD 8 V 0 S S a T .
cf: danadlosga di2dlv23kwi3sdoh2di JP'C'aV-f n. excuse Hlesdi didlvkwisdohdi igvyi didla jinijadvhneli.
Lad fl'C'AVJ T E h JL% bhG6"AP.
Don't let excuses get in your way. di2g?2dv3di JS6"6 n. 1. pear 2 . scales (weighing)
Hila jugvwahldi suhliloda digadvdi? How much does a bushel of pears cost?
nw
di2gan2s01di47i d S f # J T
-if 811 @Sf@ JkPGG'Y.
n. pantry
~ E G P J~ C G IJE?
J f W8.217, dhWB@JT
n. church
di2gg2nu21?2ji JS?Wb
d f 4Wb dBYtlSI.
Diganulaji juhyvgisati . He's ticklish in his ribs. d$2ga1tdi4?i J f 3 J T n. oven Digatdi wagihla gadu.
J S d J GYf S S .
n. gig
The long-eared hound dog got his ear caught in the fence because his ear was so long. cf: gavle, ganvhida di 2g? 210~~i's~i
J f G Y 2 Y n. farmer
2h % TJSrlQAG YC fd f W R GJJ.
DbW6 O S L W q
Igada digatisdi danhdisgo jisdvna yidunihyala. T S L J S J ~ J6 0 J J A b x e m h w . Some people use whenever they hunt crawdads. cf: gatiha di2g02hwe21i J M P book
J M P S b AP5D
n. 1. papers 2.
di 2ni2102gi4~gi dhGY@Y Digalogisgi uhwisvnv ukayosohnv nagasgvna gesv iyusdi. ~ S G Y ~ Y s ~ o f i fo esaEe F R T c a n . ~ ~ o. The farmer's crop became dry because of no rain. cf: galogiva, galogodi di2ga21~1nv2hi J S W A n. dumplings Eligwus niga7a digalvnvhi heli?a?
RPJ@ h f D d f 4PB ?PD?
Digohweli dejigoliye7a.
f reading -a book.
cf: gohweli, gohweliva de2g02hwe23101di J M O J n. pencil Anahnehihv digohwelodi gvhdi ajitisdohtanvvi.
De/LA& JRePCSd EJ Dhd@VW@T.
Do you think there are enough lings? cf: galvsga d12g?2n023jah12di .IS Z C 9 d announcement
YGT@ Ar@J JSZC9J @+?
*-
While rhev were wrestling, he was a accidently stabbed with - pencil. cf: gohweli7a
dAbl.1 n. discusdi2g01si23~oh3di sion (Biblical] Digosisohdi utayohlv Galvkwdi Gohweli ueoliveva. J A b f J 0 % ~'f W'J RepP BAP5 D.
n.
Kilovis gohusdi diganojahldi uha? Does anyone have an announcement? cf: deganojahlvsga
83
1,
*.
FY .
d?2g~2kdi4sgi JJAJ2.Y n. judge di2nu2kdi4sgi J Q A J a y Jo'sgo jusvhida junadasdudi uyvsdi duwukdanelv digukdisgi.
KaA dTUL d e L a S J DBaJ SJALA4 JJ AJ2.Y.
The judge sentenced him to thirty days in jail. cf: degukdiha di3hi2hi JBA n. one that kills Inada dihihi gihli uwakaha.
T8L & J YC 0'Ga.G.
di2hne'sge4sgi J A a I - a y
n. carpenter
- carpenter
A
He has a dog that's a snake killer. di2hli2n02heh2di4'i, ju2nG2hli2n02heh2d4i i' J C Z 3 J T , dQCZ3JT n. telephone Dihlinohehdis unohyvhgv hatvgi? Do you hear a telephone ringing? cf: dahlinoheha dih12tq2de4gi JPwSY n. jumper di2nah12tq2de4gi JQPWSY Galvladi dihltadegi iyulsdohdi uduliha.
f 4WJ JPWS.Y TGPaVJ 0'SP.G.
He has spurs on his boots. cf: dahyvgi'a -di?i v.suf. infinitive (see Gram. I, D) ~ i ~ j J e W~ 1 Cherokee (written) ~ y n. ~ ~ ~ i Nigadu iyagwadetiyvda jigesv agwadehlohgwa?v ~i 'ala i digigoliyedi3i.
b DXSdXi J B .to read Cherokee whenYI I learned
JCZ3JJ O'ZBE W Y ?
h f S T3XSdB JYAPBJT
was fourteen years old. cf: Jalagi di2kq21v32gv4?i Ja4ET n. east Dikalvnv didla wulosv3i. Y
E J d JGRT.
He wants to become a high jumper. cf : dahltadega di 2hng2wo J t V n. clothing, clothes Junehna?i tsgwisdi jugvwahldi dihnawo dunina'07i. d A t T biT'@J dEGpJ ,lf8 ShedST. The wealthy have expensive clothes. cf: ahnawo, dahnawe'a, dahnawo'a, juhnawo
He went toward the east. di2k? 2no2gi4sdi J a W a J n. .l. song book 2. musical instrument Dikanogisdi danhdisgo yidunihnogisa. J 9 2.)'@J L O J a A J5S h W . U They use musical instruments when
84
1 Ed CBJSWt AfiPY.
If you look at him with binoculars, you'll recognize him. Danohyavdas dinikanowadidohi?
L Z 3 L @ dha ZGJVR?
cf:
Do angels have wings? cf: dakanowadidoha di2k+2n02~+2d~3~di JaZGo12J n. law Dikanowadvsdi yiduniyostana igada nvwakti nanadvneho7i. -
play
r+ J T e f i J r i i r b .
He lost a new deck of cards. di'k~g~~o~dJzfiJ i n. pepper Dikwayodi dej ikwayo7vsgo juweji.
When some people break the - they law, get away with it. cf: dakanowadi d12kdla3di1sgi dE66JJY 2. firetruck dinh3dlg2di1sgi (an. )
n. 1. fireman
,(Qo8Ja
IXfiJ SfrXfii@A J @ k .
I&-
II
di2kdlvh3di JEPJ n. sharpener Dikdlvhdi eskvsi. Hayelsdi dagvdlvhi. me a sharpener. I'm going to sharpen a knife.
EPd R@Eb.
-dina v.suf. Imperative intensifier (see Gram. I, D) di2na2da2hnv4hli J0LOC n. 1. brothers (dl.exc1.) 2. his brother Dinadahnvhlis hi?a anichuja? -leLoca D~JC? m s e boys brothers? Kohiyv daga7luhji dinadahnvhli . His -brother is coming in a little while. cf: anahlinvdli di1neh13doh2di JllPVJ n. toy
ARB
+BP@-l LEPA.
I1
II
AD 0 2 5 3 -. 2 8
~s.vfrr e w c .
This man is blind. cf: dakewaga di2kti2nv4tdi dSd@dd n. eyeglasses Diktinvtdi jugisdi nulstanv7i.
Od d dY@J 4P@W@T.
He to get eyeglasses.
cf: daktinvdeTa, daktinvtvsga, duktinvta
d i 2 n i 2 d a 3 h y 2 w i J h L t @ n . I . enemies 2 . h i s enemy Gadohv d i n i d a h n a w i n u n a l s t a n e S ?? i S V B l h L t 8 ?6'F2kl/IT? Why d i d t h e y becisme enemies? Dinldahnawi j a 7 i s v w g o h a , u l i t i s v 7 i . d h L f 8 CTR SA+, 8 l ' J R T . h'hen h e saw h i s enemy coming, h e r a n away.
Kilo d l a 9 i . i a n i g v n h d e s i d o h a . YG - hEeSbI,'4. AT1 Someone j s g a t h e r i n g poke. dla2me2ha 03Cfv- n . b a t Usdagalv a n i n e l o ? i dlameha. 8 , 3 1 5 4 Dlu1G7 A. * Bats l i l f e i n c a v e s . d l a 2 r u 3 s i b?L\ n. leech H i l a i d i h n i d a n a n a i s d i s g o -n u s i ? d l aA T l h l 08PZ12A o m ? W How b i g do l e e c h e s g e t ? dlayhlga 8 d f n. bluejay
cf;
dahnawa
d i l ~ e ~ ~ h i ~ s d14A@dT n . d r e s s e r i ~ ? i Disehisdi gasgiliyvsv ksdela. 14.9@J SJYPBR 2.YASIV. Help me move - d r e s s e r . a cf: a s e s i h a , asesvda
Ti.
di2sc3sdi 1426
numbers Dlayhgv, Ogalahomi , gaduhv j i g i dlayhgz dxdostane?i. & 5 E , b S W E H , S.S6 hY S1,rLill. The town o f J a y , O!,lahoma, was naned a f t e r t h e b l u e j ay. cf: Dlayhgv7i
di2suZ3hwi3sdi
n. paint
Jo7i iyuhliloda dadlisdv disuhwisdi damaduliha. TGCBL L C 3 &@d ! a ' LZSf+. 1 want t h r e e g a l l o n s of p a i n t .
~f
Dlayhlgv4?i
bAEl' n . J a y
cf:
asuhwisga, ulsuhwida 2 n. d r i l l
Dlayhgv junadasdudi waya?a. AJJE d6'LaSrl G 2 D . -He's i n j a i l a t jay. cf: dlayhga d l o Z g e 4 s i eTFb n . 1. g a r d e n , f i e l d 2 . meadow, p a s t u r e Udodagwada dulvhwisdaneho d l o g e s i gada1ugisgb"i. PIJLIT, .Y?OZl.;lE d f . 6 SL1US'3I1'. He works a l l day i n t h e f i e l d plowing.
dlr:'dlu
di2ta21e23sdi
Anagalisgi ahnigisdisgi d i t a l e s d i agihyoha. D6Si"J.Y DhY21a.Y 1WcfJ1 DYfi.G. I am l o o k i n g f o r an e l e c t r i c d r i l l . cf: atalesga, atalesv7i
d i 2 t e Z 3 s d i AX21
n. i r o n
7 ' :n. D
purple martin
D1.ud'.u --
cf:
datesga
u n i y p s d i ~ w o h i v h n vusd' ~ c h uaj. T -- P i ~ h e ; l rS.c P O I r z l DdC. G l i t t l e bey rnade a b i r d house Fa: mart in;.
..
I
86
dlv, ilvhdlv'l
@so@ hsE7n. P
We metsomewhere down the road. cf: hla ilvhdlv7i -dov. suf. here-and-there (see Gram. I, Dl
outside.
~ o ~ ~ d a ~ ~ w i ~Pd e ~ nn. Saturday Vl S8 a Hila isinale hadidisgo Dodagwiden sunale?i? .QW T b 8 6 + I I @ A V l P S 8 r 8 6 T ? How early do you get up on Saturday mornings? cf: Unadodagwidena ~ o ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ h n. v ~ ? i V1trO.T n Monday Dodagwohnv svnadodagwasdi dvga?luhji.
vlt'"~ R e v 1 z a d P S M ~ .
He took - family to a ball game. his du1dlo2sga S d @ S v .t. he's confronted with it da1gw92dlo2sga 1 XefaS d ~ l d l o ~ s v ~ ~ ? Sef RT i du1dlo2sgo3?i SefaAT di2jg3dlo3hi JGefA ju2dlo2hi2sdi d6AaI Hla kilo vulvkwdi uyo adanhdadisdi judlohisdili. f Y Q G W J B f i DLOL JaJ d e f A @ J T .
-returning a week from Monday. cf: Unadodagwohnv7i -doh v.suf. accidental (see Gram. I, C)
It's really cold outside. cf: doyu, udohiyu do2sa V B n. mosquito Ayo! -aksgala. Dosa A ouch! - mosquito bit me d0~sv~~da7~1i VP,LP n. ant
Dfi! - DY2S W . VB
-
BBda V A .
ju2d01sdi dV2J "Chief" dudo?a gihli agwajelivi. SI.'D YC D P P T . :'Chiefy1 My dog Is -is "Chief ." name
Dulisdi d~ldo~~kdi~ha SVSI.L v.i. he's stiggering da1gwa2d032kdi3ha IXVSJ+ SVf W 0 T LYB@Va.i2AT. Dust makes me sneeze.
87
& S
--
du1ksdi2ha SSJ1.l.
v.i he l s vomiting
Sdayi unehltanv judokdohdi nigesvna. @ L J ~ O'APW@ d V S V 1 hFR6. He tried h a r d t- stagger. o du1gwe2n03ti2sga SJZJ@S getting a rash da lgi2gwe2n03ti2sga v.i. he's LYJZJ@S
dalgl2ksdi3ha LYSdJ+ Sf 2 W O T du1ksta2nv3?i d ~ l k s d i ~ ~ s g ~SSJJJAT ~7i di2ja3ksda JCS JL ju2ksdoh3di dSJVJ Gadosgin usdi nuwane jiduksdiha. SVAYh 8@d 4GA IrSS2d.G. I wonder what's causing him to vomit.
---
Udihlehgi agalisgv yuwedola dugwenotisgovi. OILY DSP@E G a V W S J Z J A T . If he walks in the hot sun, - gets a he rash. duhl lga sMS da1gih12ga duhl 1gv237i duhllgo37i v.i. he has horns LYMS SMET SMAT
Agalisgv yedo julsihgi duktinvto7i. D S P J E B V d P b Y SSJOVT. When she's out in the sun, -she wears dark glasses. cf: daktinvtvsga, diktinvtdi d ~ l l a ~ ~ s u ~ SWrf v.t. he's hla wearing shoes da1gwa21a32su2hla LWGC d~lla~~su~hlv~~7i SWrPT
Nvhgi ilasihdi idiganvhida duhlgvvi. QY TWbd TISQAL W T . It had horns four feet long. --d ~ ~ h ~ v ~ ~ s d B J~ a S v.i. a S o V ~ ~ s g he's sneezing Nidulasuhlvna ajvsiye?a achuja. hSWrP6 DCb3D DdC. A boy is walking around without his shoes on. --
Cherokee Holid?) is held at Tahlequall in :he month of Sepcemoer. dulli"ye'2su21a . /-cl/;"CC \ wearing glo~res duili2ye32su'lv23?i v. t. he ' i
Na didehlohgwasgi Dodagwidena udodagwada dulvhwisdaneho7i. : .~.S.~T,'IY L L i S WVLXL S9Q,11.1'11.?. , ''PB rha+ student works all day Saturday
cf: julvhv~isdanehi
I XPBGW
5 P8e47
~u'ninh'di
-7hh.l n. October
d . ~ ~ l i ~ y e ~ ~ s u ~Zfi3iYGTi lo~?
Iluninhdi jlka?lv gvwedolv7i. -S h h d Ira4 EEcV4T. He hasn't been here since the month of October.
tlla yagilvkwdi digwaliyesulodi yidagilvhwisdaneha. f ;?Y1Td JIPEt?G.I JSLY~QJLAJJ. I to wear - don't like -- gloves when I'm working.
cf:
v. i. he's
aliyesulo
v . t . ;letswearing
d ~ l l i ~ ~ y o S P f ia ~h + socks da1gwa21i23y03ha
d12ja3sdg'no2hyv231a
JC@L ZBCV
L XPi3.E SPficQT
Kilo ducaanohyvhgv gatvgi?a. Y G S Z L Z B E f6YD. I hear someone making footsteps. d ~ ~ s ~ ? ~ l e ~ s dS2S6JJ.1. v.t. he's i~ha releasing it (involuntarily:
d ~ ~ l i ~ ~ y o ~ h SPfiP~ i o ~ 7 de2ja31i23y03he3sdi S'CPfi?,JJ Gaac usdi julisbhwida duliyoha? ST. OZ!J dPt?@L -SPfi+? What color socks is - wearing? he
cf:
aliyo, daliyogi?a, daliyohihs, daliyosiha Sdaya junsanesa sdeyida, dagwasgalestanv?i . ,i l. 3 J O F ~ J ~ H AS-fiL , L Z f uq2WDT 2 '$hen he pulied the rope hard, i t slipped out of my hand.
du1103tsgv4?i SGlrET n. fcrk (in tree) Dluhgv dulotsgv uki??v j igowht iha sal~li. see a squirrel in che -of a for!< Zree.
!
- .. -
:f:
v.i .
3 d~'y?~w::-.ga S2XYS
da1gi;21v23hw+3sd31~ze2ha L.Y392L.:Ii.
ehi
u ,
89
vuluhj julvhwisdanelidolv?
dQ@@LAPV Q?
S;;9'AM
.?f?AfC:
h S B W r P 8 DAV+. -
Nidunalasuhlvna anedoha.
duly?3sgo 37i
.Sfi;lA7.
RA I
20
@SrD,LIJ
Why ---- go of the rope? did you let cf: dayosga, dusgalesdiha du1yu2kdv4~i ,\CAfi'I n. truth
lo ts.
gega.
Duyukdv gvnohiseha. .- I %94'+. IG-A6 I am telling you the truth. -dv v. ,n. ,adj .suf. affirmative (see Gram. I , D)
. huge,
large
I .
1'1
ja2ne4gwa, je4gwa
v. suf. benefactiue; dative (see Gram. I , C) v.suf. 1. repeatedly 2. going somewhere in order to (see Gram. I , C) Hisgi judetiyvda - Daligwa. ehv BgY d c i J B L He lived in Tahlequah for five years. -e4hi R B n. resident, dweller Hadlv anehi na analasgalisgi? 4 P D/1.3 0 118U'dSP21Y? . Where are those ball players from?
e1d03ha R1.Y v.i. 1 , he's walking zround 2. he's here ge'3d03'ha f \,' 'q. u~we~3d0321~,23?iO . ~ C V : ] T eida31~03?i heL3da u2we?da1sdj
Rl 1'7
? I.
@S' 1, ,i'-I
n. indigenous
DAB31
Aniyvwiya Amayehli anehiya. DhB82 Dd"BC DAA3. Indians are indigenous to America. cf: ehi. -va , e2hla2we4?i RCdT adj
Eligwus digaduhv yuwisgikahvga? RI';; ASS& COdYaSS? Can - ycu take me to town? e41i1sdi RP,,dJ adv. it seems that Elisdi yikanohvla uhna egv?i. RPJ.1 L$ZdLW O h RET. It seems --- like he would say where he is going. cf: eli?a -esdi v.suf. or (see Gram. I, D)
quiet
Ehlawe gesv yvwi gawonisgi gawonisgv igohida. R'q LS - FR B @ SC?h@Y Se'h&E TAAL The people were quiet while the speaker spoke.
ii
i
n . animals (non-domesti-
Ehna?i anadayvlatvsgv duktosdi. Rt1 DQLAIVSAIE S S V S J . tie's watching animals on television. cf: ganahlavi
g-g-
v.pref. first and third singular subject (see Gram. I, B) v.suf. progressive (see Gram. I,
C)
-e?i e21a'di
v.pref. since (see Gram. I , A ) v.pref. third singular subject (see Gram. I , B) v. pref. third person plural animate object (see Gram. I , B)
I
I
Eladi ulsdvhlunv?i
I-? Cb . I - I)' P n iiYZLtI tie sat down. R I+'1 - .:I 1h1.L' ?
,t
1
1
Eladis hi?luhgi?
ga-
Did vou come on foot? e'lil?a RPD ge'1137a ulweLli 32sv23?i v.t. he thinks so
F PO
O'LQPRI
ga2chi2n04sda ~h,7;,~ . straight adj di2ga2ch12n04sda .l,slr 7<11, Gachinosda yuwiganvhne osi yigese.
ShZJl - CBSQ!1 a,056 h F 4 . road, it If there was straight
would have been all right. cf: Kilagwu dv?aniluhj i geli?a. . ."II.u d'll h l l h FPD They're comingback shortly, -I think. gachinosiha
ga2chi2n02s13ha 5 h Z b 1 v .t. he's straightening it 1" 1~ /b L ji ' ~ h ~ ~ n o ~ s ~ 3ha ~ ' w a ~ c h i ~ n o ~ s ~ ~ h0nGI" ~ ~ ? i v 7UQ1 ga2chi2n02si23sg?3?i
? / P / J ! I1 ~ ~ )/r 7 U I
cf: elisdi
. gwu R P e2 11 4
hi2ch12n023 ~ a v2wa%h12n02soh2di
Eligwu!
RP,: -
O C IT I+ .I
Ama ulohisdi usvdoni utsgwidvnelv asehnv uwachinosahnv?i. D b BGA@I BRVh Bk'7P6A4 D40 BGk ZUOT. The water pipe bent, but he straightened - out. it cf: gachinosda ga23da f~ n. 1. soil 2. land Gadaha elohi ideha; hadlvgwu yuwigiluhja gads idigowhtisgoyi. S L 6 RGA T S 6 ; + i GBYMC P2 TIAGaaAT. We live in a dirty world; no matter where we go we see dirt.
BOS 4 8 T .
Hla yudulvhe gadaha dagwalela uhi?lvsdi vs ihnv i sdi unv alvhv?i. c GS ?$ s 16 0?3 $21 i a y ~ TGJI
E$w
He didn't want to drive a dirty car, so he washed it. cf: agadahaqi, gada
ga2d921u23gi3?a SLMYD v.t. he's plowing it ji2d921u23gi3?a hLMYD u1wa2d?21u23ga32nv23?i BG LMSQT ga2dg21~23gi 32sgo3?i S I MYJAT hi2dq21u2gv1ga ALMES v2~a2dp21~23go 32di BG I MAI Gohigiyv jigese dinilogisgi sogwili
AAYB k1.4
d- h. -F
Long ago the farmers used horses for plowing the fields. cf: gadalugodi
-.
What's that hanging on the post? cf: gata, kto?a ga1dgT3di f I I n. flag di2ga1dav3di JS I I Hila nuwetiya na gadavdi?
A GP 3 6 W ed ' SLJ?
godi?
CW0T.S I. '7PP Bhetl/l@J S L MAI?
Have you used a horse-drawn plow? cf: gadalugiva g?2de3?a SSD v. t. he's removing it (solid or flexible object) from a hanging position g?2de 3?a fSD ~ ' d e ~ s v ~ ~ ?BSRT i ga2de3sgo3?i f S J A T hg2dq2gi 6LY u2de1sdi BSJJ Svkta uwansv ugisdi udesvvi.
How old is that flag? ga23dg3gu 1gu S I J J n. crock Nihis johlvhne hi?a gadagugu?
hA@ K P A AD f L J J ?
Did you make this crock? cf: gada, gugu ga2dq2g ~ ? ~ l a L X W n. clay f Gada wala gohlvhtanv ganvnowa uwaya.
Hadagi
*a2da2ha47i f l 6 T
adj . dirty
92
gadeysdiha Ganoji gvhdi uwadlohlv kanesa'i. S Zb Ed QCdP 3 i l t l T . Se strapped the box with some leather. sf: adadlohiha g?2d01 S V pron. what (a verb reply expected) Gado hadvneha? lila udli iga gohusd. Di ohweligwu de'i oli e?a.
Turn it -- to the left. cf: adeyohv'i n. his heel ga1di2ge4ni f.Il-h di2ga1di2ge4ni dS dl- h Gadigeni uhyehlalv gugu uyojv ulasdvtana amayi aduhinjdahv'i. ,y.Il-h Q J L I J J Q f i vwdC'W8 DTA ~
- LAP? S V CPd
g?2d032ga S V S ji2d032ga
1)S'"9hVJLT.
stepped on
I
.
ga2di 3gw?21v2dey23sdi2ha SdIW3;3d.G v.t. he's spinning it ji2di 3gw?21~2dey23sdi2ha hJXX!?;3;3J.G u1wa2di3gw?21v2dey23st?2nv23?i
BGJXClSZLdWDT
vi
J ~ W ~ V JE L h -L B
The policemen were standing outside when I got there. cf: anidona'a, dudokdiha ga2d04hi SVA adv. on the ground Diniyohli unilvkwdi gadohi junanehldi7i. Children like to play on the ground. -cf: gada g?2d01hv3 SVIIZ adv. why Gadohv nidijenvda juwigvyanisgv? f-h J W L d QEZhAE? V8a L. didn It vou come when I was v calling you? ga2d0231i32ga S V P S v.t. he's pitying him ji2ya2d0231i32ga b3VPS
JhfiC O h W d S VA deAGJT. -
m GYMC
I
I
hi2di1gw?21v2dey23sda
AJX ZS& L
y2wa2di1g~~21~2dey23sdoh2di
QGdX4SGGVJ
Can you spin the wheel? ga3dl0~h1~ha SpfA* strapping it v.t. he's
i
!
93
--
.ga2dQ2 g2sdi 5 1 pron. what (a noun or infinitive rep1y expectedj Gado usJi higowhtiha? I j ea?iyusdi G - x d i. h
1 1
4 -
1 7 iC,?jd
Jiyadoligagwu. h3VPf21. I - just feel sorry for. him. cf: adadolisdi, a d a d o l i ~ ~ i h a gg2donh3di3ha SV@J+ v.t. h c l s dropping him, it (flexible) j i'v?2d~nh3di 3ha, ga2donh3d? 3ha IrZlr@.l+, S V@A* uidonh3ta3nv3?i @M!I Vk? g?idonh3di23sgo3?i S V0JaAT hi2y?2donh1da, hG2donh1da
G a t 7 0 yob see? A -usdi iadulihz? green pencil. Gado khdchldi aewacl.uli " -. 4 G.'At?.F+3.; DZS'P. - . What -do you want? I want you to help me.
i 4SrG !.
ga4du SS n. bread Digatdi wagihla gadu. d f J d G3'L I have bread in the oven. cf: digatdi?i, gaduhvsga
u.
gg2du3 S.!
adv, on top
ASVPL. +VDL
u2donh1doh3di
P 10. '16
Disehisdi gadu ahlaba aJabehdi. 64026 ss ve+ DIE-.[. The mirror is - top of the dresser. on ga2du3pi SSJr n. cooperative laL.;.r (involving a community) Gohigi jigesv, gadugi danalsdelisgv Ani j alagi . ,LO.? k f - R , S S i.QPd.rSP2E DhCW2'. . ' Long ago, Cherokees helped each other through cooperative labor.
Duyaweja gasaleni gahnehv udonhtanv9i. fbrcfh ffa @1.'0\\'@T When he got tired of hold+-ngthe coat, he it. - dropped -
cf: gohonhdiha, galonhdiha gg2dq3sga fV2f v. i. it (a flexible object) -is falling from a hanging position g?2d? 3sga u1dq3sv239i g?2dP3sgo39i hg2do 'hi f VAf ~ v R T Sv;;AT +VA
ga2du3hv4?i f S I l n. town I-' Hila nani?a yvwi aneha Daligwa gaduhv?i? .9U' O h D A 8 i)A+ II'Z SSS.T? What's the population of the -of town Tahl equah? . ga 3dd2hy3sga S562f v.t. he's baking it kSd-JS ji 3du 2hy 3sga ~lwa~du'hnv~~~i S0T 3G ga3du2hy2sgo3?i hi ldu2hvlgs u2waizdi fi-L-2.1 I
A5S.S
u2d01hi3sdi Ql7~?i8-1 Asiladv ga?dv ahnawo udosv9i. D b W 6 f5' DtC m T . The shirt -from the line. fell cf: gohosga gG2d02 u4sdi f V 32-1 adj which
ga2d02 ju4sdi, g?2dc 2un4sdi f " OOilJ fV d n - l . Gado usdi --ulsuhwida tisuh~!is?
4 I'
@fJ J
0 ('605
a~?@>?
Gadu uganasda uwatdi advxv7isdiha. ss 0 ~ 0 , 8 ~~1 . 1DS~OT,;,!J-G. ; She's getting ready - bake a cake. to . cf: gadu, uganasda
94
gadulida
SPI.
ga'du21i'da
adj . wet
Digadulida nidulstan didahliiostanv duyojv?i. When the photos got - they were wet, ruined. ga2du4si
S S h n. hill JSSPL hSP,;WO d l CG;]\VO SfiC7
ga2g?2we23sga S S J 9 2 S v.t he's rowing, paddling ji2g? 2we3sga hSd2S ~ ~ w a 2 g a ~ w e ~ ~ sBGf 99RT v~?i
fSb
lA6"',1A d e S V J T .
Forest rangers build lookout towers on hills. ga 3du 2 u 2g+ 2na 4sda SS @St321 n. cake Gadu uganasda uwaduhnv uweji achuja udetiyisgvyi.
Three of them are taking turns rowing the boat. cf: gagawesdi ga2ge4da S f l adj. heavy
She baked .- -for her sm's birtha cake day. cf: gadu, uganasda gq2dv3?y2sga S6"iJS v.t. he's hanging up a flexible object ji2y? 2dv37y25ga, g?2dv3?y2sga
h36idf, Sri@S
Nigohilv gageda asaladanvhvsgv nidigalsdohdi jinuhlinigvga. The reason he is so strong is because he is always lifting heavy objects. ga32gi3 Sy pron. who (used only with echo questions)
SY - PA66 LX6W? hRA9 - DUWlOd.@E hdSP2Vd b 4 C h E S . fFL
u l d ~ ~ n v ~ ~ ? i @P@T
dvhiylesi dagwalela?
Who is going to drive the car? ga3g02 SA pron. who Ga o na sakonige ulsduli jigi asgaya?
n. wheel
JSUJ
ssrc sm%Y/e.
a watdi udagwadestana.
n. paddle, oar
gahljode
95
I
h0 S P l r Y A E- 4 2 I . You be the seventh.
ga3hli2da
I
SCl
n. arrow
dSCl
Getv ~agwayohihadalala.
FS, .STfiA+ LWW. A woodpecker - pecking on a pole. is
di2&a3h1i2da
When he broke an arrow, he went ana got another one. v.i. he's sleeping
hP+
--
I S + J I SJWQ F 6 J I DaTJET.
He used wedges in splitting posts. gah12di3ha S P A + v.t. he's putting it into a container ~hllt?~nv~?i gah12di23sgo3?i
BPWQT SPIJAT
Kila usv gayula ahliho?i. Y w on scw scr Early at night he's already asleep. cf: anihli?na, gahlvsga ga3hli2si3ha S C b + v.t. he's gathering it 6Cb.Ej i3hli2si3ha ~ ~ w a ~ h l i ~ s ? ~ h n BGCUQT v~~?i ga3hli2si23sg?3?i SCLJAT hi1hli23sa ACU v2wa1hli23soh3di BGCt d Sohi degahlisiha ganvji uwohlvhdohdi.
t A 3 S C b . G SQlr B f Y P V I .
uh12doh3di BPVI Gado usdi ahldi talugisgi na asgaya? S V 0a-f - 3 ' e D J S a ? S h What is the man putting in the can? cf: adlisdiha, gahldohdi, galadi?a gah13doh2di S P v - 4 n. container
ahldohdi eskvsi. K 4 s a Pa 6l f e j i b . Hand me the sugar bowl. cf: adlisdohdi, gahldiha, galadisdohdi, galvdohdi
She's gathering hickory nuts to make kanuchi. cf: anadahlisiha gah12ja ~ ~ dS P C d i n. bow
gah12gwo23gi S f T Y
Gahl wo i jusvhida svnadodagwasdi &oi g?. S W Y J U C R e v LT2-f hS P J I 2 A T . Seven days make one week. gah12gwo2gi2ne4?i SWY/'lT seventh Nihi gahlgwogine gesesdi. adj
What type of wood do you use when you make - a bow? g a h ~ ~ j o ~S~ d S n. house PK e Gahljode daganesgehi.
DL 9 1 2 4 - J ~ K P ~ ? SPCd
SPKS I S A ~ k 3 . -
He's buying some metal roofing. cf: gahljotv?i gahl 2. 2tv4?i SPKsTT n. tent 10 deZgahl3jo2tv4?i SSPKPT .i\mayiyusuhnena gahljotv waya?o?i. When he goes fishing, he lives in a tent. cf : gahljotdohdi ga3hlv2sga UP ji3h1;2sga
f?',?f
hi2hlvlga /3P 5 uhl 2di Bed Junilvhwisdanehi nvya danihlvsga gadohi atalesv?i.
J h ' 1 8 J I A A 03 I hP@S f V B DWGRT.
The workers -putting some rocks are in a hole in the ground. cf: adli?a, galadi?a, galvysga ga2hlv2sga f P 2 f v.i. he's sleepy, he's going to sleep Ir 42s ji?21v2sga ~ ' h l v ~ h n v ~ ~@POT 7i
D T d GKAO SPKS' G A 5 T . -
ga3h1v2sgo3?i fTa7AT hi'hlu'ga .f 9 u2wa'hly 3sdi 0G3'd.l Nvya junasdi uwat iunv nvnohi .
I hP@E
The children were getting sleepy; that's why we came back. ga2hne3ga S.llS v.t. he's taking a flexible object somewhere by hand k Af jiV2ne3ga ~ l h n v ~ s v ~ ~ 0 0iR T ? gg2hne3g03?i fAAT hi2hnu1ga -9 4 s u2hnv1sdi 0 021 Gasaleni hihnu a, uhyvdlahehno.
i 2 f Q T G J d 5"dSf h Y P T .
03 582.1 B z J
C) Z A
He piled the gravel on the road. g$'hlv3?i2ha 5PT.G v.t. he's tying him, it up ji2y??21v 3712ha, g??2;v3?i2ha
k 3 Q T + , S4T.G ~ ' h l v ~ l v ~ ~ 7 iB P 4T
gg2hlv3?i2h03"i
SPTI T
hi2ya?21v23ja, 1 1 ? ~ h l v ~ ~ j a
B 3 . 1 C , +PC
with a rope.
SU8h & f
Take a coat, because it's cold. zf: ahyega, atihnega, ganega, ganhj ega
--+
, BB
?Z.
%theprisoner
.$I?+
- - - - - - - - - - - - - .-
97
What is t K r a b b i t eating?
Ije ahnawo
W D t V hA -
Ps
asdigiva,
n. something flexible
B hV9T S hVIlT
Green beans are good to eat. cf: adahyesgi, gahyeva ga2jB2ga21i3ha S G S P + ripping it ji2j?2g?21i3?a
e
-v.t. he's
bCSPD
-.
a dead snake.
n. collar
u1wa2j?2gg2~~2h~23?i BGGS 99,T ga2jq2g?21i23sg93?i SCSP@AT :u2jg2g+21a AGS W y2wa2j?2gah12di BGCS 9 1 I'weti ahnawo uwajagalvhv dagwalela unveahldohdi.
00; D t V BGGS 9 B LXJW 8 0 s 4 V 1 .
*.
The czlar on the shilt just came off. cf: ahyadlvdi ga2hy?2hu210 S 3 r G n. saddle
cf: adajagaliha ga2j321~2g023sga S G P A A S v.t. hets scratching him, it ji2ya2j? 2~ ? ~ g o ~ s g a21% 21; 2 go3sga ji ,- a
hCP&S u1wa2j;f21~2g023sv37i OGGPART h3CPAJS
SGPA~AT
hi2ya2j?21i2g0231a, hi2j?21j2g0231a
A a C P A W , ACPAW ;2wa2jg21i2g023sdi BG CP.421
S P K S B B @ 1 G S P dbr, 5 0 . 9 2 1 SSGPA;r\AT.
"Q<>'S
BG;i&l.d
When the cat wants to go inside the house, - scratches on the door. he cf: adlagosgii
;2wa2hye1sdi
98
gajanuli Gado usdi gajvysga na kanajisdeji? S V 026 f C&f 8 ClBhJSb? What is the wasD stineine? cf : adajvysgi v.t. he's thing behind
b'aA3D QGaAB T SaALGAT AaA3
ga 2. 2nu 4li S C S P adj. fast J? Gajanuli dagwalela uha. fC4P IZcfW Q.G. He has a fast car. cf: ayanuli ga2jB2y02hj3ha SCfiH.G v.t. 1. he's pricking him, it 2. he's giving him an injection
aga7nakti agija-
it - behind.
ganehiyava,
v.t. he's
bCG2J.G OGCGJWOT
ACGJ I hi1jv2wa1sda v2wa1jv23wa32sdoh2di QGCGJVJ Duhgilo'ohnidi ase, degajvwasdihahehno dihnawo. SYGdhJ D4 SSCGJJ.G?Z J t V . I guess she's just about finished
ga2jvy3sga S C a S it
ga3koh2di SAJ n. plant (potted plants, young trees, young garden plants) di2ga3koh2di JSAJ Sgohi nidekdv'v svgi digakohdi duhwas'. vi JAB hSSGi R JS AJ SGRT Y He bought ten bundles of young onion plants.
v2wa2jvy l sdi
QGCZdJ
galeyvsga hi21t2gi
BWY
99
Ayehli ulesv udlawa?dv?i. DBC 0 8 ~ 6 " ~ . He took a half dollar -of his out --e t ~ock . Dihnawo dulesv talujohi.
It0 @ WMKA.
She took out -- some clothes -of a basket. cf: adliha, galiha g??31e'ga
~ 8 sv.t. he's climbing it
It WAD
8 WGT
g?21?2di 32sgo37i S WJ2AT hi21?2da BWL u21?2di 'sdi 0W J ~ J Udlawavdv uladv hayelsdi.
0&6" 8 3 .GBp@J.
h??21u1ga AMS u21v1sdi 8.121 Wesa ukehena gihli, wesa hlgv?i ulvsv?i.
Dbr @I-28 Y C , d r PET m T . b
He put the knife in his pocket. cf: gahlysga, galadisdohdi, galiha, galvsga
When the dog chased the cat, the cat climbed-a tree. alg cf: g ' e i g??21e1gi Sd'Y n. blacksnake
g?31?2di 'sdoh2di SWJ2V-f n. container (for a long object) di2gg31?2di'sdoh2di JS WJaV1 Ije ktanvdohdi digaladisdohdi uhwasv?i.
TY EWDVJ J s w J ~ v J@GAT
He bought a new tool box. cf: adlisdohdi, gahldohdi, galvdohdi gB21B2nv2dv4?i S W W T n. street de2g?31g2nv2dv4?i SSWWT Gado usdi galanvdi hinela?
S V 8 2 J S W W BAW?
Juweji jugisdi ulvkwdi ~a71egi. JDh JYaJ 8 W 1 K Y . A blacksnake likes to eat eggs. cf: ga?lega g?v21e4ni S d h n. his ear di2ga?21e4ni 1Sdh Dinileni dunitalesv'i junadli?advdi?i.
. .
d h d h ShWd'RT
Which street do you live on? gq21e3?a SdD v.t. he's taking it (solid or flexible object) out of a container ji21e3?a It dD ~'le~sv~~?i BcRT g?21e3sgo37i
They pierced their ears to wear earrings. g? 2le3yv 2sga sdB@s v.i. he's burning ji21e3yv2sga u 1le3yv2sv237i g?21e3yv2sgo37i hi21e.1yv23hi
hdB2S @dBRT S dB@AT AcfBA
--
J0CD6"IT.
S f2AT
100
galeyvsga
When he placed his hand on the stove, he was birned. -g;21e2yv23sga f $BAS v.i. a long object is falling from an upright position j121e2yv3sga g?21e2yv23sg?3?i h521e2yv23hi u21e2yv23hi3sdi
hJBAS B$B RT S~BAAT AGBA @$BAA1
He's in the garden picking corn. cf: adliha, galadi?a, gale?a v.i. it (animal, gg21i2hwo3ga S PUS plant) is dying ji21i1w03ga h PUS ~lli~hwo~jv~~?i BPeXT gg21i2hwo3g03?i S PVAT hl2li2hwolgi APVY u21i2hwo1sdi BPVJA Dagwalela udinvtana gihli, ulihwoI .T$W B A W B YC , BPVCT
When the wind blew hard, the tree fell. gq?31i2d03ha Spy+ around jiT31i2d03ha gg?31i2d03h037i v.i. he's climbing
hPV+ SPVbT
j?. vi
. .
~lli~dollv~~?i BPV4T hi?21i23da AP I ~ ~ l i ~ ~ d a ~ ~ s d i BPL@A Jusga hlgv anilido diniyohli. d2S 8E D X V AhfiC The children - climbing around on are an oak tree.
When a dog was run over by a car, it died. -cf: ayohusga, ulihwojv?i gq21i2j03hi2da SPKRI adj fat di2ng21i2j03hi2da AePKQI Na ali'ohida asgaya anehldi udagesv uyo use dl 1
8~ SPKRI D @ S 3 DAPA @ I f - RB f i r 4 A T .
The -man is trying to lose weight. fat gg21i3?v2hni3ha S P i h+ v e t . he's spanking him ji21i3?v2hni3ha h P i h+
@ P ih.1T
-------------u'li3jvZ3?i ga21i3g03?i
BPCT SPAT
The forest burned for three days. g?21i23ha f Pb v.t. he's taking a long object out of a container j i21i 3?a : F L ~ D
~ ~ l o ~ h i ~ s e ~BGA4 4T ~ ~ i ~ l v
He hoes 'hisarden every day. cf: digalogisgi, galogodi g?2102g01di S G A ~ n. hoe Hadlv ja?de galogodi?
.GP CS
SGY~AO@RO.T.
DYGA~J BAPWD 0 4 0 S C ~ P T R T s
Agilohisehdi unehltanv asehnv gajanuli ~a?isv?i. He to me, - triedtoo overtake walking fast.
but I was
Where did you put the hoe? cf: digalogisgi, galogi?a ga2101gwe
fG3
W?
n. gun
Galogwe ganvgaliha.
5 0 3 fDfP.6.
g?2102na32~di2ha f G82-1.6 v.t. 1. he's bluffing him 2. he's deceiving him 3. he's tricking him
He's cleaning a
- gun.
gp2102hi2sdi3ha f GA@l.6 v. i. he's stopping by (on his way somewhere) ji21q2?i2sdi3ha bG T21.6 u1102hi2strt3nv3?i 0'GAAWO.T gg2102hi2sdi23sgq3?i f GA2lAAT hi2102hi2sda AGAa6 u2102hi2sdoh3di BGA2V-I Na?v ijogindali ulohistanv didanaqnv wakti .
6 i TKY66P BGA@WD l 1 6 0 G f d .
My neighbor stopped by on his way to the store. g?2102hi2sdi4?i SGAZ-IT n. doorway, door di 2gg2102hi2sdi4?i d f G.-32;;:dT Galohisdi wuktvlesvqi.
Sc*'d21 JS6d'RT.
102
galonhdiha
I was to oil -- going -- the sewing machir.e, but --already -- it. she had oiled
3?210nh3di2ha S006.G v.t. he's making h ; fall from an elevated i posit ion
DAL
DGR
DkAPdD.
He - passed easily when he was tested. g?21032sga fG2S v.i. he's falling from an elevated position
j 121032sga
kG@S
Knock the bug - the potato. off cf: gadonhdiha j?'l~~nu~he~~ha SG43.G v.i. he's cheating ji2102nv2ve23ha k G 4R.G
1
1
f MAT
. .
AMY
B MAaJ
galonuhe-
He - arrives
Whenever he' thinks he can get away with it, - cheats. he cf: galonasdiha gg2102sga fG@S 1. v.i. he's passing by without stopping 2. v.t. he's passing it (test, exam etc.)
gq21u231032ga SMGS v.i. 1. itts lacking 2. it's missing j~21u231032ga kM S G u11u231032jv23~i BMGCT gg21u231032g03?i SMGAT hi21u2101gi AMGY ~ ~ l u ~ ~ l o ~ ~ s d i B MGa6 Gado iiunalenvhvna? Gohusdis galuloge?
SV 7 8 6 0 8 8 5
A F A J A SMGI-?
W a s there -
g$21uy1sdi fMGXJ"1 n. axe di2gg21uy sdi 6 S M&d Galuycdi uwhtanv uleyvstanv hlgv'i.
S Ma6 8 6 b 0 B O J W O ' P E T .
I I
I
I
I
I
galvsga He used an axe to fell the tree. cf: galuysga gg21uy1sdi S M a d n. bed bug 2ni 2g? 2luylsdi ~hsM;;r;3J Judanvgalvda nidowahnvna yigi dijesdo alu sdi yanhkilv?~a. d w hVCDB hY h V S M&J
28Y9iS.
103
--
gg21v231?3di
SWJ
n. heaven
If you don't keep the mattresses clein, -bugs will get on them. bed v.t . he s chopping
S7AP.
g?21uy 32sga S M 3 2 S it
The ball flew by above your head, g?21v231?3di2ge47i S 9WIFT adv. higher Galvladige hwi?loga.
S?WJF 8 G S .
He's -chopping on a big tree. cf: g?21uy1sdi (axe] gt21v3doh2di S 9VA n. container for something flexible Hadlv digadaha dihnawo digalvdohdi?
+ I S L .G P
ntw
I S qvr?
Where is the laundry basket? cf: adlisdohdi, gahldohdi, galadisdohdi , galvsga gq21v3hni2ha f 4h.G him up v.t , he's beating
The sky is blue. cf: g?21v231?3di (heaven), gq21v31?2di (high1 g?21v3sga 5 4 2 5 v.t. he'sputtinga flexible object in a hole or a container
Hllvhnile7is jisdahlilv?
A 4 h-T 2 b21C97 8 -
Gadohi atalesv ulvnv inada ulihwojv?i. S VB DKVR 840.T 8 1 8 ~ f X ~ . He put the dead snake - a hole in in - ground. the cf: adli?a, gg2hlY3sga, galadi?a, galvdohdi
104
ganadega
SO.SS
g?2n?2de3ga it
ji2nawh32ti3ha, ji2nawh32ti3ha
beu+, beu+ ~ l n a w h ~ ~ t v ~ h v ~ 88GPdLT ~?i
Where -you -the belt? did find cf: ahwahtiha, ayvhwahtiha, ganehwaht iha g?2na32wi2di3ha S88d.G v.t. he's taking it (animal, flexible object) somewhere
-d
v .t. he Is hiring
Gasalenis tinawidvhi?
S Bd'hJ 2 88Q"A?
cf: ahwidiha, ayvhwidiha, ganehwidiha gi)3n?2ye1gi f 0 8 y adj dangerous ?2ni23n?2ye'gi D ~ ~ B Y Ganayegi julvhwisdanhdi uha.
SB8Y J 9 8 2 L f l d 8 % .
I'm hiring hi.m for as long as he wants to work. ga1na41i S 8P a2ni1na41i ~ d j .lazy
DhOP
He has a dangerous job gq2ne3?a f / l ~v.t. 1. he's getting a flexible object 2. he's picking up a flexible object ji?ne3?a, ji2ne3?a
Irf D
Gago na ganali asgaya? S A f3 f3 fJ DZS,?? h%o is that lazy man? ga'r~??~li S 0 P adj . castrated horse, dog, sheep, etc. Hi7a sogwili ;ana?li. This is a gelding.
,-32+ P P S O P . -
ulne3Sv2?7i
JrA D BilRT
ji2ne3ga21i3ha, ji2ne3gq21i3ha
hAS I)$-, hAS P.G ~ ' n e ~ ~ ? ~ 1 v ~ h v ~ ~ 796 T BAS i
. .
'
Hadlv janese jalsdulo? .GP - e r a s o ? c/14 Where -you get your cap? did cf: agi?a, ayiha, ganegi?a, gute?a gr! ne 23dli3yy2?a SACBD v.t. he's changing it hACB D j i2ne23dli3y\!27a ~ ~ n e ~ ~ d l i ~ y v l sO'ACBRTi v~~? g?2ne23d1i3yv1sgo37i SACBJAT hi2ne2dli2yv23na ~ ~ n e ~ 3yv1sdi ~ d l i Gagwatv jinedliyv7a.
AAC B 8 BACBJd
gi)2ne3g?21i23sgo3?i
SASPZA7
He likes cucumbers so well, he eats them without peeling them. cf : g?2ne1ga (skin) , unega?lv7i g+2ne2gi37a SAYD v.t. 1. he's getting some liquid 2. he's picking up some liquid ji2ne2gi3?a hAYD ~ l n e ~ g i ~ s v ~ BAYRT ~7i
Ahwi ganega gohlvhtanv ahnawo una7a. D@ S x AP WD D f f O'8D. 3 He has a shirt made of deer skin. cf: ganegaliha, unegavlv7i ga2ne3ga SAS v.t. he's taking a long object somewhere by hand
She - @a
ga2ne2gi37e2ha SAyRg v.t. 1. he's taking liquid from him, it 2. he's milking it (when used with unvdi)
Joviha digosdvnisdi tinuga unalasgahldi7i. K T + ~ ~ a r h ; 326 s B B W ~ S P J T . 4 Take -three bats to the baseball diamond . cf: ahyega, atihnega, gahnegz, ganhj ega
He's milking a cow. cf: ganegi?a, unvdi g?2ne23gu3di27a SAJJD v.t. he's bewitching him
106
ganeha
bAJ1D O'AJGT SAJJJAT AAJ L BAJ-121
Ama uditasdi jine7vsi. D 8" O'JWJJ b ~ ?6 i I just gave .- water to drink. him cf: adeha, ahneha, gakaneha, ganvneha
~~
~-
Did you find out who was bewitching you? ga2nc3ha sA.6 v.t. he's holding a long object in his hand j i2ne3ha hA.G
gG2ne2hwah2ti3ha SAG2.G v .t he's findiig some liquid ji2ne1wah2ti3ha hApJ .G ~ l n e ~ h w a h ~ t v ~ h v ~BAGFLIT ~vi gg2ne2hwah2ti23sgp 37i S A U J A i hi2ne2hwah2ta AAG W u2ne2hwah2tvh2di O'flG 6'1 Na gihli ama unehwahtvhdi anehldiha.
8 YC DB O'AG6'1 DAP1.G.
The dog is trying -- some to find water cf: ahwahtiha, ayvhwahtiha, ganawht iha
He is -- holding
gg2ne2hi2ya3va S U 3 D v .t. he's leaving some liquid ji2ng27i2yg3va hAT3D ~lne~hi~yv~~vi U BT D gg2ne2hi2ya32sgo 37i SAA&AT hi2ne2hi23ya Am3
DAB321
g?2ne2hwi2di3ha SA81.G v .t. he's taking some liquid somewhere ji2ne1wi2di3ha hAB1.G
He took -- some water to the workers. cf: ahwidiha, ayvhwidiha, ganawidiha gg2ne2ji4vi SAhT n. his chest Ganeji uwahnilv sgwahlesdi.
A
How much milk --did YOU leave? cf: adisiyava, ahiyava, gakahiyava, gavniyapa ga2ne2hne3ha SM.G v. t. he's giving hlm some liquid
chest. --
m F
dahnesgesgv3i. 1AJkZV hAA? - EIJA LAJkaET. SOVY A carpenter always uses - - when a saw building houses. cf: ganhdohgv3i ganh2doh3gv4?i SOVET n. his tooth deZganh3doh3gv4?i SSOVET Nigohilv yulsdayvhnohna deganvgalisgo deganhdohgvvi. hAA4 GPJLB Zt SSOSPJA SSOVET. He always brushes --e t h e r his t e every meal. cf: ganhdohgi ganh2ga SOS v.i. he's lying down ji2nv1ga bOS
g? 2ne4li SAP n. married person di2ni2ne41i 1 M p Ganelis sdalivi? @&S JLPT? . Is your friend married? cf: aneladiva, anineli ga2ne23sda31a2d~2?a SAaLW-fD V.t . it's freezing ji2neZ3sdg3lg2di2?a bA2L WAD ~ l n e ~ ~ s d ? ~ l g ~ d v ~ @A@Li WT ~? f ' gB2ne23sd?31?2di1sgo37i SA@L W&AT hi2ne2sd?21g2da AAaL WL ~121 ~ 2 n e 2 ~ s d a ~ 'sdi~ d i O A ~ L l~
Eladigwu jinvgesdi. RW13 bOF@1. I'll iust lie on the floor. ganh1g04?i SOAT n. his tongue
cf: unesdala gg2ne2soy32sga fA+;3@f hailing adv. it's Ganhgo galeyvhi kahwi udihlehgi aditasgv?i. SOA - S ~ B A @1LY DAVaET. He burned - tongue drinking hot his coffee. cf: aganadiva, ganhga ganh2gwq3?e2ha S0ZR.G v.t . he Is agitating liquid b0ZR.G jinh'g~?~?e~ha ~ n h l g w ? ~ ? e ~ h v ~ ~ ? 0 Z R 8T 8i ganh2gw?3?e2sgo3?i SOXRaAT hinh2gw?2?v231a AOXi W ~nh~gw?~?eh 3di 0.OXR-l Adawosdi uduhna unhgwa?ehv ama. DL821 @St 8 0 X R B Dr. When he stepped into the swimming
Sudetiyvda jigesv kohi iga sdaya unesoysv?i. riB S'L bFR AA TS 2 1 3 @A+JRT. One year ago today - hailed hard. it ganh2doh3gi SOVY n. saw di'ganh2doh 3gi 1sO' 1Y Dihnesgesgi nigohilv ganhdohgi kdisgo
108
pool,
ganhjega
he agitated
the water.
ganh2. 3ga je
Where did the salesman go? g ? . ~ ~ nfi n. 1. bullet 2. lead h Za?ni uwahnilv ganvwovi.
ji2nv1je3ga
unhljv3svZ3?i ~ K R T ganh2je3g03?i f@'/AT hinh2ju1ga AOdS unh2jv1sdi O'K24 Junilvhwisdane unaditasdi ama jinv-
S h O'Ghq S W T .
n. his tail
jega.
the workers.
Ganidavdv uniyhdi anehldiha gihli. The dog is trying to catch -his tail. ga2ni23d032ha ShV+ v.t. he's handling a long object ji2niZ3do3'ha b hV+
O'GhvqT ShLbl - 8hAJ DAPJ+ Y C .
cf: ahyega, gahnega, ganega ganh2je3ha SOY+ v.t. he's holding some liquid ji'n~lj~~ha b OY+
. ga2ni23d032h03vi
S hVP T
Who - the bat last? had cf: ahidoha, gahnidoha, ganhjidoha g?2ni2gwa32ti2ha ShX.7.G v .t. he hates him ji2ni2gwa32ti2ha bhU+
8hUPT
I have five gallons of milk. -cf: ahyeha, gahneha, ganeha ganh2ji23d032ha fObV+ v.t. he's handling some liquid ji2nv1ji23d032ha bObV-G unhlji23d0321v23?i O'OhV.1T ganh2ji23d032h03?i SOtrVP T
He's handling some poison. cf: ahidoha, gahnidoha, ganidoha ganh2tg2ni2d04hi ' S OW/hVA n. salesman ?2ninh2ta2ni2d04hi DhOWhVA
. .
. .
~ l n i ~ h l ? ~ d v ~ ~ ? i8 h f P T gq2ni2hlg3di32sgo3?i S hLJ2AT
Hadlv iyv dajinihla?di? 44' T B lkhril? Khei-e shall - I set the bed?
A
Inada ulihwojv unisai~nv?i. TO6 BPC'C B htlD.7. He buried a dead snake. cf: didanisohdi7i gg?3ni2ya3?a S h2D v t it (flexible)
. .
he's leaving
n. bed-
Uji ujeli iyulstanv ganihladisdi uwaya. B k 8P TGP@\YID. f hP ,'2. I 8 G 2 ' 7 She has a bedstead that belonged to her mothzr. cf: ganihli
g?2ni2hli ShC
n. bed
uniyas:aJunadasdudi uliiisa uhnawo n'. vi d @ l . ; 2 S 1 O'P.Ttl @tC" O,h2J\Y.'D.'l. He left his shirt whan he escapei -from jail. cf: adisiya?a, ahiya?a, g a k a h i y ~ ~ s , ganehi;rh?a ga9%ni2yi3ha S t . f : , l , t .t. 1. he's catching hin 2. he's arresting him 3. he's playing catcher
Na asgaya ganihli dayuhwasi. O D 2 S 3 - 1.GGb. f hC The man is going to buy - a bed. cf : ganihladi?a, ganihladi sdi g?2ni231?3di2?a
S hlYJD v.t. 1. he's 2. h e r s urging
g??%ni'yj 2 3 s g p 3 1 ~ S l l . S A 7 hi2ni23ya, hj ~ 2 ~ i fa 23
Ah;,
.31G
u'11i~h~~d; Ugvwiyuhi uwonisa, duniladelv yvwl junalsdehldi?i. BEf?C;,3 Of'htl, SIJCI'Y.~R O d@PGS?.IP. When the chief spoke, -he urged the people to work together. g?33rii2si3ha S h b + him
v.t. he's burying
O'hhJ
L7
,3MIj I r f ! ! DhhS??
110
ganohalidoha
f Z.GPLr-G v . i
. he's
nbZDPV.G
hi2n02hyv2hli2sda
A 7 B C@L
He hunts --
DhZ+PVA
Ganohalidohi nidunadiwsidi dlogesi. A - hunter is going across a field. cf : ganohalidoha v.i. he, it's
bZTP
I1
- - -- - - - -- - -- --
Jiyu ganohilvsda.
ItG S Z A 4 J L .
Unesahyvdla
DAVBda f Z 4 i J
Cool wind blows in the evenine. cf: unole g? 2no 2sgi37a f Z J Y D v.t. he's stealing it ji2n01sgi37a u1n02sgi3sv237i g?2n02sgi3~go37i h12n02 3sgi u2n02sgi sdi
Ir Z J Y D
8Z a R T
f Z2YJAT
AZ2Y
8Z2YJd
gan2sda f l ~ ; i [ , n. stick Udli wijaduga na ~ n -s d a . QC BCSS O Throw that stick away. gan2si23ne32 ga fO.b./lj v.t. 1. he's dragging him, it 2 . he's towing it ji2na'~i23ns32~a, ji2na1si23ne32ga
k@6./lS , trObflS O'0bD.RT
=..
Hla yagwaduli gohusdi ganosgida akiwahisdivi. C 35SP Ar@d S WI, DYGAJJT. I don't want to buy anything that has been stolen. cf: ganosgiva, ganosgisgi gg2n02sgi4sgi
s7
x 3
n. thief
A thief was caught stealing. -cf: ganosgiva, ganosgida gg2n023yv32ga S Z B S sinking ji2n023yv32ga u1n023yv32jv23?i g?2n023yv32g03?i hi2n02yv1gi ~ ~ n o ~ ~ ~ ~ v.i. he, it's
kZBS
+
'
8 ZBCT
S ZBAT AZBY
? i ~ s d i QZBT@d
u2nu2go sdi
0.4 AOd
Udihlehvsa galhjode didla, aginugojvVi. The boat - sinking. is Hila iyv ganoyvgesdi?
A TB S ZBFJd? W 8dLd-U SPKS do%, DYSACT.
When it got hot inside, I went out. cf: ganugogv?i, ganugo9isdohdi?i he's pulling ga2n~2g03gv4?iS ?AFT water) n. spring (of
e v i l v.t. ~
;;Z
ganulv Can you tell ne rhi:,:e cf: ganugoga : e -is? h exit cf: dadanvdisdiha ,g"nv2di4?i
SO-IT
n. his breast
Ganvdi asdv?vsga usdi7i. S o d DA'ikS O ' H J ~ T . her breast. She's feeding a baby on -cf: unvdi ga2nv3ga SOf v.i. he's falling from an upright position
s 4.1
D S F ~ J
He's repairing --- mower. a lawn cf: agalsga, ganulv gg2nu3te2yS,3ha S ' 2 ~ f i . g . v.t. he's twisting him, it ji2nu3te2yq3ha, ji2nu3tezyq3ha Ir?Tfi+, b%fi'b u1nu3te2y0321v23?i 0 ? 5 f i ? 7
He fell -- hard playing ball. cf : ganvjidoha gg2nv2g?21i3ha 5OSP.G v .t. he's cleaning him, it ji2nv2gp21i3?a, ji2nv2gG21i3?a
k O S P D , bOSPD
S7Tfi.G.
The strong marl is twiscing steel. cf: adanuteyoha g?2nv23a; .37a S O - I D v.t. he's missing him, it
hi2nv2g?21a, hi2nv2gg21a
iO.5 W , AOS W
~ ~ n v ~ 2dia h l ~
C.[I%SP .Sh.DSPD.
0DS 9d
Dagwasuhgahlv dejinvgali7a.
He fired about ten times, but he over and o v e r missed the target --- -
113
Put on! - your brakes cf: ganvhlosdi ga2nv'hlo23sdi S O 1 n. 1. brake (handle, pedal, etc.) 2. brakes (when plural form is used) d+2g?2nv1hlo23sdi I S M 2 1 Ganvhlosdi l~winsanagi . Pull the brake. ~ i ~ a n v h l o ~ d u s v h n e. v ~ i l
JSDPfaJ S d M 4 T . S W ~ -J 8 8 ~ 8 ~ .
&
F r is a carpenter's tool. cf: ganvgwalo'a gg2nv2gw?2101~gi4'i SOPGJYT n . blacksmith shop Ganvgwalosgi osda nidanvneho sogwili junalasulo. They fix horseshoes at - blacksmith a
SOIGX? dad hLOAJ 1 B P d 8 W r G .
He ran out of brakes. cf: ganvhlohiha gg2nv2hnv47i n. route de23g?3nv2hnv4'i SSOUT J'g o s o j' oi gohweli ganvhnv n' av jinela. K @ A KT M P SOU 8i b A W . 1 live near hizway 33. cf: nvnohi g?2nv3ji2d03ha ~ O b v . 6 v.i. he's tossing about
shop.
cf: ganvgwalo'a, ganvgwalosdi gg2nv2hi4da SORL adj. long di2g?2nv2hi4da JSDRL Odalv ctnilegi diganvhida sdeyida danihneho'i.
dL 4 Dh8Y JSOAL @SdL L M J T .
Uhljvdagwada unvjidolv'i
BPCLIL QDbV4T.
He - tossed about all night. cf: ganvga ga2nv3ne2ha SOA.6 v.t. he's giving him a flexible object ji2nv3nq2ha bDA.6 u1nv3ne2lvZ3'i 8OA4T g?2nv3ne2h03'i SDAlr T
Fg z;
114
I him - gave - a
~ C Z LTGLOAL
gg 2nv 2no2wa SOZG n. pipe Selu uda gohlvhtanv ganvnowa goksdisgi gesv7i edudu. 4M @ I APWO fOZG A f a l Z V k R T RSS. My grandfather used to smoke a corncob
He ~ushedthe car for a mile before it started. ga2s?2gw921e23hi3ha StlPd',9+ he's rolling him, it ji2ya1sg2gw?21e23h~3ha,i j le23hi3ha
baPd'A+,
v.t
*.
gq2nv1sge s o a k
n. leg
bIXdA+ u1wa2s~2gw~21e23hlv3?i@GtlXd'P T
3.
Nuhlinigvgv kdisgo yuwasagwalehla na utana gagwatdi.
QChEE E l a A GGtlPd'f 8 @We f U 1 .
g? 2nv 1 sge4ni ~ O a k h n. his leg di2g?2nv1sge4ni J S O a k h Ganvs eni ajiyole dahnawo7i ale ajinvs esdi nulstane7i.
He uses all his strength when he rolls the big wheel. cf: gasagwalv7i
--
He was shot in -leg in a war, and his it had to be amputated. cf: ganvsge g?2nv2~04?i S W T n. his shoulder di2gg2nv2w04?i J S W T Ganvwo uwesdane asdayv udinvsv w e s d i .
ga23sg3gw?21v4?i f u p q ~ adj . round di2ga23~?3gw?21~47i J S t l X q T Gasagwalv gasgilo alsdayhdi unisgila junenvsv7i. They have a round dinner table at home. cf: gasagwalehiha g a l ~ ? ~ l e ~ ~ n & h n, coat su i di2ga1s?21e2' i l f u 6 h n Gasaleni hahnawo?~doyi hesv7i. Put on -a coat when you go outside. ga1s?2na21i suer n. roof Gasanali dayulenvhv adawelagisgv na gahljode jugohnv7i
f88h -a
His - shoulder hurts from throwing the ball hard. ga2s?2d032sga StlVaS v.t . he's pushing him, it ji2ya1s?2d032sga, ji l ~ ? ~ d o ~ ~ s g a
b a V @ S , bUV@S u1wa2s?2d032hyv237i BGBVB T
s-bv ~ - @ s s a D ~~ L B
a~~al.
W i V A 3RT.
f8bP - LGd'OLI
DLdWYaE 8 SPKS J A O T .
115
--------------
~lwa~s?~ne~~n?~dv~nv~~?i (YGtlflB610T
~ ~ w a ~ s ~ w o (~ G Xv T ~ ~ i Pl q ~ ga 3s g ~ ? ~ ? ? ~ h o ~ ? i f z
~ f Ti
hi lsa2ne2nf2dv1ga Atlfl86'S ~ j ~ w a l s ? ~ n e ~ ~ n a ~ d v l dO'GtlflePd i Asti gasanenadvsga y,,gi?i DX s m e p a s BYT. She's threading a needle. Juksvsdi uwasanenadvnv uweti dagwalela udanawstana.
JSR2-I BGtlA86'0 8IbJ LTd'W B L e 8 2 W 8 .
--------------
y2wa1sgwo1?i2sdi @ G X T @ - I Ama as wo?iha na gadulida ahnawo jigalda asila dvvi. - DT S X T . G 8 SSPL DtO h S L DbW6"T.
The old car --- a trail of smoke as left it took off. ga2sgi210 SayG Ta'lsgo n. chair, table
Water is dripping from the wet cloth hangingon a line. cf: dekayvsgwoviha ga3soh2gw?2ti adj humpbacked
W I J J A -Isam J ~ . A Y c ~ / ~ . .
digasgilo dijisgilada.
He - became humpbacked because he wouldn't sit up straight. cf: gasohi?i ga2sQ2hi4?i S I A T n. his back
-------------Na asgay gasohi uwesdanete The man's back hurts. cf: gasohgwati, usotv?i ga2svnh2ga SRhS jilsvnh2ga u1wa2svnh2jv23'7i v.t . he's whistling
hRhS O'GRhCT
8 0 2 5 3 S#A B d 2 I A . L .
She's looking for - new dining a table. cf: alsdayvhvsga, gasgilo ga2sg?210 di2hlih2ge4sgi S 3 G JCka n. rocking chair Gasgilo dihlihgesgi uwohlvhnv eduji. S 3 G 1-Bf3P0 RSh - Cfa My uncle made - rocking chair. a
ga2svnh2g03?i SRhAT hi 2svnh2gi BRhY v2wa2svn2sdi 0GRha-I Kilo gasvnhgv utvgana gihli udanawstanv?i.
YG SRhE 0'6'58 YC Blf3BJW0T.
When the dog heard someone whistling, he took off running. ga3sv2t\?sga SRPaS v.t . he Is piling
116
gata
--
@ P a l E l LbdbOiT.
He was stabbed --over and over with a knife. cf: digatisdi ga23ti3y04?i ~ d f in. stompgrounds ~ Adahyvsdesdisgi aditasdi uninvsdo gatiyovi.
DLB.X?ala D A V a l BhD.aV S d R T .
hanging
They prohibit drinking at thestomperounds . ga1toh2ga SVS n. tail di2ga1toh2ga l S V S Saloli gatohga gadava getvvi. There is a squirrel -hanging on tail a pole, v.t. he's hanging it g? 2t !3sga \ UP SKIS ggv2dy3sga ~ l t ? ~ n v ~ ? i 8WD.T g?2ty 3sgq3?i S ~ Z I A T h92tv1ga WS u2tdi o.dl Didahlilostanv Batvsga.
I Lcoawo s p a s
BOP - S L D F P T . SVS
g?2t03vi h?2te3sdi
SVT
Getv gats anagalisgi ajvsdi. F P s w Desra x a l . An electric light - hanging from a is pole. cf: gadava, ktova g?2tdi S d l n. button di2gt2tdi l s a l Gatdi uyohusi uhnawogivi. He lost a button from his shirt. ga2te3s?v2di Saul n. cooking pan d12ga2te3~?v2di l S 5 B l Gatesavdi uhyoha didasdayvhvsgi. Saul ofi+ I L ~ L B W . The cook is looking for - cooking pan. a ga2ti3ha Sd+ v.t. he's stabbing him, it ji2ya1ti3ha, ji1ti2ha I a , r + bd+ ~ ~ w a ~ t ~ ~ h 8GdP T~ ? i l v ~ ga2ti3h? 3vi SdPT
Sdl Bfirb BtUYT. -
She's hanging
U Ia
picture.
g? 2we 3hli2ha SOC+ v.i. he's joking, he's teasing ji2we3h112ha bOC+ u1we3h1v2hnvz3?i 0OPD.T g?2we3hli2sgo3vi SOCaAT h? 2welhlv23na J4ePP 8 u2we lhlvh3di BOP 1 Dohiyu ulvkwdi uwehlvhdi.
V.K 8 W l BOPI.
He - really
likes - joke. to
gg2wonh3di3ha SVDJ+ v .t. he's lecturing him ji2wonh3di3ha kVQJ.6 ~ l w o n h ~ t g ~ n v BVO.WO.T ~~~i gg2wonh3di23sgq33i SVO.JaAT hi 2wonh 'da M06 u2wonh1doh3di BVDVJ Unegujv iyusdi uweji achuja nigohilv
. . . . ~ - ~-~
WAJC T G J J B d k DJC h A 0 4 S B D J J A T .
Because his son is so mean, n a y s lectures him. gq2w01ni23da s V h L n. gossip Hlesdi gawonida hyatvdasdisgesdi.
L@J S 0 h 6 iX'L@J@F@J.
L e n he drives cattle for a long distance, --- them a few times. he rests cf: adawesolvsdiha g?2w037a
SVD v.t. 1. he's bathing him 6 a D WViT
ji2yg2w03?a
soh+
v. i. he's speaking
u2wo 'sdi 80@J Chuhga yigvwala gihli gawosgo?i. d f AEG W Y C S V J A T If the dog has fleas, he bathes it. Sgohi iyani7i yvwi duwFv?i.
@A0 T 3 h T B 8 S O i T -
He's -talking a lot, but he's not saying anything. cf: gawonida gaw2sv1gi f melon
~ wn.
~ 4 LJo A r @ J
an+.
cantaloupe, musk-
u ' ~ o ~ ~ h ~ ~ l i ~ y v ' s v WCApgRT ~~?i gg2w023hi31i2yv1sgo37i SUAPRJAT hg2~02h121i2$-v2 3na @7XlPB 8 u 2 ~ 0 2 3 31i2yVlsdi h~ O'e'lAPB@I Gohusdi ejatvdvhnv, hawohiliyvsv7i.
The man raises large cantaloupes. ga3ye2s??3dv47i SBt16T n. his finger de2ga32ye2s?73d~4?i S BUGT f Gayesa7dv uwajvhyv kanjisdeji.
Ar@l RCP60. W A P B R T .
116
gayewsga
.+
>
-S
g ? 2 h l p 3 h a f$+ it
,!ws2yew2SV23? c.~2yew2sgo3?i
, . ;-.
gs(;a,:,;{r
Sd07.4 r .1).3G G'G5 621
G i h l i uyosiha. H i e l o a . Y C 0fib.G. The Jog i s h u n g r y . --i t . Feed $e2hlV2hY3sga H & @ f v . i . h e , i t ' s howling, screaming, y e l l i n g , etc.
, . 2y,23wa
y2wa2yew2sdi
gayewsgi?l
--
. f gayewsga ::
Sayh2gs4gi ~5.4y n . l i e r ?2niyh2go"i
p,!,~.4.y
Kilo gayhgogi y i g i , j u l o t s g i garhda?da, anadisgo3i. Y G - J W , dG.?d?/ S O L L , DBJJrlT. S5AY If someone i s - -.l i a r , ;hey s a y 11 h a s a . a forked tongue. cf: a t s g o ? v s g a , Sayh2g01gi ( l i e ]
Wahya y i d u t v g a n a g i h l i g e h l u h v s g o ? i . G 3 JSSG'f9 Y C F'PBaAT. The dog howls when h e h e a r s t h e wolves. U n a l i g o s v u n a d a h l o s a , unehluhnv analasgalisgi. ~ B P . / I ~ 9 ~ 6 6 QAPD Dewasrav. R r , When t h e i r team won, t h e b a l l p l a y e r s yelled. ge%yah2ta2hi
gxyh2golgi
faAY
lie
f&WB
adj. wild
galyc%li
adj
small quantity
Janehltanv?is sogwili gehyahtahi hiysladisdi?i? CAPUI'OTJ H9P F3WA AB@WJalT? Have you e v e r t r i e d t o r o p e a wild horse?
ge2?i FT
gajyu21a
SCW all\;. a l r e a d y
Gayulas w i j e d o l a d i g a d u h v ? i ?
gihli
ge2ji2g021i23ye32di4?i clinic ~ ~ A P J J T n.
119
Gejigoliyedi wuwedasdi sunale7i. kbAP8J JDL@J C86T. She to go to the clinic tomorrow.
3 ge21i23si nc 2ha ~ p b f l .v.t. he's ~ leading it by a leash ji2ye21i23si3ng2ha k8PbA.G
Ahani ayehli hetvga. D+h D8C Set the --post here in the center.
m.
Usdi gihli elisineha. 8 2 Y C FPb .G 2 He's - leading a small dog .4 ge211 stgi F P X Y n. pie di2ge21i4stgi J F P X Y Hila jugvwahldi digelistgi? A W dEGGJ JF PAIY? How much are the pies?
a leash. - --
ge2ti2104sdi FJG@J n. crowbar di2ge2ti2lo4sdi JFJG@J Nvyohi yidasgosga etilosdi kdisgovi. OfiA d L @ B S FJB@ When he digs holes in a rocky place, he uses - crowbar. a
ge3ty2sdi FPJJ n. post di2ge3ty2sdi JFPaJ Gago duhwasgo digetvsdi? f A .'YG@A JF PSJ? Who buys posts? cf: getvsga
gi23ga de2kg3yv23sgwp3?12ha YS SilBTT.G v.i. he has n nosebleed gi23ga de2ga32yv'3sgwg3?12ha YS SSB3T.G gi23ga du1hyv23sgwo321v23?i YS S B X 4 T gi23ga de23k?3yv23sgwg3?i2h03?i .YS SilBaTTET gi23ga t ~ 2 h y v 3 ~ g ~ 0 2 j a YS J B J V C gi23ga j ~ ~ h y v ~ ~ s g w ~ ~ ? ~ ~ s d i .YS dBTT2-l Sgwahlesdi uwahnila kayvsoli duhyvsgwolv?i. @IL@J B G h W 3BI.P YS S B Z 4 T . When a ball hit himon his nose, ne got a nosebleed. -cf: gasgwo?iha, giga, kayvsoli gi23g?3ge, gi23ge YSF, YF adj. red Gigage ulsuhwida wagilvkwdv7i. YSF O P Y L GYGIPPT. 't3 ~ed my favorite color. is cf: giga gi?2hla ? n. loose hair ! , Y Gi?hla nusdi jahnuwv?i. S'P 92J C46T. t here's some loose hair on your shirt.
ge2ty3sga fP@S v.t. he's setting a post (or other long object) into the ground
--
120
gihli diga3lenvhida
Gohine o uweji achuja amayi yiduGihli digavlenvhida dasuhwisgv gatvgiva. YC -If#Al L?@ c @ E fPYD. I hear - hounddog barking. a cf: gavleni, ganvhida, gihli ~'is 11'i YPb n. English Hi?a nigvhna Gilisi gohwelvvi. A D hEt YPb This is how it's written in English.
E d -
---
DJC D & 5 a h f C . He holds his son's hand when they cross the water.
A*-o'dh
go2hiyh2da32nq2ha &LA+ v.t . 1. he's agreeing with him 2. he's vouching for him
gi 2nu4tdi YW-I quarter, one-fourth n. Ginutdi ksdolsda. Y U d JYVP@L. Lendme - quarter. a 2i2nv23sa YW pron. ourselves (you alone and I) (see Gram. 111, A) go2ge4yi AFd n. spring So7i ~ogeyiiyv dvsuligoji dadehyohvs~v7i. IT-AFJ~TB 6TPAb L S R a E T . She's going to quit teaching next spring.
hi2yQ27iyh2da1si
ARTG L b
--+-
Jiyoviyhdane nigawesgvvi. bRTGLA hfb@ET. I a ree with what he says. Sgwo iyhdanehdi agwaduliha. 3AGLA-I DPSP+. I want you ---- me. to vouch for
go2gi ~y n. summer Agwvnvga & iyulsdohdi7i. DEOS rn TGPJVJT . I can'twait till summer. go2hi4da ABL n. a long time Gohidas uhi7lidole gahljode ahnesgesgv?1? AOL@ BAPVG fPKS D/1@F@ET? Did he take a %time building the house? cf: igohida
go2hiyh2di AAGd n. belief, faith Tsgwisdi ohi hdi uweha. bV@d AAG He has a lot of faith. gohlZga APf him v.t . he' s recognizing
Vsgwu sgohi nadetiya gvwagohv yigi . kilo, ahida APAT Even if it's been ten years since he has seen someone, - recognizes he him easily.
go2hi23ne32ga R9/1s v.t. he's leading him by the hand ji2yQ27i23ne32ga bfiTAf
-.
gohweli goh12ga APS v.t. he understands it go21i1ga AP S u1woh12jv237i goh12g03?i hoh12gi u2w02hli3sdi Gohlgas Jalagi?
BVPCT APAT !PY BUCJJ
121
go2honh2di3ha AIG@J.G v.t , he's making it' (round, long) fall g92?onh2di 3ha
AdS0J.G
--
go2hq2sga A ) @ f v.i. it's (round, long) falling mas g? 279 2sga ~ l w o ~ h q ~ s BV!RT ~ i v~~ g ~ ~ h ? ~ s g o ~ ? A! @AT i ho2hq2hi !A ! y2w02hq2hi2sdi BVEAaJ Jolani gatinvtv uwohosv?i.
Kwh S3W BV!RT
n. butter
The window pane fell. cf: gadosga go2hu4sdi, go4sdi A r a J , A@J pron. something Gohusdi unihyo asehnv hla yagwanhta ivusdi eesv?i.
Blhfi 0 4 0 f
. .
sfica
G P ~ L B AP~AT. ~ .
I -
3 X W TGaJ I-RT.
They are looking for something, but I don't know what it is. cf: hlagohusdi go2hwe21i MP n. 1. paper 2. letter
MPD
SV B @ J A d U 6 &d@A ZKCAU?
Which finger do you use -- pull when you UPD - trigger? the ~ ~ w o ~ h ~ e ~ ~ 1 8CWWOTn v ~ ~ ? i cf: gojanesdi?i a ~ ~ go1we231i3?a go1jC2ne1sdi4?i AC/'1@JT n. trigger d;2g01 ja2ne'sdi4?i J A c A a J T Gago unesdi gohweli hohweliva?
S A wAaJ M P M P D ?
it*
a-
h F R 6 8 8 q R ACA2J SQAD. -
go4ksdi A S J d n. cigarette Unigodi Anijalagi dinadehlohgwasgi danadehlohgwasgo Go3i Junadehlohgwasdi. di2g04ksdi J A S @ J 8 h A J DhCWY J e S d m L B S d X 2 A AT Ta?lsgohi digoksdi degalo sagwu dBSdX 2 J . nidegakwenvsv3i. A lot of Cherokee students go to W P a A B J A S a J S S O KJ h S S W T . school at Greasy School. There are twenty cigarettes in one package. gq27i AT n. 1 . grease 2. oil cf: goksga Sihgwa hawiya tsgwisdi go?i adohlvndisgovi. go2ksga A S 2 S v.t. he's smoking it 6.T 6 8 3 b P @ J AT D V P B J 2 A T . Sausage makes c l o t of grease. go2gi1sga RY~S cf: go?iha?i ~ l w o ~ k s v ~ B O Si T ~? R g?2?i2ha4?i AT+T adj greasy
go2ksgo3?i y2~02ksdi
ASaAT
g2ni2g92?i2ha4?i, di2g02?i2ha4?i
DhATGT, J A T 6 T
EY 8VSaJ
+.
He is eating greasy meat. cf: gq2?i (grease), -ha v.t. he's pulling
ACA D
WP h S f WJmY J A S J J S A S d A
bf
He smokes two - one day. packages of cigarettes in cf: goksdi go41a AW n. winter Jalvkwdis @?
C 4 V J 2 AW?
Do you like winter? holja2n?2gi E CBY u2w01j?'nelsdi OOCA@J Gado usdi hiyesa?dv hvhdisgo janesa?
'
w-
A 0 9 8 P S S BSJ
hed doctor
has pneumonia.
Siyo adiha hiyoselv higo?v9i. Tell him I -- said hello when you see him.
go2t; 2sga
Ajila utsgati gvhdi akdlvha galuysdi, gosdayi nulstanvqi. DbW D b f 3 Ed D3'P.G f M a 1 , A a l d 4PaWO-T . When I sharpened the axe with a file, it became shar~. go2sdi1yu4hli A@-IGC adj. dull di2g02sdi1yu4hli IAaAGC Gosdiyuhli galuysdi kdisgv ada dasgwalsgv?i & ~ G C SM&J EdaE D L LaXPaET. He was using a -axe to chop wood. dull
ATaf
His len swelled where a snake bit him. cf: uwotida go23tv4?i APT n. fire (for heating) Gotv na?v deginohlesdi.
go2sdv3ni2ha AiWh.G ii
A6 ei
-
SYZLX.
g ~ ~ ~ t y ~ s g a v.t. he's building APaf a fire APaf go 3dy 2sga Sgwahlesdi uniyohuselv uwosdvnila.
axLa1 ohfir4 4 o v x h w .
ulw0~3t?~nv2~?i DVWO-T
They lost the ball -- batted. when he cf: gosdvnisdi go2sdv3ni1sdi A 3 h J - l n. bat di2g02sdv3nilsdi I m h a d Hila iga di osdvnisdi dehinoga?
A T f?I. W *
on
Last
a big fire.
How many bats did you bring? cf: gosdvniha go1sg3ha A4.G v.t. he's saying to him
gu2d921e3?a J L d ' D v.t. 1. he's unhitching him, it 2. he's unhooking it 3. he's unplugging it
OW41
124
u2wu2da21e1sdi 83 I f 2 1 Hiyudalagi sogwili unelagi walsdayvhnida. AGL WY +@'P BAWY GP2L B hL Unhitch the horse and let him graze. Uhnigisa dagwalela uwudalesv unadadesvda.
Have you been to Bartlesville? cf: gulgu (bottle) g ~ ~ ~ h a h l ~ d i n. handle (for a J+pA tool) dj2guZ3hahl2di JJ+PA Galuysdi uhahldi ayohlvsga.
S M a 1 J+P
B h Y t l L I 6 W BJLd'R B B L S R L .
He - unhooked started.
He's whittling - handle for an axe. a cf: guhahlvsga gu2ha2hly3sga J+P@S v.t . he Is putting a handle on a tool
h D JS.
g ~ ~ d a ~ l v ~J~ s JgS a v.t. 1. he's L4 hitching him, it up 2. he's hooking it up 3. he's plugging it in ji2yu2dg21v32sga, g ~ ~ d ? ~ l v ~ ~ s g a
bGL 4 2 s
, J L 42s
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ 0 .1 1 q@T~ ~ n v ~ ~ ? i 9 v hi2yu2da21v2?vlga,
AGL 4 i S ,
. .
rL 4 i S
S A BJGL'AT
Who put a handle - this hoe? on cf: guhahldi gu2hgwe 5 3 n. quail Guhgwe junihyohi yvdaha unvsa danadayosdohdisgo?i.
53 -dhfiA
BL+ O W L B L f i a V J J A T .
AD S G A l ?
$ 3 8~ S L 9 1 8
B J L 4 Q IV'P B Y P T .
anagalisgi?
Did he hook the battery? -cf: adudalesdi,gudale?a gulgu J J n. bottle HiVa unvdi dadlisdi.
AD J J BOA L C a J .
gu2hi2103?a JAGD it
27.21~37~
1
JTGD ~ ' w u ~ h i ~ l o ~ ? v B J A? i T ~ ~ Gi
gu2hi2103sgo3?i hu2hi21oZ3ja
JAGaAT TAG 6
gutiha she them -washes -in water. g ~ ~ h i ~ ~ s dJA2J.Ga v.t. he's i~h aciusing him
125
J'h o i a juweji duwuhnv sunale junigisdi. KT+ d ~ - ees d y a d . SJO ~ k She boiled three eggs for breakfast. cf: ahudi'a, galvsga gu21e J 6 n. acorn Gule danigisgo'i saloli. J ~ L W ~ A T HBP. Squirrels eat acorns. gu21e di2sg~23hni2hi Jc? d @ A U n. mourning d6ve gu21e di2ni2sgoZ3hni2hiJ 6 J M A h Q Gule disgohni ganohilisv jigowhti.
Jd d@ -"- ~ h S U P R kAGa
sSWaE
JAa
How many -do you want? lids cf: guhlvsga gu3hly2sga J P J S v.t. 1. he's covering it 2. he's putting a lid on it
month of
Uwoyeni gvhdi uwuhlvnv uhnelvsv'i. BBBh Ed BJPD BA.7RT. He c o v e r e d scar with his hand. - gugu ama adlisdv guhlvsga. Na 8 JJ DK D C X J P a S . H isputting --- d n the jar cone a li -taining water. cf: guhlvdi gu2hv3sga J 8 J S in water vat. he's putting it
gu2te3?a JXD v.t, he's picking him, it up ji2yu1te3'a, gu1te3?a kCXD, JXD u ~ w I J ~ ~ ~ ~ s 33XRT ? ~ v ~ ~ gu2te3sgo3'i JX@AT h22yu1tg2gi, hu2ta2gi A W Y , rWY y'wu2te1sdi (PJ sad Gayula kilo jinvwistana juwutesdi h' ia nvya janilageya.
SCW YO kQ8aW8 dJX@J AD Q 3 ChWI.3.
I've already asked someone - pick to these rocks 9. cf: ayiha, g n ' , ganegi7a aea gu2ti3ha J a % v.i. it's snowing
126
E3 -
It - snowed
on Christmas day.
gv2hna E t gvlna
AY hSSP@WhR
66"A@J2AT.
He raises watermelons every summer. g ~ ~ g u ~ ~ s d EJAJ.6a v. t. he's sifting i~h it ~ l w a ~ g u ~ ~ s t ? ~ n BGJJWOT v~~?i
TJ@dAAr
gv2hno3?i hv2hne3sdi
They say - - barely alive. he is gY3hna2gal2sdi E t f p & d adj . active di2ny3hn?2ga12sdi d M ~ p @ d Dohiyu dinvhnagalsdi dudatihna?a.
VAG d O t S P @ J S L d t D
U@ L
O.GJ@VJ
?2ni2gv23hng3ge4?i, di2gv23hn93ge4?i
DhEtFT, dEtFT
cf: agvhnage?a gv2hni3ha Eh+ v.t. 1. he's hitting, striking him, it 2. he's knocking jiZyv1ni3ha, gv1ni3ha u'wa2hni31v3?i
hBh.6, Eh.6 BGhqT
The roof on the house leaks when it rains. cf: gvgusdiha gvh4di EJ prep. with, by means of Ganvgwalosdi gvhdi uwahnilv yvgi.
!&&8-
sam;;ir E J
She conversed
means of Cherokee. --
127
~lwv~j?~hl+~nv~?i 86CL'OT
hv2ja2h1v1ga
OCP 5
cf : Gado u s d i j v h n i s d i ? SV Q @ l C h @ l ? What - you -cooking? do have cf: adasdayvhvsga adj. alive gv2hno4da EZL
gv j a h l a n v h i
gv3na EB n . t u r k e y
. he's
melting
Gvhnodas na inada j i g a v n a ? EZL@ 8 T8L b S 8 ? m - a t snake l y i n g t h e r e a l i v e ? gv2hnv4?i EOT n. h i s l i f e Agalisgv uwanowhtana u n h j i , hlawotuhi nulstanvvi D S P@E QG 8 W 8 @Oh , L'VSA QPJWOT. When t h e sunshine melted t h e snow, it became muddy.
Na asgaya yvwi u h l v v i p ? n v 7 i igohida a j i s d u d i dudukdasi 8 DaS3 B 8 OPT - TAQL D b @ S l EOT SSAL 6 . The murderer was sentenced t o l i f e imprisonment.
cf:
gvnawosga
EGDL
adj
. whole
EW@S
v . i . i t ' s melting
adj. fried
cf:
Gvnawosgi gohlvhtanv u l v s a v d i uwanawosv udihlehg ama a d l i s d v wuhlana. E 8 V 2 APWO 8 4 V l Q G W R Q I L Y DT D C X JC8. A g l a s s made of p l a s t i c melted when s h e p u t i t i n some h o t water. gvnowhdiha
gv2j?2h1y3sga ECP@S
128
gvnosasdi
gv 2no 2sq3sdi
EZl3a-f n. broom
IEZU@I
di2gv2n02sg3sdi
gv2sga21a3di3?a E@SWdD v.t. he's hiding a long object g~'sg?~l?~d~~?a E@S WID ~ ~ w a ~ s g ? ~ l ~ ~ d v ~ WPT i BG@S ~ ?
Where is the broom? cf: gvnosasga gv 2no2sa3sga E B @ S it gv2no 1s? 2sga v. t. he's sweeping
E ZHAS
~ ' w a ~ n o ~ s ? ~ h v ~ ~ZUaT BG ? i gv 2no 2~ ? ~ s g o ~ ? i EZBAAT hv2n02 3sa am v2wa2n02s?2sdi B G ZU@I Hyahteno hvnosahv?i nijahnigidagwu. 3x2 aB8T hChYLJ. Sweeethe floor before you go. cf: gvnosasdi gvn2sga Eh@S v.i. 1. it Is becoming done (by cooking) 2. it's ripening
Kilo dayaTi. Hvsgalada galogwe. SG3. Y G L3T. &SWL Someone is coming. -the gun. Hide cf: gvsgahlvsga, gvsgalvsga gv2sg?31y 32sga E@S 4@S v .t he's hiding him, it (flexible) j i2yv1sg?21v32sga, g ~ l s g a ~ 1 v ~ ~ s g a & hB2S 4@S, E 42s 37i BG@S 4DT
Hila iyv vns o kanugahli? A TB Eh@A a 5 C ? W when do blackberries net r i ~ e ? g~~sg?~hl\!~sga E@SP@S hiding it v.t. he's
~ ~
Disehisdi uwas alvnv uhnawo. I4A@I BG@S 4 8 e7 +THe hid -- his shirt in a drawer. cf: gvsgahlvsga, gvsgaladi?a g ~ ~ s g w ? ~ l o ~ ? a G D v .t. he's EX cracking it gv1sgwg21037a EJXG D u1wa2sgw~2103?~23?i BG@PGiT g ~ ~ s g w ~ ~ 1 0 ~ s g o E@XG@AT ~?i h ~ ~ s g w ? ~ l o ~ ~ j a& A m c v2wa2sg~g2101sdi BG@TG@I UhljaTdi kali duwasgwalo7v sohi. BPCI dP SG@PGi + A . He - cracked a bucket full of hickory nuts. gv2tY3sga E'S v.t. he's putting it SA into a fire gvldy3sga u1wv2tq3nv37i gv2tv3sg$7i LSJS
G36WDT
gv1sga2hlY3sga E@SP AS ~ ' w a ~ s g ? ~ h l ? ~ n v ~BGJSfDT 7i gv2sgg2hlY3sgp3~i E@SP@AT hv2sgg2hlv1ga 82sP S 52wa2sgah1 2di @GAS ? I Dagwalela ganosgida gvsgahlvsga. L,%$W SZZYL ESSPAS. He is -- hiding a stolen car. cf: adisgahlvsga, gvsgaladiTa, gv2sga31v32sga
~~
EG.4T
hisgi underneath Hla yunhta i g a uwvtdi chinosga. e cow T S h a s . He doesn't know how much coal t o ~ u t -t o t h e f i r e . in
129
Gasgilv hawini d i d l a ganhga wesa. S 2 Y 9 +Lh & S ~ U . The c a t i s l y i n g underneath t h e chair. hg%i2ya +@3n. meat Sihgwa j u n i h i s d i gayohlige dagvwahldo hawiya. bX d u a l SACF LEGGV +@a. Meat i s l e s s expensive a t s l a u g h t e r houses. -hehno, -hno conj. because (see Gram. 111, F) -hno conj
--cf: kdv3vsga
g~3~62h1,!3Sga EGP@S v. t . h e ' s soaking it ( f l e x i b l e o b j e c t ) gv3wg2h1y3sga gv3w92hly3sgp 7 i 3 hv ' ~ ? ~ h l v l ~ a u2wv lwahl 3di
EGP@S
~~wv~w?~hl?~nv~?i 016GeOT
EGP@AT
&GP S
. and
(see Gram. I 1 I , F)
221, L@l
86G 4J
H i l a igohida dejvwahlane dihnawo? A TAB1 S E t A J t 8 7 W How lone d i d vou soak t h e c l o t h e s ? gv2wa2t~3hw12da EGS@l, a d ~ .a l l around Gvwatuhwida nunadvhnv aniyosgi. EGS@L 9 W 0 Dhfi23'. S o l d i e r s were. - around. all -gwu n . , v . s u f . 1. only, j u s t 2 . s t i l l (see G r a m . I , D)
helsdi, hlelsdi
adv. d o n ' t
-hi
m~ - lr.
These a r e my c h i l d r e n .
h-ha ha2dlv
hi21a4 A W a d j . how, what (with nouns of q u a n t i t y , d u r a t i o n , s i z e , etc.) H i l a & jugvwahldi? A TS dEGGJ? W How much does it c o s t ? m a igohid tsdohdi j a d u l i ? A TAB1 W - - CVJ CSP? How -longi dol i you want t o use i t ? Hila a h l ' i ? TDCTP? What -time i s i t ?
adv. where
Hadlv wigalohi s d a l i ' i ? +P QSGA 2 1 PT? %ere d i d your f r i e n d go? h?2wi4ni +@h prep. under Eligwu t a 3 1 i iyatahwostanv yigeda amayi hawini. R f 2 W P T3WaWQ I 1 D TA +Ah % I can s t a y under water f o r two minutes.
hi21a32yv4?i AWBT
adv. when
Hilayv wigvwahtvhidasdi j a d u l i h a ? AWB QEGPAL@J CSP+? When do you want me t o come and v i s i t
you?
h i 2 s g i A23' adj. five
adv
130
hla, tla
hla, tla P adv. no, not Hla. Jayosihas? Are you hungry? No. Hla vsgi yigi.
~ J
Cfib+2?
L.
He's washing a muddy car. cf: hlawotu, hlawotuhi hla2w01tu4hi P O S A 1. adj . muddy (ground) 2. adv. in the mud Yugahnana, hlawotuhi nidegalsdisgo deganvhnvvi .
~ S t e ,
m. Y
hlg3 go2hu4sdi P 4-21 pron. nothing Gadogi hadisge? Hla gohusdi. S V Y +1X? f ~ r = . What were you saying? Nothing. cf: gohusdi, hla hlg3 i21vh3dlv, hlg3 dlv4 f T q P , P P adv. nowhere Hla ilvhdlv yidagesi kohi iga.
hSSP212A S S W T .
She fell --- when she slipped. in the mud cf: hlawotu, hlawotuhavi hle4ga L S adv. for a while Ehena hlega.
R38
a.
adv. never hla3 i21v23hi3yu4 f T 9 A G hla Igada yvwi - ilvhiyu junadasdudi uniyvhlv yigesovi. T S L BB C A L J e t a s 1 Q ~ B Pa T . t Some people have never been in jail.
Bm?
hla3 ki210 P Y G
pron. no one
--
Hla kilo -- yijigowhti jiyoligi . P Y G AhACLI h A P Y . I see -- that I know. no one cf: hla, kilo
Don It be mean.
Cut down all the dead trees. hlv2dg2ji, tlv2dG2ji P d h , P l b n. lion Odalv ehi hlvdaji gehloha.
b l 9 R A - Fd+. Plb
re-s - s o p si
DosaE
aebash
BGCB T
He doctored himself where a wasp stung him by rubbing - on it. mud cf: hlawotuhavi, hlawotuhi adj . muddy
He's feeding a mountain lion. suf. and (see Gram. 111, F) interj. okay
-hno
hq2wa I G
igati Inadawo7uga. Howa. TeLex3.S. Ec;. Let Is go swimming. Okay -hv n., v.suf. question marker (see Gram. I, D)
131
i2ga TS n. day
on
nv
-PCBTs
day.
Igada analasgalisgi hla yuniluhje7i. Some -of the ball players didn't come. i23gg?31uh2ga T S M S v. i. he's returning i23ji?31~h2ga TfrMS y39u21uh3jv237i, y731~h3j~37i
iBMCT TSL - DeWJSP3
' GhMYT. f
sv v m h e
dae?
What are you - - to use those going boards for? hyah2t04hli @VC adj . narrow di2hyah2t04hli d3VC Hyatohli sdudi ktovv wigalohisdi iuwenvsv yoga.
~ V @ S J . E ~ ~ C @SOA@J d8OR fif
BMCT
i23gg731~h2gQ33i TSMAT
You go through a narrow gate when you're going to his house. hyeh2gg2hli BSC n. quilt di2hyeh2g?2hli JBSC Nigohilv dihyehgahli degayewsgo eji.
hAA9 & C SSBB@A R f r .
yW6" T m D b h V g T . -- -
i23gq3nv2hi4da TSO&L n. in length i23d+3gg2nv2hi4da TJSOAL Hiksgo ilasihdi iganvhida sdeyida uwhtanv wahna agina asladisgv7i.
AYaA T W ~ J - T S G L @SAL 0 6 ~ 0 G f .
i-i -i
Dye D ~ W J ~ E He used a rope fifty feet long in roping a calf. cf: ganvhida
T.
n.suf. locative (see Gram. 11, B) n.suf. agent (see Gram. 1 1 , B) v.suf. future tense (see Gram. I, Dl v.suf. about to, on the verge of (see Gram. I, D) i23ga32sv4ti T S U n. rick Jo7i igasvti ada dikiwahisdi agwaduliha.
KT T S U D L JYGA@J D5SP.G. I want to buy three ricks of wood.
-i
-idi
cf: gasvtvsga i23gg2ti T S J n , height i2di hg2ti, i23d+2g?2ti T J e J , T d S J Sudal ilasihdi, sudal isihtadisdi igati na alasgalisgi.
132
igohida
he has a new one. i2je37i2yu4sdi T Y T G a 1 adj . green IjeTiyusdi adanelv ganela oginali7i.
T Y T G a 1 DLA9 SAW d J Y 8 P T .
That ballplayer is six feet, six inches tall. i23g03hi4da T A R L 1. n. length of time 2. adv. until Hila igohid uhli?ilidole?
AW TARG O C T P V d ?
A friend of mine lives in a green house. cf: ije?i, iyusdi 12ju3de2ti2pr4da T J S J B G n. years (number of) Hila ijudetipda uhnela?de?i?
BW T J S J B L BAWST?
I stayed there until they adjourned. cf: gohida iZ3gv3na2de4na TE8.98 n. area Sgohitsgwa iyuhliloda igvnadena duhwisa selu.
How many years was he gone? cf: udetiyiha, sudetiprda iZ3ju31a TJW adj. both Ijula desdilvhwisdanelv sunale7i.
T J W Sad.7BaLA.7 ~ W T . -
ambl
He has corn planted in an area of one hundred acres. l1gvZ3sa TEU pron. 1. ourselves (you all and I) 2. one another, each other (see Gram. 111, A)
--
Both -of you work tomorrow. i'jvZ3sa TCtl pron. 1. yourselves (you all) 2. one another, each other (see Gram. 111, A) i3ki2da T Y L n. size Hila ikida alsgwetuwo halsgwetuhvsgi?
AW
I2gv 23yi
Igvyis hivluhgi sihnv apr gesv? Did you get here before I did?
TE& - AMY
TYCP~JSV .GPaJS&aY?
.47i T E A T adj. first gv Yl Hi?a asgaya igvyi gawonisgi. AD D a S 3 SVha. This man is the first speaker.
am
T W ~ JSO-+
BYPT.
i2je4?i T Y T adj . green (of fruit or vegetable) ?2ni2je4?i D h Y T Anije tuya dinadesuga. Let's go pick some p e e n beans. i2je4?i W T adj. new (inanimate) di2je47i d Y T Uweti dagwalela juhv asehnv nogwu & t uha.
Q9pJ L l d W d& 9.40 23 T Y B.G.
E Y
s3
desrs.
Have you ever been bitten by a snake? cf: hla ilvhiyu 121v4sgi T . 7 3 adj. few Ilvsgi iyuhliloda eladi uhnigisv?i kila udajanelv7i.
T.7aY TGCQL RWd D h Y R T YW D L C / 1 9 T .
ivuwahnilv?i i4na T 8 adj. far Aniyosgi jijiya9v ina wagwedolv?i . DhfiaY b h 2 i T e G J ~ T . When I was inyhe military service, I went - away. far i2na2da TQL n. snake Gado usdi inada wiganayegvvi?
133
KT T 3 S B P T 3 h B 8 8 8 P L a W h P 8 E W A svh x
cf: atahwosdiha i23n63ge4?i TQF T n. forest, wilderness Inage wv?ulosv hlvdaji ulitisa.
T 8 f 6BGR P L b BEJbr.
when it escaped. i2nv2hi TQA adv. too far Invhi wedoha tstvgodivi.
TQA - &V+ C P A J T .
How far apart do you plant your corn? Hila ivudali chawahtvhidoho?i?
AW T C L P C G P A V J T ?
He's too far away to hear you. i2sa Tbr n. flour Go get some flour downtown. i3sih2ta2di1sdi T b W d a J n. inch Tavldu isihtadisdi sagwu ilasihdi ninalsdisno?i.
--
T G C ~ LTGLOAL @ @ k c W E T G C Q L aqsc.
KT
TGCQL n. unit of measure (acres, bushels, gallons, hours, miles, yards) Jo?i iyuhliloda iyudanvhida uhwidvhv ta?li ivuhliloda kanunahli.
He carried two gallons of blackberries for three miles. cf: suhliloda i2yu3n?2d~23d82gwa1sdi T C 8 V L X a J n. weeks Jo?i iyunadodagwasdi igohida didolanvsdi duwhtanv?i.
KT TGBVLX2-4 T A A L I V W Q a J S 6 W Q T .
WFS ~
b ~ y a d TWbJ h S P a J a A T . bra
Twelve inches make one foot. i2ya T @ n. pumpkin Jalvkwdis iya gohlvhtanv gelistgi?
CwJa APWQ f r a y ?
Do you like pie made of pumpkin? i2ya3danh3teh2di T3LOa.l n. cent, cents Sgigapdu i adanhtehdi jugvwahldi aditasdi agwaduli a.
i2yu 4sdi
b
*
134
iyuwakdi, yuwakdi
TGGAd, CGAl
. .
Cherokees s a y t h a t someone w i l l come. j i21a21i frwp n . chewing gum Sagwu n i d e g a l a d i s d v j i l a l i d e h i y v h v v i , howaju? Vi2 hSfWJ2G' - S A B a T , IGd? bWP Get one package o f chewing gum, okay? ~ i ' ~ s a n. Jesus htl
H i l a iyuwakdi ijadawoda k o h i g o g i ? A W TGGAA TCLUL AA AY? How many t i m e s have you gone swimming t h i s summer?
v . p r e f . p a s t t e n s e ( s e e Gram. I , A1 v . p r e f . r e l a t i v e ( s e e G r a m . I , A)
ja~
v . p r e f . second p e r s o n s i n g u l a r ( s e e Gram. I , B)
~ CWY n . Cherokee (language) ~ ~ 1 ~
K@ L L PC B 4 T l - d f i @ r b@S
ji3sdv2na
h 3 B
J o s d a d a h n v h l i ulvkwdi j i s d u j u y s d i v i .
$2ni2jg21g2gi
DhCWY
j i 3 s d v 2 n a +'da2jvy4sgi n. scorpion
h . 3 8 DLCaY
H i l a n a n i l a A n i j a l a g i dunilvhwisdane J a l a g i Ayehlivi? 13W BhD DhCWY Sh48@Li1 CWY DdCT? How many Cherokees work a t t h e Cherokee Nation? cf: Dijalagi
n. b i r d
~ ? ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w e T ~ n . iNorth i CWJOJ t ~ 7 Carolina Jalaguweti ina i d i g a t i dodala. CWJOJ TB T J S J V L W . -. There a r e t a l l mountains i n North Carolina. cf: J a l a g i , uweti v . p r e f . first person singular s u b j e c t ( s e e Gram. I , D)
Igada jisgwa juganowv w a n i l o s g o g o l a yinulstana. TS L b2.T 65.76 GhG@A A A4P2WB. W Some b i r d s m i g r a t e s o u t h i n t h e winter. ji23~gwo32gwo h @ W n. robin
jiji2gj'
'
*1i
hYPP n . c h i c k a d e e
J i g ? L l iyinigawe a d a n e l v navv, k i l o d a g a v l u h j i a n a d i s g o Anij a l a g i . hS'Fl- .4hS.U DLA3 B i , YG LSMh D8J2A DhClc'J-. !+'hen - c h i c k a d e e s i n g s n e a r a house, a
135
jo21a KW n. tobacco Gohigi j igesv j l anatvhisdisgv Anioa jalagi . F6 QYW bWS DC3 D B S . . MY h f R KW DQslAaJaE DhCWY. A rooster is sitting on a post crowing. Long ago the Cherokees raised tobacco. j i23yu b G n. boat, airplane K w h n. window ahlawidisgi jigowhtiha. Disduvida igesesdi jolani, dehisduhnvpi. LG Df BA2Y bAG2 .G J 2 S T L T f 4 a - l -, S A J S D T . Kwh I see an airplane. If the windows happen to be open, close t h e m . n. pilot -ju n. ,v.suf. question marker (see ji23yu di2n92hla2~i2tdi4sgi Gram. I, D)
--
b G ABfBJA2.Y
sv
dihlawitdisgi?
0 2 0 2 5 3 I ~ GA ~ B J A ~ Y ? ~
adj different,
~LPJL 8.
They have various things on sale. cf: nudalevi
dL3tT
Judalehnvda unisgohldidaTna.
(directional)
n. chairman,
d9LdtT
Let's go upstream.
Who is the chairman of your group? ju23ga3na2w4?i d S Q 6 T n. south Juganaw didla danukdisgo sasa gola yinulstana.
E -
-R 9 L KT d
BLfVP DLY.
cf: uganawa j ~ ~ ~ a n h ~ d de e S~ n n. cabbage S~ 8 a Na digalogisgi u anhdena ahwisga. 9 ASGYaW d S 9s The farmer is planting cabbage.
adj. third Jo7ine uganhda3dv hwihyvhgwidagi. Turn to the third page. cf: jo?i
KTA - BSDLG
BBVLY.
dS ~ i ~ j i ~ n. Wednesday ~ j ~ ~ n ~ ~ n o 'ZIT n. centipede j~2ni~~?~no'ji d h S Z b Jo?ine jigesv g~wahni~ida. K T / ~ b f R' EG hYL Gahisgahos juniganoji? -- s He's been none since Wednesdav. sdas pa d h s z b ? Are YOU afraid of centi~edes? cf: iga, jo3ine?i
~ ~~~a ~ K T A T S~
136
j ~ ~ g v ~ ~ w a h l6EGG.I ~di
Galvladi jugvwahldi igesesdi hla vidvkiwasi danwalela. If the price is too high, I'm not going to buy the car. cf: dagvwahldiha ju2gv2wah12di dEGGd n. wealth Hla jugvwahldi yinigvhnisisgo alihelisdi eesvvi.
C d E d d J 5 h ~ h b aDP?P@d FRT. ~
He's putting up barbed wire fence around the pasture. cf: gajayohiha j ~ ~ k ~ ~ n v l s d e ~ 0~ n B n. bull da 2S a ju2na2kg2nv1sde2~na d & l 0 a S 8 Wahga jukanvsdena dilsdisgi nulstanv unalivi.
GS d a 0 . 8 dPad2.Y 4PaWO BBP T
His friend became a bullfighter. ju2ksv4sdi dSR2.I adj. smoky Degaligas niga juksvsdi jigi?
SSPaS hS dSR2.I IrY?
--
~ealthoes not cause happiness. j ~ ~ ~ h l i ~ ? i ~ l v ~ s t ?dCTqaW0T ~nv~?i adv. in the past, formerly Juhli?ilvstanv hla vsgi iga yidiganolvsee?i.
I C ~ ? @ W O i A Y TS AdSZ?@FT. C
Is it smoky because of grass fires? cf: daksvsdiha, j ~ ~ k s v ~ ~ s d i (smoke) j ~ ~ k s v ~ ~dsSdU 1 n. smoke i Juksvsdi uhayvhle anadiha.
d S R 2 l B+BL D9d.G.
In the -- past there weren't as many storms. cf: ahlivili ju2hna2j04sdi d t K @ d adj. sour ju2ni2hna2j04sdi d h t K 2 . I Gohidi udihlehgv yigane unvdi juhnajosdi nigalsdisgovi. AA-ALE J5SA B o d d f K a d h S P a d a A T . If milk is left out m e heat too long, it becomes sour. ju2hng2wo d t O n. his clothes Juhnawo dagvgi lo?eha achuja . d W L EYGR.G DdC. The boy's clothes are being washed for him. cf: dihnawo
~ h e y he ~ a was asphyxiated by smoke. cf: daksvsdiha, goksga, ju2ksv4sdi (smoky1 ju2kta2ji3sdq2hli dSWIraLC n. copperhead ju2nq2ktq2ji3sda2hli dBSWh@LC Ale juktajisdahli nijiyalasdvda. I almost stepped on - copperhead. a j ~ ~ k t o ~ ~ y v ~ ~ i ~ T ad i adv. dSVB s d blinding (brightness) Udohiyu juktoyvvisdi agaliha.
3VAG dSVBTa1 DSP.G.
D 6 dSWIr@LC h h 3 W 3 L
The sunshine is very blinding. ju21a1sgi dWW n. alligator Julasgi usgahljv hi?a asgaya.
d w a y B a s P C AD ~ a s a .
j ~ ~ ~ h y v ~ d l dBP ? i n. north v~ T Juh dlv didla jukti ganolvsgv?i. & P 1 d S 3 SZ?@ET. The wind is from the north. cf: u2hyv4dla (cold)
This man was bitten by an alligator. ju21a1sgi dW2Y n. 1. cast iron 2. a sort of cast iron pot Uweti julasgi uha eji.
jusvhida
8 d J dW2.Y B.E. Rlr. .2 i u21; ~
137
My mother has an old --pot. cast iron hv~~~alsdi JPC&d adj. brave ju2ng21?2chv23ya1 sdi d8PCGiQd Julichvyasdi yigese,hla yigvwalitisevi. d P C 2 2 d a 4 , L? AEGP2'4T. If he was brave, he wouldn't have run away. cf: achvyavi
@.
sv
b a d d e w x a d SCSGXRT~
Which school did you attend? cf: adehlohgwava, didehlohgwasgi ju2na12sdayh1di47i d 8 P a L B I T n. cafe, restaurant Junalsdayhdi ajinahlava oginalivi. My friend is employed at - restaurant. a cf: alsdayvhvsga ~ u n h ~ ~ i ~ l o ~ D Yd id n. Friday J s BJ Junhgilosdi iga dekgilosgo7i.
dDYQa1 T f S U B a A T . d 8 P a L B d Dh8L'D b Y 8 P T .
Pn a j ~ ~ l ? ~ ? eJ~ R B adj. deaf j ~ ~ n i ~ l ? ~ ? e ~ h Pa 8 dn R Juwoyeni gvhdi dahlinohehdisgo @& livens yvwi. d V 8 h Ed LC7?daA d h P R 8 B 8 .
He talks to deaf people in sign language. j ~ ~ l i l s d ~ ~ n a P a Li P n. catfish d~ l 8 ju2ni21i1sda2na21i d h P a L 8 P Junilisdanali jusuhdi ulvkwdi.
dhP@lBP d r l 8 W d .
d B 9 d adj
. striped
ju2ni210h14di
dhQ 9 1
Where did you put my striped shirt? ju12s; 3hnv4da JPbDL adv. nightly Julsihnvdas dejalvhwisdaneho?i?
d r b o ~ a waLm T? sc
Do you work nightly? j ~ ~ l v ~ ~ h w i ~ s d a ~ 9 8 e L f hAi n. dna~l worker j ~ ~ n i ~ l v 3sda1ne4hi d h 4 8 a L f l A ~~hwi Iga uniyohisdi junilvhwisdanehi.
T f BhfiAad dh98aLflA.
ju2ni2sv2sdi47i d h R 2 1 T n. hotel, motel Sohneladu isgohitsgwa gahlgwasgo nvhgi ude tiyvsadisv ije junisvsdi unahnesgehv Anijalagi Daligwa na?v?i.
I A W S T 2 R S h X f P X a A DY B S J B t l d R T Y h R 2 d 8 8 A a F 8 DhCWY L P I 8i T
In t e year 1974, the Cherokees built a new motel near Tahlequah. cf: usvhiha, usvvi
R~ n. j ~ ~ s v ~ ~ hdi 9 L d a days Sgohi jusvhida to uwedolv dulvhwisdanehv7i. J A B d R 9 L V 899V9 S 9 8 a L A B T .
+
-
ju2we3nv1sv4?i d990RT
n. his home
I am going to my friend's house. -jv adj .suf. extremely, exceptionally (see Gram. 111, B)
-jv?i adj suf. extremely (see Gram. 111, B) j ~ ~ ~ spron. yourself (see Gram. a 111, B) jv2sgi2no m Z n. hell Jvsgino?is ehi Sedani?
CDZTa 4Lh?
She-bought
sv oar
a ~ 4 BGR a ~ 4 6 m v ~ . b d
What month is vour birthdav? k?%a2ma a$$ n. butterfly Kamama uki?la jahnuwv?i.
a T $ BYW C 4 6 T .
m r e ' s a butterfly on your shirt. k?%a2ma a$$ n. elephant Kamama anehyahtahi dunihyoha.
a T T DAWA sh17.G.
They 're hunting wild elephants. k? 2n? 2.-1 d e ~ ~ aj /i @ s b n. wasp 11 ~ e r Kanajisdeji aninohilidoha doyi.
a f 3 b a S b DhZ9PV.G V d .
Groundhog day is in the month of February. ka23hwi 9 8 n. coffee Uhyvsdi kahwi agilvkwdi.
T h e r e r e wasps flying around outside. kg2ng21u2sga af3MaS v. i. he's ascending an incline ji1n?21u2sga b0 a MS ~'hn~~lu~sv~~?i BfMRT kg2na21u2sgo3?i af3MaAT hi2hn?21u23hi A tMR ~~hn?~lu~h;~sdi BtMRaJ Usegajv uhnalusvvi odalv7i.
B4SC BtMRT dL 4 T .
@Bara
@ j J .
I likeTtrong coffee. k?21i4?i a P T adj. full di2ka21i4?i JaPT Ama kali adlisdi svdoni.
D$ Q P D C ~ R V ~ . J
KL a
JfPaJ LWaAT
He - barely ascended the mountain. k92ng21~~2sgv4?i 90MaET adv. uphill Kanalusgv ulehwisdanelv dagwalela.
W M ~ E B ~ E I ~ LL Ad - W . 4 x
kanegwadiha His car stalled going uphill. cf: kanalusga ka2na231y3?i2sdi 9 8 4 T a J Yv nijvga kanalv?isdi.
B ~ G 9ewaJ. S
saeasc.6 SGTPT .
139
He's rooting - bushes. out cf: kanasdehldi, uhnasdedlvvi k?2na1sdeh123di 9 8 2 S P 1 n. pick di2ka2na1sdeh12 3di J982SPJ Kanasdehldi hinohlv hi?luhjv?i. Bring - pick when you come. a cf: kanasdedliha, uhnasdedlv?i kg2nq2w032ga 9 W S ji1n92w032ga k;)2n?2w032g03?i hi2hn?2w01gi v.i. he's cold
6 WS L?t@GT 9WAT AtVY 9 8 3 P J A D AMGT.
n. anger
Put ae n. g cf: uhnalvga, uhnalvha ka2na231v3sdi2ha 98421.6 v.t. he's making him angry j i l ~ ~ a ~ ~ l v ~ s d i ~ b 8 421.6 ha ~ ~ h n a ~ ~ l v ~ s t ? ~ n 42WD-T i Of v ~ ~ ? kg2na231v3sdi2sgo3?i 984212AT hi1na21v2sda A84@L u2hna231v3sdoh2di B t 4@VJ Nvya gvhdi degvhnihv duhnalvstanv kanai isdei i. 03 EJ s E h a St 42W@ LlBb2Sb. He - angered the wasps by hitting them with rocks. cf: kanalvTisdi, uhnalvga ka2na?2ne23sgi 96/1AY
cf : uhnawasdiha ka2ne3ga 9AS v.i. 1. he's speaking 2. he's answering b AS jilne3ga ~lhne~jv~~vi BACT kg2ne3g03?i 9AAT hi2hne1gi u2hng2sdi Kanegis chiyalinohehdisgv, hlake?
a ~ y aF ~ P Z ~ J ~ CF? I E , BAY @A21
. .
n. spider
Kana?nesgi kaniladewsga.
LlWlZV 9hWSBaS A - spider is making a web.
kg2na32sg?2dv4"i 98RPT n. his toe de2kg3na32sg?2d~4?i S38UPT Usdi kanasa?dv udahyehlalv galuysdi gvhdi.
021
He cf: uhnasgwalo?a
axe.
Did he -- answer when you were speaking to him, or not? kg2ne3gwa2di3ha 9AI1.6 v.t. he's prying it ji1ne3gwg2di 3ha bAI1.6 ~ ' h n e ~ g w ? ~ d v37i v ~ BAIPrlLT ~h ka2ne3gw?2di23~gp3?i 9AIJaAT hi2hne lgwg2da BAIL u2hnelgwa3tdi BAUJ Getilosdi gvhdi uhnegwadvhv uhnihlgv?i.
ka2na32sde2dli3ha 98aSC.6 v.t. he's rootini it out j i l ~ ~ a ~ ~ s d e ~ d l i ~ hb 8 2 ~ c . 6 a ~lhna~~sde~dlv~hv~~?i QtaSP9.T kg2na32sde2dli23sgp3?i 98aSCaAT h12hna1sde23ala At@S& ~~hnalsdehl~~di Bt@SP1 Dekanasdedliha duwa?ihlv?i.
F J Q J l E l BAX6& BhMET.
' e pried the stump with a crowbar.
!~?~neh~gwo~?a Y D v.t . he 's accumu~A lating it, he's increasing it ji'neh2gwo3?a IrAY D ~ ~ h n e h ~ g w o ~ ? vOAYi T ~~?i k?2neh2gwo3sgo3?i 9AYJAT hi2hneh2gwo23 a j BAY C ~ ~ h n e h lsdiw o ~~ 0~Ya-i Uhnehgwovv julvhwisdanhdi usgwayda dadehlohgwasgv?i.
OAYi - d 4 8 a L A l OaXL LSefXaET. He increased his work load when
Amadv ase uwedasdi kanesahla jateyvsga. DrY6" 0 4 0 9 aJ 9AVf CXBaS. 9L. I guess it's heating up because there's foreign matter in the water line. cf: adahlinesahldi, kanesahlvsga kg2ne3sa2hly3sga 3AUPaS v .t. he's contaminating it (with visible foreign matter) ji1ne3sq2hly 3sga IrAVPaS u1hne3sq2hlq3nv3?i BAUfQT kg2ne3sg2hly3sgg3?i 9AUPaAT hi2hne1s32hlv1ga AAUP S u2hne1sahl3di BAUP d Gago uhnesahlane amahldi?i?
SA BAVL'A D n l T ?
he
Enished school. cf: kanehgwoga kg2neh2gwo3ga 9AYS v. i . it 's accumu lating, it's increasing
Udlvgi udihlehvsgv kanehgwoga. The patient's fever - increasing. is cf: kanehgwo?a kg2ne3?12~di3ha 9 A T a l . L v. i. he's mentioning it ji1ne3?i2sdi3ha Irfl TJJ+ ~ l h n e ~ ? i ~ s t ? ~ n v ~ ? i TaWQT @A k?2ne3?i2sdi23~gg3?i 9 A T a l a A T
BPY B l L a a E 9 A Y S .
Who put foreign matter - the well? in cf: kanesahla kg2ne1sg3?i 9AUT n. box d12kg2ne1s?3?i l a f l ~ ~ Hiva dikanesa?i jusihwa .
AD laAUT d b G .
These boxes are empty. kg2ne23~ d a ~ ~ h l ? ~ h v ~ ? L f & 9Aa i n. nest de23k?3ne23sda32h1g2hv4?i S9A@Lf&7 Kanesdahlahv dagalohi jisgwa a7da.
a A a L f a L S G A hax D L . A young bird fell out of -a nest.
&,.
141
. .
She had surgery on -- last May. her knee kg2ni2hlY3sga ahP@S v.t he's collecting from him ji1ni2hly3sga u1hni2hlg3nv37i kg2ni2hly3sgp37i hi1ni2hlv1ga u2hnih12di
IrhP@S @MOT ahP@AT AhP S 8hPJ
Ira 9
DbBf 9 a h k h .
Don't -what happened. tell cf: kanoheda kg2n023hi3ya27a a2930 v.t. he's omitting him, it
what he
What do you kill rats with? k?2n02ge 9 Z F n. 1. arm 2. wing di2ka2n02ge J a Zk Jitaga kano e asdigi7a.
. .
Ase7is hinohiye?i?
D4T@ A D B T ?
~ W a S
he fell.
ka2no2he 23da a Z ? L n. 1. news 2. gospel Kanoheda kanohesgi kanoheda kanoheha. The newscasteristelling the news. Ah1jadohvsgi -kanoheda duhljadohnelv yvwi.
DPCVi(L2Y a Z ? L SPGVA4 B 8 .
Cherokee Baptists eat Passover Supper every three months. cf: kanohiya7a kg2n03ye2ha Z8.G him, it v t . he s fanning
a z ? ~~
Z ~ a zY 3 ~ z 1 . 6 . J a
ji1n03yg2ha b 28.G ~ l h n o ~ y e ~ h v ~ Z 8 di 8~ 7 T
A preacher-ached
142
hi'n~~yv~~la, hi2hno2yv231a
AZBW, AZBW u2hno2yeh3di B ZBd
Gado usdi kanvsulv aya?a udlvgi? Which room is the ~atientin? kg2nv23wi3?a 9O8D v.t. 1. he's curing, doctoring him 2. he's soldering, welding it j b @BD
B0CD.T f V B a d a@K9 030 BPY? -
Do you like to drink sassafras tea? kg2nulgg2hli 9 4 f C n. blackberries Kanugahli agwadesdi agwaduliha.
94fC DXS@d DZSP+. I want to pick blackberries.
aeaL1r
DSO e n a d ?
k+2nu2na
9 48 n. bullfrog
Gahlida gvhdi dayohiha kanuna. He's shooting bullfrogs with arrows. kg2nu3y021?3di3?a 94fiWdD misting v. i. it Is
SC6 Ed LEA+ 9 9 8 . -
A medicine man cured the boy's earache. Julasgi atalesv kanvwiva talugisgi dikanvwisgi.
d W 2 DWd'R 9@8D W M Y a d 9 O B 2 .
A welder is welding a hole in a cast iron pot. cf: didahnvwisgi, nvwot i ~ ? ~ w o ~ h9n i n. April Oh Kawohni tavline, sohneladu isgohitsgwa =sudali aawadehne7i. I was born April second, nineteen hundred forty-six. kg2w021?2de3?a 9OWSD v. i. he's breathing g??2w021?2de3?a S OWSD ~lhwo~l?~de~sv~~?i BBWSRT
--
0 -
a-
-,a --
--
99fiWdaE6' b L b B D .
ji1nv3s021v23sd~3ha b& .3@_I.G u1hnv3s02~v23st~3nv23~i 4@WDT BOI k?2nv3s021v23~di3sgo3?i 6)O.I 9AdaAT hi2hnv1s021v23sda AQI 9216 ~ ~ h n v ~ s o ~ ~ l v ~ s d o h001i ~ d .7@vd Ahnawo gvhdi kanvsolvsdisgo kansdaji aganvvi .
DtV Ed 9 W 4 J d a A 9 8 d L b DSOT.
Na achuja udanvhida udanawstanv iyusdi sdaya kawoladeva. 8 D d C WLD.Ad BL8GJWO TGJJ JL3
~OW$D.
The boy - breathing hard because he is ran a long distance. ka2woZ3nu aV? n. duck Kawonu amayi unilvkwdi. 989 DTZJW h W J . Ducks like the water. kg2yv2s041i aB#p n. his nose
86666'T
Kayvsoli adanegali udihlehgi agalisgv iyusdi . QBIP DLASP OILY DSPJE TGJJ. His nose " -- is ~eelinedue to the hot sun. cf: dekayvsgwoviha kde3ga ESS v.t. he's parting with him (in death) ji2yv'de3ga bBSS uwh1de3jvZ37i 8 6 S C T ESAT kde3g03vi hi2yv'delgi ABSY uwh2de2vi3sdi 86ST.21 Hila iyv jigesv uwhdeje anineli? Hla yagwanhte nehvna gesv'i. A W TB bFR B6SY D M P ? f 3IOX Ale8 FRT. with her? When did her husband part -I didn't know he was not living.
kd1?2di32sg?3?i E U a A T ((M6L hvh2dlf2da ~ w h ~ d l ? ~ d i ~ s d86UJJ i Hvhdlada gotv'i; doyu udihlehga. U L APT; V G BJLS Put out the fire; it's too hot. ---Dajvstv duwhdlavdv anagalisgi. LC3 DBSPaY. The lightning ~ t h lights e out. cf: kdlosga
kdli3ha EC+ v.t. he's sharpening it gv'dli 3ha EC+ ~ w h ' d l v ~ h v ~ ~ vW 6 P 8 T i kdliZ3sgq37i ECaAT hvh2dla Sis hvhdliha galuysdi? b@ K+ SM&J? Are you still sharpening the axe? cf: dikdlvhdi kdlo2sga E6aS v.i. it (fire, light) is going out
kdi3ha EJ+ v.t. hers using it p l d i3ha EJ+ uwh1ta2nv37i 8 6 W O T kdiZ3sgq37i EJJAT 81 hhd v'a uwh2doh3di 86VJ Adolanvsdi gvdisgo yagwedola. DVWOAJ EJaA 33VW. I use a cane when I walk around. --
Dugohnohna ada uwhdlosv gotvvi. SAZt DL 8 6 6 R APT. When the wood burned up, the fire went out. -cf: kdladi'a kdv3vy2sga EPi@S v.t. he's putting it (flexible object) into a fire gv'dv3?y2sga EPiaS uwh'dv 3nv237i 866"OT
kdlg2di3?a E U D
hAA4 J M P L W i a A APT.
His chain broke but -linked - back he it together. cf: atihldi ki21a YW adv. later Kila wigedolv digaduhv?i.
r @ I - ~ JSSS.T. 4
ke21a3di3d01ha I-WJV+ v.i. he's mingling with a group gc?21a2di3d01ha I- WJV+ u1hwc21a2di3d01 1v23?i BdWJV47
. .
I'll eo to town later. ki21a4 YW adv. 1. early in 2. not long ago Kila -usv agihlvhnv usv jigesv?i.
YW OR DYPP OR bI-RT.
. . he21a2di23da . .
ke21a3di3d01h03?i
I- WJVE T
?WJL
-?.
She to - likes - mingle with a lot of people. cf: keli ke41i I-P n. member ?3hnp21i DAP Oginali?i Daligwa dinadaniyisgi unadohlvsv?i keli. My friend - -a member of the ~ a h l e ~ u a h is police force. cf: ateladi?a, keladidoha ke23mi31i I-HP n. camel Diganihlv ganvsga ujeli kemili.
JShP Spa5 BYP I-HI'. dJYBPT L P ~ B L ~ Z BBVPRT I - P . A Y
Y m BLJMb.
We'll get there pretty soon. k121g3gwu i2yv4da Y m TBL adv immediately Ajisonvhna kilagwu iyvda uluhjv aganakti
When he was wounded, a doctor was there immediately. ki2104 YO pron. someone Eligwus kilo yakinohis nigalstanvsgv?
RP2a Y
Q ~ h Dr a w @ a ~ ? s ~
Can someone tell me what's happening? cf: hla kilo k12yu32ga YGS n. chipmunk Inage aneho kiyuga.
TBI- DAfi
Chipmunks live in the woods. kj?2gy3?y2~ga ECEiJS v.t. he's shaking a flexible object
m.
. .
YP JAT BAP S
kuwajunega ji2yv1j?2e3?y2sga,
I y jiyh 1.? 2gy 3 7 2sga
145
bBCEi@S , frBCEi@S
Take the ashes out of the stove. cf: kosduhavi ko1sdu2ha4?i A@S+T adj dusty g2ni2k01sdu2ha4?i, di2k01sdu2ha4?i
DhA@S+T, J&S+T
uwhlja2gv32nv23?i
Q~CEOT
=pants became dusty when he fell. cf: kosdu kto3?a EVD v.i. it (long object) is hanging
---
DASW
The -Spades
f frfrAi ~
- GkMk. AAB
kto3sa2di3?a EVBJD v.t . he's hanging up a long object ga1t03s?2di3?a S VUJD ~ w h l t o ~ s ? ~ d v ~ ~86VUGT ?i k t ~ ~ s ? 32sgo3?i EVUJJAT ~di hg2t01sg2da +VB l uwh2to l~?~dilsdi 8 6 V U J a J Aginohalidolv i?agiluhja akwtosa?dv?i naloewe.
2 my gun.
ZF~AWY - dsb~.
ky2w?3ju3ne2ga JGdflS
146
kv2wa2ya J G 3 n. huckleberries Kuwaya tsgwisdi ganadego'i gogi yinulstana. J G 3 h P @ J S O S A T AY &9P@W8. He sells a lot of huckleberries in the summer. cf: Kuwayo'i
AY
10210 0 n. locust (cicada) 0 Gogi udihlehgi ditvgodi naniwesgv lolo. A B J L Y JPAJ BM@E Q Q . Y You can hear locusts inithe heat of the summer.
Mrte -ohr works at Pryor. cf: kuwaya ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ B Y B wn.oJuly ~ n a J ~ ~ Gado jadvnhdi dejukdi Kuyegwona nvheine'i?
SV "CPAJ S d A J J B Y B QYAT?
n-
What are you planning to do July 4th? k ~ ~ ~ h EC in. raccoon l Kvhli juhyohi gihli aksgohldi.
EC d R A Y C D Y J A P J .
-n-
v.pref. 1. lateral position 2. already 3. reference to previously noted action (see Gram. I. A) v.pref. plural (see Gram. I, B )
Fire!
Bf
D+h D S W h 2 Y S S .
Where did you put those wheels? -na n.,pron.suf. and what about? (see Gram. 11, B)
This farmer ryises peaches and sells them. k ~ a n ~ d g ~ ~ Io ~ f ~+h n. cobra BL i a Sudali ilasihdi iganvhida kwandayoha ojigowahta.
F L P T W b J T S Q A I I B L f i + 65hAGW.
You're not going until then? na1ni3?a 8hD v.i. there are (a number of three or more must be specified) nolji39a ZhD
--------------
ni2g023hi31v4?i, n12g0231~ hR9.1, adv. always hA9 Nigohilv alasgalisgo gogi yigi. Hisgi naniva junilvhwisdanehi.
A2Y - dh98aLAA. 8hD
There are --
five workers.
summer. ni2gvnh3de37a hEQSD v.t. he's taking it off ni2gvnh3de3?a hEQSD n~'wanh~de~sv~~?i QGQSRT nj2gvnh3de3sgo3'?i hEm@AT hn~nh~d?~~i WLY i2F3wanh1de1sdi TCGDS2-l Hnvnhdagi waji si amayi winijadetinvna.
W C Y Gb b DT?3 8hCSJQ8.
a s .
-nevi adj . suf. ordinal (see Gram. 111, B1 neZ3wt3da AGL n. hominy Hiktahas newada johlvhdi?
A S W . G ~- KPI? AGL
Do you know how to make hominy? ni h interj . look Ni! Gago jidaya?i?
h IrLJT? -! S A Who's that Look!
Takeyour watch -before you dive off into the water. cf: nigvnhdiha, nuwanhdi niZgvnh3di3ha hECfl+ v.t. he's putting it'on
coming?
ni-
see n-
Daksi nuwanhtanv galohisdivi. He - put a lock on the door. cf: nigvnhdeTa, nuwanhdi ni2hi hA pron. you Nihi -sdahlinohehdi uduliha. h~ - a ~ c z 3 1@ s f + . He wants to talk to you. ni2kv47i hET adv. all over, everywhere Nikv -uwehisdanelidoha adiha.
h~ - od,gacAPv+ DI+. hE - 8dVP L@I 8 T I I Y b 4GWQ SQAadT.
hni 3wi
h8
scwa c ~ b 4W R T ?
Y
- meowing.
148
nogwu
9 C 3 Y R Afi44T.
Tell him to come - quickly as as ~ossible. cf: uhlisda nu41a Nula, interj . hurry daginigohniyojis.
go now.
no23gwy31e 238 conj. and then Yaniluhgigwu sunale nogwule nuniluhjvnagwu yigi.
3hM.KJ
4 1 , LYhAhfiba.
They might come tomorrow -- they and then might not. noh2ji Zh. n. pine Juhyahtena danohlvhdisgo7i nohji.
d 3 6 8 L ZPJaAT Zb
re8 238
4hMC-
LV.
Hurry, or we'll be late. cf: ayanuli nu231a ?W interj come here Nula. - Gohusd gvnohisehdi agwaduli.
4W. AT21 E D 4 1 DISP.
They make lumberout of pine. nQ2kwsi ZVb n. star Tsgwisdi nokwsi anika7la kohi usv7i. h P @ l -D h a W AA B R T . ZPb There are a lot of stars out tonight. n ~ ~ no2yi , 2 3 , ZJ5 ~ a n. sand Degalanvdv yidunesdalada noya anilageydvsgo7i nvnohi junilvhmanehi
S S W W J5SAaLWL 2 3 DhWF36"aAT OZA dh48@LflA.
~Tme here. -- I want to tell you something. n ~ ~ 4 9 nn. potato ~ a Ta7lsgohi iyuhliloda igvndena duhwisa nuna -
He has twenty acres of potatoes planted. nu1wanh3di ?GO1 v.i. he has something on (objects) na gwvnh3di nu1wanh3dv2 37i nu1wanh3d037i ni2jvnh3de3sdi
8& 01
4GWT 4GDVT hCDS@J
When the streets freeze over, the road maintenance crews dump sand on them. nu23dg31e47i 4 L 8 T adj different Wili nudale dagwalela uha.
81) 4 L 8 L I 8 W 0 % .
willyhas a different car. cf : judal ehnvda nu2danh3tv4na 4 L W 8 adj insane, without a mind Doyu nijadanhtvna.
VG hCL W e .
What do you have on your arm? --cf: nigvnhde?a, nigvnhdiha ~ u ~ ?a ~ New York ~ ~ n. a ~ Hila iyv tesi Nuyagi?
AW TB Xb
- -
When are youToing to -New York? nv2da DL n. sun, moon I a ehi L - - nvda ugodi utana sihnv svnoyi ehi nvda gesvvi. -TS R9 DL B A l OW8 b O RZJ3 R9 0 1
?a?
You are --really crazy. n ~ l h l i ~ ~ s d v ~4vC X T a d ~ . quickly i as as possible Nuhlisdv jesv hiyoselvvi.
F TTT
-- -
nvyohi he - is bigger than the sun moon. cf: ehi, iga, nvdohi, svnoyi n. November Nvdadegwa ka?lv adalenisgo uhyvdlvvi.
O L S I a 4 D L 8 l d A BBPT. QLSI
149
I t t a r t s getting cold in the month of November. nv2da di2SF 3sdi DL 1 4 2 1 dar Hadlv nvda disesdi? Where is - calendar? a cf: disesdi, nvda ~ v ~ ~ 0LY ~ ~ i d a n. Texas Nvdagi wagwedolv to?i gedohv igohida.
QLY GJV9 VT j V 8 TRAL. -.
+P ~ _ ~ 6 4 a ~ ?
QZ9 - DBC
DT Y G T .
n. calen-
083 DISP+.
nv2d04hi OVA adv. on the moon, sun Johiyuhas nvdohi uwedolv gesv yvwi?
K Q G ~ G ~ 0 8 ~ 9I - R B @ ? 0v.0
n ~ ~ w o ~g2da3h$2hi 083 DLAA ~ t i n. poisonous liquid medicine (not to be swallowed) Hlesdi jihaditahi na nvwoti adahihi.
L a 1 I~+AVA e 082 D L A A .
Do you believe that man has been on the moon? -cf: nvda n ~ h ~ ~ adj . four OY i Nvh i iyuhliloda adanawsdisgo nidugiAsvTi.
0 Y TGCGL DLBB212A hSYChRT.
Don't drink that r u m & alcohol. cf: adahihi, nvwoti nvlya 03 n. rock Digagedi gesv disaladodi nvya kilo nosdelisgvna yigi.
d S j 1 j R JUWVJ 03 Y Q 2@SP@EB
%i
The rocks were too heavy to lift if no o 5 l p e d . cf: nvyohi nvlya ?2tv2~a1nv4?i n. brick
03 DPL0T
&'.
n ~ h ~ ~ i ~0YAT ~ adji fourth n e ~ . Kuyegwona nvh ine to?i anedoho igada junilvhwisdane r + i.
JBVB QYA VT DAVj TSL d h 4 8 2 L f l A . -
Some workers have a day off on the fourth of July. cf: nvhgi ~ v h ~ ~ i1 ~ 2n a ~ y A TS ? ~e 0 ThursdayNvhgine Iga ihedolv?i.
0 Y A TS T?V9T.
ditvdanvTi ahnekstanv adanelv ganela. He lives in a house made of bricks. nv 1 4hi @fiA adj., rocky yo Nv ohi Odalv dudovv ganela.
A T h IL9 S V i SAW.
--
n.
--
- i , nvya
0-
B)
-0-
01dg21v4?i
d L 3 T n . mountain V L 4T
-o?i 04sda
do1dg21v47i
Hi's hawiya osda a g i s d i . AD +@3 - T a J . ha 6 T h i s meat i s good t o e a t . Osd - gawoni. bL1 21. -fe'h. He s p e a k s w e l l . -
a m n .
Oklahoma means "red man" i n t h e Choctaw language. oZgg2na A S 8 n . groundhog N a s g a y a ogana d a s a d v ? v s g o ? i . a 8 D a S 3 - Lt16i@AT. bS8 That man t r a p s groundhogs. 0 2 g i 2 n v 2 3 s a bYObr pron. 1. o u r s e l v e s (he and I ) 2 . one a n o t h e r , each o t h e r ( s e e Gram. 111, A) oZgv23a h E t l pron. 1. o u r s e l v e s ( t h e y and I ) 2 . one a n o t h e r , each o t h e r ( s e e Gram. 111, A) 0 2 h l a hC n . soap
cf:
kanoheda, osda
0 2 s i 3 6 b adv. f a i r l y w e l l Osi nagwadvhnadega. -B X 6 t S f . bb - doing f a i r l y well. I am cf: osda 0 3 s i h b n. stove osi? Hadlv d a j i k a h n i h i 7 a .GP Lhah A D d b ? Where s h a l l 1 s e t t h i s s t o v e ? 03si ?2da2sdayh1di47i b b D L 2 L B I T n . cook s t o v e , r a n g e
Na o h l a agvsgwosdohdi e s k v s i .
-ohn02hni
v. s u f . completive (see G r a m . I ,
c1
6 h adv. a f t e r
151
03si ?2ga2n62w02hi2sdi4?i h b
DS 8e'AAJT
Osi -.aganawohisdi sga
s ? 2 1 i 3 g u 3 g i BPJY
-~
n . snapping t u r t l e
~~
cf:
S a l i g u g i j i y e s v v d a l i gasuhvsgv'i. BPJ.Y b 8 R --i L-P fC&@ET. -. . ~ . -hookeda snapping t u r t l e while I was f i s h i n g a t t h e pond. s a 2 1 0 2 3 1 i tlGP n. s q u i r r e l
02si23gwu h b 2 adv. a l l r i g h t , j u s t
Osigwus j a d a n h t a ? fib32 C L W ? G u f e e l -r i g h t ? all cf:
02si3 ( f a i r l y well)
o 2 s;. 3yo,
si3yo hello
bSbfi, b f i
Juganowv nanadvnhdisgo -g o l a sasa yinulstana. d s 26 e e r e ~ a ~ AW ~ ~ a w e . Geese head s o u t h when i t t u r n s w i n t e r ~ d a ~ ~ a , a ~ ~ i@ L A ~ d @La, adv. h a r d , d i f f i c u l t Hi?a nvva A sdava. AD 02 @La. This rock i s hard. Sdaya dulvhwisdane . @LaS 4 8 2 L A . He's working hard. a d j .,
Osiyo. T o h i j u ? d3bfi. IiAd? H e l l o . Are you w e l l ? ?2wa23sa bSGtl pron. o n e s e l f ( s e e Gram. 111, A)
S
~ ? ~ d v ~ d i n. t r a p tl6"J di2q2dv3di
ltl6"l
@SAL n . r o p e
Sdeyida gohlvnhtanv adanesoladehdi unohlvha. @SAL APWO D l A I W S l 0ZP.G. They have a swing made o f rope. cf: -sdi asdeyoha v . s u f . i n s t r u m e n t a l ( s e e Gram. I , D)
salgwu4 tl2
@l L ~ d i ~ ~ k i ~ Yd a a d v . a l i t t l e
152
sdudi Na digalogisgi selu anhtasgisgi dahwisga. That farmer is planting some popcorn. cf: atasgi'a, selu n. cornmeal i2sa 4M TU Selu isa -- ganhdv ujewasdohtanv7i. He accidentally spilled a sack of corn meal. -cf: isa, selu u2da 4 ~ 81, n. corncob ju2da 4M JL Selu juda --jukahyoda dagohvsdiha.
4M JL Jail6 LA&JsG. 4 M - S Dd" 87GaVWOT. - TU 8 l f O ~ 2 . Y4M - DBW2.Ya.Y 1 8 2 s . -
Closethegate when the cows go by. cf: asduhvsga sdv2?i3sdi @ST@J n. key di2sdv2?i 3sdi 1JSTa1 Sdu'isdi galohisdi asdu7isdohdi.
asTa1 S O A ~ J ~ S T ~ V I . D
s ~ n Ds~ G IOT . .
~ d v ~ ~3~ s a pron. 1. yourselves (you two) 2. one another, each other (see Gram. 111, A) ~ e ~ ~ d4 L h ~ n i ~ n. Satan Sedani dijadlosv nigesvna yigi kohi iga, eligwu ijulaha yisda'i.
4Lh R9 T S , RPa - J W R h f R 8 ~3' TJWsG a 6 T .
~e's-6urning some dry corncobs. sgi3dv4, v1sgi3dv4 D G , i a Y 6 interj . yes, that Is it sgo23hi @R9 adj, ten Sgohi iyuwahnilv nidulsihnisv gagatosdisgo kanoheda adayvlatvsgi agihv?i.
If you haven't been confronted by Satan today, it's possible you two are walking in the same direction. ~ e ~ ~ 1 n. walnut 4 d i Igada disehisdi -ada digohlvhtanv sedi gs' . eoi
TSZ i 4 A @ 1 4 1 D L IAPWO f I . T .
am - T G G ~ Sh s r b h n s s v a J a A
D 6 B WGJY DYBT
I watch the news at - o'clock ten each night on my television set. cf: sgohine?i
az?L
Some dresserrare made of walnut. se231a3gwo2ya 4 w 3 n. green snake Selagwoya sdayi agowhtvhdi ganulvs' . vi
4 W 3 @ L A DAGGI S 9 4 R T .
acral
GS ~ l r
It's difficult to see - green snake a in the grass. seZ31u 4M n. corn Hila iga selu dehatvhisda kohi gogi?
AW TS ~ M T W A AAL A ? ~ Y
. one hundred
Dlv sgohitsgwa nani?v yvwi. P 2AAlrX 8 h i B 8 . There were about a hundred people. sgwa1hle4sdi, sgwa1tle4sdi @ E L @ I , @EL21 n. ball
anh2tG2sgi1sgi 4M D 8 W J Y 0 U n. popcorn
153
I hear katydids.
si23gwu 6 3 adv. again, more Svhi aktvganv sigwu digawonisisv kohi iga.
~ h f i c X L J J J ~ A G JQ ~ S P G . J
The children want to play ball. cf: asgwahleva sgwaZ3ni3 e1sdv4?i @ X h Y X T n. New j tiexico Sgwanijesdv wuwedolv to3i edohv igohida.
@ I h Y X JOV4 V T RVd TAAL.
~
+-
--
to speak again today. Si wu agwaduli ama. 3 DISP Dr. 1want more water. -
He went to -Mexico while on his New vacation. cf: Anisgwanivi, ije?i sgwe2hnv4?i @ m T n. fist di2sgwe2hnv4?i J X O T Dis wehnv gvhdi unahlilv anichuja.
weigh?
s g w 3 , vlsgwu3 a , ia adv. also Kohi iga dagilvhwisdaneha, sunalehnv vs wu dodvgilvhwisdaneli. s L Y ~ B ~ L r~e G 0, ia f VVY ~ ~ Q L A P .
A new car is better than an old one. si2nv4da bOL adv. one month Sinvda unihi3lidolv gahljode anahnesgesgv'i . They took -- in building the one month house . -sisi v.suf. duplicative (see Gram. I, c skq2ni @Ah n. opposite side (of a body of water) Skoni digadoga disuhvsga. He's standing on the other side fishing . skq2niZ3~ @AhJ5, adv. overseas i Skoniyis wijedasdi nulstane aniyosgi chiya?v?i?
@ ~ h &@YL@J 4PaWA Dhfi2.W b 3 i T ? @Ah - JSVS JrBJS bOL -O'lAPV4 SPKS D8A@F@ET.
I am working today, and I will work tomorrow also. -si si b v.suf. or else (see Grau,. I, D) interj. wait
si b adv. yet, still Hlas si yiga31uhga? I b3S M S ? ? , ' isn't he back L vet? cf: hlasi si4ga bS adv. one day wuwedolv udo juwenvsv3i.
--
*.
Sogwili danatohgiyasdiha.
154
. .
su23dg31i c?LP adj. six Sudali iyuwahnilv sunale didla uye?isdisgo?i waii.
Gh.
The alarm clock wakes him up at six o'clock in the morning. su2da21i2ne4?i c?L P A T adj . sixth Sudaline so?i jika?lv gvwedolvTi.
i"l;M h a 9 r n V 4 T .
in the fall.
He hasn't been here since the sixth of last month. . cf: sudali
~~~
I h a v e to see the doctor tomorrow at nine -o'clock. cf: sohneline9i so3hne21i2ne4?i I A P A T adj . ninth Sohnelinevis yijalsdohdi jaduliha?
I A P A T 2 A C P a V l CSP+?
Do you want to be the ninth? cf: sohnela sq37i I T adj. 1. another 2. an additional one (singular form) di23s?2?i lt T So?i -dikanvsulv wayvha.
I T - l a o r 9 GB+.
63 I
After she made the dough, she put it in the oven. suh3di
el
pole
n. 1. fishhook 2. flshing
T X .E ~
- LISP+. lrl
su2d?21e4gi r L & Y
155
a~
S C
cry. cf: asvga sv2hi R adv. yesterday 9 Hadlv hedohe svhi j igesv?i?
+P ?V? RA
c m
Where were you yesterday? sv2hi sy2na31e4?i adv. yesterday morning Svhi sunale jigesv hlega agwedolv7i.
The buzzards are eating something dead. sv2na31e4?i, si2na31e4?i C W T , b86T adv . toiorrow Sunale tavli yuwahnilv jigesesdi dasvsdi digadlohisdi?i.
C 6 6 W P GGh? I r f 4 2 J Ln@J JSefAaJT.
-8 6 RA C
IrfR LS DJV?T.
r c a i m over for a while yesterday morning. sv2hi sv2hi2ye4yi RA RA8A adv. yesterday evening Svhi svhiyeyi aksgwadv kanesga dejisdayhdisgvvi
R9 R 9 - - 8 j DYaX6" aA@S SIraLBJaET.
=meeting is scheduled for tomorrow at two o'clock. sv2na31e4?i di3dla CBrCT J d toward morning (a .m .) Sunale didla hi?luhjv?i.
red J~ -- AMCT.
adv.
adv .
su2na31e4?i sv2hi2ye4yi C86T R98A adv . tomorrow evening Sunale svhiyeyi igvgo?v?i.
C 8 6 RO8A T A i T . - - YOUEtomorrow 1'11 see
He mows the grass -- evening. in the ~ v ~ ~ k RSW n. apple t a Svkta duhwasv digaduhv3i.
RSW - SGR J S S a T .
He bought some apples in town. sv 2ng2do23da2gwa1sdi R6VLXaJ n. one week Svnadodagwasdi hla gohida yigeso?i.
RBVLXJJ C . ABL A f + T .
The barrel filled up with rainwater when it rained. svlgi W n. onion Svgi yidunegalvha udloysdisgo3i.
W - ASAS
9.6 BnfJ5;3JJAT.
One week -- is not long. sv2n023yi RZA a d ~ . midnight at Svnoyi ayehli daganela?di. At - midnight I will leave.
RZA - D8C LSAWJ.
cf :
anisvnoyi
n. basket
I\V,LlC
Gado usdi dehohlvhdisgo taluja? ta?31i wp adj. two Ta?li idilasulo duhwahi.
W P TIWrG SGA. E bought -pairs of shoes two
SV 821 S I P d J A \Y'.WG? -
nw
How many tomatoes do you want? t+2w023di WVJ n. hawk Ketv uki7la tawodi. kf' BYW W V J . A hawk i s x t t i n g on a post. -teh2ga 5.S n. toad Vdaluhldi tsgwisdi yidvgohwahta tehga.
ilMPJ hP2J m A G W X S
wrc SCSP+? -
B DXSn&Y.
n. Tuesday
Dodajalvhwisdanelis Ta71ine Iga? Are you going to work on Tuesday? cf: ta?line?i, i2ga (day) t?21u2gi'sgi \VMYZ n. 1. can 2. metal 3. steel 4. tin Dahyasladisgo talugisgi yagohila ama yidadlisdi.
L&o%J@A W M Y Z 3 U W V l C q B 2 l A P @ WPA TS? --
You can see a lot oftoads by a pond. ti2na 2 9 n. louse Yvwi nanalsdulesgvna yigi -gvwatina nilvno7i B B ~ B P @ S ~ ~rn B E ne E G ~ ~ A T . If people don't washtheir hair, they get lice.
Cans -get rusty if water is left in them too long. cf: atalugi7a
D r
dLC@J.
afiw
sh3 S ~ Y .
J~OBJY
Talugisgis dikanvuisgi disdadahnvhli? C b ,\lYo;)Y2 6 3 0 8.2.Y .I 2 I I D '; Is your b m - welder? a cf: kanvwi?a, talugisgi
7. qLIGT2 , G A i P ST?
Have you ever seen - an eel? to1hi4 1':J adj. well (health) Tohi rrigesvna gesv g~yat\~ganu. 1.1 hFICO FR 1,Ai3@.
\\ J1Y32,1. LIZH' I
n . 1. solder
rheard that you weren't well. t~~hi'~l<u I adv, just fine Tohigliu a y v , nihina?
V.6.d Ill3
2. welding rod
h..) OC
udageyuha to4?i VT adv. motionless To nijadvga duwosela, ehlawe nunalstaTuleji nidagvnhdapelv junidlvgi?.
S$b hLEOLR.1 J h P Y T .
157
She had her tonsils taken out at the hospital. tv2sdi S a d n. boil (sore) Nvwoti ganvliye?a tusdi udla?v?i.
m 3
still, they
t ~ l j u ~ ~ h V J G n. redbird wa Tojuhwa usdika sihnv na dlayhga gesv?i. The redbird is smaller than the bluejay. t 0 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ t VWbS sga n. grasshopper Gogi tsgwisdi digowhtvhdi tolatsga. In the summer you can see a lot of grasshoppers. tsgi21i
~ Y P n. ghost
VLG -B @ J 9 bO 9 d B f f R T .
He's putting medicine on his boil. tu23ya S 3 n. beans Gado unsdi tu a hi?a?
svrs D sar
sv
oead s D &?
What k i n d f beans are these? tvh2ga 6 s n. housefly Hisduhvga galohisdiTi, tvhga dehiyhdiha. A ~ S & SGA@ITJ - SABI+. 6s Close the door, you're letting the flies in.
Kx+a
D ~ L - Y P Dna?
u-
Ni!
h!
~ ' d a ~ d o ~ ~ l i ~@LVP@I v,i. he's ~sdi praying a ' g ~ ? ~ d a ~ d o32sdi i ~~l DXL VPaI ~ ' d a ~ d o ~ ~ l i ~ ~ s d L V P X? i Bv ~ ~ T ~ ' d a ~ d o ~ ~ l i ~ ~ s d BLVPaVT o~?i jg2da2d0231i 32sde3sdi CL VPaS@d u2da2d021i'sdoh3di 0LVPJVI Udadolisdohdi ajitayoselv?i.
BLVP@VI DbWfi4qT.
a Look! There's - bug on the bush tsgwq21e3gwq21a b X $ X W n. whippoorwill Tsgwalegwala nigawesgv gatvgisgo julsihnvda adanelv na?v?i.
b I d X W hSS9JE S P Y J A JPbQL D1A.l 9 i T .
+
adj . a lot, many
QLFG+
v.i. he loves
S h e a l k s - - when she feels well. a lot Tsgwisdi aniyonega gajigowhtiha. I see many white men.
bP2d - DhfiAS SbAGJb.
t ~ ~ l e ~~~l h . i tonsils f j n.
cf :
~ ~ d a ~ h n i ~ ~ lBaL hWf T ~ n.iordained ~ g e ~ miniiter Hla yagwanhte udahnilage gesvvi. C 3x0'6 B l h W f f R T . I didn't know he was - ordained an minister. ~ ~ d a ~ h n i ~ ~ l ? O h Le ~ T i n. oldest ~ g Wf ? member of family Gado usdi jigi udahnilage?i?
SV 5 A J hY B l h W f T ?
sv
cb
o~eh?
What did the --give you? store owner ~ ' d ~ ~ n e ~ g B1AAG.G hv.i. it 's o ~ ~ ~ a wrinkled a l g ~ ? ~ d ? ~ n e ~ g o ~DX1AAG.G ~~ha
8lAAGRT
~ld?~ne~go~yu~so~?i 8 LAAGtT j?2d?2ne3g02yu3se3sdi ClAAG42J Na agayvlige unegaylv udanegoyuha. 8 D S B P f BAS9 B1AAG.G. The old woman's skin is wrinkled. ~ ' d ? ~ n e ~ h v ~BLAJJT n. puddle ?i du1da2ne2hv4?i
SLAJJT
adj. reckless
He's r
a reckless boy.
n. his heart
Udanhdo ulehwisdanelv?i.
~ ~ B A L A ~ T . His heart -- stopped on him.
. .
is mv cousin.
alg~?~danh~ta u1danh2to37i
ja2danh2te3sdi
~ l d a n h ~ t v ~ ~ ? i 0; LQPT
udehohisdi
I
159
u2danhqti BLDJ adj ., adv. 1. friendly ?. gentle 3. pleasant u2ng2danh4ti 88LO-d Udoyu udanhti ahlinohedodi.
BVG B=Z?VJ.
SLGdaET
m a tamed raccoon. cf: udanhti u2dg2nv2gg21v4da BLDS 4L adj . clean ju2n?2dg2nv2ga21v4da, j ~ * d ? ~ n v ~ g + ~ lv4da JBLDS 4 L , dLDS 4L Nigohilv udanvgalvda nuwahno uyvsdi?i. ~
hAO4 BLOS4L 4GZ Q B d d T .
Gohusdi udayvlata duwa?ihlv?i. something is in view in the bushes. --cf: adayvlatvsgi ' d e ~ BSS v.t. 1. he's throwing it ~a 2. he's pitching (ball) a1gw?2de3ga DXSS u1di23nv32sv23?i BJORT
M a d BLBWW SGTPT.
He always keeps his room clean. cf: ganvgaliha ~ ~ d ? ~ n v ~ h i ~ d a n. a long OLOAL distance Udanvhida eladi uhnigisv?i.
~LDAL RWI BhYRT.
ne walked a long W J . cf: ganvhida u1da2nv2hnv4?i @LOOT n. row du1da2nv2hnv4?i S L W T Nuna dudanvhnv ayehli a?i.
St3
Sunale udli wijadesv na uyo gahldvvi. eecr BC scsn e sfi s r r ~ Tomorrow throw the trash away. cf: udegi
DBC D Y .
w
He's walkinn between two rows of potatoes. ~ ~ d a ~ s d v ~ ~ d i ~ ~ s d i n, punish@'L@6"1@1 ment Udasdvdisdi gesv wahli7ilohiha yidvyosdi dikanowadvsdi B L x J a d F R GCTQA+ m ~ a d zGra1. .ia Breaking the law leads to punishment. cf: usdvdi?a
u 2de4gi BSY n. pitcher (ball) u2n?2de4gi O BSY Hila nani?a unadegi dejikaha?
AW B ~ BeSY 3 D ~ ~ 7
How many pitchers do you all have? cf: udega ~ ~ d e ~ h o ~ ~ h BSIIAaI i n. embarrassi~sd ment Udehohisdi gohlvsga jinadvneha.
BSIIA2.i APaS b WA.6.
160
udehosati
Doyu udihlehga kohi iga. VG O I L S AA T S . It's -really hot today. cf: udihlehvsga
u1di2hle3hv3sga B d L m S i fiver
v.i. he has
n. ditch Eligwus yiksdela udelisgalvhv galesv dagwalela? Can you help me get my car out of a ditch? u1de2ti2yi3ha 0SL'JS.I. v.i. he's having 'a Girthday a1gw?2de2ti2y13ha DXSJJ5.G ~lde~ti~yv~hv~~?i BSL'B8T
RPaJ ZGiYJSW BSPaS 4 8 S 8 R LXYW?
oc .
Hadlv udisgahla?
.GP B J J S E ?
Today my brother - having -is a birthday. cf : ijudet iyvda, sudetiyvda ~ ~ d i ~ ~ w ? ~ l v ~ BJZ4.9~31 ~ n. a de~y~ d bolt, screw j ~ ~ d i ~ g w ~ ~ l v ~J J I 4 S ~ 3~ i ~ d a d e J 1 Tisdayida na judigwalvdeyida.
3 2 1 A1 8 6 J I 4 S J 3 1
Tighten those bolts. u1di2hleh3ga B J L S v.i. it's hot Nvwoti ugisa, gajanuli udiwsv?i. MU B Y U , 5641) 0 1 8 R T . When he got some medicine, - got he well -fast.
0 J B 1.6'7
n. his
navel
His shirt was so small -- was his navel showing. v.i. there's an
~~dlalsi~~t\r~?eh~di O.Ab5"RJ Jadlasitv7ehas e l i g w yigvgwad~nhdi gesv'fi? Co%bPR+Z RPG, hEdV.qJ j RT? Don't ou believe I can do it? Y cf: udlasitvvehi ~ ~ d l a ' s i ~ ~ t ~ ~B? e P Rh i hb ~ Q believer n. non-
@8o%bPRQ
AW 8hD 806% v
u1dle3ga QLS v.i. he's taking revenge Dihnawo junohlvhdi udlanvda digalvhwisdanhdivi. algwa2dle3ga DXLS ~'dle~jv~~?i QLCT ~ l d l e ~ ~ o 8 L ATi ~ ~ j?2dle1gi CLJ' u2dle2?i 3sdi BLT@l Udlejv ajilonu7ehla. He took -- revenge when he was cf: adlecheha ;l 'i d QC adv. away from Udli hwilohi.
ltv
6 Z P d O&L
1 5 4QJLAl7..
There is a job opening at the clothing -manufacturers. cf: udlanvdaydeha ~'dla~nv~d??~d~~ha @&LS.G has time
v. i. he
cheated.
So?i kalesdi agwadlanvda7dehesdi wigvwahtvhidasdi?i t f W J J D X ~ ~ O L S ? JQ E G ~ L J J T . I I'll have time to come to visit you --next month. cf: udlanvda
~ldli~??~da OCDL v.i. he's wearing an earring ~ l d l i ~ ? ? ~ d v ~ ~BCDPT ?i ~ ' d l i ~ ? ? ~ d o ~ ? i WCDVT j?2dli37?2de3sdi
CCDSAJ
Adela dalonige digohlvhtanv didli?ado dudli?ada. DSW L G h I . IAPWD- JCDIJ SCDL. She's wearing earrings made of gold. cf: adli?ado
-
162
udlonasdi
8 D 2 f 3 B P V J BY.?+ T .
~ ~ d l o ~ ~ n a l s d 8 @ 6 n. hypocrite @di %a1sdi O.8d826 Gago yigohiyhda udlonasdi gesv7i? Who would admit that he's - hypocrite? a cf: galonasdiha u2dlo1si2nv23da BPfb0L n. dewberries Udlosinvd jig kanugahl uhloyige7isdi.
B d b 0 1 k Y 9 4 S C BdAF T J d .
That man acts sophisticated. u2do BV n. 1. his sister 2. her brother Udo -uhwahtvhidoha svnadodagwasdi igohida . O.V ~ G G A V +~ e v c x a U G T Her brother is visiting her for one -
S A JSAAGL 0 6 8 0 3 6 FRT?
week.
his foot.
Udodagwada ganohalidoho yunohalena. ~ l d l v ~ ~ fa v.i. he's sick @p He hunts --when he goes huntin) all day cf: udodagwidisv7i
DO
k F R DYPE D 4 0 f i b 3 T Y A A T f .
I was --- sick yesterday, but I'm all right today. cf : junidlvgi?i, udlvgi
u2 (n?2)do23d?3gwi2de4na
n. Saturday
n. ~ ' d l v ~ ~ i p y patient, sick person ~ Hila iyani?i junidlvgi aniya7a ahani junidlvgi?i?
AW T 3 h T d M Y Dh3D D+h d h P Y T ?
T B L . G 88VLtP.98 LY?B@LAB T .
Sometimes I work on Saturday. cf: Dodagwidena ~ ' d o ~ ~ d ? ~ ~ w i ~ d i ~ V L P~ R Ti Bsv J? adv. during the day Dlv udodagwidisv dagavluhji.
P B V l V J R LSMk.
How many patients are in this hospital? cf : junidlvgi?i, udlvga u2dlv4kwdi B p V d adj
sophisticated
Uganawa Monday
-
163
Udawesolvsdohdi uduliha.
0 L&+ .?21Jl 8SP.G.
Unadodagwohnv dvnalenvhi danadehlohgwasgv?i. @8V LY@ 6"8$0~3 b 8 S d E J E T . They're going to start school Monday cf: Dodagwohnv?i
He wants --
to rest. v. i. he's
u1dv2nv3?i2sdi 8 6 ? 0 T @ l wiiling
O-
cf: dohiyu, doyu u2du1du 8 . y ~n. his grandfather (materna 1) Ududu kanohehlvsgv utvdasdi achuja. Theboy is listening to his grandfather tell stories. cf: unisi
lg,
TB
8607'@V B L@SqJT.
@ S S 3 Z ? P @ E BGL@J DdC.
He's -willing to help anytime. cf: advnv?isdiha, udvnv?istanv?i u2g? 2lo23ga 8 f G f j ~ ~ ~ n. leaf o ~ ~ ~ a
~~ S ~ S 1 G
u1du3ha 0S.G v.i. he's standing in liquid. algwa2du3ha DIS& ~ l d u ~ s v ~ ~ ? iR7 BS u1du3s03?i jg2du3se3sdi
0S.I. T
Uligohvsdi iyv jugaloga judalehnvda iulisuhwida nidodagalstani. In the fall the leaves will turn into different colors. uZ3gg3ma @ S T n. soup Gado usdi ugama jaduliha? f V @,1J O ' f K CSP+? What k i n d o f soup do you want? u2gg2na4sda BSQ@L adj . sweet u2niZgg2na4sda B h f e@L Doyu uniganasda hi?a aniwsvgi.
VG B h S Q @ L AD DhGRY.
. .
CS42-l
00%
-.
It sure got warm today, didn't it? cf: aganawhdiha, aganawosga, juganawv?i, uganawosga uZga23n?2wa 8 5 8G n. Democrat
asec - ~ S P J LALI
T S , va?
C;.Y W
Q.Y.1-1
161
Is the candidate who is speaking a Democrat? u 1g a2 g 2wo 2sga p f m ; f n v.i. 1. he's becoming warm 2. he's warming himself
n. possessive
BhkGtT
Udohiyu ugeyuhna na asgaya. That man is really stingy. cf: udageyuha ~ ~ g i ' d ? ~ h l 8YLC i n. feather
Osi na?v uwohla uganawosga. bb 8i 8 V f 8 5 8 V a f . He's sittingby the stove warming himself. cf: aganawosga, u2ga23n?2wa (warm) ~ l g a n h ~ d ? ? ~ d v @?~i@ L P T n. page ~ Ta?li:le uganhdavdv gohwela kanogisdi.
WPA Q S O - L PM W a z Y a .
zijvda
% kila wagi?luhjv?i.
DYCL TB YW GYMCT.
I d n F get there until the next morning. u2gi2tsde4yi Q y h S A n. dawn Ugitsdeyi adidisgo julvhwisdanhdi yigi.
8 Y h S A DJJ@A d 9 8 2 L A J AY.
page.
He gets up at -when he has to dawn work. ~ l g o ~ ~ BAA adv. more di Gado usdi ugodi jalvkwdi? Which one do you like more? ~ ~ ~ g o ' BAJ di adj . much, a lot of
f V 8 @ J -C W J ? 8AJ
u1ge2yu3ha 8kG.G v.t. 1. he's possessive of her, it 2. he loves her ji2ge2yu3?a, a1gi2ge2F3ha
hFGD, DYkG.G u1ge2yu3sv2 3?i BkGRT
8AdBD.J
Ugeyuha waji hlale kilo yvgvtolsda.
8kG.G Gh LcC YG B EVP@L
S BS AT.
uhawosdiha j?2g02hni2yo'gi C 'lhfiY u2g02hni23y03sdi B A h f i 2 - l Gohidis ihiktiyesdi jenvsdi dajagohniyoji. T , ~ S J Y O , ~ I JI C A ~ A ~ . ~ ~ J I f you wait too long to go, you'll be late. ulgo2sga O A z s v.i. 1. it's decaying 2. it's spoiling alg?2go2sga DY 42 s u l g 0 ~ s v ~ ~ 7 i o A?,T u1g02sgo37i OA2AT
165
Does the Chief know you? u23ha O i , v.i. he has a solid object
a,eo
Ada uweti ugosga. The old wood - decaying. is cf: ugosida ~ ~ g o ~ ~ s i ~ d adj rotten O.4bL a u2na2g023s12da B 8 A b L Gohusdi ugosida agiwsvga. ArJJ 8 A b l DYGRS . 1 s m e l G m e t h i n g rotten. cf: ugosga u2gu1ku @ J J n , hoot owl u2ni2gu1ku O h J J Igada udalehi anelisgo s u- yinigawe7a ku adanelv na7v7i. Some people think it is a bad omen to hear --- owl close to a building. a hoot ~ ~ g v ~ ~ h ? 0 E K i adj . part ~hl u2nq2gv23ha2hli O 8E+C Jalagis ugvhahli nz asgaya? C;i+Y;; P E K 8 D L S k ? Is that man part Cherokee? adv. instead Adela ugvwiyu dagwaduliha.
0,LBG C DSM' OE8C L I S P 4
s+.
D L O9PJ 0 A @ S .
He has -- ten acrerof land. cf: unava, uneha, uwakaha, uwaya ~ l h ? ~ h l o ~ g ~ ~ hf a u.i. he's QW + yawning a1k?2hlo3g$2ha D W F i, ~ ' h a ~ h l o ~ ~ e ~ h@ W f~&7Ti v~
n , bell
I hear -a bell ringing. ~ ~ h ~ ~ n e ~ ~ @+AS 9 T 1 n. ~ 7 lip ~ 7 ~ v his i du1h?2ne3g?721~47i S & ? f g T Duhanega7lv dukayohiseha.
S+jlS Safil14,*.
getting dry.
166
uhisata u2hli2ni23gi2da OChYl adj powerful, strorig j ~ ~ n ~ ~ h l i ~ n i ~JeChYL d a ~gi~ Digageda dasaladisgv uhlinigida nulstanv7i. d G L L ~ w ~ @ QChYl 4P@WDT. E He became strong by lifting weights. v2hli4sda adv. quickly DunadoTv tohwelvga uhlisda.
S 8 V i V 0 4 f QC@L.
a1gi2h?2w03sdi2ha, a1k?2w03sdi2ha
DaUJd+ ~ ' h a ~ w o ~ s t a ' n v ~ ~QWSWDT ~i DYm3d+,
Write their names down qul'ckly. cf: nuhlisdv7i u2hlo2gi Qefy n. his aunt ju2hlq2gi j ~ y Hadlv wiganela uhlogi? +P @SAWDGY? Where does her aunt live? --
Gadohi uhisata.
S VA CPAUW.
There's - on the ground. dew ~ l h i ~ s o h ~ d a ~ ~ n ~L~ h av .i. 1. QAf A6 he's lonesome 2. he's homesick a1gi2hi2soh2da32n:2ha, a1ki2soh2da32np2ha DYAf LA+, DYf LA+ ~ l h i ~ s o h ~ d a ~ ~ n e ~DAf LA9T i lv~~? ~ l h i ~ s o h ~ d a ~ ~ n e ~ h o ~ LAP T 8& ? i j?2hi2soh2da1si CAf 1 b u2hi2soh2aalneh3di @A+L A I Hla yulvkwdi uhisohdanehdi C G W d Q A f LAJ She doesn't like - get lonesome. to -
at
ad~. there
Bt@5b? -
~ ' h n ? ~ l u ~ d v ~QtM6T n. island ?i du1hna21u3dv4?i StMGT Igada duhnaludv jusdi geso?i. TSL d@J f f T . Some islands are small. ~ l h n a ~ ~ l v DtqS a v.i. he's be~~g coming angry a1ki2na231v32ga DY89.S
Qt9CT
--------------
~ l h i ~ s o h ~ d v ~ ~ ? i6 T BAf u1hi2soh2d03?i
--------------
8AfVT
-------------Uhisohdv uhnela?da.
8:316 Q.1WL
c89~
. lonesome when
. .
uhniha Leave the dog alone because he's getting mad. cf: kanalvTisdi, uhnalvha u1hnaZ3lv3ha 8 t q . G a1ki2naZ3ly3ha u1hna231v32sv237i ~ h g ~ n a 32se3sdi ~~lv v.i. he's angry
DY84.G O t 9RT C8?4@1 8tTSPT
167
She's picking some possum grapes. n. his toenai1 d ~ ' h n a ~ ~ s u h ~ ~ a ~ h lStGSP T v~7i Haye1;di gvhdi dasgwalsga duhnasuhgahlv7i.
.GBP@l E l L@X9@S S t G S P T .
~ l h n a ~ ~ l v ~ ~ s o8t4.E.T ~7i
The man - always angry. is cf: kanalv?isdi, kanalvsdiha, uhnalvga ~ ~ h n a l s d e ~ ~ Bt@SW dla n. root
He's trimming - toenails with a his knife. ~ ' h n a ~ w a ~ ~ s d i Q t h @ l . G v.i , he has ~ Ga a chill a1ki2n?2wa32sdi2ha u1hng2wa32sdi2sgo37i
D QG2l.G Y 8tG3WD.T O,tG@I@AT CBG@L chg2ng2wa1sda 8tGAVl u2hng2wa1sdoh3di HiTa udlvgi uhnawasdiha.
j~~hnalsde~~dla dt@SW Kansdaji uhnasdedla aganv aditasga. 3 8 2 L k Bt@SW DSD DJW2f. He's drinking tea made from sassafras root. ~ l h n a ~ ~ s d e ~ d l v ~A S P T 8t 7 i n. its root d~'hna~~sde~dlv~?t 2 S P T Si Hlesdi dehlgv duhnasdedlv yitiluysgesdi.
LA1 9E S t 3 S P ~5TM3@k@d.
AD 8 P Y 8 t G 2 J . I - .
This ~atient--- chill. has a cf: kanawoga u2hng2wo O t V ju2hng2wo n. his shirt
dtc
Don't chop on the tree roots. cf: kanasdedliha u1hna32sgw?21037a 8 t 2 X G D v.i. he's stubbing his toe a1ki2na32sgw+21037a D 0 2 X GD Y u1hna32sgw?2103?v237i 8 t 2 X G i T
He tore -- going under a fence his shirt cf: ahnaweTa, ahnawo, ahnawoTa, uhnuwa u1hne21v3sv47i 8 A 3RT n. his scar
He doesn't like for anyone to see his scar. u23hn13ha BhqG v.i. he's in bed
du1hnv3si2yv4?i S O b B T Uhnvsiyv hwalehvga. 8 ccras. Go stand in the corner. u2hwa2ge4da 8 G F l adj . thick
He took some thick clothing when he went up north. ~ l h w ? ~ s g a0 G a S a lki2wg3sga u lhwa2sv 37i u1hwa2sgo37i v .t. he's buying it
DYGaS WGRT 8G@AT
6.226
L E G G J J A D P d 6.21 A 4 G A W .
He charges - dollar when he fixes one a tire. ~ l h n u ~ ~ 4 G v.t. he's wearing a 8wa shirt, coat a1gw?2hnu32wa D Z 4G u l h n ~ ~ ~ w v ~ ~ ? 6iT 84 ~ ' h n u ~ ~ w o ~ ? i8 4 8 T j?2hnu32we3~di
C4da.l
. . u2hwa3hi3sdi . .
cha2wa2hi u2hye4hi 8 8 A
CCA
BGA@d
Svhi jigesv dagwalela akiwasv?i. IL9 h F R G Z J W D Y G R T . Yesterdav I boueht a car. n. her husband
Soldiers wear uniforms. cf: ahnawe?a, ahnawo, ahnawo?a, uhnawo u1hnv2kwo21a2tv4?i bow
8wW6T
n. rain-
u1hyo2h03?i
OfiE T
jayh2ga CM uy2sdi 0I Z I J Waj i juyohuselv svhi uhyoha. He is for - - looking - the watch he lost yesterday.
G b d f i l - 4 9 R9 0 f i G . -
O'WCC'PO32!A9C0 G Y 4 0 P S P B . G .
The rainbow faded when the cloud
cf: ahyoha u1hyo2lY3ha BfiM+ v.i. he, it's afloat a1k~2y021y3ha DYfiM+ Dohiyu uhyvdla doyi.
VAG B B b V A . .
-
1t's cold - T l l y -outside. cf: ahyvdladisdisgi, kanawoga, u2hyv4dla (cold) Gado usdi uhyoluha amayi?
SV 826 0 f i M . G DTA?
What's floating on the water? ~ ~ h y o ~ ~ n a horn @fie n. Utana uhyona nuwanhdi dagwalelu?i. He has - big -on his car. ahorn u2hyv2dla BBA n. cold Ajalagi uhyvdla "yuniyvha" hla uhyvdla yiga?niyisgo?i, uhyvdlasgini ugvwiyuso uniyisgo?i.
OW8
u2hyv2dla ~ l n i ~ y v ~ h v ~ ~ ? i
@Bo% BhB8T
@fie 4GD.d
LX8MT.
u2hyv2dla u1ni3yi23sgp3?i
BBA B h m A 7
u2hyv2dla ~ i ~ j a ? ~ n i ~ y a
BBA BCh2
Whenever a Cherokee "catches" -a cold, he doesn't catch the - rather, the cold; cold -catches him. u2hyv4dla BBA adj. cold Uh dla ama aktadegi?a.
PAL. W . 3XLD
B B b DYh&.
cold.
cf: ga?niyiha, u2hyv2dla (cold) u1hyvh2ji2nv2tga BBhDdS v.t. he's choking on it a1ki2yvh2ji2nv2tga DYBh@dS u1hyvh2ji2nv2tsvZ3?i BBhDdCT u1hyvh2ji2nv2tgo3?i cha2yvh2j12nv2tgi
BBhDdAT CBhDdY
-%- DT BB
DSWSYD.
I'm thirsty for -water. cold cf: ahyvdladisdisgi, u1hyv2dla (it is cold)
it.
O'B2C i 7
170
uhyvsdeda
@ad j . a
a lot
u 2 n i 2 3 j g 2t i -
B h a
'
u2hE2sde4da
BBaG adj
. drunk
Unij a t i nunadvhnv yvwi , r ? n i p h v u~-, h w sdeda B h U Q8VO B8 DhhBa QB2, i. 4 drunk was a r r e s t e d among - -o t o f a - l people.
~
ju2ni2hC2sde4da
d hB2Sl
Uhyvsdeda a s g a y a j a ? i s v j i g o w h t i h a . BB2Sl 0 2 5 3 CTR hAG2+. I s e e -a drunk man walking t h i s way. cf: u h y v s d e s g i , uhyvsdi
v . i . he's grinning
u2he2sde4sgi
BB2S@Y n . drunkard
j ~ ~ n i ~ h ~ ~ s d e % ~ i dhB@SAY Kilo uhyvsdesgi uhnawojv g o l a j i g e s v v i . YG Q B 2 S U BtCC AW 6FRT. Some drunkard f r o z e t o d e a t h l a s t winter. cf: uhyvsdeda, uhyvsdi
~ ' j e ~ t s d v ~ ~ ~ i BYhJVT
v3hy\!2sdi
BB@d a d j
strong (taste)
u 2 n i 3hyy2sdi
0.hB2d
Gosdi y i g o s e l a a j e t s d i s g o v i . A63d dA4W DYhJdAAT. When you s a y something t o him, h e g "r i n s . cf: ujetsdi
u2je4tsdi
BYhJd
n . possum
u1jq3?a
BCD v . i . h e ' s i n s i d e i t
cf:
ujetsdi
11 4 3 v O 3 ? i .
j ?2j?3?e3sdi
BChT CCR@d
u2jq21e4sdi
BC6Jd n . wheat
Gadu a n o h l v h d i s g o u j a l e s d i
I l v h i y u T i s u j i l v jadeda?
uksesdi
T4AGT2 CSL? Have you e v e r p i c k e d c o t t o n ?
171
lrh.4
cf:
ukahyodv?i n . d r y place
j Bh.3~ n . ~ worm i a
Bhh3
dafi6"T
u 2 n i 2 ji Z y a
ukahyoda
836"T n . h i s f a c e
u1kg2tv4?i
~ l j o ~ n ? ~ BKBWI v . i . i t ' s r a t t l i n g t a Udihlehgigwu u k a t v ? i . B d L Y 2 Ba6"T. His f a c e -- i s j u s t h o t . u 1 k e Z 3 d g 3 1 i 2 y v 4 ? i OF LPBT n. valley d ~ ~ k e ~ ~ d g ~ l i SF yLPBT ? i ~ v ~ Inada u j o n a t v utvgana uya?nvsv?i. T81, BK86" 06"s 8 B=O.RT. When h e e a r d a s n a k e r a t t l i n g h e froze. cf: ujonati n. rattlesnake Ukedaliyv a d a n e l a j u w e n v s v ? i . BFLPB DLAW d d Q R T . His h o u s e i s i n t h e v a l l e y . u1ksa2ta
BfBW
u2j02na2ti
Unajonati a n i n e l a age j i j u s d a g a l a . 88K9-7 DMW DF Ir32Lf W . m e s n a k e s l i v e i n t h a t cave over there. cf: ujonata
BK@d a d j
Gado u s d i u k s a t a j a d l a w a ? d v ? i ? f V B@d B f B W CdSG6"T? What's s t i c k i n g o u t o f y o u r p o c k e t ? u 1 k s g 2 s d i B f 4@A v . t . 1. h e ' s w a t c h i n g him 2 . h e ' s b e i n g c a r e f u l j i2yg2ga1se2sdi, algwa2ksg2sdi 6 3 f4@d, D l f 4Jd ~ l k s ~ ~ s d v O f~ ?x i7 ~ 4 u1kse2sdo3?i
B f 4@VT
u2j04sdi
confusing
u 2 n a 2 j 0 4 s d i , j u 2 j 0 4 s d i D,eK@d, dK@d
u 2k? 2hyo4da
dry
u2ni2kg2hyo4da, j u2ka2hyo4da
O ' h a f i L , dClfiL N e l a g i jugahnanv s v h i , g a y u l a ukahyoda i g i gadohi. ~ W Y st^ ng. S G L ~szfir, TY sr..G. . Although i t r a i n e d y e s t e r d z y , t h c g : - o ~ n d i s alrss3;; dr;..
hi2yg2ga1ss2sde3sdi, ja2ksg2sde3sdi A3S42S2d. C f 42SZ-J u2kse2sdoh3di 8S4,11TJ Ahyvki u k s e s d i u l i t i s d i n i g e s v n v uyelvs\.?i. ])BY O'S 40;:J @f3?cl hFRO 0'3 ?Ri. tic:s --.. w2tci:l.n:~ a p r i s o n e r s o h e \+or.'? ---r
172
uksojaneda Ahwi duhyalvsv svhi asehnv ukwolvsv?i DB S 3 9 R R/;, 040 BV 4RT. He went deer hunting yesterday but had no luck. u21a1sih2de4ni B W b S h n. his foot Julasihdeni duksata duhnawosdv?i. dWbSh S S U W S t O 3 T . His feet -- are sticking out from under his covers. cf: ilasihdi ~ ~ l a ~ s u ~ ~ l n. his shoe BWCG o j ~ ~ l a l s u ~ ~WCG lo Julasulo dekalvsadvsga. 3a W P a f He's lacing up -his shoes.
get away. u2kso1ja2ne4da Bf-f.CAL n. goat u2nq2kso1 jg2ne4da B6SfCAL Gado usdi anigisgo unaksojaneda? S V B2d DhY@A B6ffGAL? What do goats eat? u2ksu3ti
~ f n. ~ diamondback j
rattler
~'n?~ksu~ti g f r j p Unaksuti aninayegi. Q9SCJ DhOBY. Diamondback rattlers are dangerous. u2kta QYW n. 1. grain 2. seed u2ni2kta Q hYW Gvgisdi unikta dalsinhdisgovi. EY@d Q hYW L PbQdJAT. She saves watermelon seeds. ~'k?~h?~da QE+L algi2kv2hg3da
. .
v. i. he's
u 1kv2hg2d03'?i jg2kY2hG2de3sdi
~'le~na~~hlv~vi ~lle~na~~hi~ho~vi jg21e2na23ga u21e2na23sdi Ulenahlv hlahehno yaktahe ididla wulohisdi?i. Q ~ FP ~ asw+ TJA J G A ~ T . Z He got lost because he didn't know a i c h w q o go. u21e2s04da Qd-f. adj . thin (animate) L ju2na21e2s04da d9df I Gohida udlvjv iyusdi ulesoda nulstanv?i. RC) L BPC TCJd 0 11 4PdVO.T. 6He became skinny because he was sick for a long time. cf: usagevi ~'li~~da~~sdi~ha QPL,dt. makini a mistake a1gi21i23da"sdi2ha v.i. he's
DJ PL,~.I.G
-------------Ukvhada kohi sunalevi. Qt+L A.0 GOdT. It's foggy this -- morning. ~ ~ ~ k v l h l ~ BEA@d sdi adj cute
kesa anida unikvhisdi geso?i. 8 U DhL QhEAJd FfT. Kittens are cute. OCS 'J V' v.i. he's not having luck at hunting
~ l l i ~ ~ d a ~ ~ s t a ~ n r v L2WO.Ti I P~ ~ ?
ulogila
?i -,
173
u'1i23da32sdi2sgo3?i ja2li2da1sda
O'IZL@d@XT 61)L@L
~ ~ l i ~ ~ d a ~ ~ s d o h ~ Ld i d WP @V
. Jalidasdisgesdi vsgi
~~~ ~
nihiwesvTi.
C- L @ d @ f @ d i @ Y h A D R T . - P
His -grandmother gave him the coat. cf: unisi ~ ' l i ~ ~ y e ~ ~ d P 8~ . h av.i. he's Qi I G moaning DYP8I.G a1gi21i23ye32di2ha u11i23ye32tg2nv23?i QP8WD.T
U '
m i n fall.
li23ye32di2sgo3?i
Why - - moaning? is he u11~2ye32su2stga Q P 8 C X S v.t. he's wearing a ring a1gwa21i2ye32su2stga DIPBGXS u11i2ye32su2stgv23~i u11j2ye32su2stgo3~i jg21i2ye32su2stge3sdi
Q P 8 C a ET BPBCXAT CPBCXF@d
adj
+@fin.
He's taking the - off the meat fat cf : galijohida u21i2ksi B f Y b n. intestine ju21i2ksi
JP.Yb
a - wedding ring. -
-------------u11032g121v23?i
QGY~T
adj. weak
~ ~ l o ~ ~ ~ 1 ~BGYG T~ ? i 1 o
O>I.:lG' PPiLJ
174
It's cloudy like it's going to rain. cf: ulogili ~ ~ l o ' g 1 ~ 1@ G Y P n. cloud i Gajanuli a7i ulogili. The clouds are moving fast. cf: ulogila ~llsda~~hn~~ha Bp2LA.G happening to him v. i. it's
SG4P DT BGYP -
--
~l~sgw?~l?~da BP,?XPd adj. 1. broken (long object) 2. he's broke (when used in plural form) jul 3sgwa21i2da
JPJXPL
d P J S P L DJ+.
He says -he's broke. cf: uligalida, uligvhalvda ~ l ~ s g w ~ ~ l BP@I,ML u~da v.i. he's sticking his head out u11sgwa21u3dv23?i ul 1sgw?21u3d03?i ja1 2sgw?21u3de3sdi
BPJ,TJfPT 0'PJ;35MVT CPJXMSJJ
--
. open
Galohisdi ulsdu?ida gesv agwadelohosa, wagiyvhlv7i. When I f o u n d u t the door was I went in. cf: asdu?i?a
~ & i n PJSTL B
F R D Z S G E B ,G Y A P I . .
open,
3XQW i 2 Y
Someone is sticking --- of his head out the window, but I don't know who it is. u11sgwe3tuh2ga B P J L SS wearing a hat v.t. he's
Xa analasgalisgi d i j e dunnlsduln. -- - -- - .- ---,'; 38iJri'3,',c2' "I /' . S O f ' , i 5 !L -1 ~ ~ : u si z a ? l players .lr.e ,c:..i;.ing cii+:tf >
j a12sgue3tuh2ge3s~li
-- ----
CFJ=LSF ,;.i
---.
- --
175
hi21v2gwo1da, hi21v2kwda
AWL, AWL ~~lv~~kwdoh~di QWVJ
r..ery tl. I see him, -wearing he's a fferent hat. cf: alsgwetuhgiTa, alsgwetuhvsga, alsgwetuwo ull~ih~~a QPbS v.i. it's dark
u123sih2gi BPbY adj. dark ~23nal~sih~~i, 3sih~~i ju1~ Sdayi agowhtvhdi ulsihgv kilo ulsihgi yuhnuwa.
A 1 6 DAGG'J 8 P b L YG O'PbY G 4 G .
--
u2na2da2de1sv4da CuBLSRL
n. chain
The chain broke as he was pulling a car. u2na21a1sgah13di4?i 80WJS 9 6 7 n. 1. ball field 2 . field house j ~ ~ n ? ~ l a l s ~ a h l ~ ddBM1;3S U T i~?i Unalasgahldi idena.
BBW,1S 4d T S 8 .
u l l ~ ~ ~ k w d v ~ ? ?lp6T 8i
cf:
u 2 n e 3 g i h 1 2 d i BAY 4~
O g i n a l i o g i n a l i g o h i woginedolv Nvdagi?i. dY8P bjY8PA-Q VYAV4 DLYT. M f r i e n d and I went t o Texas t o g e t h e r . y cf: analigohvsga
~ ~ n i ~ n e ~ ~ ij h l~ ~n de i ~, ~ i h l ~ d i ~ B M Y 9 d , JAY 9J Unegihldi adanelv u d i s g a h l v ? i . QAY9d DIA9 B J J S P T . He was h i d i n g i n an -house. ugly ~ ' n e ~ ~ g uBAJC j v . i . h e ' s being ~ ~ a mean a1gi2ne23gu32j a u1ne23gu32jv23?i u1ne23gu32j03?i j?2ne23gu32je 3 s d i
u2na21i4?i ju21i4?i
@OPT n . h i s f r i e n d JPT
ali?i
BAJhL
a d j . c r u e l , mean
~ ~ n i ~ n e ~ ~ B M J jh L ~ d a u ~ i Jadaksesdesdi, g i h l i s unegujida u n i kaha. C L S 4 J S J d , YCJ BAJhL BIG)+. Watch y o u r s e l f , t h e y have a -dog. mean u2ne2gv2ha4?i BAE+T n. blanket
cf:
analigohvsga, u n a l i ? i adj
. plaid
d8GTL
Unalo?idas ahnawo t i n e s i ? B@GTL@ DI% J A b ? Are you going t o g e t a p l a i d s h i r t ? u2ne4ga BAS adj . white
~ ~ n i ~ n j e ~~ ~ n ,eB M f~, adAS ~ a ~ Gigvha n u l s t a n v unega uhnuwv g i g a duhyvsgwola. YE+ 4PJWD - 8 4 6 YS S B X W . BAS H i s w h i t e s h i r t g o t bloody when h i s nose s t a r t e d b l e e d i n g . u 1 n e 3 g ? ? 2 1 ~ 4 ? i BAS 4T n. h i s skin
u1nc3ha @A+ v . t . h e h a s l i q u i d
Nigohilv unvdi a g i n a d i n v d i a g i n e h o ? i . hAA 4 BDd DYf3dD-C DYAJ 7 . I have - always -m i l k t o s e l l . cf: ~ha, una9a, uwaya, uwekaha
unv sa ~ l n o ~ h y v hQ Z BaS ~~
O,'lrQ.3. OJ1f'Q,3
177
v.i. it is sounding
n. 1. cre~ l n o ~ h y v h ~ ~ o o .? i . ~ ~ ~ zB ja2no2hyvZ31a
CZBW
The Bible says - name is Jehovah. God's u2ne23sda3la O'AJ1W n. ice Unesdala uhyaluga digaduhv?i. Uhalvni unohyvhgo udalenhdi yigi danilawinv?i.
B + 4 i BZBA QG6Qd IhU'QET. A bell rings when it's time for church
Somethine _ makine is " noise in the wheel. cf: adanohyvhlisdiha, ganohyvhlisdiha u2n021e B Z 6 n. wind, air, storm, tornado Unole uhi7lvstanv utana gaduhv7i.
B - ~ .?JW'OB W ~ S ~ T A S A tornado went through a big city. -
SZ6"T.
@@wl
v.t. he knows it
DXW
Q Q6"T QQVT ~ m @ d
cf: ganolvsga ~ ~ n o ~ l v l tQZqWQ n. January ~~na Unolvtana ka7lv adalenisgv ije adetiyisgv7i. QZ4W8 9 4 DCcCh@E TV DSJ&ET. The month of January is the beginning of a new year. ~ ' n v ~ ~ dB o d n. milk i Unvdi ulvgwdi uditasdi7i.
------------Unhte7is kohi iga ja7luhisdi gesv? Q m T @ AA TS CMA2d fR? Did he know -- oaay? that you were supposed to come t ~ ~ n i B h ~ s n. his grandparent ~ b i (paternal) ju2ni23sl d h b . Unisi utvhistanv7i.
Bhb -B 6 5 9 2 W Q ~ .
W d BdU112dT.
u2n01de4na B Z S 8
How big is the human brain? u2nvZ3sa 0.W pron. 1. themselves 2. one another, each other (see Gram. 111, A )
u2sg3ge4?i
j ~ ~ s ? ~ g e ~di2sa3ge4?i ?i,
d t lT , d u f f ~
jun2sdi, jv2sdi
Usdagalv wuphla, hla ta?line yi?unigohe?i . Q @ L f ^ ? B f , f WPA ZO'hAi'T. J When he entered the - they didn't cave, see him a second time. u2sda2g?2p23h~2da crisp pZ3hi2da
l,+@
He got lost walking through a trail. cf: ganvhnv?i, ? s i 'd4 (little) ~ ' s d i ~ n e ~ g a ? ~ l v ~ ?@ A S 9T n. his @ i scaip adlagosga.
Q J J A f 9 DWAdS
--
0dL S BAL
adj .
He's scratching - scalp. his cf: unega?lv?i, ustihgv?i u1sdv2di3?a Q X A D v.i. he's receiving punishment ak1sdv2di3?a u'sd~~dv~~?i u1sdv2di32sgo3?i tsdvZ3da u2sdvZ3di32sdi
SV Q P A . 8 3 - 1 0 ? 1 DY2iPAD 0XPT 03-12AT
Are trere any crackers? cf: asdagayhdiha, asdagaphiha ~ ~ s d a l ~ ~ ~ h Q d~ B 8 g Yi n. his v Ls d wife Usdayvhvsgi udetiyisgv usdayvhnv?i.
BZLB82Y Q . W J S E QdLBOT. He cooked for -his wife on her birth-
CXl,
Q 2P.J2A
Gado udvnelv usdvdi3a? What --is he being punished for? cf: udasdvdisdi
day.
0 a ~n.
adv. barely
Segajv usaladanv gageda nvya. 4sc - BUWLO- S F L 0-3. He barely lifted the heavy rock. u2sga2n041i @ @ S Z p adj., adv. slow ~~ni~sg?~no'+li, ju2sg?2n041i 0 h@S ZP , J@SZP ' Igada unisganoli geso unadvnv7isdohdi?i.
TSL BhaSZP FI 88610T2VJT.
+
.
much.
u2ska 0a n. head, skull . Yvwi uska uhwahtvhv asgosgv?i
B 8 --~5& DaAaET.
Some people are -to get ready. slow Usganoli galohi nigvwsdi kohi iga.
0'2s ZP SGA hEG2-l AA TS
. bright
He found - human skull while digging. a cf: askoli u2sko41i B2AP n. peak (of object)
L I ~ W6arn-1
scaw.
T E B@AP JGP tlGP YC O F ? @ . uZ3sgwa2ni2kdi 8 J I h Y J adj inter'est ing The squirrel climbed to the t o p o f ~ ~ n i ~ ~ s ~ w ~ ~ n i ~ k d i , ~ n i ~ k thei tree when the dog chased it. j ~ ~ ~ s ~ w ~ d cf: askoli B h@IhYJ, J2IhY-l Usgwanikdi anihnohehlvsgo yuniwonisa. u1s02tv4?i B I 5 T prep. behind a person B @ I h Y J DhZ?P@A GhBhU. ju2na1s02tv4?i ~ 8 1 . 5 ~ They talk about interesting things when they talk. Hla sgwu yagigohe usotv jijidogv?i. f &' a A ? @If' h h m . cf: asgwanigosga He didn't even see me standing behind u2sgwo2hli47i B X C T n. his abdomen, him. stomach cf: gasohi?i
Usgwohli asgoliye?a.
B X C DJAPBD.
~ l s t i h ~ ~Ov ~ ~ iTn. his (head of) ~ E hair Nigohilv udanvgalvda geso ustihgv?i.
hR9.1 BLQS.1L I I B X E T .
and
me an empty can.
u1s12hwa3sga BbG@S v. i he's coughing Na wesa dusuhgahlv digosdayi. The cat's claws are sharp.
8 Dtl - JAaLJ3. SrSP
180
My friend works during nights. ~lt?~de~gi~?a QWSYD v.i. he's thirsty ak1t?2de2gi3?a D WSYD Y
Q W S f OT
v.i. he's
cf: asulo, usula u2sv2de4na QRSf3 n. shotgun ju2sv2de4na J R S 8 Usvdena ujeli ganvgaliha.
O R 3 8 QYP f O -cleaningf P + . He's his
ak t?2hl?2w02sga DYWfB2S ~ ' t ? ~ h l a ~ w o ~ s v ~Q W f B R T ~?i ~ ~ t ~ ~ h l a ~ w o ~ s Q W f B J? i g o ~ AT t ~ t ? ~ h l ? ~ w o ~ ~ h i CWCBA ~ ~ t ~ ~ h l ? ~ w o ~ h QWCBA@d i~sdi Gohusdi agoselvnela, utahlawosv?i.
A r @ d DA4%lW, QWCBRT.
shotgun.
u2sv2d04ni Q R V h
n. conduit, pipe
The water pipes froze last night. u1sv2hi3ha BRA+ bed v.i. he's going to
He is building a -house. big cf: utani u2ta2ni4 QWh adj. too big, large j ~ ~ n ? ~ t ? ~ ju2ta2ni ni,
d @ W h , dWh
nw
uwakewsga BVi'Z4L n. steam Utanolvda duleyhtanvvi . OWZ9L .TrCRWOT. . --He got burned by steam. cf : atanolega
-
181
u2ti2p2 3hnv4?i 8 3 B 0 T n. leftovers Svhi utiyvhnv anigi?a. R9 8 3 B 0 D W D . They're eating leftovers from yesterday. u1tsgwg21v2tv4?i BhT%"T n. his ankle du1tsgwg21v2tv4?i ShTqPT Utsgwalvtv ulsgwalselv hlgv dojuhltadina. 8hX+?76BPaXP49 W E VJPWd8. He broke his ankle when he jumped from -a tree. uZ3tsgwi2di O h P 1 adj . crooked ~ ~ ~ n ? * t s ~ w ijuZ3tsgwi2di ~di, O'eh'PJ, JhPJ Hla yagilvkwdi utsgwidi gahlida. k G W W d B h P d SCL. I don't like a crooked arrow. u2tsgwi4sdi B h P a 1 adj. a lot u2ni2tsgwi4sdi 8hhP@1 Utsgwisdi ugahnanv svhi jigesv?i. 8hP@d @St0 R9 hFRT. It rained a lot vesterdav. u2tulgi BSy n. hope Utugi agwvha jiyatvgodi?i. S Y DE+ b Z A d T . I hope to hear from her. u l t ~ ~ d a ~ ~ 8PL@d v.t . he's listening sdi to him, it ji2ya1t.v2da32sdi, a1gwa2tv2da32sdi hGX'L@1, DTPL21 ~ ' t v ~ d a ~ ~ s d v 8PL@PT ~~?i ~ ~ t v ~ d a ~ ~ s d 8PL@VT o~?i hi2ya1tv2da32sde3sdi,j?2tv2da32sde3sdi BZLaS@d, CPL@S@J
u2ty2hi2sdi BPBa1 n. old chap (of men) Gago na utvhisdi? SA 8 OPB@1? Who is the old c h a ~ ? cf: atvsga u2ty2s02hnv4?i @p+DT n. old man
Asgaya yutvsohna utvsohnv anosehovi. D@f3 GPIt 8Pf0 DZ4BT. When a man becomes fully grown, they call him --an old man. cf: atvsga u1wa3?i2h1v4?i B G T P T n. bush du1wa3?i2hlv4?i SGTPT Duwavihlv udli didla udisgahla kilo?i. SGTP B C 1 BJaSk YGT. 1 G o n e is hidine behind the bushes. u1wa2ji23sga3hlv4pi OGh@SP T n. scales (of fish) Gado usdi hvhdisgo hnvnhdesgv aja?di uwajisgahlvvi? S V 0 2 BJ@A OI)S@E DC1 BGh@SP T? '1 What do vou use to take fish scales off? u1wa2kew2sga BGE.@@f getting v.t. he's for-
632Ga.
182
uwakulega ~'wa~nv~gv~~?i BGQET ~ ' w a ~ n v ~ ~ o ~B? i A T GO COY jv2nvlgi v2wa2nv1sdi BGO2l Gado niga jvnvga? S V hS COS? Why ---in such -are you a hurry? ~ ~ ~ w B G~ s adj. alone, only a U a u2nv4sa Uwasa uluhjv3i. B G U BMCT. He came himself. Uwasa unhta nulstanidolv7i. *O BW QPJWhV4T. Only he knows what happened. y2wa23sa B G U pron. himself, itself (see Gram. 111, A) v2wa1sv4hi BGIL9 adj. numb jv2wa1sv4hi dGIL9 Juwasvhi nidulstanv juwoyeni duhyvdladela. dCR9 hSP@\WO dO8h SBISW. His hands became -when they benumb came cold.
~ l w a ~ k u ~ ~ l BGJGSg a i. he's e ~ ~ v. belching a1gi2ku231e32ga DYJGS u1wa2ku231e32jv237i BGJGCT Bg G~ ~ ' w a ~ k u ~ ~ l e ~ ~ G Jo A T~ i ja2ku21elgi CJGY y2wa2ku231e3?i2sdi B GJ G T 2 1 Tsgwisdi yulsdayvhna, uwakulego3i. bB@l GP2LBt. BGJGAT. Whenever he eats a lot, - belches. he
. .
Kanawogv iyusdi uwanawiva. a8OE T G 2 1 QG88D. She's shivering because she's cold. v2wan2sv4?i B G hRT adj . ripe u2nvn2sv47i B O h R T Aniwsvgis unvnsv dejaha? DhGRY2 B O h R SC6? Do you have any ripe cantaloupes? cf: gvhnisdiha
~ ~ w ? ? ~On i n. wool Gh Uwa?ni gohlvhtanv ahnawo uhnuwa. BCh APWO DtO BQG. She's wearing a sweater made from wool. -
Gohusdi uhyvsdi uwawsvga adiha. Ma'l B B 2 l BGGRS Dl+. He says he smells something strong. cf: asvga
Duwanigahlv unakilvdi unilvkwdi wahuhi. u1wa23ya B G 3 v.t. he has a long object SGhSP B B Y 9 1 O h W GTA. l -. Owls like to sit on limbs. a1gwv23ya D63 ~ ' w a ~ ~ y v ~OGBT ?i u1wa2nv3ga O G O f v.i. he's i n a hurry ~ ' w a ~ 3 ~ ~ 3B i ~ ~ T 7G a ' g ~ ~ n v ~ DGOf ~a
uwekaha v2we23ji 8 , ~ b his offspring n. jy2we23ji Galogwe usvdena agwvya. f G 3 WRS8 D E 3 . I have -- a shotgun. cf: ~ h a , una?a, uneha, uwekaha ~ l w e ~ h i ~ s d a ~ ~ n ~ ~ h a v. i. 899A@LA+ he's aching
dflh
183
d&h. - G ? -DhdC Itof 'gof . visit -He's going his sons. Wbh. DdC
n. his
?2ni2~hu4ja
dS9k DhdC
He's looking for -his son. v2we23ji a2ge23hya Wbh. D F 2 his daughter (adult) Yidusihtvnila, uwoyeni uwehisdaneho?i.
LSbf'hW, h WO.OJLA1T.
n.
jc!2we23j ?2ni2ge23hya doh. D h F 3 i When he applauds, his hand hurts. cf: ehisdi Na udaj i uwejihnv agehya unihloyi digegaganhdi?i. 8 W I h . - D F 3 WhefJS d F f f 0 d T . Wdh.0 The mother and her daughter look alike. y2we23ji ?2ge2hyu4ja B d b DFGC n. his daughter (child) jy2we23ji ?2ni2ge2hyu4ja Uweji agehyuja dasgwadi?a kohi gogi
~ D F G L J I d D R3 A Y . C
U2~e23ji a2sga2ya Wdh. 0 2 5 3 his son (adult) Gago uhyanvhe uweji asgaya?
ootr
adj . wealthy
7'5 ?@d
184
uwela
1 couldn't cross the river because it was too swift.
Asila7dv duhlvnv juwodehwida dihnawo. DbCV6 SPD dB.SBL I t c . She hung thr* clothes on the line. u2w023di3ge4~i8 C I t T adj . brown
y2w02d~4hi @USA adj . pretty ~ ~ w e ~ l i ~ ~ h i ~ ~ B f ld A J I s Pi Hlesdi yijelihisgesdi. L@l JVPAJf@l. Don't worry. cf: uwelihisdi u2we21i23hi4sdi
BSPPA@l
ju2n02du4hi, jV2wo2du4hi
d zsn, d v s ~
adj . worried
q2w01g13hli BVYC
BJYPA'AI
He felt worried when he heard that his father was sick. cf: uwelihi?a u2we4ti
@a3 adj.
dfl3
old (object)
ju2we4ti
-bb
D S W A J I T B+.
He's always confident that he's doing the right thing. Johiyusesdi.
KAG42J.
uyohuseha
- -
185
He wants to talk with you for some reason. ~ ~ y e ~ l o ~ ? ~ ~ s d i adv. suddenly 8BGTJ-J Uyelo?isdi ulehwisdohtanv dagwalela.
BBG T k J 8cfB@lrWD 6 Z d W .
d TB KL@d? P
Where will you be sitting? ~wohlassdadahnvhli?
@ O f @ d@I IDC?
adj . naked
dhBq.GT
Is - vour
brother home?
cf: ani?na u 1 w Q 2 h l g 3 ~ v 4 ~8 t 7 f i T n. bluff i Uwohla?v?i dayudetinv?i. B U f i T LGS30T. He dived from a bluff. v2woh14di
8CpJ
adj . funny
Uwohldi kanohehlvsga utvsohnv9i. BGPd 9 Z?P2f BS"+fSDT. The old man is telling funny stories. v2w023ti2da 8CTC adj. sh-ollen j ~ ~ w o ~ ~ t ~ C d la i ~ d Uwotida agitsgwalvtv7i.
883L DYbT5'6T.
My ankle is swollen.
s 1-
IrCt33J;S:
Uwoyeni gvhdi uyolilv?i. 8 G 5 h Ell BfiP Q7'. He greeted him with -his hand.
I'm - itching where something bit me ~ ~ y o ~ h u ~B ~i rs4 .~~ ~ .t.ahe's losing f v h it a1g~2y02hu23s~3ha u1y02hu23se31v23~i j?2y02hu23si
DYfiT4.G @fir427 CfiT b
v2wu23y?2ti 8 3 3 W
adj. furry
d ? a
~ ~ y o ~ h u ~ ~ s e ~ hBo i~ 4 ET, f ~? i
@fir46
He lost his watch underwater. -u2y02hu2~~4?i BfirRT adj . dead (human) ju2ni2y02hu2sv4?i dhfirRT Gado igada juniyohusv jidanisgaho? dead Why are some people afraid of people? cf: ayohusga, galihwoga, ulihwojv3i u2y04?i
BfiT adj. bad fV T S I dhfirR I r I h J f l ?
@fir .? 4
Gh
@.
v2hyu23gi iGY
n. disease
He caught - bad disease. a v.suf. future imperative (see Gram. I, D) v. suf. past tense (see Gram. I, Dl
-v?i -v?i
-road.
v1sgi2gi3 i J y y interj . really? v'sgi2hnv3 i2yu4sdi i J Y Q TGJ6 adv. therefore, for that reason Tsgwisdi jugvwahldi gesv gahljode; vsgihnv iyusdi hla yakiwase7i. hP@6 dEGGd ?R SPKS; - TG@d C iaY@ The house cost too much; therefore I didn't buy it. vZ3sgi3hyi i J a3 n. December Vskihyi ka?lv geso Danisdayohihv7i.
i J U3 3YG4T.
BfiC JZD.
She h a s a v e r y spoiled child. u1y03si2ha @fib+ v.i. he's hungry a1gi2y03si2ha DYfib+
QfibJET
a4
?f Lh@LfiA&T.
Christmas is in the month of December. v1sgi2na iU0 pron. that Gado yigalsda vsgina yinunadvnela?
f V ASPAL i 2 Y 8 d?8PAW?
ulyo3si2sgo3?i BfibJAT jaZyo l ~ i ~ ~ s a Gfibtr ~ ~ y o ~ s i ~ ~ s o Qfibi-d h~di Hla yagwalsdayvhne sunale, nogwuhnv agiyosiha. I didn't eat this m o r n i m now I'm -hungry.
f @IPJLBA r e f ,
DYfiboG.
that?
w-
walela pond. wa2di3?a G I D v.t. he's sending a long object w?2hy3sga G&S
187
Vskihyi ta?lsgo nvhgine wuhnv Danisdayohihv adahnehdi. i J Y A W P a A 0-YA 90 I h@LfiA& D L A I . He sent -- the Christmas gift on December the 24th. cf: wadi?a, wigakahvsga, wiganehvsga, wiganvvvsga wa2hya, wq2h?2ya G 3 , G+3 n. wolf Wahya yiduniyosi aninayego?i.
G3 - Ashfib D h e S A T .
Where do you want me to send this box? --cf: wahvsga, wigakahvsga, wiganehvsga, wiganv?vsga
do
Bees -make honey. w?2du23na G S ~ blood vessel n. ju2wg2du23na J G S Q Waduna ugalstanv ulasihdeni udaluhya.
G S 0 WSP@W0- W W b S h W L M 3 .
What time doesthe clock say? wa2ji11a GbW n. saliva Waj ila yvkisga vtlisv, doyawe?isdisgo?i
G b W BY@S i I C R , V U T a I a A T .
~ e c u t blood vessel when he cut hima self o n - t h e o t with an axe. ~ a h ~ S~ n. cow G a Hi?a asgaya tsgwisdi wahga dunahlava,
AD 0 2 5 3 bW@I SBCD. GS +83
r y o u swallow saliva while running, it tires you out. ~ ? ~ k t G 5 3 v.i. heqs heading in the i direction of wi2j i2ga32ti 8b S 3 wa1ktv237i GS6"T w?'ktq3?i
GS V T
Wahga hawiya agilvkwdi agigisdi7i. G S +83 - - DY W I D Y Y a I T I like to eat beef. cf: hawiya, wahga
wa31e21a
G$UI -C
-o nw
DPGC b f i P Y .
188
walosi
@ f a B Z f v .t. he's sinding, taking it (animate)
wi2j i23ya32ka2hv3sga
Walosi naniwe?a.
GGb BhdD. --
. .
@h-2@&JS
~ u l w a ~ k g ~ n v ~ ~ ? i 3GaD.T
The frogs are croaking. w?'ne3?i GAT n. hickory tree Wanevi hlgv?i galuysga.
GAT E T s n f s - Vchopping aon. a He's
hickory tree.
P B S , 0 i TdeGP d f A 4 8 S a W A 8 8 h
wa2ni3ge4?i GhkT adj. soft di2w?2nr3ge4?i J G ~ ~ T Wanige akwsdo uwhdohdi ulvkwdi.
Ghl- DIaV 8 6 V d 8 Y d . -
Whenever she goes somewhere, she takes her child to her neighbor. cf: wadi?a, wahvsga, wiganehvsga, wiganv?vsga ~ ? ~ g ? ~ n e ~ h y ~8SAdLJf v. t. he's sga sending, taking it (liquid) w12j?2n53?y2sga BhA i 2 S ~ u ~ n e ~ h n v ~ ~ ? i9AOT w?2g;!3ne3hy2sgo3?i hwi2ne3hvlga wu1neh2di
SPKS @SA&2AT @A BS JAJ DT DCW O'.?brd.
DfiC
wa3s02hla G I . ~ n. moth Wasohla uwelisv asehnv kamama gesv?i. G I . ~ BOPA D ~ a rr r-RT . O She thought it was -a moth, but it was a butterfly. ~ a ~ s v ~ d ? ? ~ n a0 GAL n. Washington
Gahljode wunehnv ama adlisdv ulvsa?di. She took -- the glass of water inside. cf: wadi?a, wahvsga, wigakahvsga, wiganv?vsga wi2g?3nY3?y2sga BSOiAS v.t. he's sending; taking it (flexible) wi2j ?3ny3?y2sga @h.Din?f wuln~~nv~~?i W? '? 3nY3?y2sgo37i g hwi2nY3?v1ga wulnvldi
JOUT 19s O i 2 A T 8Oi f 30.1
Have you been to Washington? cf: WasvdaTna -weweZ3sa v.suf. reversive (see Gram. I, C) n. cat
~~~@AAGJ? -
wi-, w-
When his son asked him for some money, ---him a twenty dollar he sent bill. cf: wadi?a, wahvsga, wigakahvsga,
@hbr 8 8 J R h J . -
Kanoheda anihidohi geso igada woyi. a Z ? L Dh9VB kI T S L Some pigeons are message carriers.
m.
yi4gi J U
w ~ ~ ~ d e ~ lJi~lp~ f av.i. he, it's going out of sight wa2gw? 3de21i lga wlde231i32jv237i wu2de31i1g03?i wi2jp3de31ilgi wu1de21i 3sdi
GXSPS 9SPW
JSPAT 8CSPY JSPJd
pron. anywhere, wherever Yinigalsdihagwu ilvhdlv uwenvsdi yuduli ego yinigalsdihagwu iyv7i.
J%SP@J& n P 8&Q@@d GSP RA dhS P@d.G;c?T B T
Wudeligv ididla wudeligo iga ehi nvda. J S P E T d h JSPA T f R @ I . O he sun goes out of sight in the west. cf: wudeligv?i wu23de31i1gv47i JSPET
JSPE T d h JfGYWdD.
n. west
Wudeligv ididla digalogiladi?a Clouds are forming in the west cf: wudeliga w2wa3kdv4?i JCAPT nants wuZ3nv3kdv4?i n. rest of, rem-
You may choose anyone to help you. n. bear Higo?v?is kilo -ahnesdisgv7i? yona
BAIT@ YO
fie
Have you seen anyone wrestle -a bear? yo 3ne2ga, y-v 3wy 3ne 2ga f i A S , BcQjlS n. 1. white man 2. English (language)
. .2 ? 2nl2 yo3ne2ga, 3 2ni yv3wu3ne2ga
fie
DAaJJET?
SOAPT
Gado digwvnhdi jaduli wunvkdv adela? SV .f&AJ CSP m DSW? 6 What do you want me to do with the rest --of the money?
DhfiAf
DhBJAS
gawoniha.
TGL P.GT
adv. sometimes
-ya, -ya?i n. suf. pure blood, full blood (see Gram. I I , B) yan2sa 3hbT n. buffalo Yansa unatsvhnidi.
G6.G DDISP2E dhSP26@A. Sometimes things don't turn out the way I want them to. p Z g i BY n. 1. fork 2. nail, needle
Ganvgwalosdi uyochelv & gahatvsgv7i. f G-6~2,d f i Y 4 B Y S W A E T . 8 He broke his hammer driving -a nail.
Gohigiyv jigesv aniyvwagisgi danihnohesgv Ani j alagi . A A Y B bf R D h B G Y J Y d hZ?@E D h C W Y . Long ago Cherokees used to tell stories about cannibals.
cf:
yv2wa3gi1sgi BG.Y%Y
n. cannibal
agi7a, yvwi
2nl 2 y ~ ~ w a ~ ~ i l s D hi G Y J Y . g B
English Yonega
a
abdomen above accept usgwohli3i galvladidla dadanilvga 863t"CT S 7WId L L h7S adjourn daniyelisga
L h8PJS
DB4C DW4C
awinuja atanuja
adahyoneni adahyonehdi
J8
afraid gohlgi APY after ohni EtSPJd DYQS DPAP2.Y agitate ganhgwa3eha S0,TR.G DPAP.G agony
+T
AA TBT
advneliha
D L8
so'i
additional one
agree
191
D8
nogwule
-hno
23d
and then --
angel
anger ahyvdladisdisgi DBoSJaJay
IG r
dikanowadidohi
Ja ZGJVA
ehna'fi
alcoholic beverage a - little alive all all* alligator all over -all - right almost alone a lot -sdikida gvhna Et gvhnoda EZl nigada hS1
atugisdi
@JYl
so'fi + T
all - around
EGSBL
SUAPBD
BVLXL dWaY
uwelihi'fa BDPAD yinigalsdihagwu kilo AhSP@J+2 Y G yinigalsdihagwu ilvhdlv'fi AhSPJJ.G;3 T?PT iyudali svkta TGLP RSW ganvhlohiha dlv SDnfA.C
ale uwasa
apart
apple
a - long distance
1 3xY-brake approximately
April
already also -
a
adanedliyvsdiha
D L/ICB@I+
_apron area -
alternate
argue
argument arm -
atiyosdi
kanoge 9 Z F kanogeni 3 2h
S h~5.C
SWS
D~?iI2~-l
81 & 3
S S S S
SCL
DPB~.ID
6)OIWS
ball -
XI'L2d
DPiCd.@S DWfiN
ask f o r -asleep
DhCB
SC8.C
adeldiyhdi7i DSWdJ7 amayuhldi DdCCd didawosgi gawo7a jujayosdi didasdoyesgi usegajv7i dasuhwisga svdoni
-ld6,~-
as as - quickly -possible
Sf:D
JG6,J.J dLZVB.33.
barber
SU/IBoq2S
barely
bark barrel
84fC1
dL"O'2S
L SJuqS
DACJ+
SCh
RVh
JJT
Gugu7i
udehosati taluja
WIVC
O.SIWI
away from
a w -- h i l e axe -
udli hlega
O'C
LS
S \l&-l
galuys d i
bathe -
nGOn
Se'D DJSP@Y
baby
usdi
O'AJ
battery
SfAT
D6Jf
beans
bear
fiB
DLh
S 4h.L
193
bend
better
uhnalvga dakewaga
D@L SBA+
C't 4 f
bewitch
I f GS
ganegudiva
OW8
fAJ1D
asdagayvhiha gvnsga
EhaS
a
bird bite black
utana
binoculars
diktohdi
h@T
I fV 1
j isgwa asgahlga
become embarrassed become frosty become warm become wise bed ganihli
adehosga
DSJ@S
gvhnage?i
ahyahtvhvsga
DXa@S
blackberries
D f Waf 0 f W@S
DS VadS
kanugahli agvhnage'i
ganvgwalosgi?i
SOZG@YT
f GY
ga7legi unegvha7i
galuysdi
S M a I
S hrI@I
OAE+T
ganihladisdi
GSPb
Gf
dikewi
IF@
dS V B T d A
wadulisi
wahga hawiya
+@a
blink blood
L SW K @ S
begin
-belch
waduna
Dh..l@f DdCI
GS8
be here behind
aj ilvsga atihldi
blow -
&I
blue
bluejay bluff L SC2I.E.
O+.lh DLg2I
&ZJS
be - married
dagachvsdiha
board
E?
breast ganvdivi SDJT 9VWSD D6"LDT DBqT breathe kawoladeva nvya atvdanvvi asvhdlvvi usgosdi DRP T brick DdZXFJSL bridge bright
body
boil -
(PaAaJ
JMP
DVPJS
broken broom
JJ
brown buffalo
adadega DISS adadinvdiha DL d0J.G gahljavdi kanesavi achuja SPCJ 9ABT Ddc O8PAJ
0VJf T
3hbl
bow
box -
tsgoya
-build fence
unalikdi build house -building
!% ?
brag
braid brain brake brave
boyfriend
948
burn -
bray
brayer bread break
adawelagiva DIBWYD agohvsdiha DAdT2J.G agohvsga DAdT2S galeyvsga S8B2S galiga SPS gavnisiha uwavihlvvi asehno D4Z 5hb.G DGTP T
asdosgivi gadu SS
bury
bush but -
change pants butter butterfly button gohlvhnvvi kamama gatdi uhwasga buzzard
S3.J
BG@S
APO.7
195
uksesdi
85426 dA@I.aY
9gg
dihnesgesgi
DZCh
ahnohlini
DfiP@S dW2Y ~ g p
suli FP gvhdi
Ed
b2 means of -
cast iron --
castrated animal
ganavli
C
cabbage cafe juganhdena junalsdayhdivi gadu uganasda nvda disesdi Adel juhlvvi
D3h+ SVD JSDSB JBP@LBdT
cat catch
wesa
dtl
cake
catcher
SS B f 82L
catch
O.L A 4 2 6
catfish
DSWJP T
dP@LBP
DbW f d A
camel camera
didanisohdivi
can
cent center
iyadanhtehdi ayehli
DBC
T31md
cancer candidate
adahyesgi
centipede atohgiyasgi
aP4.k DVYW
juganoji
dS Z b BBLSRL ~ G J13tT
candy
cannibal
unadadesvda gasgilo
S
chairman cantaloupe
SGW
judatihnavi
change
5%
alsdulo ahyvki
captive capture
ahyvkidiva
L1onM'
car
dagwalela
196
change shirt change shoes change socks chapter chase cheat Cherokee chest chew
circle
adeyoha
DSfi+ 1bPh.G
dasihtvniha
claw -
S 9 4A@f @eSP T f LW Z
ayatohlvvi akehega
Df?S
2
clean climb
galonuheha
f G ??+
gavlidoha
SPV+ FbAPBJT
gejigoliyedivi waji
Gb
agisdova
chewing gum chickadee chicken chief child chipmunk Choctaw choke choose
asduhvsga
D@S&S
daktasdiha
8i
L SW3J.G
bWf
D W
JW d m JW
@ E m
clothes
DfiC YGS DCL
kiyuga Ajahda
chop
chop up chosen
kwandayoha kahwi 9 8
agvhaluysga agasuyeda
DE+M&JS
Dfe L B
collect colored
197
dSWh@LC
juktajisdahli
LOM;3l
dawoliyusdi selu
4M
adahyoneha asganvga
selu uda
4M DL
DObBT 4M T t l
D@SOS
didahi?lidasdi?i
lLAPL@lT
L LA4D
lLA42.Y
gvsgwalo7a adansini
jisdvna
aAtlr
anadagonatdisgv7i
D8L A 8 J l @ E T
dahlinoheha
hfdD
LCZ?+
nigawe7a
DfWC @@L f B A L
S LJJ
Saul
Dh.81
cooperative labor
crossroads
ayohuhisdi ugosga
Dfil AaJ
OA@S
f 682J.G
December
i2YA SJAJ*
Dd& SfP
decide deer -
cucumber cure -
kanvwi7a
908D
OPb@XAL
Uganawa asgina
OSBG
curly
curse curve cut cute -
D@Y8 JZOV@J
didanhtosdi
DL&
adeyohvvi
DSfiBT
deny
agalsga DSWJS agvhaliha DEW* ukvhisdi
OU@J
adahyiha
ayostanohvsga asgina
Dfi@WZ&JS
Due
OABW Odb0L
uhisata
d
damp
dance uwodehwida alsgi7a
@US81 DP@YD S @BY
dewberries
udlosinvda
uksuti
@St-3
die -
ulsihga ulsihgi
different difficult
analigohvsga
@La
daughter dawn -
asgosga
D@US
days
deacon dead deaf -
jusvhida ayatohihi
dipper dirty
akugisdi
DJY@J
disbelieve discussion
199 LCG@J+
~GY
DaPV D3VA.G
dahlilosdiha
D~J@S
ayatohiha
DUZ
@HZ
J4A@JT DC@aS DW$aS AW$@J
udelisgalvhvvi @Spas 4dlT disehisdivi ajanvsga atalesga ditalesdi aditasdi aditasga asvhvsga adetvsga DS6aS dress % ahalugiva D6A.G drink drink 2 D.GMYD drill advneha agavnakti DSOSJ kanvwiva a@BD dadanvdisdiha gihli YC DACA D S9T drive ahivli
doctor dodge
Dmas
DRdlaS
L L @J@J.G
%
do1 1 -
anehldi adelvvi
DAP
SV0J.G A1 @-I+
Prop
drum drunk
sogwili diga71envhida
IVP AS$QAL
hesdi ?@A hlesdi L@A galohisdi'i SGA@AT sdudi as1 daksi LYb
drunkard
DfL ai
kawonu
&-PL
RWJ
DSf @E?
gosdiyuhli
downhill downstream
aksosgvvi gevi
PT
kosdu SebAS
G L SS
drag
& S
&S+T
gansinega
dragonfly
wadaduga
D@LDi)as
Ri3
200
each other igvsa TEtl ijvsa TCtl oginvsa b Y W ogvsa d3Etl sdvsa X t l unvsa 0W
DfCd DV+P
each other --
dhlt8
utahlawosga ayvhiha
DBA.G
OWtVaf
S6h
DBJVJT
igvyi
YW
TEA
erase eraser
D@A?JD D@A?J@J
kila
DCDV J 6 *?ET
escape ever -
ilvhiyuvi
agi?a DYD alsdayvhvsga DP@IB&@S asdigi7a D@JYD gahye7a f 8 D . asvhvsga tlvdegwa uwej i
PSI DR&S
eat -9 eel -
exit explain
0.81, CAW
SA6b.G
eight elbow
chanela
explode explosive
adehohisdiha udehohisdi
0 b ~ DPJIJD SFPaf
DSfiA@J.G BSfiA@J
f
face fade ukatvvi O66T asgolvga osi
D@A*?f bb
alsgwadiva degetvsga
fairly well
faith
gohiyhdi
AAGJ
fall
gadosga Sv@S galeyvsga $ $ B a s galosga S~as ganvga S0.S gohosga Atas uligohvsdi 8 p A a a J didanhtosdi
JL0.VaJ
dudatihna7v7i agona
DA8
SL3tiT
fire fireman
JEdJaY JEdJ3
igvyivi
suhdi
@ a T
ugidahli Kaga7li
f6.G
ahalugiva
gehloha udanhta
flash
8 L W l
DVXaS
female animal
agisi
DtBT
DYb
dawisgala ganohugiva
L 82s W
S ZrYD DfiLLBT
T?JY 6fb
ayodahlahvvi isa
TU
flour unalasgahldivi
Dewas ?JT DCS
flower
ajilvsgi
D 4 3 h
ahwahtiha
DW4,
fly away ahlawidiha Df8J.G full funny uwogihli ukvhada @OYC furry DE+L DaLGSS garden dlogesi sdudi asdawadega alsdayhdi uwuyati OJa kali7i uwohldi 9pT OVPJ
%x k
follow food foot -
g
pE6 f-
DPALBI
ilasihdi TWbJ ulasihdeni OWbSh agvdageni inage7i uwakewsga dulotsgv7i YVgi B Y DELE-h
gate
gather
aSJ
gentle German
get
former1y
agi7a DYD ahyaniha D3h3 ayiha D&+ gane7a SAD ganegi7a SAYD dugwenotisga uhyvsde?a S3Z7aS
for that reason -four fourth freedom freeze Friday fried friend friendly friendship nvhgi
OB3D
get exhausted
nvhgine?i adudalesdi ganesdaladi?a Junhgilosdi gvjahlanvhi unali?i udanhti ali7i GGb get up DAK2f DYAT DsLdaJ SA@L WJD d0yGaJ EGCDA et L ready get short @LO2 DPT et short L-- on et full Lget in
gohlvsga aja7vsga
get married
get off
aneladi7a adloysga
OepT
frog
frolick
get together
walosi ahnejosga
analigohvsga DePAaaS
hai 1 get warm et well Lghost aganawosga uganawosga udiwsga tsgili adahnehdi digatisdi agehyuja
DSHMS O'f 6e72S
203
DSG$@f
O'ltS+
DdBJS
ukta
bYP
gift
gig
girl
grandfather
DLAd JSd@d DFGC
grandmother
grass
girlfriend unalikdi
O'epAJ
ganulv
47 .
VWbS
grasshopper
tolatsga
give
adeha DS+ ahneha DA+ gakaneha f a i l + ganehneha S M + ganvneha s 0/1+ dadayosga ulvsa7di aliyesulo asgogiVa ega
RS
L LBJS
DYPJGT
DC@J AT AT+T
give u p
glass
glove
greasy
0 . 7 ~ ~
go?iha7i Go7i
AT
Greasy
DPBCG
gnaw
green
D@AYD
around curve
greet grin -
ayoliha ujetsdi
goat
uksojaneda
groceries groundhog
alsdayhdi ogana
d f9
good
osda A S 1 sasa
8H
grow
guard
goose
out -
kdlosga
Ed3S
gun
wudeliga
,QSPS
gunpowder
aZ?L
adawelagisgi
h
hail ganesoysga
SA#Z'&&S
204
hair half -
@aET
have -church services have cold -have faith -have horns -have liquid have on -have time -have trial -hawk -
danilawiga
L h WBS
uhyvdla uniyiha
(YBd (YhJSYG
ayehli
DBC
uwohiyuha duhlga
SMS
0VK.G
ahidoha DAV.6 gahnidoha S hV.6 ganhjidoha S 0 h V . G ganidoha S hV.6 guhahldi J+PJ asgayegvsda
D@S BEJL
~Av.6
nuwanhdi
handsome
have possession of -
ahi?leha
DA$%
han_g
gada?a S L D gata SW kto?a EVD gadv7vsga S G i @ S gatvsga f P 2 S ktosadi7a E V B l D ulsdahneha aliheliga sdaya
213 DP@3SV DCTD S hX3+ 8P2LA.G DP?PS
hang up
WVl
!!%
head -
.i)Ail@S D@AP
happen
!su . !
hard hat hatch hate have -
@a
headband
aligvdanosdohdi
DPEL D V l
wakti
GS3
uha @+ una?a @QD uwaya (YG3 uwekaha OS a . P+ udetiyiha uhnawasdiha udihlehvsga ahligi?a
O.3;IIS.C-
osi aganawohisdi7i
h b DS W A 2 d T
S 9Wl
S tL Slfh 753
C 3 Z
--
have a nightmare
205
hoe hold -
galogiva galogodi
fGYD f GAl
help
help up hem here hew -
161.G DBP63f
D8.I-
ayohlvsga
DfiPaS
#A CAT
hole home -
atalesvvi
juwenvsvvi
sohi wanevi
homesick adisgahlvsga Dlaf P @ S gvsgahlvsga E 2 f Paf gvsgaladiva E 2 f W l D gvsgalvsga E 2 f 4 3 udisgahla D'l2ff galvladi higher hill himself
Q
f 4W1 f 4WlkT
@At 1A.G
gudalvsga uguku
D'JJ
Jl42S
utugi uhyona
D'SY
horn horse
@fie
#PP 16 dhPYT
sogwili damaga
D'GB
horsefly akasgeni
D&@kh
junidlvgivi
D'lLS
S BP@f
hot hotel
udihlehga
junisvsdivi
YC l S 6 0 A l
dhR@dT
hitch
hounddog gudalvsga
J142f
hit on -- abdomen
asgwohalvniha
D2V.G4h.G DS5MQf D2I4h.G
house housefly
--
6f
---
how howl -
hila
hit on mouth
D 9h.G r
ahyvsdeluhvsga
huckleberries
206
huge human
gajayohiha iganvhida
walela
gasohgwati @fib+
SfIJ
uyosiha
ganohalidoha ganohalidohi
f Z+PV.G
S Z+PVA
ugvwiyuha
interesting interpret
interpretation intestine
ahnehltanv?i DACWOT
1
1 -
Ayv
DB 8AJIW DBPD
in the evening -in the next ---inth --e = in view -invite in water -iron island room
RA86
fT6
ice -
unesdala
imitate
ahyeli3a
udawadisgv?i 8h.G
uhniha
datesga ditesdi
isihtadisdi asesdiha
D4JJ.E.
a,,lV"D 3lS !V itch itself
BfiSD
8GU
DBQ,?T
indigenous individual
R32T
0680
J
jai 1 asduhvsga D@Sa63f didasdudi?i JI@SJT junadasdudi7i JBLASJT
207
O'ZilWB
SMFS
DB~/
f
join joke
judge
ayo7ul~li ajvysdi
[)fi@c
[)CJJ DrCUWPJ
July
lamp
jump
jumper June -
lamp chimney
land large late later gada
ahujawoladvdi
5 1.
dihltadegi Dehaluyi
$.I.~.hl,t~
662
fine -
osigwu tohigwu
VAL
AD T B T
DRJX Jc2 ZGP2)J
S q 4 DS PJJ
sigigi
bYY
laugh law -
2STJ-I
dikanowadvsdi
DBZD
DA'F
O.EQG,O
king
kiss kitchen knee knife knock know -
ugvwiyuhi
atawedo?vsga
ganali
lead -
atihni DJh ga7ni Sh gelisineha kP6Ll.C gohinega R9ilS didatihnidohi ugaloga gvgusga
DSGS EJ@S DS~ZD
leader leaf -
8U 0 .
know how --
aktaha
DSW+
leak
DSVtT
knowledgeable
aktahna?i
learn
adehlohgwa7a
208
leather leave
like limb -
D~YD
limp
line link lion
leave behind
adisiya7a 06630 ahiyava DAaD gakahiyava SaAaD ganehiya?a SAA3D ga7niya?a S h3D sBOJ.G
DLSS DaLDOT
YPaS
P Lh
@.GAS ?T
2
listen DS@S hL D'IBDT little live
uhanega?lv?i
aksganida utiyvhnvvi
B@J
SAW D'DW
R.G
a
lender
JL VP2JaY
TABL
liver lives
length of time letter liar lick lid lie gohweli gayhgogi aganadiva guhlvdi
livestock lizzard SBAY loan DS 8JD locust JPd Locust Grove atsgo7vsga DhAi2S gayhgogi SBAY ganhga EOT DBWJD DCaJ long time lightening light fire light match 1ightning anagaliha ajislvsga ajislvsga anagalisgi D8S P G . Dh2P3P3S Db2PaS D6S P A Y look ni
long
ganahla?i tiyohavli
S 8LT 3fi.GP
atolsdiha lo10
6'6'
DVP2J.G vle
id'
WJYJ
SOS
ganvhida
long eared
DS5Z.G
Mexican look --at look for -aktosdi ahyoha uhyoha Df V6d DfiG 0ii f.. male animal man asgaya achvya D@SS hP2d DD.3 dC2d SAP DhM' APd
DC2
209
look in -- mirror
adakeha
DIP$
many
March
tsgwisdi Anvhyi
loose hair -- gihla ~ ' f lose - uyohuseha 0fir4.G lose -way loudmouth ulenahiha ahalada
20
O.$@&+
marriage
dichvsdi
ganeli
DUI +',
mattress DYJV Ansgvti Dh2U
louse
tina
love
maybe me ayv
asedv DB
D46
meadow magical magician make adawehi adawehi gohlvsga DL&Q mean measure AP@S
6)89dl.I-
dlogesi
6Fb
D.& L@
DCGD meat -
medicine
1 t@@dd,
nvwoti
@j ? dbDBJY
DK I,SBJ4-
didahnvwisgi
I, W @ S
danadlosga
didlohisdivi &&@JT
make fly -
make footsteps
make -incision make mistake make noise -make smoke --
DM+
O'Pb;.li
WMMV&?'
1 SrLyd3,
D25h
D8C
RZJ5 aniyosgi?i DhfiaYT
DIP
DOJ
fWJV+
keladidoha
JJPJaY
mist
mix moan mock Monday money month moon
LOP
dikanogisdi W W@J SGRY JI.T
DSW
a 3T
DWWJD
n
*n naked yvgi
BY
08q + ~ .
DAJ uyelvha?i dudo?a VFI JhR@dT named narrow sVD ;3VC D J B 667 hyahtohli udiyvda?dv3i na3v
8i
motionless mountain
ahyvhjeni
DBYh
211
giga dekayvsgwo3iha
Y S SC)BJlrT+
C AT@J
0 1S P
new
nogwu
hla ilvhdlvvi
OGU
J4@J
C TqPT
New - Mexico Sgwanijesdv3i d ? X h Y J P T news - kanoheda 3 2? L New York -- Nuyagi 42.Y next -morning ugijvda O Y C L
uwasvhi
disesdi
0
night
usvTi
OR7
oar ocean
gagawesdi amegwoTi
svhi usvqi
RQ 8 R T
DRZA JPb0L
iyuwahnilv3i Duninhdi
ShhJ
julsihnvda sohnela
+AM'
D J S B ~ L
+APAT
often oil -
DPdV?I@S OVJS
%
old -
Oklahoma udlasitv3ehi
06b16"R.G f YG
Ogalahoma
JBP T
old -chap
North -Carolina
nose
kayvsoli
utvsohnv3i
agayvlige3i
212
omit -
omit kanohiya''a
ilZ3GD SGY4T
operate
ahyehloha
DBd+
Jdh
on a c h a i r one sagwu
gasgilv?i
D6
skoni
LIZ
igvsa ijvsa oginvsa ogvsa sdvsa unvsa
one another
udahnilage?i ObhWfT
DLOJS
OOU
siga
bS 02;31
uhnosda ginutdi
outside
yQI JUhZ
oven -
digatdi?i
IS31T
rRAL JAhA SGA4.C-
overnight
r 1 6 ~
susvhida skoniyi
overseas
601
overtake owasa
AU G
galohiseha age
one t h a t k i l l s
dihihi
DF
DYSS
CrA LEO
sudalegi
svnadodagwasdi
dagvna
ayatohihi D3VAA
P
paddle
SVA
gadohi
RY OU G SS
s 5621 s 56035
OS0LPT
padlock
only
on - top
uganhda?dv?i
pain
0V,9
nvdohi nvdohi
paint
OVA
open
pantry pants
K O
pitch
-
213
paper
part
gohweli ugvhahli
..UP
@EN
persimmon person
sali
@f
artwith P - kdega ESf pas galosga SgJf Passover Supper pasture patient dlogesi Kanohiyegi $fL 9WBy
pick
peace
peach
peak
KVA31 pick up agi?a DyD ayiha D m gane9a SAD ganegi9a 5AYD gute9a J X D didahlilostanv9i
FPXY
@ZAP
pear
pearl
peck
pie
gagwayohiha asegi ff.4 Zi0 piece D4Y
gelistgi
DE.G31
peculiar
pig
peekthrough aktiha DS3.G pigeon
8 6
peel
pencil people pepper
& i p
gahlusga Sv@S gasvtvsga 5 R0",3S jiyu dihlawitdisgi h G JL83JaY akisdi akwsdo dagvna nohji
Zb
pilot
dikwayodi agola DAN' dadawo9a
JfJ Zi
pill
pillow
DYAJ
DVdV
LEO
perch
L L BD
pimple
D4P
sudetiyvda CS3B L DP2AG'LA.G
pine
alsgohldaneha
214 pitcher
pity
OSY
SVPf
adanhtehilo7a
DLO~AQD
eligwu
plant
plate
D@@S SAJ
DZPV
possum grape
post
potato
getvsdi nuna
danelohvsga la ball PY
pour
alasgaliha
dikwanayosdi
adli7a VCD adliga DCS adlisdiha DCdA+ ajewi7a DYBD uhlinigida OChYL
pray
prayer preach
adadolisdiha DLVP@J+ udadolisdi 8LVPJJ adadolisdi ahljadohvsga ah1jadohvsgi DLVP@J DPCVS,@S DPCV9X
OL@J
S L MYD S L IMAJ
plow
plug in
preacher
JL .l@S
prepare advnv lisdiha DGDT2J.C. judatihnavi dLJt7 ugvwiyuhi 8EBGA H48JJT president
A ? @
pocket
pneumonia
poison ivy
ulvda 8 1 , .1 nvwoti
kilagwu
YC) I=
poke
pond
dla7ida
a%TL
prick
JL h.mY
prisoner promise
policeman
didaniyisgi iLP
vdali
atuvisdiha
rage provisions adanehlvvi D1,lP T put on gloves put on handle daliyesuliva 1 PBCPD guhahlvsga alsgwetuhvsga DPJJSLQJS guhlvsga asuliva JPaf DCPD
215
kanegwadiha m I J +
Pryor
puddle
J+P@S
D lAdT
f QUAD
pull out
asesiha
D4bG
gojane7a
T&
Eut- -on shoes L
D L~/1vpJ
ut on socks e-ut - fire eout-
purse
push
adahlinesahldi gasadosga
S~VJS dahvtvsga
L aras
gahldiha SPA+ gahlvsga Sp@s galadiva SWAD galvsga S 9 2 5
Q
quail
guant ity guarter quickly quiet guhgwe iga
J2
TS YQJ BC@L
WQPT
quilt DrJD
C& J U
put inside
ut in water e-put on
DB-I+
nigvnhdiha
hEVJ+ D1dA.traccoon
r
EC DliYaD D V Y ~
n!&TUB@l
adadlohiha alsduli7a
DPJSPD
LtBD
dahnawoqa
daktinvtvsga L sno6"Js
race racer -
atohgiyasgi atahlawohisdi
rage
?id
rain agasga
Df2S
SG.3PBD
0@S f
uhnvkwolatv7i 0,0)"ll07~ alsaladi7a DP6rW.ID asaladi7a DtlUdD atvhisdiha D6".3.3;1+ osi adasdayhdi7i
6 6 DLiLBJI
DJSS
OB&
Uhyvdla
SAW
ganela ehi
kanikwsa ujonata
9 h P ~ OK8W
RJ
ujonati O K 8 2
DM1
DAPB D
JGAPT TS M S DbT@J
reason receive
J S 4Wh
usdvdi?a
O LC21 APS
ride -
right handed
aktisi aktisi
right position
Ld,9b.G
dalehisiha
YSj VdG
ring -
aliyesusto
DPBC@V
redbird
tojuhwa
ripe
rise river road robin
refrigerator release
ahyvdladisdisgi D B a%J2JJY
uweyv7i O d B T nvnohi
0259
h.;31'tm LCj.G
remember remnants
rock SSD
gade3a
rocking chair
gasgilo dihlihgesgi
. 2 Y G ACFJY
scratch
217
rocky_
roll roof roofing
nvyohi
DfiA
Sbr&fd.6
saliva salt -
wajila ama
DT
GbW
gasagwalehiha gasanali
SbreP
uhloyi
23
@tJd
gahljotdohdi kanvsulv?i
sand -
noya
room
rooster root -
aOc4T
b W S DC3
sandwich sassafras
jitagaachvya
Sedani
root out -i
!
rope rotate
Dodagwidena Udodagwidena
SOVY
ganhdohgi
'
rotten
round
route row rub rubber
gasagwalv?i ganvhnv?i
adiha DJ+ goseha A4.G nigawe?a hSdD scales scalp scar scatter scenery digadvdi J S 5 d uwajisgahlv?i DGbaSP T usdinega?lv?i uhnelvsv?i
02JA.S 4T
ruler - ahlilosdi DCGaJ run - atli DJC run -away aliti'a DPJD run for -- office atohgiya?a run over -adinvdiha
DJW+
dasvsdiha
junadehlohgwasdi?i
deStJT2JT
scissors scold
dilsdoyhdi agvsgolv?vsga
b258 D LCaY
JPJVBJ DEJA4i2S
sack
scorpion degahldi
SSPJ
saddle
salesman
gahyahulo
S @rG
SWhVA
scratch
ganhtanidohi
218 scream screw sea second see seed seem seine sell send -
m&as
@JZ~$&L
sharp sharpen
gosdayi kdliha
EC+
JP J
sharpener shatter
dikdlvhdi
DAG2.G
sheep
shell DS;3It1 SeSS
degvtohipa
agayaludi ganadega
shell corn -- daktliha L f C + shin - asgvdageni D a E L f h shine shirt agaliha ahnawo atihldi uhnawo
DSP+
to
DJCJ 8tV QGeQD
shiver separate September set down -set -goal set shoe shoot shopping getvsga
fvJS
uwanawi7a
alasulo DWCG ulasulo O W C G ayohiha DfiL3.G dasdayohiha 1 2 l f i A . G adananesvhvsga D l eARd2S amayuhldi asgwala7i usvdena
DGCJ D@IWT OR98
alsosdiha
set -
set price
gahlgwogi
shovel gahlgwogine7i
S 8 82.5 SffYAT
gayewsga
show S8QDT
gayewsgi7i
D3 4 G S ECEiZS
II
:
atelvhvsga kjagv?vsga
sick -
sick -person
shake head --
alsdvhniha
DP-hS
sometimes
219
sift
gvgusdiha agowhtvhdi
EJo3A.G DAGGA
~sas
J S ~ J
JSR~J
Dma,+
Omo3A.G
sinner sister
D@S 8T
snake
saligugi
VPJY
SB@V;3;3S OL W A LIWYD
sixth - sudalinevi size - ikida TYL skin skull slam 'S slap
snore
CLPAT
ahliyvsanawsdiha DCBVeG@A+ gutiha J J Q unhji V @ h gvwahlvsga ohla aliyo wanigevi gada S L kanvwiva 3 @ Q D talugisgi dikanvwodohdi
wyay
EGPaS
soap
S f ?6h@A+
sJI
~pfi GhfT
Db6h.G
SC.G
sleep
sleepy
SPaS DE.GP.G
~ac-0~1
DfiaY
L Q2E.4
usganoli
Smart smell
2 5
small
gohusdi
ATaA
something that stings alsvsdiha DPR2d.G asvga DRS uwawsvga OGGRS daksvsdiha
L SPGA,
adajvysgi
DLC&U
smoke
yudahavi
220
somewhere dlv
P
8 d k DJC 13db ~ z2
somewhere son -
spoon
aditohdi
DJVJ
spring sprinkle
dikanogisdi
LY
J a Z.!JJJ
hleki
spur
udlvkwdi
@pvJ
adonisgi wadulisi
DVh;;LY GSPb
gatiha
stagger
stairs stand
dudokdiha
soup
sour south spade spank
juhnajosdi
juganawvvi
dtK2J dS 86 T
stand -- in stand -- in
alehvsga
D 69.af
speak
nokwsi
asdagayhdiha
D 2 L SBJ+
start
kana7nesgi
ahnigi7a DhYD ahnigisdiha DhY2J.C. aleniha D&h+ wahga hawiya ganosgi7a atanolega utanolvda talugisgi
GS
steak
spin
S Z2YD
splinter split
steering wheel
ahi71vsdi?i
DA 92JT
spoil
spoiled
alasdvsga
DWXaS
uyojv7i
@ACT
221
gvhniha asti
Eh$.
DX
J G 4~
alsgwaludi7a
DPXMJD
julohldi
@ta?xG~
JSdZAY
gajvysga
upeyuhna?i
DZ8.I.
S ZGIYI
stump
substitute
adanedliyvsdisgi
D I/ICB~IJ@Y DZlX4h.S
1i
I
stolen stomach
ganosgida
suck
asgwanutsga
usgwohlivi B X C T gatiyoqi
SIfiT
stompgrounds
stop
stop by store
AY
Dl 8 0 7 810h
udana3ni
gachinosiha
f h2b.G
EZij2f 8 5 821
a@+ ?>A+
AT@S
strawberry street
galanvdvvi
f W06"T
222
sycamore
syrup
D~DD
LWC~D
table
gasgilo
SJYG
LP~~YD
.$d~ SP.G
container
Daligwa
L PZ
gale?a galiha
ganida7dv?i S h L f f T gatohga svf ganega S A S ganehwidiha SA@J.G ganhjega f 0% wigakahvsga @ S a & f wiganehvsga @ f A&AS wiganvvvsga @ fD i J f atsde7a
I)~@SD
adlecheha DLY+ udlega V L S ahwidiha D8J.G ahyega D8S ayvhwidiha DB8J.G gahnega SAS ganawidiha f 88J.G ganega S A f
DCTPV.G
take --- a bite take ---a break take --- a drink take --- a seat take -- a step take from -take off --
ahli7ilidoha
D1ACBJJ.G
~fiA@j.~ DSYD
adanedliyvsdiha
VlOIbrOT LSfiaJf JSA&AY
~ ~ m a s
DWJED SAYR.G
S99C.G JCZ?JT
dihlinohehdi7i aktohdi
DfVJ
takeoff -- flying take off -- glasses take off -- loves take off hat --take off -- pants take off ring -take off -running
adayvlatvsgi
DLBW6J.Y
kanoheha sgohi
a Z?+
DIP T
f PK6"T
daliyesule7a
L P8edD
2A~3
tent tenth
9,44117
LYb
223
DP?PS
you
GY
tick gugu J J dahyvgi7a dakanehiha
LBYD L3AA.G
na 8 vsgina
i D 8 DOtl
tickle tie -
unvsa
813G
nahiyu uhna Q t
nani7a
8hD
tie -2 gahlvviha SPT+ tie a -9- 3 ganvhlohiha time - iyuwakdi TGGAJ tin tired talugisgi duyawega tehga jola
55 WMYJY
SaS
SWB+
vsgihnv iyusdi
iGV0 TGJJ
AD OGFL S WYJY
hi?a
toad tobacco
KW
38@6T
O'&d @@kT
toe -
kanasavdvvi
toenail
DdA.9
thin that kills g-think third thirsty this thorny those thought thousand thread three -
adahihi
Qgp~+
re$
tongue tonsils too -big too far
7-
RA8d
SDAT
S$h
D a
KT
ganhdohgvvi unole
QZJ
224
turn off road --turn li ht -on A turn out light --turn over -twist twister
dekalihgwadega
sunale didla
red'
SS&T
Ad
AAPVA DPTAD
two -
taTli WP
u
unegihldi 8 M 4 A uncle under uduji
8Sb
translate translation
ahnehltanv?i
trap
tree trick trigger trim tromp truth tub Tuesday turkey turn -
undress
ACAAA7
LMD
JLd'D
unhitch
DJV8.G
unhook
DW2LR.G SGAGT
United States unit --of measure unplug untie until uphill aktahv7a
DSWaD
TAAL aeM@ET
kanalusgvvi jogi KY
upstream
LV'Uh DLJET
dakwsani
ShWAD
225
-wash face
wash hair -Washington
agvsgwo7a alsduleha
DEXD
~p@Sd+
v
valley various ukedaliyv7i judalehnvda dohiyu VAG doyu VG udohiyu O'VAG adage7i
DLI.7
O I LPBT '.
~L$@L
wasp
waste watch
kanajisdeji ajewi7a
very
DY@D
~
!i
very young
Vian
Dahnugo7i
L ?AT DLGOT.0V+
water
adahwahtvhidoha duksdiha
SSJJ6
D f l VJ
gohiyhdaneha
A.9GLA.G
DflJT
wagon
dagwalela
LXdW
DI. 9LYD
0533
ulisdi
dEGGJ O'dt 7
walk -around walking cane walnut want war sedi uduliha dahnawa
edoha
RV+ DVW@JJ
wear
wear -- a
adolanvsdi
46 O'SP+
LtG
ulsdula
wear a hat
ulsgwetuhga udli7ada
wear an earring -wear a ring -wear -glasses wear -gloves wear pants wear shoes --
warm
wash -
dulasuhla
.SWCf
226
SPfi+
white man --
yonega
fiAf DBJAS
gahatdi
S.6511
KTA TS
who -
ayvwunega
Wednesday
weed weeks ganulv
J o 7 i n e Iga
f
ayohlvsga
DfiPAf
4Q
TG~vL X,aJ
gaga
SY sA
EG Z 2 1
weep
weld welder
whole
a 0 8 ~
a
wife -
t a l u g i s g i dikanvwisgi
WMYAY away
welding rod well osda tohi t a l u g i s g i dikanvwodohdi WMYAY A a W V d
wild
f.3W.Q
T8I.7 @POT@A
wilderness
inage?i
ha1
va
w i l l i n ~ udvnv?isdi wind
west wet -
JSPET SSP1
unole
@Z6
Kwh
window
what wheat -
wing
SV @@A
wink -
a 2
a ZI. h
DSW2lJ.G
aktasdiha gola
O.C62d S a d AWBT
A W D f ViA2A
akto7vhisdi gvhdi
E l Dab=+ D4RL
dp
asesiha asesvda
nudanht vna 4 1O r 8
DSW8
R9
h f bD
G3
DI.9
tsgwalegwala
woman wood -
gasvnhga unega
@/IS
SRhS
DL
dalala
L WW
woodpecker
227
years yell
TJSJB L
emf
~a'a2f
rn
svhi svhiyeyi
RA RA86
svhi sunale?i
RA C 8 8 T
yes, it - that's sgidv
2Y6
wrap
wrestle
yet
si nihi
you
hA
young animal
young man young woman
0 LAAG+
Y
yawn
uhahlogeha
@MI.+
yourself yourselves
jvsa
C6r
ijvsa sdvsa
TCH 2W b
NUMBERS
Disesdi
14031 -
CARDINAL
6 r J
WP
KT DY A2Y rLP
f my
CAW IAW
228
ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen
ten sgohi sa?du ta?ldu jo?ga?du niga?du sgiga?du daladu gahlgwadu neladu sohneladu ta?lsgohi t a ? l s g o sagwu ta?lsgo ta?li ta?lsgo jo?i t a 7 l s g o nvhgi ta?lsgo hisgi tavlsgo sudali t a ? l s g o gahlgwogi t a ? l s g o chanela t a 7 l s g o sohnela jo?sgohi jo?sgo sagwu
j o?sgo t a ? l i
2/44
US
NPS KSS hSS @YSS LWS
seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty one twenty two twenty t h r e e twenty f o u r twenty s i x
sP X S
AW S
CAWS
2 W P @ 49
WPJ.4
u,
u;
thlrty two
thirty three t h i r t y four
jo?sgo j o ? i jo7sgo nvhgi jo7sgo h i s g i jo?sgo s u d a l i j o ? s g o gahlgwogi jo?sgo c h a n e l a jo?sgo s o h n e l a nvksgohi nvksgo sagwu nvksgo t a 7 l i nvksgo jo?.i nvksgo nvhgi
thirty f i v e
thirty six t h i r t y seven thirty forty_
eight
t h i r t y nine
forty one
f o r t y two -forty three four -
OY2A
DYZA WP DYZA KT
QY2 A D Y
seventy nine fort 2five nvksgo hisgi nvksgo sudali nvksgo gahlgwogi nvksgo chanela nvksgo sohnela hiksgohi hiksgo sagwu hiksgo ta7li hiksgo jo7i hiksgo nvhgi hiksgo hisgi hiksgo sudali hiksgo gahlgwogi hiksgo chanela hiksgo sohnela sudalsgohi sudalsgo sagwu sudalsgo ta7li sudalsgo jo?i sudalsgo nvhgi sudalsgo hisgi sudalsgo sudali sudalsgo gahlgwogi sudalsgo chanela sudalsgo sohnela gahlgwasgohl gahlgwasgo sagwu gahlgwasgo ta7li gahlgwasgo J o7i gahlgwasgo nvhgi gahlgwasgo hisgi gahlgwasgo sudali gahlgwasgo gahlgwogi gahlgwasgo chanela gahlgwasgo sohnela
229
forty six
fifty
fifty one fifty two fift 2three fifty four fifty five fifty six fifty seven fifty eight fifty nine
sixty
sixty one sixty two sixty three slxty four sixty five sixty six sixty seven sixty eight sixty nine seventy seventy one seventy two seventy three seventy four seventy five seventy six seventy seven seventy eight seventy nine
D YA ~.QJY D Y ~ A fa CL @YaA S W Y DYJA e,? U' OYaA C;IW O~Y~AA O@Y@A V 2 .9@YaA WP QAVv@A K T .Q@Y@A DY .OaY@A 22Y ASYJA C L P AJYJA S W Y A~Y@A CAW AJYV@A CAW C L P@AA CLPdA G C L P J A WP C L P J A KT C L P J A DY CLPdA AaY CLP@A elf C l P d A SffY CIP@A CAW C L P@A $AW SPI2.U SPIJA H 2 i SPI@A W P S PZ2A KT SPXZA OY SPX2A A2Jr S PZ2A el P S PZ2A S W Y S.', PZGA CAW SPXZA +AW
230
eighty
eighty nelsgohi n e l s g o sagwu nelsgo t a 7 l i nelsgo jo7i n e l s g o nvhgi nelsgo h i s g i nelsgo sudali n e l s g o gahlgwogi nelsgo chanela nelsgo sohnela sohnelsgohi s o h n e l s g o sagwu sohnelsgo t a ? l i sohnelsgo j o ? i s o h n e l s g o nvhgi sohnelsgo h i s g i sohnelsgo s u d a l i s o h n e l s g o gahlgwogi sohnelsgo chanela sohnelsgo sohnela sgohitsgwa s g o h i t s g w a sagwu sgohitsgwa t a 7 1 i two -
Awau AW2A t13 AW@A W P AW2A KT AW2A UY AW@A A U AW2A t"l P AWJA S W Y AW2A CAW AW2A I.AW
I. A w a u
e i g h t y one e i g h t y two e i ht thre a-e eighty four eighty five eighty s i x e i g h t y seven eighty eight eighty nine ninety ninety one n i n e t y two ninety three ninety four ninety f i v e ninety s i x n i n e t y seven ninety eight ninety nine one -hundred one hundred one one -hundred
ORDINAL
I.AW2A E1;3 I.AW2A W P I.AW2A KT I.AW2A UY 1AW2A BAY I.AWaA CL P I.AW2A S W Y I.AW2A CAW I.AW2A I.AW 2AAbI
aubI
63 1
2 M b I WP
first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh
t 7 L PAT
SWYA7 CAPA T I.APAT
2 AAA T
61SbAT
forty sixth twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth twenty first twenty second twenty third twenty twenty twenty twenty twenty twenty fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth ta?ldusine?i jo?gavdusine?i niga?dusine?i sgiga?dusine?i daladusine?i gahlgwadusine7i neladusine?i sohneladusine?i ta?lsgohine?i ta?lsgo sagwuhinevi tavlsgo ta7linevi ta?lsgo jo?ine?i ta?lsgo nvhgine?i ta?lsgo hisgine?i ta?lsgo sudalinevi tavlsgo gahlgwoginevi ta31sgo chanelinevi tavlsgo sohneline?i jo?sgohinevi jo?sgo jo?sgo jo?sgo jovsgo jo?sgo jovsgo sagwuhine?i tavline?i jovine?i nvhginevi hisgineyi sudaline?i
VP.TbAT KSSbAT hSSbAT @YfSbAT L WSbAT
f PXSbAT
231
WPJA A a ' A T WP@A CLPAT WP@A f W Y A T WP@A CAPAT WP@A SAPAT K @ U AT K@A i7'2AA T K2A WPAT K@A KTAT K@A PYA7 K@A A@YAT K@A CLPAT K@A S W Y A T K@A CAPAT K@A SAPAT @Y@UAT DY2A VZAAT DY@A WPAT DY@A KTAT DY@A DYAT DY@A A X A T DY@A CLPAT
thirtieth thirt 2first thirty second thirt 2third thirty fourth thirty fifth thirty sixth thirty seventh thirty eighth thirty ninth fortieth forty first forty second fort 2third forty fourth fort 2fifth forty sixth
jo?sgo gahlgwoginevi jo?sgo chaneline?i jovsgo sohnelinevi nvksgohinevi nvksgo sagwuhinevi nvksgo tavlinevi nvksgo jovinevi nvksgo nvhginevi nvksgo hisgine?i nvksgo sudalinevi
232
forty seventh nvksgo gahlgwogine'i nvksgo chaneline'i nvksgo sohnelinevi hiksgohinevi hiksgo sagwuhinevi hiksgo tavlinevi hiksgo jovinevi hiksgo nvhgine'i hiksgo hisgine'i hiksgo sudalinevi hiksgo gahlgwogine'i hiksgo chanelinevi hiksgo sohnelinevi sudalsgohine'i sudalsgo sagwuhine'i sudalsgo tavline'i sudalsgo jovine'i sudalsgo nvhginevi sudalsgo hisgine'i sudalsgo sudalinevi sudalsgo gahlgwogine'i sudalsgo chaneline'i sudalsgo sohneline'i gahlgwasgohine'i gahlgwasgo sagwuhinevi gahlgwasgo ta'linevi gahlgwasgo jo'inevi gahlgwasgo nvhginevi gahlgwasgo hisgine'i gahlgwasgo sudaline'i gahlgwasgo gahlgwogine'i gahlgwasgo chanelinevi gahlgwasgo sohnelinevi nelsgohinevi nelsgo sagwuhinevi
@YJA S f f Y A T @YJA CAPAT @Y@AIAPAT A@YJR9/1T AJY@A tl,?AAT A J Y J A WPAT A Z @ A KTAT AJYJ A @YAT AJY@A A Z A T A Z @ A CLPAT A@Y@A S W Y A T A@Y@A CAPA T A J Y J A -fAPAT CL PJAAAT CL P@A M A A T CLP@A WPAT CLP@A KTAT CLP@A DYAT CLPJA A U A T CL P@A CL PAT CL P@A S f f Y A T CLP@A CAPAT CLP@A IAPAT S P52RSAT
forty seventh forty eighth forty ninth fiftieth fift first Yfifty second fift 2third fifty fourth fifty fifth fift sixth Yfifty seventh fifty eighth fift 2ninth sixtieth sixty first sixty second sixty third sixty fourth sixty fifth sixty sixth sixty seventh sixty eighth sixty ninth seventieth seventy first seventy second seventy third seventy fourth seventy fifth seventy sixth seventy seventh seventy eighth seventy ninth eightieth eighty first
S P52A K2AAT
SP52A WPAT
SP52A CLPAT
S PX@A S f f Y A T
SPBaA CAPAT SPX@A IAPAT AW@&AT AW@A tl,?AAT
one million
i
233
II
nelsgo tavlinevi nelsgo jovinevi nelsgo nvhginevi nelsgo hisgine?i nelsgo sudaline?i nelsgo gahlgwoginevi nelsgo chanelinevi nelsgo sohneline?i sohnelsgohine?i sohnelsgo sagwuhinevi sohnelsgo tavline7i sohnelsgo jo?ine?i sohnelsgo nvhginevi sohnelsgo hisgine?i sohnelsgo sudalinevi sohnelsgo gahlgwoginevi sohnelsgo chanelinevi sohnelsgo sohneline?i sgohitsgwine?i sgohitsgwa sagwuhinevi sgohitsgwa ta?line?i
elght_y fourth
eighty fifth eighty sixth eighty seventh eighty eighth
eighty ninth ninetieth ninety first ninety second ninety third ninety fourth ninety fifth ninety sixth ninety seventh ninety eighth ninety ninth one - hundredth one hundredth first one hundredth second
1
j
I
I
i
'
two - hundred three hundred four -hundred five -hundred six - hundred seven hundred eight hundred nine -hundred one - thousand one - million
talitsgwa jo7itsgwa nvhgitsgwa hisgitsgwa sudalitsgwa gahlgwogitsgwa nelatsgwa sohnelatsgwa saghu iyagayvli sagwu i y ~ g ~ a d i n v d a
I;? .:,
- . 11.s ,
-.
Sinvaa Dekaivj e g v 9 l
6 4 .S39YE7
j,,,,yy
February March
Unolvtana Kaga7li Anvhyi Kawohni Ansgvti Dehaluyi Kuyegwona Ga7lohni Dulisdi Duninhdi Nvdadegwa Vskihyi
April
June -
July
August September October November December
WEEK
Lb'LLLT
and
CHEROKEE R A T I O N O F OKLAHOMA
1975
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
............................ I . THE VERB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . i n i t i a l prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B . pronoun p r e f i x e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C . non-final suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. finalsuffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E . r e f l e x i v e . p a s s i v e and c l a s s i f i c a t o r y verbs . . . . . . . . F . verb "to be" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 1 . THE NOUN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . nounprefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. nounsuffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C . possessed nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D . compoundnouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E . derived nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F . f i r s t person s i n g u l a r forms o f nouns . . . . . . . . . . . .
INTRODUCTION
239 241 241 256 281 288 295 305 306 306 308 310 318 319 322 324 324 330 338 341 342 342
I11
. . . . E. F.
B
... .. ... . .
IV
. . C. D. E. F. G.
negative sentences . . . . . . . questions coordination . . . . . . . . . . subordination possession . . . . . . . . . . . notes on word o r d e r i n Cherokee Cherokee t e x t . . . . . . . . .
........... .........
INTRODUCTION This outline or sketch of Cherokee grammar is intended primarily as an aid to the user of the Cherokee-English dictionary.l The authors hope that Cherokee speakers who utilize the dictionary will acquire a deeper understanding of the complex structure of their language by reading the grammar sketch. Students of Cherokee attempting to learn the language and linguists interested in studying the structure of Cherokee should also find the dictionary and grammar outline useful. The traditional parts of speech, used to classify the Cherokee entries in the dictionary, provide a useful framework by means of which the non-linguist can understand the grammatical systems of Cherokee. Each of the eight part of speech categories is described in the grammar outline. The first section is devoted to a discussion of the Cherokee verb. Since the structure of verbs in Cherokee is quite complex, this is the longest and most detailed section of the grammar sketch. The structure of Cherokee nouns is described in the second section, and the remaining parts of speech are discussed in the third section. The fourth section of the grammar outline consists of notes on various aspects of Cherokee syntax, the principles of sentence formation in the language. Throughout the grammar sketch examples are provided for each of the points discussed. In addition to the examples, the first section contains a number of complete and partial verb paradigms. In the examples and paradigms we have chosen to spell final syllables in their entirety, and the reader should remember that final vowels are ordinarily not pronounced in spoken Cherokee. Further study of the language is needed to determine the precise nature of the rules which govern the dropping of vowels in various contexts.2 Those examples in the grammar outline which can stand alone as sentences are followed by periods and are translated by sentences in English. This practice is not followed in the case of examples which cannot stand alone as sentences. In addition to the discussion of the various grammar points and the examples which illustrate them, the reader is urged to study the.illustrative sentences in the dictionary. These sentences provide further insight into the structure of the Cherokee language.
' e would like to thank Bill Cook for discussing various aspects of Cherow kee with us, and for pointing out a number of facts regarding the future tense prefix and the suffix system of the verb. We would also like to thank Willard Walker for generously making available to us many of his unpublished materials on Cherokee. We have also profited from reading Reyburnls study of Cherokee morphology ("Cherokee Verb Morphology I, 11," International Journal of American Linguistics, 19:172-180, 259-73, and "Cherokee Verb Morphology 111," International Journal of American Linguistics, 20:44-64). vowels are more often retained at the end of sentences or utterances *~~nal than elsewhere, apparently indicating that they function as carriers of the final part of intonation contours. The retention or dropping of final vowels also seems to mark the extent of formality of various speech styles; many more final vowels are retained in oratorical style than in casual spoken style, for example.
241
Section I .
The Verb
Verb forms i n Cherokee must c o n t a i n a verb stem, one o r more pronoun p r e f i x e s , and a f i n a l s u f f i x . They may a l s o e x h i b i t one o r more i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s , a r e f l e x i v e p r e f i x which d i r e c t l y p r e c e d e s t h e stem, and one o r more n o n - f i n a l s u f f i x e s . These f a c t s a r e d i s p l a y e d i n Figure 1 , with o p t i o n a l elements i n d i c a t e d by + and o b l i g a t o r y elements i n d i c a t e d by + .
I+ initial I-
p r e f i x (es)
pronoun prefix(es)
+reflexive prefix
-.
+verb stem
+non-final s u f f i x (es)
final suffix
Figure 1 I-A. The i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s . A v e r b form i n Cherokee may o p t i o n a l l y e x h i b i t one o r more i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s ; because o f t h e i r p o s i t i o n immediately preceding t h e pronoun p r e f i x e s , t h e i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s a r e a l s o r e f e r r e d t o a s prepronominal p r e f i x e s . Since s e v e r a l i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s may occur t o g e t h e r i n a s i n g l e v e r b form, i t i s necessary t o d e s c r i b e t h e o r d e r i n which t h e y appear r e l a t i v e t o each o t h e r ; t h i s information i s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 2 .
1
y-, negative j-, r e l a t i v e , past, e t c . da-, future d a - , motion toward speaker di-, distant position
L4
i - , again
pronoun p r e f i x (es)
1 1 1 1
1
Figure 2
P r e f i x e s which a r e shown i n t h e same box i n F i g u r e 2 do n o t occur t o g e t h e r ; f o r example, t h e p r e f i x e s y- and j i - , which appear i n t h e f i r s t box i n F i g u r e 2 , do not co-occur. In a d d i t i o n , i n some c a s e s p r e f i x e s which occur i n d i f f e r e n t p o s i t i o n s cannot occur t o g e t h e r . T h i s i s g e n e r a l l y due t o an i n h e r e n t c o n t r a d i c t i o n i n t h e meaning of t h e two p r e f i x e s ; f o r example, t h e w- p r e f i x , which i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e person spoken o f has h i s back t u r n e d t o t h e s p e a k e r , obviously cannot occur t o g e t h e r with t h e n- p r e f i x which i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e person spoken o f i s positioned l a t e r a l l y i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s p e a k e r . S i m i l a r l y , t h e j - p r e f i x which i s used with c e r t a i n p a s t t e n s e v e r b forms cannot co-occur with d a - , t h e f u t u r e t e n s e p r e f i x . A d i s c u s s i o n o f each of t h e i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s f o l l o w s .
:arm:
-, n e g a t i v e , c o n d i t i o n a l
y- b e f o r e a vowel, y i - b e f o r e a consonant, 9- f o r e w - ; be a.
b.
. algowh 2 tl; 3h a .
c f . (1-3).
1
1
(1)
(2)
"He s e e s i t . "
a. b.
h l a 3 ya2gowh3ti2ha. "tle d o e s n ' t s e e i t ." ji2gowh1ti3ha. "I see i t . " hla3 y i 2 j i 2 g o w h 3 2 t i 3 h a . "I d o n ' t s e e i t . "
(31
a. b.
wa2gowh3ti2ha. hla3
"He s e e s it ( w i t h h i s back t u r n e d )
yu2wa2gowh3ti2ha.
. .
."
When y- d i r e c t l y p r e c e d e s h - , m e t a t h e s i s o c c u r s a s i n ( 4 ) .
(4)
a.
hizgowh2ti3ha. hla3
"You s e e i t
."
hyi2gowh3ti2ha.
f u n c t i o n : When y- i s used t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e n e g a t i v e word h l a ( t l a i n some d i a l e c t s ) " n o t , " it s e r v e s t o n e g a t e v e r b f o r m s , as i n ( 1 - 2 ) . When y- o c c u r s i n a v e r b form not preceded by h l a , i t s p r e s e n c e shows u n c e r t a i n t y on t h e p a r t of t h e s p e a k e r toward t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e e x p r e s s e d by t h e v e r b , a s i n
(5).
(5)
a. b.
ga2wo3ni2ha.
yi2ga2w032ni4ha
. .
as i n ( 6 ) .
(6)
When used t o i n d i c a t e s o n d i t i o n a l i t y i n p a s t t i m e , y- r e q u i r e s t h e non-progressive form of t h e v e r b stem a d t h e s u f f i x o r d i n a r i l y employ.ed w i t h p r e s e n t p r o g r e s s i v e forms, -a; s e e ( 7 ) . (7) y ~ ~ w o ~ ~ n i ~h e a -*if s spoke" comments: The a d d i t i o n of y- t o v e r b forms r e s u l t s i n p i t c h changes i n t h e v e r b ; t h e same o c c u r s i n t h e case o f o t h e r i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s a l s o . The r u l e s which d e t e r m i n e t h e s e changes are n o t f u l l y u n d e r s t o o d a t p r e s e n t . j-, relative form: j - b e f o r e a vowel, j i - b e f o r e a c o n s o n a n t , c f . ( 8 - 9 ) ; j u - b e f o r e w-. a. b. a. b. a 2 s g a 2 y a ~ ' w o ~ ~ h l at A man i s s i t t i n g . " l . a2sga2ya a2sga2ya a2sga2ya julwo"hla " ' t h e man who i s s i t t i n g t 1
"A man i s s p e a k i n g . "
(8) (9)
ga2w03ni2ha. ji2ga2w03ni4ha
f u n c t i o n : j - marks r e l a t i v e c l a u s e s ; i t c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e E n g l i s h r e l a t i v e p r o nouns "who," "which," and " t h a t ," as (10-11) i n d i c a t e . (10) (11) a. b. a. b. a2sga2ya a2sga2ya gi2hli gi2hli ga2w03ni2ha.
"A man i s s p e a k i n g . "
j12ga2w03ni4ha " t h e man who i s speaking" "I s e e a dog." " t h e dog t h a t I s e e "
ji2gowh'tl3ha. ji2ji2gowh'ti4ha
comments: S i n c e t h e r e l a t i v e p r e f i x c a n n o t be a t t a c h e d d i r e c t l y t o a negated v e r b form, n e g a t i v e r e l a t i v e s a r e formed by a d d i n g t h e n e g a t i v e a f f i x e s n- ( o r n i - ) and -na t o t h e v e r b form; t h e r e l a t i v e j - i s t h e n a t t a c h e d t o t h e a u x i l i a r y v e r b - i g i , y i e l d i n g j i g i , a s i n ( 1 2 ) . When j - i s p r e f i x e d , t h e second l a s t s y l l a b l e i n t h e word t a k e s p i t c h 4 .
(12)
a. a2sga2ya hla3 y12ga2w032n12ha. "A man isn't speaking." b. a2sga2ya n~2g?2w032ni2sgv4na ji4gi "the man who isn't speakingt1
Similarly, j- cannot occur in the same verb form with ga- "since," but it is possible for j- to be attached to -igi in instances in which the main verb is marked with ga-, as in (13). (13) go1hi3gi gv2wa2g02hv4?i ji4gi "the one he hasn't seen in a long time"
function: j- is used in sentences such as (14b and 15b) which contain a reference to a definite time in the past. It is also prefixed to verb forms in sentences which do not contain an explicit time reference if such a reference to a definite time in the past has previously been made or is understood by the speaker and hearer to exist; see (17), which would be the correct reply to (16). (16) (17) ga2d02 u1dv3ne21e3?i sv2hi? "What did he do yesterday?" j ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ s v ItHe spoke." ~~?i.
The use of j- is required in sentences in which reference to a specific past time is understood, as noted above, provided that the past tense suffix -v?i is employed This suffix indicates that the speaker witnessed the action or state indicated by the verb form in question; when the reportative past tense suffix -e?i is employed, j- cannot be used regardless of the presence or absence of a specific time reference; cf. (18-19). (18) ga2d02 u1dv3ne21e3?i sv2hi? "What did he do yesterday?" (19) u1w03ni2se3?i. "He spoke (reportedly)."
(21)
comments: See Section I-C for a discussion of the suffixes employed in imperative forms; see the discussion of de- in this section for the forms which this prefix takes when it occurs together with j- as well as with other prefixes.
j -, "again1'-imperative
form: j- before vowels, ji- before consonants, cf. (22-23); ju- before w-.
(22)
a. b. c.
e 2nv 3n . 1g a . l
j i 3 ? e 2 n ~ 2 n i 3 2 g a . " L e t ' s you and I h i t him a g a i n . " j ~ ~ n v ~ n il l~ e t f~ you . and I h i t him a g a i n . " L ~ s a ja2dulga. "Throw i t . " "Throw i t a g a i n . " c f . (22-23).
(23)
a. b.
ji23j?3du32 a. g
function:
comments: When t h e f o l l o w i n g p r e f i x b e g i n s w i t h a vowel, j - may a p p e a r e i t h e r a s j i - o r a s j - ; i f i t a p p e a r s a s j i - , a g l o t t a l s t o p i s i n s e r t e d between i t and t h e vowel which f o l l o w s . Note t h a t t h e c o n t r a s t between commands w i t h "again" and t h o s e w i t h o u t i s n e u t r a l i z e d i n t h e c a s e of n e g a t i v e commands; s e e ( 2 4 ) . (24) hlelsdi jiZ3ja3de3si. "Don't throw i t " o r "Don't throw it a g a i n . "
a.
b.
algowh2ti3ha. ja2de3ga.
"He s e e s it ."
."
(26)
a. b.
wi2ja2de32ga. hi2gowh2ti3ha.
."
."
."
I n some forms, w- may be d e l e t e d a f t e r t h e n e g a t i v e y-; n o t e ( 2 8 ) , i n which t h e n e g a t i v e p r e f i x y- becomes yu- w i t h w - o p t i o n a l l y d e l e t e d . (28) a. b. yq2wi2ga2w032ni2ha. yu2ga2w032ni2ha.
"Me i s n ' t s p e a k i n g ( w i t h h i s back t u r n e d )
"Be i s n ' t s p e a k i n g ( w i t h h i s back t u r n e d ) . "
f u n c t i o n : w - i s employed o p t i o n a l l y t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e v e r b i s f a c i n g away from t h e s p e a k e r . In t h e c a s e o f motion v e r b s , i t f o l l o w s t h a t t h e motion w i l l be away from t h e s p e a k e r . (29) (30) a. b. a. b. (31) a. b. ~ l w o ~ ~ h l ''He's s i t t i n g . " a. ~ ~ ~ w o ~ h H e r s s i t t i n g ( w i t h h i s back t o t h e s p e a k e r ) . " "l a . a3?i. wa3?i. "He's w a l k i n g . " "Hets walking (away from t h e s p e a k e r ) "Let me s p e a k . "
."
ji2w032ni2hi.
The u s e o f w- w i t h second p e r s o n i m p e r a t i v e forms r e s u l t s i n a change i n meaning; compare (31b) w i t h (32b). (32) a. h i 2 w o 1 n i Z 3 h i . "Speak
."
."
When the subject of the verb is not within sight of the speaker, the use of w indicates distance; see (33). (33)
In the case of certain verbs, in forms with the dative-benefactive suffix, w- is used to indicate dative meaning; cf. (34-35). (34) (35) de2g03hwe231137a. "He's writing them." a. de2g03hwe231a32ne2ha. "He's writing them for him ." b. w~2d~2goZ3hwe31a1ne2ha. "He's writing them to him . I 1 comments: A few verbs which inherently contain the notion of motion away from the speaker always occur with w-; e.g. wa2hv3sga "he's sending it ."
a'gmh2t13hanaZgowh3ti2ha.
"He sees it ." "He sees lt (from a lateral position) ." "He's speaking (laterally). "
"YDU
b.
b.
. .
(38) a. hj2go&2ti3ha-
see it
."
function: n- is used optionally to indicate that the person spoken of is in a lateral position with respect t 6he speaker; i.e., in (36b), (37b1, and (38b), the o subject of the verb is understood to be standing with his side to the speaker.
n- "'already"
form: n- before vowels, ni- before consonants, metathesis occurs when n- is followed by h-; cf. (36-38). Note that all the n- prefixes have the same forms exhibited by n-, lateral position, and illustrated by (36-38). function: n- may be attached to a past tense verb form to indicate that the action or state expressed by the verb had already taken place or was already in progress prior to some subsequent point in time; see (39). (39) a. u1ga2hna2nvZ3?i. "It rained ."
comments: The use of n-, "already," requires the use of the habitual suffix -07i
Note t h a t t h e v e r b i n t h e independent c l a u s e may i t s e l f b e i n t h e h a b i t u a l . When t h i s i s t h e c a s e , t h e v e r b marked w i t h n- i s a l s o u n d e r s t o o d t o be h a b i t u a l ; n o t e (41). (41) n ~ ~ w o ~ ~ n i ~ s o ~ i? ?i ~ l u h ~ ~) I a~ r?i v e. ( h a b i t u a l l y ) t h e r e a f t e r he ~ i ~ j ' o r i has a l r e a d y spoken." n- may a l s o be used w i t h t h e f u t u r e p r o g r e s s i v e , a s i n ( 4 2 ) . (42) n i 2 g a 2 w 0 3 2 n i 2 s g e 4 s d i . !!He w i l l a l r e a d y be s p e a k i n g ( a t some s p e c i f i e d f u t u r e t i m e ) ."
n-, negative form: c f . (36-38) f u n c t i o n : n- i s used t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e s u f f i x -na t o b r i n g a b o u t n e g a t i o n i n c e r t a i n t y p e s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n s ; s e e (12) f o r an i n s t a n c e of t h i s t y p e of n e g a t i o n i n r e l a t i v e c l a u s e s . Some a d d i t i o n a l examples f o l l o w i n ( 4 3 - 4 4 ) . (43) (44) a. b. a. b. "He was hungry." n ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ s i ~ s ~ w i t h o u ta h. u n g e r . " "He's v ~ n a 1 g o w h 2 t i 2 3 s g v 3 ? i . "He was s e e i n g i t . " na2gowh3ti2sgv4na. "He's w i t h o u t s e e i n g i t ."
n-, specified action form: c f . (36-38). f u n c t i o n : T h i s p r e f i x o c c u r s w i t h t h e v e r b a1dv3ne2ha " t o do'!; i t must be used w i t h t h i s v e r b when t h e a c t i v i t y b e i n g done h a s been s p e c i f i e d o r i s u n d e r s t o o d ; c f . (45-46). (45) (46) ga2d02 a1dv3ne2ha? "What's h e doing?" ga3g02 n a 1 d v 3 n f 2 h a ? "Who's d o i n g i t ? "
I n ( 4 6 ) , t h e a c t i o n r e f e r r e d t o by t h e v e r b " t o do" i s u n d e r s t o o d t o be known; i n ( 4 5 ) , on t h e o t h e r hand, i t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t someone o r something i s d o i n g somet h i n g , b u t t h e e x a c t n a t u r e o f t h e a c t i o n b e i n g performed i s unknown. n- must be used i n i n s t a n c e s l i k e ( 4 6 ) , b u t may n o t be used i n s e n t e n c e s l i k e ( 4 5 ) . n - , a p r e f i x o c c u r r i n g b e f o r e d a - , motion toward s p e a k e r o r p o s i t i o n f a c i n g s p e a k e r form: T h i s p r e f i x i s found o n l y b e f o r e d a - , and t h e r e f o r e always a p p e a r s a s n i - . f u n c t i o n : T h e r e i s an n- p r e f i x which o c c u r s i n i n f i n i t i v e forms b e f o r e d a - , motion toward s p e a k e r , and b e f o r e t h e d a - form o f d i - , p o s i t i o n f a c i n g s p e a k e r ; s e e ( 4 7 ) . (47) ni2da2yu3gowh2tvh3di
. .
u1du21i3ha.
comments: T h i s n- p r e f i x d o e s n o t seem t o add any meaning t o t h e v e r b forms i n which it a p p e a r s ; i t i s s i m p l y i n s e r t e d b e f o r e t h e d a - p r e f i x i n i n f i n i t i v e forms. I t should be n o t e d t h a t a few v e r b s must o c c u r w i t h n - , n i - ; s e e ( 4 8 ) . (48) weZ3sa ni2g?2w5,2?a. "A c a t i s meowing." I n i n s t a n c e s such a s ( 4 8 ) , t h e p r e s e n c e o f n- d o e s n o t seem t o be m e a n i n g f u l , and t h e p r e s e n c e of n- i n a l l forms o f v e r b s l i k e "meow" seems t o be an a r b i t r a r y
property of the verbs in question. de-, plural object form: de- before consonants, d- before vowels, except before-i-; cf. (49-50). (49) a. jiZgowh1ti3ha. "I see it . I ' b. de2ji3gowh1ti3ha. "I see them." (50) a. b. When de- is (51) a. algowh2ti3ha. "He sees it." da1gowh2t13ha. "He sees them." followed by-i-,the -i- deletes, as in (51). ilni2gowh2t13ha- TIYouand I see it ." de3niZgowh2ti3ha. lfYou and I see them."
de- becomes di- after y-, w-, and n-, except when followed by a vowel with pitch 3; cf. 152-553.
(52) a. hla3 y i 2.;.2gowh32t53ha. 3
b.
(533
a .
hla3 *2d?2ji2gowh32ti3ha. '7 don't see them." ~ ~ ~ s d i ~ ~ ~ o w 'You t ~ ~ see it (facing away)." h ~ (dl) h a . ~ ~ % ~ ~ s d i ~ ~ ~ o w h ~ t i * h(dl) see them (facing away)." "You a . n52sdi23gowh3tj2ha. "You (dl) see it (facing sideways) ." n~2dj2sdi23gowh3t~2ha- l'You (dl) see them (facing sideways) . I 1 de2ji3gowhlti2 3sgv3?i. *#Iwas seeing them . I 1
b.
(4 53
a. b.
(55) a.
b. ~ ~ ~ d e ~ j ~ ~ g o w h ~ "I i ~ ~ s ~ v them i(facing away) ." t was seeing ~ ~ . de- also becomes di- in infinitive and imperative forms when followed by a consonant; cf. (56-57). (56) (57) a. b. a. sdi2gowh2tvh3di u1du22i3ha. "He wants you (dl) to see it." di2sdi2gowh2tvh3di u'du21i3ha. "He wants you (dl) to see them." ja2du1ga. "Throw it.'"
b. di2ja2du32ga. "Throw them." de- becomes j- in infinitive and imperative forms when followed by a vowel other than a-. When followed by a-, de- becomes di-; cf. (58-60). (58) a. uZgowh2tvh3di u1du21i3ha. "He wants to see it." b. (59) b. b. ju2gowh2tvh3di u1duZ1i3ha. "He wants to see them." je2na3di~2nv2si. "Let's you and I throw them for him." di2g~2gowh2tvh3di u1du21i3ha. "He wants me to see them." a. e2na3di72ny2si. "Let's you and I throw it for him."
.3 a. de2hl3gowh2t; ha. "You see them." b. ~ i ~ t ? ~ g o w h ~ t i ~ h a .see them (facing away) . I ' "You de- becomes do- before da-, future, before da-, motion toward speaker, and before di-, position facing speaker; cf. (62-64) .
(61)
(62)
a. da2j$2gS,3?i. "1 will see it." b. do2da2ji3g02?i. 111 will see them." (63) a. d ~ ~ ~ t l i . it's coming this way." "He, b. d ~ ~ d v ~ ~ t "They 're coining this way." li.
Note that the sentence in (63b) is understood to refer to vehicles, not people; a different prefix would be needed in (63b) for an animate subject. (64) a. di2gowh3ti2ha. "He sees it (facing toward speaker) ." b. d ~ ~ d i ~ ~ g o w h ~ t i ~ h sees them (facing toward speaker) ." "He a . function: The primary function of de- is to indicate plurality of inanimate direct objects of transitive verbs; compare (65) with (66). (65) a2ni2sga2ya ga2ji2gowh1ti3ha. "I see men. (66) di2ga2ne'sa3?i de2j l3gowh'tl3ha. "I see boxes ." de- may also indicate plurality of the action or state referred to by the verb; see (67). (67) a. a2ni2sga2ya ga2ji2y??21~3?i2ha. "I'm tying up the men." (a single act of tying) b. a2ni2sga2ya de2ga3ji2ya?21v3?i2ha. "I'm tying up the men." (plural acts of tying) In the case of (67a), it is understood that only one act of tying is taking place. (67b), however, indicates that two or more acts of tying are taking place. If six men were being tied, for example, (67b) would be appropriate to describe a situation in which each of the men were being tied individually, as well as a situation in which three men were tied together in two separate groups. (67b) could also be used to refer to a situation in which one group of men were being tied together, but with several ropes employed; the essential difference between (67a) and (67b) is, accordingly, one of plurality of the act described by the verb. Ambiguity can result from the use of de-; compare (68) with (69). (68) a. ga?21v3?i2ha. "I'm tying it up." b. de2ga?31v3?i2ha. ."I'm tying it up." (plural acts) (69) de2ga?31v3?i2ha. "I'm tying them (in) up." (single or plural acts) Forms (68b) and (69) are ambiguous; unless the context clearly indicates to the hearer that the meaning of (68b) is intended, however, the form in question would ordinarily be understood to have the meaning of (69). Note that de- cannot be used to make the distinction between single and plural acts of the verb in instances such as (69), since its use is required in these cases to signal the plurality of the direct object of the verb. de- must be used with certain intransitive verbs in the plural. The verbs "to
s i t , " " t o s t a n d , " " t o b e hungry," and " t o b e t h i r s t y , " f o r examplc, r e q u i r e d e when t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e v e r b i s p l u r a l ; s e e ( 7 0 ) .
(70) a. b. ulyo3si2ha. "He's h u n g r y . " d ~ l n i ~ ~ o ~ s i"Theya a r e hungry." ~ h .
The p r e s e n c e o f d e - i n forms l i k e (70b) i s r e d u n d a n t , s i n c e t h e p l u r a l i t y o f t h e s u b j e c t i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e pronoun p r e f i x - n i - ; n e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e f a i l u r e t o u s e de- i n p l u r a l forms o f i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s o f t h i s t y p e r e s u l t s i n ungrammatical s e n t e n c e s s u c h a s ( 7 1 ) . ~ h . (71) * ~ l n i ~ ~ o ~ s i"Theya a r e hungry . I 1 When s e n t e n c e s s u c h a s (71) a r e s u g g e s t e d w i t h amusement and t h e y t y p i c a l l y comment two o r more p e r s o n s w i t h one stomach. On s i n g u l a r form "he i s hungry," a s i n ( 7 2 ) , v i d u a l has two o r more s t o m a c h s . ha (72) * d ~ ' ~ o ~ s i ~ "He . i s hungry." In a d d i t i o n , o t h e r i n t r a n s i t i v e verbs r e q u i r e t h e u s e of de- with both s i n g u l a r and p l u r a l forms; s e e ( 7 3 ) . (73) a. b. d a 1g .l 2 ya2we3ga. du1ni2ya2we3ga.
"I am t i r e d . "
"They a r e t i r e d .
l1
d e - i s a p p a r e n t l y used w i t h t h e s i n g u l a r form o f t h e v e r b " t o be t i r e d " b e c a u s e t h e sensation of t i r e d n e s s i s perceived simultaneously i n various p a r t s of t h e body. comments: The u s e of d e - w i t h t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n S e c t i o n 1 - 8 , i n Paradigm One. da-, f u t u r e form: d a - b e f o r e a c o n s o n a n t , d a - w i t h a -y- i n s e r t e d b e f o r e vowels, except a s noted below; c f . ( 7 4 - 7 5 ) . (74) (75) a. b. a. b. (76) a. b, (77) a. b. ga2w03ni2ha. e3ga. "He i s s p e a k i n g . " d a 2 g a 2 ~ 0 3 2 n i 2 s i . "He w i l l s p e a k . " "He i s g o i n g . " "He w i l l g o . " "He s e e s i t . " daZye3si.
When followed by t h e p r e f i x - i - , " a g a i n , " t o b e d e s c r i b e d below, d a - p l u s -i- b e comes d v - ; s e e ( 7 8 ) . (78) a. i23hi3w03ni2ha. "You a r e s p e a k i n g a g a i n . "
250
b. d ~ ~ ~ h i ~ w o ~ "You~ ws i il l. speak a g a i n . " n i
da- p l u s a f o l l o w i n g -h- becomes t - ; s e e ( 7 9 ) . (79) a. b. h?2w03n12ha. t/2w032ni2si. "You a r e s p e a k i n g . " IYou w i l l s p e a k . " i n c e r t a i n construction
f u n c t i o n : d a - i s p r e f i x e d t o a v e r b form t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a c t i o n o f t h e v e r b w i l l t a k e p l a c e i n t h e f u t u r e ; c f . (77-79). Note t h a t da- o c c u r s t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e f u t u r e t e n s e s u f f i x - i i n t h e s e i n s t a n c e s ( s e e I-C f o r a d i s c u s s i o n of t h e f u t u r e s u f f i x ) . When t h e -i s u f f i x i s a d d e d , t h e v e r b stem must appear i n i t s nonp r o g r e s s i v e form; s e e I - C f o r a d i s c u s s i o n of t h e changes which occur i n v e r b stems under s u f f i x a t i o n . d a i s used with t h e f u t u r e s u f f i x followed by t h e p a s t t e n s e s u f f i x - v 7 i t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e v e r b was p l a n n i n g t o ~ e r f o r mt h e a c t i o n of t h e v e r b i n t h e p a s t ; see ( 8 0 ) . Note t h a t t h e f u t u r e s u f f i x becomes - i s - b e f o r e a vowel. (80) d a 2 g a 2 w 0 3 2 n i 2 s i 3 s v 2 3 7 i . "He was going t o s p e a k . " da- i s used with t h e f u t u r e s u f f i x followed by t h e h a b i t u a l s u f f i x - o ? i t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e v e r b i s accustomed t o speaking whenever t h e o p p o r t u n i t y presents; see (81). (81) d ? 2 g a 2 w 0 3 2 n i 2 s i 3 s 0 3 ? i . "He's always about t o speak." When da- i s used w i t h t h e h a b i t u a l , a s i n ( 8 1 ) , it changes i n form t o d i - , p r o v i d e d t h a t a consonant f o l l o w s ; i f a vowel f o l l o w s , i t changes t o j - , a s i n ( 8 2 ) . (82) je3si'so3?i. "He's always about t o g o . " da- i s used with t h e s u f f i x - e s d i t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e v e r b w i l l i n t e n d t o perform t h e a c t i o n e x p r e s s e d by t h e v e r b a t a f u t u r e t i m e , a s i n ( 8 3 ) . When da- i s used i n t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n , i t a p p e a r s a s d i - b e f o r e consonants and j b e f o r e vowels. (83) d i 2 g a 2 w 0 3 2 n i 2 s i 3 s e 3 s d i . "He w i l l be going t o s p e a k . "
da- i s used w i t h t h e - i s u f f i x followed by t h e r e p o r t e d p a s t s u f f i x - e ? i t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e v e r b r e p o r t e d l y i n t e n d e d t o speak i n t h e p a s t ; s e e (84). In t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n a l s o , da- a p p e a r s a s d i - b e f o r e consonants and a s j - b e f o r e vowels. (84j (85) d i 2 g a 2 w 0 3 2 n i 2 s i 3 s e 3 7 i . "He was r e p o r t e d l y going t o s p e a k . " a. ga2wo3nl2ha. "He i s s p e a k i n g . " "He w i l l be s p e a k i n g .
l1
. .
The p r o g r e s s i v e f u t u r e i s formed w i t h o u t t h e u s e of d a - ; s e e ( 8 5 ) .
b.
ga2w03ni2sge3sdi.
There i s t h u s a c o n t r a s t between t h e n o n - p r o g r e s s i v e f u t u r e , i l l u s t r a t e d above i n (77b), (78b), and ( 7 9 b ) , and t h e p r o g r e s s i v e f u t u r e . T h i s c o n t r a s t i s i m p o s s i b l e i n t h e c a s e of v e r b forms e x h i b i t i n g t h e p r e f i x d a - , motion toward s p e a k e r , o r t h e p r e f i x d i - , d i s t a n t p o s i t i o n , s i n c e t h e s e p r e f i x e s cannot o c c u r w i t h d a - , f u t u r e ; compare (86) and ( 8 7 ) . (86) a. b. ga2w03ni2ha. "He i s speaking . I f "He w i l l s p e a k . "
C:
da2ga2w032ni2si.
c. (87) a.
c.
d i 2 g a 2 w 0 3 2 n i 2 s g e 3 s d i . "He w i l l s p e a k , he w i l l be s p e a k i n g . "
-onI
The a b s e n c e o f t h e b-form i n (87) i s due t o t h e f a c t t h a t d a - , f u t u r e , cannot occur w i t h d i - , d i s t a n t p o s i t i o n . I n o r d e r t o form t h e f u t u r e t e n s e i n t h e c a s e of a v e r b form w i t h d i - ( o r w i t h d a - , motion toward s p e a k e r ) , t h e s u f f i x o r d i n a r i l y used t o form t h e p r o g r e s s i v e f u t u r e must be u s e d . A s a r e s u l t , forms l i k e (87c) can be understood t o have e i t h e r t h e f u t u r e p r o g r e s s i v e meaning o r t h e nonp r o g r e s s i v e one. d a - , motion toward s p e a k e r form: da- b e f o r e c o n s o n a n t s and vowels, w i t h - y - i n s e r t e d b e f o r e vowels, e x c e p t a s n o t e d below; c f . (88-89). (88) a. b, (89) a. b. ga3?i.
"I am w a l k i n g . "
IS
d a Z g a 3 ? i . ItI am walking ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e s p e a k e r , a s when watching o n e s e l f i n a movie) ." a37i. "He i s w a l k i n g . " "He's walking ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e s p e a k e r ) ." "You and I a r e w a l k i n g . "
"YOU and I a r e walking ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e s p e a k e r a s
ded
when watching o n e s e l f i n a m o v i e ) . " When t h e vowel f o l l o w i n g d a - i s - a - , t h e sequence o f d a - p l u s -a- y i e l d s dv-; s e e (91). (91) a. b. altli. "He's r u n n i n g . " "He's r u n n i n g ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e s p e a k e r ) . " dvZ3tli.
When da- i s used w i t h t h e h a b i t u a l s u f f i x , t h e r e p o r t a t i v e s u f f i x , and t h e f u t u r e p r o g r e s s i v e s u f f i x , i t t a k e s t h e form d i - b o t h b e f o r e c o n s o n a n t s and b e f o r e a f o l l o w i n g - a - . I n t h e l a t t e r c a s e , t h e -a- i s d e l e t e d ; c f . ( 9 2 - 9 7 ) . (92) a. b. (93) a. b. (94) a. b. (95) a. b. ga3?i2s03?i.
"I h a b i t u a l l y walk."
d i 2 g a 3 ? i 2 s 0 3 7 i . "I h a b i t u a l l y walk ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e s p e a k e r , a s when watching o n e s e l f i n a m o v i e ) . " a 1 d a n 2 s i 2 3 n e 3 2 g 0 3 ? i . "He h a b i t u a l l y c r a w l s . " di2dan3si2ni1s03?i. "He h a b i t u a l l y c r a w l s ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e speaker).
g a 3 7 i 2 s e 3 ? i . "I was r e p o r t e d l y w a l k i n g . " d i Z g a 3 ? i 2 s e 3 ? i . "I was r e p o r t e d l y walking ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e speaker). " a1tli3se3?i. "He was r e p o r t e d l y r u n n i n g . " d i Z 3 t l i 1 s e 3 ? i . "He was r e p o r t e d l y r u n n i n g ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e
The v e r b " t o walk" i s e x c e p t i o n a l w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e form of d a - expected w i t h t h e h a b i t u a l , r e p o r t a t i v e , and f u t u r e p r o g r e s s i v e s u f f i x e s . I n s t e a d of d a - a p p e a r i n g a s d i - b e f o r e a f o l l o w i n g - a - a s i n (93b), ( 9 5 b ) , and (97b) above, i t a p p e a r s a s j - i n t h e r e l e v a n t forms o f " t o walk"; s e e ( 9 8 ) . (98) a. b. a3?iZse3?i. ja3?i2se3?i. "He was r e p o r t e d l y w a l k i n g . " "He was r e p o r t e d l y walking ( i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e speaker)
."
The e x c e p t i o n a l s t a t u s o f " t o walk" w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e forms o f d a - seems t o b e due t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f a p i t c h o f l e v e l t h r e e on t h e -a- o f " t o walk." A sequence o f da- p l u s -h- y i e l d s t - . T h i s i s t h e change d e s c r i b e d above f o r d a - , f u t u r e t e n s e ; c f . ( 7 9 ) . A l s o , -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r da-; s e e ( 7 7 ) . f u n c t i o n : da- i s used w i t h i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s o f motion such a s "walk," " r u n , " and "crawl" t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e motion i s toward t h e p o s i t i o n occupied by t h e s p e a k e r . comments: T r a n s i t i v e motion v e r b s such a s "bring" seem t o r e q u i r e t h e d i - p r e f i x , which i n d i c a t e s p o s i t i o n f a c i n g s p e a k e r o r motion toward s p e a k e r , a s d e s c r i b e d below. In a d d i t i o n , some i n t r a n s i t i v e motion v e r b s t a k e d i - r a t h e r t h a n da-. dai s t h u s e x t r e m e l y l i m i t e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e number o f v e r b s w i t h which i t can appear. I t would be expected t h a t d a - would t a k e t h e form j - b e f o r e vowels o t h e r t h a n -aand -i-, j u s t a s t h e f u t u r e t e n s e p r e f i x d a - d o e s ; s e e ( 8 2 ) . S i n c e no i n t r a n s i t i v e motion v e r b s have been n o t e d which begin w i t h vowels o t h e r t h a n - a - , no i n s t a n c e s of d a - a p p e a r i n g a s j - have been f o u n d . S i n c e da- i s u s e d t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e v e r b i s moving toward t h e s p e a k e r , t h e u s e of f i r s t p e r s o n forms w i t h da- i s r e l a t i v e l y r a r e ; t h e s e forms a r e n a t u r a l , however, i n t h e c a s e o f n o n - p r e s e n t t e n s e forms s u c h a s "I w i l l b e walking ( t o t h e p o s i t i o n which I am now occupying) ." I t i s a l s o p o s s i b l e t o u s e da- i n t h e p r e s e n t t e n s e w i t h f i r s t p e r s o n forms i n s i t u a t i o n s i n which t h e s p e a k e r i s watching himself i n a movie, and commenting upon h i s own a c t i o n s . I n such s i t u a t i o n s i t i s p o s s i b l e f o r a s p e a k e r t o s a y "I'm walking t h i s way now" o r something similar. d i - , p o s i t i o n f a c i n g s p e a k e r o r motion toward s p e a k e r form: (99) (100) d i - b e f o r e c o n s o n a n t s , j - b e f o r e vowels o t h e r t h a n - a - o r - i - ; c f . a. ga2w03ni2ha. ulgo2he3?i. "He's s p e a k i n g (99-100).
."
.I1
b.
a.
dizga2wo 3 2 n i 2 h a .
I1Hels s p e a k i n g ( f a c i n g t h e s p e a k e r )
"He r e p o r t e d l y saw it ( f a c i n g t h e s p e a k e r ) A f o l l o w i n g -a- o r -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r d i - ; c f . (101-102). (101) (102) a. b. a. b. a1gowh2ti3ha. di2gowh3ti2ha. "He s e e s i t . " "He s e e s it ( f a c i n g t h e s p e a k e r ) . I 1 "You ( p l ) s e e it . I 1
b.
juZgo3he37i.
."
i1ji2gowh2ti3ha.
d i 1 j i 2 3 g o w h 3 t i 2 h a . "You ( p l ) s e e i t ( f a c i n g t h e s p e a k e r )
."
When d i - a p p e a r s i n a v e r b form ending i n t h e p a s t t e n s e s u f f i x - v 7 i , it changes t o da- b e f o r e consonants and vowels, w i t h a -y- i n s e r t e d b e f o r e vowels o t h e r t h a n - a - ; a f o l l o w i n g -a- i s d e l e t e d ; c f . (103-105). These changes occur i n both p r o g r e s s i v e and n o n - p r o g r e s s i v e p a s t t e n s e forms w i t h - v ? i , b u t n c t w i t h - e ? i ; s e e (100). (103) (104) (105) a. b. a. b.
a.
."
."
.I1
b. (106) a. b.
A -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r d a - ; s e e (106) n
."
The changes n o t e d above i n (103-105) a l s o t a k e p l a c e i n i n f i n i t i v e forms; i n a d d i t i o n , any i n f i n i t i v e form w i t h d i - must be p r e c e d e d by n i - . Note (107), i n which d i - changes t o da- w i t h -y- i n s e r t e d b e f o r e a vowel, and i n which n i - i s added t o t h e i n f i n i t i v e form. (107) a. b. ~ ~ ~ o w h * t v hu1du21i. ~di "He wants him t o s e e i t . " "He wants him t o s e e i t ( f a c i n g t h e speaker) .I1 ni2da2yu3gowh2tvh3di u1du21i.
While n i - i s a l s o i n s e r t e d b e f o r e d a - , motion toward s p e a k e r , i n i n f i n i t i v e forms, t h e forms o f da- remain t h e same; i . e . , t h e forms o f da- which occur f o l l o w i n g n i i n i n f i n i t i v e s a r e t h o s e i l l u s t r a t e d by (88-91). f u n c t i o n : d i - i s employed w i t h non-motion v e r b s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e verb i s f a c i n g t h e s p e a k e r . I t a l s o o c c u r s w i t h v e r b s s u c h a s " t o f i g h t , " which i n v o l v e motion which does n o t t a k e p l a c e i n a s t r a i g h t l i n e ; i . e . , a l t h o u g h t h e r e i s obviously mction i n v o l v e d i n f i g h t i n g , t h e motion i s e s s e n t i a l l y nond i r e c t i o n a l . T r a n s i t i v e motion v e r b s such a s " t o b r i n g " a l s o t a k e d i - ; i n forms l i k e (108), i t i s understood t h a t t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e v e r b i s b r i n g i n g t h e o b j e c t i n q u e s t i o n t o a p o s i t i o n a d j a c e n t t o t h e s p e a k e r . With a few v e r b s , such a s " t o f i g h t , " d i - simply i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e v e r b i s i n a d i s t a n t view from t h e s p e a k e r . T h i s f u n c t i o n of d i - seems t o be l i m i t e d t o v e r b s such a s " t o f i g h t " i n which t h e n a t u r e o f t h e a c t i o n i n d i c a t e d by t h e v e r b i n v o l v e s nond i r e c t i o n a l motion.
."
comments: A s i n d i c a t e d i n F i g u r e Two, d a - , f u t u r e , d a - motion toward s p e a k e r , and d i - a r e m u t u a l l y e x c l u s i v e . F u r t h e r s t u d y may i n d i c a t e t h a t d a - , motion toward s p e a k e r , and d i - , p o s i t i o n f a c i n g s p e a k e r o r motion toward s p e a k e r , s h o u l d be a n a l y z e d a s a s i n g l e p r e f i x . Such an a n a l y s i s would r e q u i r e f a i r l y d e t a i l e d r u l e s t o p r o v i d e t h e c o r r e c t form o f t h e p r e f i x i n t h e v a r i o u s c o n t e x t s d e s c r i b e d above.
i-
Magain"
i - b e f o r e c o n s o n a n t s and vowels, w i t h
-7-
i n s e r t e d b e f o r e vowels; c f . (109-
a. b. a. b.
ga2w03nj2ha. algowh2tj3ha.
i23ga3w03n,2ha. ;3??2gowh2t13ha.
(111)
a. b.
g a 2 j a 2 w 0 1 n i 2 3 s v 4 ? i " s i n c e you have spoken" ~ ' ~ a ~ j ? ' w n i 2 3 s v 4 7 i " s i n c e you have spoken a g a i n " 1o
i- a l s o becomes v - i n v e r b forms with t h e p a s t t e n s e - v ? i (whether used i n i t s p r o g r e s s i v e o r n o n - p r o g r e s s i v e f u n c t i o n ) , with non-motion v e r b s i n t h e p r e s e n t , and i n i n f i n i t i v e forms; c f . (112-114).
a. b. a. b. a. b.
ja2w03ni2sv23?i. a3?i.
"He's w a l k i n g . " "He's walking a g a i n .I1 "He wants him t o s e e i t ; h e wants t o s e e it." "He wants him t o s e e i t a g a i n ; h e wants t o s e e i t a g a i n . "
y3?+2?i.
u2gowh2tvh3di u 1 d u 2 1 j 3 h a .
v3?u2gowh2tvh3di u 1 d u 2 1 i 3 h a .
A p e c u l i a r i t y o f t h e i- p r e f i x i s i t s b e h a v i o r i n forms w i t h a vowel f o l l o w i n g .
13 ? ~ 2 g 0 2 h e 3 7 i . "He
u3g02he3?i.
r e p o r t e d l y saw i t a g a i n . "
(117)
a.
d e 2 h i 3 g o w h 2 t i 3 h a . "You a r e s e e i n g them."
-r 1 . and
b.
Other prefixes, such as di-, position facing speaker, coalesce with -i- as in (118)
(118)
."
c. di3??2gowh2ti3ha. "He sees it again (facing speaker) When such a coalescence occurs, note that the deletion of -a- following di- does not take place; a glottal stop is inserted instead, as in (118~). Before vowels, the coalescence of a preceding prefix and -i- is optional. Instead, the -i- prefix may occur only as high pitch; see (119). (119) a. b.
C.
."
a1gi2g02hv23?i. ! I saw it." ' da1gi2g02hv23?i. 111 saw them." do3?a2gi2g02hv23?i. "I saw them again."
1 I
d. da3gi2g02hv237i. 111 saw them again." function: i- is used to indicate that an action or state is reoccurring. comments: Note that i- does not occur in imperative forms; see the description given above. of ji-, "again1'--imperative, ga- "since" form: ga- before consonants and vowels, with -y- inserted before vowels; gaplus -a- yields gv-; cf. (120-122). Exceptions are noted below. (120) (121) (122) a. b. b.
a.
I1
I
gi2ni2g02hv23?i. "You and I saw it." ga2gi2ni2g02hv47i "since you and I saw it" ga2y02gi2ni2g02hv4?i l l s i n ~ e and I saw it" he a1gi2g02hv23?i. "I saw it ." gv2gi2g02hv47i "since I saw it"
b. (123) (124)
In second person forms, ga- becomes ge-; cf. (123-124) a. ja2g02hv23?i. "You saw it." b. ge2j?2g02hv4?i a. !?sinceyou saw it" ~ d i ~ g o ~ h v ~ "You . ~ 7 i (dl) saw it."
I
1
ga- appears as gvw- in third person forms; cf. (125-126) (125) (126) a. b. b. ~ l g o ~ h v ~ ~ "He .saw it." 7i gv2wa2g02hv4?i gv2wa2ni2g02hv"i "since he saw it" "since they saw it"
A peculiarity of the third person form of ga- is that the pronoun prefix u-, which
256
normally o c c u r s i n n o n - p r o g r e s s i v e p a s t t e n s e f o r m s , changes t o -a- f o l l o w i n g gvw-. f u n c t i o n : ga- i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t a c e r t a i n p e r i o d o f t i m e h a s e l a p s e d s i n c e a n event o c c u r r e d ; s e e ( 1 2 7 ) . (127) ta?21i i2yu3na2d023d?2gwa1sdi j 2 g e 1 s v g a 2 j a 2 g 0 2 h ~ 4 ? i . " I t ' s been two weeks s i n c e you saw i t . " e - , d i s t a n t imperative form: (128) (129) e - ; d i - a f t e r d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (128-129). a. b. a. b. ~ d i ' ~ o w h ' t ? ~ h a . "You [ d l ) see i t . " e2sdi23g03hwah2ta. de2sdi3gowh2ti3ha. "You ( d l ) s e e i t ( f a c i n g t h e s p e a k e r ) '!You ( d l ) s e e them. "
."
."
f u n c t i o n : e - i s used w i t h i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s when t h e p e r s o n spoken t o i s f a c i n g t h e s p e a k e r from a p o s i t i o n some d i s t a n c e away. comments: An a l t e r n a t i v e t o c o n s i d e r i n g e - and d i - , p o s i t i o n f a c i n g s p e a k e r , t o b e two d i s t i n c t p r e f i x e s i s t o a n a l y z e them a s a s i n g l e p r e f i x d i - , w i t h a v a r i a n t form e- which o c c u r s i n i m p e r a t i v e forms when n o t p r e c e d e d by a n o t h e r p r e f i x . I-B. The pronoun p r e f i x e s . The p u r p o s e o f t h i s s e c t i o n i s t o d e s c r i b e t h e pronoun p r e f i x e s which d i r e c t l y p r e c e d e v e r b s t e m s i n Cherokee. A number o f v e r b paradigms, i l l u s t r a t i n g t h e s e p r e f i x e s , w i l l be p r e s e n t e d and commented on. Verb stems i n Cherokee must b e p r e c e d e d by one o r more pronoun p r e f i x e s which r e f e r t o t h e s u b j e c t of t h e verb. I n t h e c a s e o f t r a n s i t i v e verbs, t h e presence o f a d i r e c t o r i n d i r e c t o b j e c t i s a l s o i n d i c a t e d by t h e pronoun p r e f i x e s . There a r e two s e t s o f pronoun p r e f i x e s i n Cherokee, S e t A and S e t B; w h i l e most v e r b s r e q u i r e t h e u s e o f t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s , a l a r g e number o f Cherokee v e r b s a l s o o c c u r w i t h p r e f i x e s from S e t B. I n t h e paradigms which f o l l o w , b o t h s e t s o f p r e f i x e s w i l l be i l l u s t r a t e d i n paradigms and commented on. Paradigm One: The v e r b forms i n t h i s paradigm e x h i b i t S e t A pronoun p r e f i x e s a s t h e y a p p e a r before a t r a n s i t i v e v e r b stem b e g i n n i n g w i t h a vowel. The stem of t h e v e r b " t o t i e up" i s e i t h e r - a ? l v ? i h - o r - a h l v ? i h - , depending on t h e p a r t i c u l a r c o m b i n a t i o n o f s u b j e c t and o b j e c t ; s e e t h e Notes on Paradigm One below. T h i s paradigm i s t h u s i l l u s t r a t i v e o f t h e a l t e r n a t i o n between g l o t t a l s t o p and -h- which c h a r a c t e r i z e s a number o f Cherokee v e r b s . I n a d d i t i o n , Paradigm One h a s been chosen t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e u s e o f t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x d e - ; o t h e r w i s e i d e n t i c a l forms a r e p r e s e n t e d which c o n t r a s t with r e s p e c t t o t h e presence o r absence of de-, demonstrating t h e f u n c t i o n of t h i s p r e f i x t h r o u g h o u t t h e paradigm. Cherokee form E n g l i s h meaning "I'm t y i n g you up" (a s i n g l e a c t o f tying) Analysis gv- " I - - y o u w : g - , 1st p e r s o n ; - v - , 1st p e r s o n s u b j e c t , 2nd p e r s o n o b j e c t ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d before a following vowel.
(1) gv2ya?21v37i2ha
"I'm t y i n g you up" ( p l u r a l acts of tying) "I'm t y i n g him up" (single a c t ) "I'm t y i n g him up" (plural acts) "I'm t y i n g it up" (single a c t )
"I'm t y i n g i t up"
(plural acts) "I'm t y i n g you ( d l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
"I'm t y i n g them (an) up" ( p l u r a l acts) " I ' m t y i n g them ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e or plural acts) " y o u ' r e t y i n g me up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) " y o u ' r e t y i n g me up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " y o u ' r e t y i n g him up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) " y o u ' r e t y i n g him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s )
d e g a - "I--them ( i n ) " : d e - , p l u r a l ( i n t h i s i n s t a n c e , 3rd person p l u r a l inanimate o b j e c t ) ; -g-, 1st p e r s o n . sgw- "you--me1': s - , 2nd p e r s o n ; -gw-, 1st p e r s o n . de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (14). h i - "you--him1': h - , 2nd p e r s o n ; -i-, a n i m a t e o b j e c t ; -yis inserted. de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (16).
"you're t y i n g it up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) "you're tying i t up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " y o u ' r e t y i n g me and him up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
h- " y o u - - i t f ' : h - , 2nd p e r son. d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (18). s g i n - "you--me and him": s - , 2nd p e r s o n ; - g - , 1st p e r s o n ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e -n-; -n-, d u a l . d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (20) s g i - "you--me and them": s - , 2nd p e r s o n ; - g - , 1st p e r s o n ; - i - , p l u r a l ; -yis inserted. d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . ( 2 2 ) ; -ii s deleted a f t e r de-. g a h i - "you--them (an)": ga-, 3rd person p l u r a l a n i m a t e ; - h - , 2nd p e r s o n ; - i - , a n i m a t e o b j e c t ; -yis inserted. de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (24). deh- "you--them ( i n ) " : d e - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; - h - , 2nd person. agwa- "he--me1': a - , 3 r d p e r s o n ; -gw-, 1st p e r s o n . d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (27) j
(21) d e 2 s g i 3 n a ? 2 1 v 3 ? i 2 h a (22) i 1 s g i 2 y a ? 2 1 v 3 ? i 2 h a
" y o u ' r e t y i n g me and him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " y o u ' r e t y i n g me and them up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
(23) d e 2 s g i 3ya721v3?i2ha
" y o u ' r e t y i n g me and them up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " y o u ' r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
(24) g a 2 h i 2 y a ? 2 1 v 3 ? i 2 h a
" y o u ' r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " y o u ' r e t y i n g them ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e o r plural acts) " h e ' s t y i n g me up" (single act) " h e ' s t y i n g me up" (plural acts) " h e ' s t y i n g you up" (single act) " h e ' s t y i n g you up" (plural acts) " h e ' s t y i n g him, i t up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) " h e ' s t y i n g him, i t up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " h e ' s t y i n g me and you up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) (34) d e 2 g i 3 n a 2 h l v 3 ? i 2 h a (35) i l g a 2 h l v 3 ? i 2 h a " h e ' s t y i n g me and you up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " h e ' s t y i n g me and you ( p l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
-, 2nd p e r s o n .
d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (29) g - "he--him, i t " : g - , 3rd person s u b j e c t . de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (31). g i n - "he--me and you": g - , 1 s t p e r s o n ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e -n-; -n-, d u a l . de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (33). i g - "he--me and you ( p l ) " : i - , p l u r a l ; - g - , 1st person*
" h e ' s t y i n g me and you ( p l ) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " h e ' s t y i n g me and him up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (35); -ii s deleted a f t e r de-. o g i n - "he--me and him": e - , exclusive; -g-, 1st person; -i- i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e -n-; -n-, d u a l . d-, p l u r a l ; c f . (37). og- "he--me and them": o - , e x c l u s i v e ; - g - , 1st p e r s o n . d - , p l u r a l ; c f . (39) s d - "he--you ( d l ) " : s - , 2nd p e r s o n ; - d - , d u a l . de-, p l u r a l ; c f . ( 4 1 ) . i j - "he--you ( p l ) " : i - , p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd p e r s o n . de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (43). deg- "he--them (an o r i n ) " : d e - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; -g-, 3rd person. e n - "you and I--himt': e - , 3 r d p e r s o n animate o b j e c t ; -n-, d u a l ; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r e-; c f . (48). d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (46); -ei s deleted a f t e r de-. i n - "you and I - - i t u : i - , 1 s t person; -n-, dual. d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . ( 4 8 ) ; -ii s deleted a f t e r de-. gen- "you and I--them ( a n ) " : g e - , 3rd p e r s o n p l u r a l ; -n-, dual; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r ge-; c f . (48). de-, plural; c f . (50). de-, p l u r a l o b j e c t ; -n-, d u a l ; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r de-; c f . (48). ed- "you ( p l ) and I--him1': e - , 3rd p e r s o n animate; -d-, p l u r a l ; - i - i s d e l e t e d a f t e r e-.
" h e ' s t y i n g me and him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " h e ' s t y i n g me and them up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) " h e ' s t y i n g me and them up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " h e ' s t y i n g you ( d l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) " h e ' s t y i n g you ( d l ) upw ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " h e ' s t y i n g you ( p l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) " h e ' s t y i n g you ( p l ) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " h e ' s t y i n g them (an o r i n ) up" ( s i n g l e or plural acts) "you and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
"you and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "you and I a r e t y i n g i t up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) "you and I a r e t y i n g i t up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "you and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( s i n g l e act) "you and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "you and I a r e t y i n g them ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e or plural acts)
"YOU ( p l ) and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( s i n g l e act)
t l y (~ l ~ and I a r e t y i n g p ) him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) l'you ( p l ) and I a r e t y i n g i t up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) I1you ( p l ) and I a r e t y i n g i t up" ( p l u r a l ) "you ( p l ) and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" (single act) "you ( p l ) and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" (plural a c t s ) "you ( p l ) and I a r e t y i n g them ( i n ) up" (single or plural acts) "he and I a r e t y i n g you up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (53). i d - "you ( p l ) and I - - i t " : i - , 1st p e r s o n ; - d - , p l u r a l . de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (55); -iis deleted a f t e r de-. ged- "you ( p l ) and I--them": g e - , 3rd p e r s o n p l u r a l ; -d-, p l u r a l ; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r ge-; c f . (55). d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (57)
ded- "you ( p l ) and I--them (in)": de-, p l u r a l object; -i- i s d e l e t e d a f t e r d e - . s d v - "he and I--you": s - , 2nd p e r s o n ; - d - , d u a l ; - v - , 1st p e r s o n s u b j e c t , 2nd p e r s o n o b j e c t ; -y- i s i n serted before a following vowel. de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (60). o s d - "he and I--him1': o - , exclusive; -s-, another person; -d-, d u a l . d - , p l u r a l ; c f . (62). o s d - "he and I - - i t w : o - , e x c l u s i v e ; -s-, a n o t h e r p e r s o n ; -d-, d u a l . d - , p l u r a l ; c f . (64). sdv- "he and I--you ( d l ) " : 2nd p e r s o n ; -d-, d u a l ; - v - , 1st p e r s o n s u b j e c t , 2nd p e r s o n o b j e c t ; -y- i s inserted.
5-,
"he and I a r e t y i n g you up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "he and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) "he and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "he and I a r e t y i n g i t up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) "he and I a r e t y i n g it up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "he and I a r e t y i n g you ( d l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (66). i j v - "he and I--you ( p l ) " : i - , p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd p e r son; -v-, 1st p e r s o n s u b j e c t , 2nd p e r s o n o b j e c t .
..
..
.
- i-
d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (68). gosd- "he and I--them (an)": g - , 3 r d p e r s o n p l u r a l ; -0-, exclusive; -s-, another p e r s o n ; -d-, d u a l . de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (70). dosd- "he and I--them(in)": d - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; -0-, e x c l u s i v e ; -s-, a n o t h e r p e r s o n ; -d-, d u a l . i j v - "they and I - - y o u n : i - , p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd p e r s o n ; -v-, 1st p e r s o n s u b j e c t , 2nd p e r s o n o b j e c t ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d . d e - , p l u r a l ; -i- i s d e leted; c f . (73). o j - " t h e y and I--him1': o - , e x c l u s i v e ; - j -, o t h e r persons. d-, p l u r a l ; c f . (75). o j - "they and I - - i t " : o - , exclusive; -j-, other persons. d - , p l u r a l ; c f . (77). i j v - "they and I--you ( d l , p l ) " : i - , p l u r a l ; j - 2nd p e r s o n ; -v-, 1 s t p e r s o n s u b j e c t , 2nd person o b j e c t ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d . de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (79).
.-ial.
"he and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "he and I a r e t y i n g them ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e o r plural acts) " t h e y and I a r e t y i n g you up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
. '
' . -,
. .- -,
" t h e y and I a r e t y i n g you up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " t h e y and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) " t h e y and I a r e t y i n g him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " t h e y and I a r e t y i n g i t up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) " t h e y and I a r e t y i n g i t up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "they and I a r e t y i n g you ( d 1 , p l ) up" ( s i n gle act)
" t h e y and I a r e t y i n g you ( d 1 , p l ) up" (plural acts) " t h e y and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( s i n g l e act) " t h e y and I a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( p l u r a l acts) "they and I a r e t y i n g them ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e act)
g o j - "they and I--them (an)": g - , 3 r d p e r s o n p l u r a l ; -0-, exclusive; - j - , other persons. de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (81).
"you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g me up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
s g i n - "you (dl)--me": S - , 2nd p e r s o n ; - g - , 1 s t p e r s o n ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d ; - n - , dual. de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (84). e s d - "you (dl)--him": e - , 3rd person animate; -s-, 2nd p e r s o n ; -d-, d u a l . de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (86). s d - "you ( d l ) - - i t " : person; -d-, d u a l .
s - , 2nd
"you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g me up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g him up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) "you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g i t up" [ s i n g l e a c t ) "you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g i t up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g me and him up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (88)
s g i n - "you (dl)--me and him": s - , 2nd p e r s o n ; - g - , 1st p e r s o n ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d ; -n-, dual. de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (90). i s g i - "you (dl)--me and them": i - , p l u r a l ; - s - , 2nd p e r s o n ; - g - , 1st p e r s o n ; - i - , p l u r a l ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d . c f . (92).
"you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g me de-, p l u r a l ; and them up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) "you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g them ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e o r plural acts) "you ( p l ) a r e t y i n g me up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
g e s d - "you ( d l ) - - t h e m (an)": ge-, 3rd person animate; - s - , 2nd p e r s o n ; -d-, d u a l . d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (94). de-, p l u r a l object; -s-, 2nd p e r s o n ; - d - , d u a l . i s g i - "you (p1)--meM: i - , p l u r a l ; - s - , 2nd p e r s o n ; -g-, 1st p e r s o n ; - i - , p l u r a l ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d . de-, p l u r a l ; c f . (97). e j - "you (p1)--him1!: e - , 3rd person animate; - j - , 2nd p e r s o n . d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (99).
"you ( p l ) a r e t y i n g i t up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) "you ( p l ) a r e t y i n g i t up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "you ( p l ) a r e t y i n g me and him, me and them up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
i j - "you ( p 1 ) - - i t 1 ' : i - , p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd p e r s o n . d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (101). i s g i - "you ( p l ) --me and him, me and them": i - , p l u r a l ; -s-, 2nd p e r s o n , -g-, 1st p e r s o n ; -i-, p l u r a l ; -y- i s i n s e r t e d . d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (103)
inyou ( p l ) a r e t y i n g me and him, me and them up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "you ( p l ) a r e t y i n g them (an) up" ( s i n g l e act) "you i ( p l ) a r e t y i n g them (an) kp" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "you ( p l ) a r e t y i n g them ( i n ) up" ( s i n g l e o r plural acts' " t h e y a r e t y i n g me up" (single a c t ) "they a r e t y i n g me up" (plural acts) " t h e y a r e t y i n g you up" (single act) " t h e y a r e t y i n g you up" (plural acts) "they a r e t y i n g him, i t ilp" ( s i n g l e a c t ) " t h e y a r e t y i n g him, it up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "they a r e t y i n g me and you up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) "they a r e t y i n g me and you up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) " t h e y a r e t y i n g me and you ( p l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t )
g e j - "you ( p l ) --them (an) " : ge-, 3rd person animate; -j-, plural. d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (105). d e j - "you ( p l ) --them ( i n ) " : de-, p l u r a l object; - j - , 2nd p e r s o n . gvgw- "they--me" : gv-, 3rd p e r s o n p l u r a l ; -gw-, 1st person. d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (108). g e j - "they--you1': g e - , 3 r d p e r s o n p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd person. d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (110). an- "they--him, i t " : a - , 3 r d p e r s o n ; -n-, p l u r a l . d - , p l u r a l ; c f . (112). g e g i n - "they--me and you": ge-, 3rd person p l u r a l ; - g - , 1st p e r s o n ; -n-, d u a l . d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (1141. ge-, 3rd person p l u r a l ; -g-, 1st p e r s o n .
(119) deZgo3 g;. 2na2hlv3?i2ha "they a r e t y i n g me and him up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) (120) go 2 ga 2h l v 3 ? i 2 h a "they a r e t y i n g me and them up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) "they a r e t y i n g me and them up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "they a r e t y i n g you ( d l ) up1' ( s i n g l e a c t ) !'they a r e t y i n g you ( d l ) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "they a r e t y i n g you ( p l ) up" ( s i n g l e a c t ) "they a r e t y i n g you ( p l ) up" ( p l u r a l a c t s ) "they a r e t y i n g them (an o r i n ) upt1 ( s i n gle or plural acts) Notes on Paradigm One
d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (118) gog- "they--me and them" : g - , 3rd person p l u r a l ; - 0 - , e x c l u s i v e ; -g-, 1 s t person. d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (120). gesd- "they--you ( d l ) " : ge-, 3rd person p l u r a l ; - s - , 2nd p e r s o n ; -d-, d u a l . d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (122). g e j - "they--you ( p l ) " : ge-, 3rd person p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd person. d e - , p l u r a l ; c f . (124). dan- "they--them (an, i n ) ' I : d - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; - a - , 3rd p e r s o n ; -n-, p l u r a l .
The a n a l y s i s of t h e pronoun p r e f i x e s . I t i s f r e q u e n t l y t h e c a s e i n Cherokee, a s w e l l a s i n many o t h e r American Indian lannuanes, t h a t combinations of s u b j e c t and o b j e c t p r e f i x i s cannot r e a d i l y be analyzed i n t o t h e i r component p a r t s . I n t h e above paradigm, t h e meaning of each s u b j e c t - o b j e c t pronoun combination is given, followed by an a n a l y s i s of t h e i n d i v i d u a l e l e m e n t s found w i t h i n t h a t combination. In a number of c a s e s a l t e r n a t i v e a n a l y s e s a r e p o s s i b l e . Person, number, and gender. The pronoun p r e f i x e s i n d i c a t e whether v e r b a l s u b j e c t s and o b j e c t s a r e f i r s t , second, o r t h i r d p e r s o n . In a d d i t i o n , non-singular f i r s t person forms must be e i t h e r i n c l u s i v e or e x c l u s i v e . F i r s t person d u a l i n c l u s i v e forms a r e t r a n s l a t e d i n t o English w i t h "you and 1"; f i r s t person p l u r a l i n c l u s i v e forms a r e t r a n s l a t e d "you ( p l ) and I . " Dual and p l u r a l f i r s t person e x c l u s i v e forms a r e t r a n s l a t e d "he and I " and "they and I " r e s p e c t i v e l y . There i s a c o n t r a s t between s i n g u l a r and p l u r a l i n a l l p e r s o n s i n Cherokee. In a d d i t i o n , t h e r e i s a d u a l number which a p p e a r s i n f i r s t and second person forms but n o t i n t h e t h i r d p e r s o n . The c a t e g o r y of gender i s p r e s e n t i n t h e t h i r d p e r s o n , where t h e r e i s a cont r a s t between animate and inanimate o b j e c t s of v e r b s . I t should be noted t h a t Cherokee has no s e x gender. The a l t e r n a t i o n between -h- and g l o t t a l s t o p . The stem of t h e v e r b ."to t i e up" e x h i b i t s t h e a l t e r n a t i o n between -h- and g l o t t a l s t o ~ which i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of many Cherokee v e r b s . G l o t t a l s t o p a p p e a r s under t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s : i n a l l forms with a f i r s t person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t ; i n forms w i t h a second person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t and a t h i r d person animate o r f i r s t person e x c l u s i v e o b j e c t ; i n forms with
. ,
a f i r s t person i n c l u s i v e s u b j e c t a n d a t h i r d person animate o b j e c t ; i n forms w i t h a f i r s t person e x c l u s i v e s u b j e c t and a t h i r d person animate o r second person d u a l o r p l u r a l o b j e c t . In a l l o t h e r c a s e s , -h- a p p e a r s . The u s e o f t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x d e - . The use of t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x de- t o i n d i c a t e both p l u r a l i t y of t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e of t h e v e r b and a l s o t o mark t h i r d p e r son inanimate o b j e c t s o f v e r b s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Paradigm One. See S e c t i o n I-A f o r a more complete d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e f u n c t i o n s of t h i s p r e f i x . The i n i t i a l p l u r a l marker i - . A redundant p l u r a l marker, i - , a p p e a r s i n forms 22, 92, 97, and 103. This i n i t i a l element may o r may not be p r e s e n t ; many Cherokee s p e a k e r s a p p a r e n t l y never u s e v e r b forms w i t h redundant i - .
A p r o c e s s o f l i n g u i s t i c change. Many Cherokee s p e a k e r s make no d i s t i n c t i o n between t h i r d Derson a l u r a l animate and inanimate d i r e c t o b i e c t s i n forms w i t h f i r s t o r second p e r s o n d u a l o r p l u r a l s u b j e c t s . For t h e s e s p e a k e r s , t h e t h i r d p e r son p l u r a l animate o b j e c t marker h a s been r e p l a c e d by t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x d e - ( o r one of i t s v a r i a n t f o r m s ) , which i s used t o mark t h i r d p e r s o n p l u r a l inanimate d i r e c t o b j e c t s . For example, t h e form g e 2 s d a ? 2 1 v 3 7 i 2 h a "you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g them (an) up" has been r e p l a c e d , i n some d i a l e c t s o f Cherokee, by t h e form d e 2 3 s d a 3 h l v 3 ? j 2 h a . The l a t t e r form h a s t h u s come t o mean "you ( d l ) a r e t y i n g them (an o r i n ) up" i n these dialects.
~d
~ ~ ~
Paradigm Two : This paradigm with a vowel, tween -h- and One, but n o t e
"to h i t " i l l u s t r a t e s t h e u s e o f t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s with a v e r b stem beginning a s i n Paradigm One. The stem o f " h i t " e x h i b i t s an a l t e r n a t i o n bei t s absence; -h- a p p e a r s under t h e same c o n d i t i o n s a s i n Paradigm t h a t t h e r e a r e no i n s t a n c e s of g l o t t a l s t o p . E n g l i s h meaning "I'm h i t t i n g you" "I'm h i t t i n g him" "I'm h i t t i n g it" "I'm h i t t i n g you ( d l ) " "I'm h i t t i n g you ( p l ) " "I'm h i t t i n g them ( a n ) " "I'm h i t t i n g them ( i n ) " " y o u ' r e h i t t i n g me" " y o u ' r e h i t t i n g him" " y o u ' r e h i t t i n g it" Analysis c f . PI, 1 . c f . P1, 3 . c f . PI, 5. c f . PI, 7 . c f . PI, 9. c f . P I , 11. c f . P1, 13. c f . P1, 1 4 . c f . P1, 1 6 . c f . PI, 18. c f . P1, 20. c f . PI, 2 2 . c f . PI, 24. c f . P1, 26 c f . P1, 27. c f . P I , 29.
(5) i l j ~ ~ ~ v l n i ~ h a (6) g a 2 j i 2 y v 1 n 1 3 h a
" y o u ' r e h i t t i n g me and him" " y o u ' r e h i t t i n g me and them" " y o u ' r e h i t t i n g them ( a n ) " " y o u ' r e h i t t i n g them ( i n ) " " h e ' s h i t t i n g me" " h e ' s h i t t i n g you"
" h e ' s h i t t i n g him, it" " h e ' s h i t t i n g m and e " h e ' s h i t t i n g me and
YOU" YOU
cf. P I , 46. cf. P I , 48. cf. P I , 50. cf. P I , 52. cf. P I , 53. cf. P1, 55. cf. P I , 57. cf. P I , 59. cf. P1, 6 0 . cf. P I , 62. cf. P I , 64. cf. P I , 66. cf. P I , 68. cf. P I , 70. cf. P I , 72. cf. P I , 73. cf. P1, 75. cf. P I , 77. cf. P I , 79. cf. P I , 81. cf. P I , 83.
"you ( d l ) a r e h i t t i n g me" llyou ( d l ) a r e h i t t i n g him" "you ( d l ) a r e h i t t i n g it" "you ( d l ) a r e h i t t i n g me and him" "you ( d l ) a r e h i t t i n g me and themt1 "you ( d l ) a r e h i t t i n g them (an)" "you ( d l ) a r e h i t t i n g them ( i n ) " "you ( p l ) a r e h i t t i n g me" "you ( p l ) a r e h i t t i n g him" "you ( p l ) a r e h i t t i n g it1' "you ( p l ) a r e h i t t i n g me and him" "you ( p l ) a r e h i t t i n g them (an)" "you ( p l ) a r e h i t t i n g them ( i n ) " "they ' r e h i t t i n g me" "they ' r e h i t t i n g you" " t h e y ' r e h i t t i n g him, i t " " t h e y ' r e h i t t i n g me and you" " t h e y ' r e h i t t i n g me and you ( p l ) l t " , t h e y ' r e h i t t i n g me and him" "they ' r e h i t t i n g me and them1' " t h e y ' r e h i t t i n g you ( d l ) ' ' "they're h i t t i n g you (pl)" "they ' r e h i t t i n g them (an o r i n ) " Notes on Paradigm Two
c f . P I , 84. c f . P I , 86. c f . P I , 88. c f . P I , 90. c f . P I , 92. c f . P I , 94. c f . P I , 96. c f . P I , 97. c f . P I , 99. c f . P I , 101. c f . P I , 103. c f . P I , 105. c f . P I , 107. c f . P I , 108. c f . P I , 110. c f . P I , 112. c f . P I , 114. c f . P I , 116. c f . P I , 118. c f . P I , 120. c f . P I , 122. c f . P I , 124. c f . P I , 126.
r r
r
-
The u s e of t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x de- w i t h forms o f " t o h i t . " S i n c e t h e u s e o f t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x de- was i l l u s t r a t e d i n Paradigm One. forms i n which de- i n d i c a t e s p l u r a i i t y of t h e a c t i o n o f t h e v e r b a r e n o t g i v e n i n t h i s paradigm n o r i n subse u e n t paradigms. I t s h o u l d be p o i n t e d o u t , however, t h a t forms such a s g e 2 j v n13ha "you ( p l ) a r e h i t t i n g them" ( s e e 57) a r e r e l a t i v e l y uncommon. S i n c e it i s d i f f i c u l t t o c o n c e i v e o f a s i t u a t i o n i n which t h r e e o r more i n d i v i d u a l s a r e c o l l e c t i v e l y h i t t i n g a second roup o f i n d i v i d u a l s , t h e form d e 2 g e 3 j v 2 n i3ha i s . much more common t h a n i s g e 2 j v n+3h a . I n d e 2 g e 3 j v 2 n i 3 h a , i t i s understood t h a t t h e r e a r e a number o f i n d i v i d u a l a c t s o f h i t t i n g . Forms l i k e g e 2 j v 2 n i 3 h a do o c c u r , however, and would be u s e d , f o r example, i f a c a r c o n t a i n i n g s e v e r a l occup a n t s were t o s t r i k e a second c a r w i t h s e v e r a l o c c u p a n t s .
9 .
Paradigm Three:
Itto s e e "
This verb r e q u i r e s t h e The stem of t h e v e r b " t o s e e " i s -gowhtih- (or -gowahtih-). u s e of t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s , a s do t h e v e r b s " t o t i e up" and " t o h i t . " A i m p o r t a n t n
difference exists, however: since the stem of "to see" begins with a consonant, the prefixes appear in somewhat different form. In particular, the insertion of -y- between the final vowel of the prefix and the initial vowel of the stem does not take place. Other differences will be noted below. Cherokee form (1) gv2gowh1ti3ha (2) ji2gowh1ti3ha
(3) ji2gowh1ti3ha
English meaning
Analysis cf. P1, 1. cf. PI, 3. ji- ~lI--it~~: 1st j-, person; -i- is inserted before a following consonant (see notes below). cf. PI, 7. cf. PI, 9. cf. PI, 11 deji- "I--them (in)": de-, plural object; -j-, 1st person; -iis inserted before a following consonant. sgi- ffyou--me": s-, 2nd person; -g-, 1st person; -i- is inserted before a following consonant. cf. PI, 16. hi- ffyou--it": h-, 2nd person; -i- is inserted before a following consonant. cf. P1, 20; -i- is inserted before a following consonant. cf. P1, 22. cf. P1, 24. cf. PI, 26; -i- is inserted before a following consonant. agi- "he--me": a-, 3rd person; -g-, 1st person; -i- is inserted before a following consonant. ja- "he--youw: j-, 2nd person; -a-, 3rd person.
( ) sdv2gowh1ti3ha 4
(5) i1jv2gowh'ti3ha
"I see you (dl)" "I see you (pl)" "I see them (an)" "I see them (in)"
( ) gg2ji2gowh1ti3ha 6
( ) de2ji3gowh1ti3ha 7
(11) sgi2ni2gowh1ti3ha
"you see me and them" "you see them (an)" "you see them (in)"
a - "he--him, 3rd p e r s o n .
it": a-,
c f . P 1 , 33; -i- i s inserted before a consonant. c f . P 1 , 35; -i- i s inserted before a consonant. c f . P 1 , 37; -i- i s inserted before a consonant. c f . P 1 , 39; -i- i s inserted. c f . P 1 , 41; -i- i s inserted. c f . P I , 43; -i- i s inserted
"he s e e s me and them" "he s e e s you ( d l ) ' ! "he s e e s you ( p l ) " "he s e e s them (an o r i n ) "
da- "he--themq1: d-, plural object; -a-, 3rd p e r s o n . c f . P I , 46; -i- i s inserted. c f . P 1 , 48; -i- i s inserted. c f . P I , 50; -i- i s inserted. c f . P 1 , 52; - i - i s inserted. c f . P I , 53; -i- i s inserted. c f . P 1 , 55; -i- i s inserted. c f . P 1 , 57; -i- i s inserted. c f . P I , 59; - i - i s inserted. c f . PI, 60. c f . P 1 , 62; - i - i s inserted. c f . P I , 64; - i - i s inserted. c f . P I , 66. c f . P I , 68.
"you and I s e e him" "you and I s e e it" "you and I s e e them (an)" "you and I s e e them ( i n ) " "you ( p l ) and I s e e him" "you ( p l ) and I s e e it" "you ( p l ) and I s e e them (an)" "you ( p l ) and I s e e them ( i n ) " "he and I s e e you "he and I s e e him" "he and I s e e i t " "he and I s e e you ( d l ) " "he and I s e e you ( p l ) "
"
"he and I s e e them (an)" "he and I s e e them ( i n ) " "they and I s e e you" "they and I s e e him" "they and I s e e it" "they and I s e e you ( d l , ~ 1 ) " "they and I s e e them (an)" "they and I s e e them ( i n ) " "you ( d l ) s e e meff "you ( d l ) s e e him" "you ( d l ) s e e i t " "you ( d l ) s e e me and him" "you ( d l ) s e e me and them" "you ( d l ) s e e them (an)" "you ( d l ) s e e them ( i n ) " "you ( p l ) s e e me" "you ( p l ) s e e him" "you ( p l ) s e e it" "you ( p l ) s e e me and him, me and them" "you ( p l ) s e e them (an)" "you ( p l ) s e e them ( i n ) I q "they s e e me" "they s e e you"
c f . P1, 70; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P I , 72; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P1, 73. c f . P I , 75; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P I , 77; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P I , 79. c f . P I , 81; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P I , 83; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P I , 84; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P I , 86; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P I , 88; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P I , 90; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P I , 92. c f . P I , 94; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P1, 96; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P1, 97. c f . P1, 99; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P1, 101; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P1, 103. c f . P1, 105; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P I , '107; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P I , 108; -i- i s i n serted. c f . P I , 110.
"they s e e him, it" "they s e e me and you" "they s e e me and you (~1)" "they s e e me and him" "they s e e me and them" (66) ge2sdi2gowh2ti 3ha (67) g e 2 j i2gowh2ti3ha (68) da1ni2gowh2ti3ha "they s e e you ( d l ) " "they s e e you ( p l ) " "they s e e them (an o r in) Notes on Paradigm Three
c f . P I , 112; -i- i s inserted. c f . P 1 , 114; -i- i s inserted. c f . P1, 116; -i- i s inserted. c f . P 1 , 118; -i- i s inserted. c f . P 1 , 120; -i- i s inserted
(64) go2gi2ni2gowh2ti3ha
stem beginning w i t h a vowel; numerous examples may be seen i n Paradigms One and Two. On t h e o t h e r hand, an -i- i s i n s e r t e d between a pronoun p r e f i x ending i n a consonant and a verb stem beginning with a consonant; s e e t h e forms i n t h i s p a r a digm f o r examples. The f i r s t person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x . The f i r s t person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x o c c u r s a s g- b e f o r e stems beginning w i t h a vowel; b e f o r e stems beginning with a consonant, -i- i s i n s e r t e d and g- changes t o j - . The t h i r d person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x . The form of t h e t h i r d p e r son s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x i s g- b e f o r e v e r b stems beginning w i t h a vowel, and e i t h e r ga- o r a - b e f o r e stems beginning with a consonant. A few v e r b s w i t h stems beginning with vowels do n o t t a k e a s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x i n t h e t h i r d p e r son s i n g u l a r . Paradigm Four: "to forget"
r e f e r t o a s t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s . While most of t h e s e v e r b s a r e i n t r a n s i t i v e , some t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s do t a k e t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s . One such v e r b i s -vkewsg- " t o f o r g e t . " Most of t h e s u b j e c t - o b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x combinations found i n p a r a d i p s of v e r b s t a k i n g t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s a r e t h e same a s t h o s e used with v e r b s r e q u i r i n g t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s . The following paradigm i s t h e r e f o r e a p a r t i a l one, w i t h o n l y t h o s e forms l i s t e d which e x h i b i t pronoun p r e f i x e s which d i f f e r from t h e c o r r e sponding Set A p r e f i x e s . The c o r r e c t pronoun p r e f i x f o r any form n o t g i v e n below can be determined by f i n d i n g t h e correspondin form i n Paradigm One. For example, t h e form f o r "I am f o r g e t t i n g you," gv2yv1kew s g a , i s n o t iven below s i n c e t h e p r e f i x gv- is found i n t h e form f o r "I am t y i n g you up" gv ya?21v3?i2ha i n Paradigm One. I n b o t h c a s e s , s i n c e t h e v e r b stem b e g i n s with a vowel, Iy- i s i n s e r t e d .
E n g l i s h meaning "I 'm f o r g e t t i n g it" l ' I 1 m f o r g e t t i n g them ( i n ) " "youlre f o r g e t t i n g it" " y o u ' r e f c r g e t t i n g them (in)" " h e ' s f o r g e t t i n g him"
(2) dalgw2kew2sga
(3) jv2kew2sga
-
(4) de2jv3k=w2sga
d e j - "you--them ( i n ) " : de-, p l u r a l object; c f . 3. g - "he--himff: g - , 3rd p e r s o n ; s e e t h e Notes on Paradigm Four. uw- " h e - - i t " : u - , 3rd p e r s o n ; -w- i s i n s e r t e d between u - and a f o l lowing vowel. (Note t h a t i n i t i a l -v i n stems changes t o - a i n 3rd person f o r m s . ) deg- "he--them (an) : de-, p l u r a l object; c f . 5. duw- "he--them ( i n ) " : d-, p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 6. g i n - "you and I - - i t 1 ' : g - , 1 s t person; - i - i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e -n-; -n-, dual. d e g i n - "you and I--them (in)": de-, plural object; c f . 9. i g - "you ( p l ) and I - it!!. i - , p l u r a l ; -g-, 1 s t person.
(5) gv2kew2sga
(6) u1wa2kew2sga
" h e ' s f o r g e t t i n g them (an) " " h e ' s f o r g e t t i n g them (in)" (9) gi2nv2kew2sga "you and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g it"
(10) de2gi3nv2kew2sga
"you and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g them ( i n ) " "you ( p l ) and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g it" "you ( p l ) and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g them ( i n ) " "he and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g him"
(11) i1gv2kew2sga
de-, p l u r a l object; c f . 11. osd- "he and I--himf1: o-, exclusive; - s - , a n o t h e r person; - d - , dual. o g i n - "he and I - - i t M : o - , e x c l u s i v e ; -g-, 1 s t p e r s o n ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e -n-; -n-, dual.
(14) 01gi2nv2kev?sga
( I S ) do1sdv2kew2sga
"he and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g them (an)" "he and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g them ( i n ) " "they and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g him" "they and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g it" "they and I a r e f o r g e t t i n g them (an)"
dosdand I--them (an)": d - , p l u r a l obj e c t ; c f . 13. dogin- Ifhe and I - them ( i n ) " : d-, p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 14. o j - "they and I--himf': o-, e x c l u s i v e ; - j - , other persons. og- "they and I - - i t " : o-, e x c l u s i v e ; -g-, 1st p e r s o n . g o j - "they and I - them (an)": g - , 3rd person p l u r a l animate object; -0-, exclusive; - j -, o t h e r persons. dog- "they and I - them ( i n ) " : d-, p l u r a l o b j e c t ; -0-, e x c l u s i v e ; -g-, 1st person. an- "they--himtf : a - , 3rd person; -n-, p l u r a l . un- "they--him": a - , 3rd person; -n-, p l u r a l . dan- "they--them (an)": d-, p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f .
Ll.
" t h e y ' r e f o r g e t t i n g him" "they ' r e f o r g e t t i n g it" " t h e y ' r e f o r g e t t i n g them (an) " t h e y ' r e f o r g e t t i n g them (in) "
1
-[
f o r m s . .
T
(
The c o n t r a s t between t h i r d person animate and inanimate d i r e c t o b j e c t s i n In t h e paradigm of " f o r g e t " t h e r e i s a c o n t r a s t between t h i r d person animate and t h i r d person inanimate d i r e c t o b j e c t s i n v e r b forms with t h i r d person s u b j e c t s Compare, f o r example, gv2kew2sga "he's f o r g e t t i n g him" and u1wa2kew2sga " h e 7 s f o r g e t t i n g i t . " T h i s c o n t r a s t i s n o t p r e s e n t i n paradigms o f v e r b s r e q u i r i n g t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s , nor i n t h e paradigms of a l l t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s which t a k e t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s . The change from -v t o - a i n t h i r d person forms. I n v e r b s which t a k e t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s , stem i n i t i a l -v changes t o -a i n t h i r d person forms; n o t e t h e forms algwv2kew2sga "I 'm f o r g e t t i n g it" and u1wa2kew2sga "he Is f o r g e t t i n g i t . " Paradigm F i v e : "to like"
The paradigm of " t o l i k e , " l i k e t h e paradigm of " t o f o r g e t , " f u r t h e r i l l u s t r a t e s t h e u s e of t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s w i t h t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s . There a r e some important d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e paradigms of "to l i k e t ' and "to f o r g e t , " however. The stem
. -
of " t o l i k e , " -1vkwd-, b e g i n s w i t h a consonant r a t h e r t h a n a vowel. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e c o n t r a s t between t h i r d person animate and t h i r d person inanimate d i r e c t o b j e c t s i n forms w i t h t h i r d person s u b j e c t s does n o t appear i n t h i s paradigm. A s i n t h e paradigm of " t o f o r g e t , " o n l y t h o s e forms which d i f f e r from t h e corresponding p r e f i x forms i n Paradigms One, Two, and Three a r e l i s t e d below. To f i n d t h e c o r r e c t p r e f i x f o r any form of " t o l i k e 1 ' n o t given below, s e e t h e corresponding form i n Paradigm Three. S i n c e t h e stem of "likeI1 b e g i n s with a consonant, no -y- i s i n s e r t e d between p r e f i x e s ending i n a vowel and t h e stem. An - i - i s i n s e r t e d , however, between p r e f i x e s ending i n a consonant and t h e i n i t i a l consonant of t h e stem. Cherokee form (1) a1gi21v23kwdi English meaning "I l i k e it" Analysis a g i - w ~ - - i t g f . a g - , "I"; -i- i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e a following consonant. d-, p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 1. j a - "you--it1': j -, 2nd person; - a , 3rd p e r s o n . d e - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 3. u- "he--him, person.
it": u - , 3rd
"I l i k e them ( i n ) " "you l i k e it" "you l i k e them ( i n ) " "he l i k e s him, it" "he l i k e s them (an o r in)!! "you and I l i k e i t "
(4) d e 2 j a 3 1 v 2 3 k ~ d i
du- "he--them (an o r i n ) " : d - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 5. g i n i - "you and I - - i t v v : g - , 1st person; -i- i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e -n-; -n-, d u a l ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e a consonant. d e g i n i - "you and I--them ( i n ) " : de-, p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 7. i g i - "you ( p l ) and I - it": i - , p l u r a l ; -g-, 1st p e r s o n ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d . d e - , p l u r a l o b j e c t ; c f . 9. o g i n i - "he and I - - i t 1 ' : o-, e x c l u s i v e ; -g-, 1 s t person; - i - i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e -n-; -i i s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e a consonant. d o g i n i - "he and I--them (in)": d-, p l a r a l object; c f . 11. o g i - "they and I - - i t v t : o-, e x c l u s i v e ; -g-, 1st p e r s o n ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .
(7) g i 2 n i 2 1 v 23kwdi
(8) de2gi3ni21v23kwdi
"you and I l i k e them ( i n ) I' "you ( p l ) and I l i k e it" "you ( p l ) and I l i k e them ( i n ) "
(9) i1gi21v23kwdi
(10) d e 3 g i 2 1 v 23kwdi
(14) d ~ l ~ i ~ l v ~ ~ k w d i
dogi- "they and I--them (in)": d-, plural object; cf. 13. uni- "they--him, it": u-, 3rd person; -n-, plural; -i- is inserted. duni- "they--themsv: d-. plural object; cf. 15
(15) ~ l n i ~ l v ~ ~ k w d i
(16) d ~ l n i ~ l v ~ ~ k w d i
Paradigm Six: "to speak" The following paradigm illustrates the use of the Set A subject pronoun prefixes with an intransitive verb stem. The stem is -wonih-. Cherokee form (1) ji2w03ni2ha English meaning "I'm speaking" Analysis ji- "I": j-, 1st person; -i- is inserted before a consonant. hi- "you": h-, 2nd person; -i- is inserted. ga- "he". ga-, 3rd per. son. ini- "you and I": i-, 1st person; -n-, dual; -i- is inserted. idi- "you (pl) and I": i-, 1st person; -d-, plural; -i- is inserted. osdi- "he and I": o-, exclusive; - s - , another person; -d-, dual. oji- "they and I": o-, exclusive; -j-, other persons; -i- is inserted. sdi- "you (dl)": s-, 2nd person; -d-, dual; -iis inserted. ij- "you (pl)": i-, plural; -j-, 2nd ptrson; -i- is inserted. ani- "they": a-, 3rd person; -n-, plural; -i- is inserted.
"you are speaking" (3) g?2w03ni2ha "he 1 s speaking" "you and I are speaking"
( ) i1ni2w03n12ha 4
(5) i1di2w03ni2ha
(6) 01sdi2w03ni2ha
(7) 01ji2w03ni2ha
(8) sdi2w03ni2ha
(9) i1ji2w03ni2ha
(10) a1ni2w03ni2ha
Notes on Paradigm Six Intransitive verb stems beginning with vowels which require the Set A prefixes. The Set A prefixes which appear in this paradigm are also used with
i n t r a n s i t i v e stems beginning with a vowel, w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g d i f f e r e n c e s . The form of t h e f i r s t person s i n g u l a r p r e f i x i s g - , and t h e t h i r d person s i n g u l a r i s g- o r i s n o t marked, depending on t h e v e r b i n q u e s t i o n . In a d d i t i o n , -1- i s never i n s e r t e d a s it i s i n t h e c a s e of stems beginning w i t h a consonant. Paradigm Seven: " t o be hungry"
The stem of " t o be hungry1' r e q u i r e s t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s . The stem i s -yosih-, r e q u i r i n g t h e i n s e r t i o n of - i - a f t e r a p r e f i x ending i n a consonant. Cherokee form English meaning "I 'm hungry"
(2) ja2y03si2ha
(3) u l y o 3 s i 2 h a
(4) d e 2 g i 3 n i 2 y 0 3 s i 2 h a
d e g i n i - "you and I": de-, p l u r a l ; -0-, e x c l u s i v e ; - g - , 1st person; -i- i s inserted. d e g i - "you ( p l ) and I": de-, p l u r a l ; -g-, 1st person; -i- i s i n s e r t e d . d o g i n i - "he and I": d-, p l u r a l ; -0-, exclusive; -g-, 1st person; -i- i s i n s e r t e d ; -n-, d u a l ; -iis inserted. d o g i - "they and I": d-, p l u r a l ; -0-, e x c l u s i v e ; -g-, 1st person; -i- i s inserted. d e s d i - "you ( d l ) " : d e - , p l u r a l ; - s - , 2nd person; -d-, d u a l ; -i- i s i n serted. d e j i - "you ( p l ) " : de-, p l u r a l ; - j - , 2nd person; - i - i s i n s e r t e d . Note t h a t i - , p l u r a l , i s del e t e d a f t e r de-. duni- "theyf1: de-, plural; -u-, 3rd person; -n-, p l u r a l ; -i- i s i n s e r t e d .
(5) d e 3 g i 2 y 0 3 s i 2 h a
"you ( d l ) a r e hungry"
"you ( p l ) a r e hungry"
(10) d ~ l n i ~ ~ o ~ s i ~ h a
"they a r e hungry"
Notes on Paradigm Seven I n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b stems beginning w i t h vowels which r e q u i r e t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s . The S e t B p r e f i x e s used w i t h t h e forms of "to be hungry" a l s o occur w i t h i n t r a n s i t i v e stems beginning with a vowel, w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g changes. The f i r s t s i n g u l a r p r e f i x
changes from a g i - t o agw-, t h e t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r p r e f i x i s uw-, and -i- i s n e v e r i n s e r t e d a s it i s i n t h e c a s e of s t e m s b e g i n n i n g w i t h a c o n s o n a n t . The u s e o f t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x de-. w i t 1 1 t1.e v e r b '!to b e hungry." The p l u r a l p r e f i x d e - must b e u s e d w i t h t h e n o n - s i n g u l a r foi-111s o f " t o b e h u n g r y . " F a i l u r e t o u s e d e - i n p l u r a l f o r r i ~ so f t h i s v e r b l e a d s t o ludicrous r e s u l t s . F o r example, t h e s i h hungry" would seem t o i m p l y t o Cherokee s p e a k e r s t h a t form * ~ ' n i ~ ~ o ~ " t o ~be a two o r more i n d i v i d u a l s h a v e a s i n g l e s t o m a c h . O t h e r v e r b s which behave s i m i l a r l y e i e t i a r e d ~ ' n i ~ t ~ ~ d "et h~ y~ a r ~ ? ha r s t y " and d u 1 n i 2 y a 2 w e 3 g a " t h e y a r e t i r e d . " "To be t i r e d " r e q u i r e s t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x i n s i n g u l a r form. presumably b e c a u s e t h e s e n s a t i o n o f t i r e d n e s s i s f e l t i n a l i p a r t s o f t h e body. Paradigm E i g h t : "to h i t , " p a s t t e n s e
The s t e m s of a l l Cherokee v e r b s must a p p e a r i n one o f two b a s i c f o r m s : p r o g r e s s i v e I n t h e preceding paradigms, each v e r b appeared with t h e p r o o r non-progressive. g r e s s i v e form of t h e s t e m . I n S e c t i o n I-C, t h e d i f f e r e n c e between p r o g r e s s i v e and non-progressive stems w i l l be d i s c u s s e d f u r t h e r . For our p r e s e n t purposes it i s s u f f i c i e n t t o p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s a r e used o n l y with p r o g r e s s i v e v e r b s t e m s . Those v e r b s which r e q u i r e t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s w i t h p r o g r e s s i v e s t e m s t a k e S e t B p r e f i x e s w i t h n o n - p r o g r e s s i v e s t e m s . T h e r e a r e , a c c o r d i n g l y , two c l a s s e s of v e r b s i n Cherokee: t h o s e which a p p e a r w i t h t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e form o f t h e s t e m , and t h o s e which t a k e S e t A p r e f i x e s w i t h p r o g r e s s i v e stems a n d Set B p r e f i x e s w i t h non-progressive stems. " H i t " i s an i n s t a n c e of t h e l a t t e r g r o u p o f v e r b s . I n t h e f o l l o w i n g paradigm t h e stem o f " h i t " i s i n i t s n o n - p r o g r e s s i v e form, - h n i l - , f o l l o w e d by t h e p a s t t e n s e s u f f i x - v 7 i . Only t h o s e forms a r e l i s t e d which e x h i b i t s u b j e c t - o b j e c t p r e f i x c o m b i n a t i o n s d i f f e r i n g from t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r e f i x e s i n Paradigm Two. To d e t e r m i n e t h e c o r r e c t p r e f i x f o r any form n o t g i v e n , f i n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g form i n Paradigm Two. Cherokee form
(1) a l g w v 2 h n i 3 1 v 3 ? i
(2) d a l g ~ v ~ h n i ~ l v ~ ~ i
Analysis c f . P4, 1. c f . P4, 2 . c f . P4, 3 . c f . P4, 4 . uw- "he--him, i t " : c f . P4, 6. duw- "he-them ( a n , i n ) I t : c f . P4, 8. c f . P4, 9 . c f . P4, 1 0 . c f . P4, 11. c f . P4, 1 2 . c f . P4, 1 4 . c f . P4, 1 6 .
"you and I h i t it" "you and I h i t them ( i n ) " "you ( p l ) and I h i t i t " "you ( p l ) and I h i t them ( i n ) " "he and I h i t it" "he and I h i t them ( i n ) "
"they and I h i t i t " (14) d ~ l ~ v ~ h n i ~ l v ~ ~ i "they and I h i t them ( i n ) " (13) o l g v 2 h n i 3 1 v 3 7 i (15) ~ l n v ~ h n i ~ l v ~ ~ i (16) du1nv2hni31v3?i "they h i t it" "they h i t them ( i n ) " Notes on Paradigm Eight
The a l t e r n a t i o n between -h- and t h e a b s e n c e of - h - . The a l t e r n a t i o n between -h- and i t s absence i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f b o t h t h e p r o g r e s s i v e and n o n - p r o g r e s s i v e I t i s a p p a r e n t l y t h e c a s e i n Cherokee t h a t a l t e r n a t i o n s of t h i s stem of " h i t . " k i n d , a s w e l l a s a l t e r n a t i o n s between -h- and g l o t t a l s t o p , always occur i n b o t h t h e p r o g r e s s i v e and n o n - p r o g r e s s i v e stems o f t h e v e r b s s u b j e c t t o them. The change from S e t A t o S e t B p r e f i x e s i n v e r b s w i t h stems beginning w i t h a consonant. To determine t h e c o r r e c t form of a S e t B p r e f i x w i t h a non-progressive stem of a v e r b l i k e " s e e , " f i n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r e f i x i n Paradigm F i v e . For example, t h e p r e f i x used i n t h e form a1gi21v23kwdi " I l i k e i t " i s a l s o used i n t h e form a 1 g i 2 g 0 2 h v 2 3 ? i 1 1 1 saw i t . " Summary o f S e c t i o n I-B The v a r i o u s s e t s o f pronoun p r e f i x e s i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g paradigms a r e d i s p l a y e d below i n F i g u r e s 1 - - 4 . F i g u r e 1 i s a d i s p l a y o f t h e S e t A s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s which o c c u r w i t h i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s . The S e t B s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s a r e shown i n F i g u r e 2 . F i g u r e 3 d i s p l a y s t h e s u b j e c t - o b j e c t pronoun combinations which o c c u r w i t h t r a n s i t i v e v e r b stems t a k i n g t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s . F i g u r e 4 shows t h o s e S e t B s u b j e c t - o b j e c t p r e f i x combinations which d i f f e r from t h e corresponding S e t A p r e f i x e s i n F i g u r e 3 . The S e t A s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s . The S e r A s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s which o c c u r with i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s a r e d i s p l a y e d i n F i g u r e 1. The numerals 1 , 2 , and 3 i n d i c a t e whether a g i v e n p r e f i x i s f i r s t , s e c o n d , o r t h i r d p e r s o n . he headings s i n g u l a r , d u a l , and p l u r a l i n d i c a t e t h e number o f each p r e f i x . Note t h a t t h e l a b e l " i n c l u s i v e " i s employed t o r e f e r t o forms i n which t h e s e a k e r and t h e p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s spoken t o a r e t h e s u b j e c t of t h e v e r b ; e . g . i 1n l wo3ni2ha "you and I a r e speaking" i s a f i r s t p e r s o n d u a l i n c l u s i v e form. The l a b e l " e x c l u s i v e " i s used t o r e f e r t o forms i n which t h e p e r s o n spoken t o i s excluded w h i l e t h e s e a k e r and one o r more o t h e r p e r s o n s a r e i n c l u d e d a s t h e s u b j e c t ; e . g . 01sdi2w03ni ha "he and I a r e speaking" i s a f i r s t p e r s o n d u a l e x c l u s i v e form. I t should be noted t h a t t h e pronoun p r e f i x e s d i s p l a y e d i n F i g u r e s 1--4 a r e p r e s e n t e d a s wholes; i . e . , t h e y a r e not f u r t h e r a n a l y z e d . For such a n a l y s i s , s e e t h e a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d above with each paradigm. Each form i s p r e s e n t e d f i r s t a s i t a p p e a r s b e f o r e a stem beginning w i t h a vowel; d i r e c t l y below t h i s form t h e same p r e f i x i s shown a s i t a p p e a r s bef o r e a stem beginning w i t h a c o n s o n a n t . For example, t h e form o f t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x b e f o r e a stem b e g i n n i n g w i t h a vowel i s g - ; t h e form o f t h e same p r e f i x b e f o r e a consonant i s j i - , however. Note t h e t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r p r e f i x forms. Some v e r b stems b e g i n n i n g w i t h vowels r e q u i r e t h e p r e f i x g - , while o t h e r s t a k e no p r e f i x i n t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r ; e . g . gv2n02.sa3sga "he i s sweeping" b u t e 3 g a "he i s going." Some v e r b stems b e g i n n i n g w i t h consonants t a k e ga- i n t h e t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r , w h i l e o t h e r s r e q u i r e a - ; e . g . ga2wo 3n;. 2ha "he i s s p e a k i n g , " but a l g o w h 2 t i 3 h a "he s e e s i t . "
.5
-----------------Figure 1
------------------
The S e t B s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s . The S e t B s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s which occur with i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s a r e d i s p l a y e d i n Figure 2 . A s i n Figure 1, each p r e f i x i s given f i r s t i n t h e form it t a k e s b e f o r e a stem beginning with a vowel, followed by t h e form of t h e same p r e f i x which occurs b e f o r e stems beginning with consonants. singular inclusive agwagij ginginisdsdidua 1 exclusive oginogini inclusive igigiiji j iun uniplural exclusive O g ogi-
j au w u-
-----------------Figure 2
The S e t A s u b j e c t - o b j e c t p r e f i x e s . The complex s u b j e c t - o b j e c t p r e f i x e s used with t r a n s i t i v e v e r b stems r e q u i r i n g t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s a r e shown i n Figure 3 . To f i n d a given s u b j e c t - o b j e c t p r e f i x , f i n d t h e l a b e l f o r t h e s u b j e c t component of t h e p r e f i x a t t h e l e f t of F i g u r e 3 and t h e l a b e l f o r t h e o b j e c t component a t t h e t o p o f t h e c h a r t . The box where t h e row l a b e l e d f o r t h e s u b j e c t component and t h e column l a b e l e d f o r t h e o b j e c t component i n t e r s e c t w i l l c o n t a i n t h e p r e f i x . For example, t o f i n d t h e p r e f i x used i n v e r b forms w i t h f i r s t person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t s and t h i r d person s i n g u l a r animate o b j e c t s , l o c a t e t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e row l a b e l e d f i r s t person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t and t h e column l a b e l e d t h i r d person s i n g u l a r animate obj e c t . The box l o c a t e d a t t h a t p o i n t w i l l c o n t a i n t h e p r e f i x being s o u g h t .
3 sg.
3sg.
ldl.
ldl.
lpl.
lpl.
3 pl.
3 PI..
2 sg.
gvY -
gvsgwsgiagwagi-
1 dl. incl .
1 dl. excl
. . .
sginsginiisgiyisgigvgwgvgi-
sdvysdv-
ijvyijv-
2 dl. 2 pl.
3 pl.
gej gejiFigure 3
~~~~
3 sg. in.
3 pl. in.
2 sg.
3 sg.
1 dl. incl.
1 p1.
incl .
1 dl. excl.
1 pl.
excl .
3 pl.
Figure 4 The r e f l e x i v e p r e f i x -adad-. The r e f l e x i v e p r e f i x -adad- occurs f o l l o w i n g t h e pronoun p r e f i x e s and d i r e c t l y p r e c e d i n g t h e v e r b stem. T h i s p r e f i x i s des c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n I-E.
I-C. The n o n - f i n a l s u f f i x e s . Every v e r b form i n Cherokee must end i n a s u f f i x . Those s u f f i x e s which can end v e r b forms a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s f i n a l s u f f i x e s . Most f i n a l s u f f i x e s , however, a r e n o t l i m i t e d t o o c c u r r e n c e i n f i n a l p o s i t i o n : two o r more of t h e s e s u f f i x e s f r e q u e n t l y occur t o g e t h e r i n a s i n g l e verb form. The f i n a l s u f f i x e s w i l l be discussed i n S e c t i o n I-D. There a r e a l s o a number o f s u f f i x e s which cannot end v e r b forms. One o r more o f t h e s e n o n - f i n a l s u f f i x e s may o c c u r i n a v e r b form, followed by a t l e a s t one f i n a l s u f f i x . The n o n - f i n a l s u f f i x e s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n d i v i d u a l l y i n t h i s s e c t i o n . F i g u r e 1 shows t h e r e l a t i v e o r d e r i n which t h e n o n - f i n a l and f i n a l s u f f i x e s occur f o l l o w i n g t h e verb stem. F i n a l s u f f i x e s a r e i n d i c a t e d by a n ( f ) following t h e s u f f i x l a b e l . The s u f f i x e s i n box 13 a r e l i m i t e d t o f i n a l p o s i t i o n .
1- g i.- , - e - J -yreversive
4
2 .
3 . -110-, r e p e t i t i v e
-dan-,
5 -ohn-, completive
- e l - , dative-benefactive
7 .
10
-v7i, past (f) -e?i, reportative (f) -esdi, future progressive (f) -o3i, pluperfect (f) -03i, h a b i t u a l ( f ) -di, infinitive (f) -a, present, recent past imperative (f) - v ? i , f u t u r e imperative
-sgo, i n t e r r o g a t i v e ( f )
1 3 - j ~ ,i n t e r r o 6 t i v e -ke "or" -na "and what i f " -hv "but" - i s i "or e l s e " -dina, imperative i n t e n s i f i e r -dv, f o c u s s u f f i x
Figure 1
I t should be noted t h a t t h e r e i s a c e r t a i n amount of v a r i a t i o n among Cherokee speakers regarding t h e order of t h e non-final s u f f i x e s . W w i l l not attempt t o e d i s c u s s t h i s v a r i a t i o n ; t h e r e a d e r should b e a r i n mind t h a t t h e preceding c h a r t r e f l e c t s t h e speech of some Cherokee s p e a k e r s , while o t h e r s p e a k e r s may u s e v e r b forms with s u f f i x e s o c c u r r i n g i n a somewhat d i f f e r e n t o r d e r . I n p a r t i c u l a r , f o r some speakers - i l o - f o l l o w s t h e s u f f i x e s shown a t p o s i t i o n s 4--6 i n t h e c h a r t , A discussion of the individual and -ohn- follows t h e s u f f i x e s shown a t 6--7. non-final suffixes follows. -gi-, reversive form: - g i - b e f o r e consonants, - g i s - b e f o r e vowels, b e f o r e -g-, and b e f o r e t h e i n s t r u m e n t a l - c a u s a t i v e and a c c i d e n t a l s u f f i x e s ; ( c f . 1 - 5 ) . (1) (2)
(3)
(4)
a. b. a. b.
gv 1 sga. g v 2 g i37a.
"I'm weaving i t . " "I 'm unweaving i t . " "He's unweaving i t f o r him."
g v 2 g i 3sgv23 7 i .
(5)
function: meaning.
comments: - g i - i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e f i n a l vowel of t h e v e r b stem. Note t h a t a s e quence of - g i - p l u s -g-, p r o g r e s s i v e , p l u s -a, p r e s e n t , y i e l d s - g i 7 a , a s i n ( l b ) . A sequence of - g i - p l u s - e l - , d a t i v e , y i e l d s - g i 7 e l - , a s i n ( 6 ) . (6) d? gv 2 3g;. 3 7 e 2 1 i . -e-, r e v e r s i v e form: -e-. "He w i l l unweave it f o r him."
(7)
a.
da1hna2w03sgv237i.
IIHe was d r e s s i n g .
"
b. da1hna2we3sgvZ37i. "He was u n d r e s s i n g . " -y - , r e v e r s i v e form: -y-. f u n c t i o n : A r e v e r s e meaning i s achieved f o r some v e r b s by i n s e r t i n g -y- b e f o r e t h e l a s t stem vowel, a s i n ( 8 ) . (8) a. b. form: 10). a1da3dlo2h+3ha. "He i s p u t t i n g on h i s b e l t . " a1da3dlo2hyi3ha. "He i s t a k i n g o f f h i s b e l t . I 1
-is-, duplicative -is- b e f o r e vowels, except a s noted below, and - i s i s - b e f o r e -g-; c f . (9(9) (10) g ? 2 w 0 3 n i 2 s i 2 3 ~ i 3 1 ? 2 ? a . "He i s making t h e same speech r e p e a t e d l y . " a. b. (11) g ( t 2 ~ 0 3 n i 2 s g v 2 3 7 i'?He was speaking. . ga2w03ni2si23si3 s g v 2 3 ? i . "He was making t h e same speech
."
Note, however, t h a t -is- p l u s -g- p l u s - a y i e l d s t h e sequence - i s i h a , a s i n (11) g a 2 w 0 3 n i 2 s i 2 3 ~ + 3 h a . "He i s making t h e same speech."
- i s becomes - i s a h n - b e f o r e t h e p a s t t e n s e s u f f i x -v7i and b e f o r e t h e f u t u r e imperat i v e - v ? i ; c f . (12-13).
u1w03ni2si23s?3hnv237i. "He made t h e same speech." hi2w03ni2si23s?3hnv27i. "Make t h e same speech l a t e r . " i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x - d i , - i s - changes t o - i s o h - , a s i n (14). u1du21i. "He wants him t o make t h e same speech again. " a. b. ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ u 1 d~ 1 id i "He wants him t o speak." h / 2s . ~ ~ w o ls 'n3 sio h 2 d i l ~ ~
When followed by t h e
f u n c t i o n : - i s - i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a c t i o n of t h e verb i s being r e p e a t e d i n t h e same manner a s on a p r e v i o u s o c c a s i o n . I n ( 1 0 b ) , f o r example, i t i s understood t h a t t h e same c o n t e n t s used i n a p r e v i o u s s p e e c h w e r e b e i n g repeated,.
- i s - "become"
form: -isahn- before vowels, s e e ( 1 5 ) , except a s n o t e d , and -isis- before -g-; s e e (16). (15) u l y o 3 s i 2 s a 2 h n e 3 7 i . "He r e p o r t e d l y g o t hungry."
(16)
The sequence of - i s - p l u s -g- p l u s - a y i e l d s - i s i h a , a s i n ( 1 7 ) . 1 3 .2 . 3 (17) u yo s l s t h a . "He i s g e t t i n g hungry." Rather than - i s a h n - , - i s - i s used b e f o r e t h e r e p e t i t i v e s u f f i x - i l o - ; n o t e ( 1 8 ) . (18) (19) u 1 y 0 3 s i 2 s i 2 3 1 0 3 2 s g o 3 ~ i ."He r e p e a t e d l y g e t s hungry." ~ ' ~ o ~ s i ~ s a ~ ~ "He's h e t.t i n g hungry because of him." n , ~ ga The form - i s a n - i s used b e f o r e t h e d a t i v e - b e n e f a c t i v e , a s i n ( 1 9 ) . Note t h a t t h e d a t i v e - b e n e f a c t i v e s u f f i x a l s o h a s a meaning which may be t r a n s l a t e d a s "because o f . " This i s a t h i r d , r e l a t i v e l y r a r e f u n c t i o n o f t h e d a t i v e - b e n e f a c t i v e ; f o r t h e two major f u n c t i o n s , s e e t h e d i s c u s s i o n of - e l - below. f u n c t i o n : T h i s s u f f i x a p p a r e n t l y o c c u r s w i t h a l i m i t e d number o f i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s o f s e n s a t i o n t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e v e r b i s beginning t o e x p e r i e n c e the sensation i n question. -ilo-, repetitive form: - i l o - b e f o r e vowels, w i t h a g l o t t a l s t o p i n s e r t e d , a s i n ( 2 0 ) ; - i l o s - b e f o r e consonants, a s i n ( 2 1 ) . Exceptions a r e noted below. . (20) a . u 1wo 3n l 2 s e 3 ? i . "He r e p o r t e d l y spoke." b. (21) a. b. u 1 w 0 3 n i 2 ~ i 2 3 1 0 3 7 e 3 ? i ,"He r e p o r t e d l y spoke over and o v e r . " g? 2 w 3n . 2 s g v 2 3 7 i . o l "He was s p e a k i n g . "
a.
b.
f u n c t i o n : - i l o - i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e expressed by t h e v e r b i s being r e p e a t e d s e v e r a l t i m e s . -dan-, i n s t r u m e n t a l , c a u s a t i v e form: -dan- b e f o r e vowels, - d i s - b e f o r e -g; c f . (23-24), e x c e p t a s n o t e d . (23) (24)
~ ' w o ~ n i ~ h i ' s d a ~ ~ n e ~ l e ~"He .r e p o r t e d l y used it t o speak w i t h f o r him." ?i ga2w03ni2hi2sdi23sgv3?i. "He was u s i n g i t t o speak w i t h . "
(26) (27)
v e r b . This f u n c t i o n i s i l l u s t r a t e d by (23-27) above. The second f u n c t i o n i s a c a u s a t i v e one: -dan- may be used w i t h i n h e r e n t l y i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s t o show t h a t t h e a c t i o n o f t h e v e r b i s being performed by an i n a n i m a t e o b j e c t i n d i r e c t l y through t h e c a u s a l i t y of an animate a g e n t ; c f . ( 2 8 ) . (28) a. b. a11sgi3?a. "He's d a n c i n g . " "He's making i t dance ."
a11sgi3sdi2ha.
I t i s p o s s i b l e f o r -dan- t o have t h e c a u s a t i v e f u n c t i o n i n t h e c a s e of t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s with animate d i r e c t o b j e c t s , a s i n ( 2 9 ) , b u t t h i s i s r e l a t i v e l y r a r e . F u r t h e r more, i t i s understood i n (29) t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e v e r b i s a c t i v e l y a s s i s t i n g t h e person who i s d r i n k i n g by h o l d i n g t h e d r i n k t o h i s l i p s . (29) a1di2ta2sdi3ha. "He's c a u s i n g him t o d r i n k ."
The use of t h e c a u s a t i v e w i t h t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s i s t h u s allowed o n l y when t h e subj e c t of t h e v e r b i s understood t o be a c t i v e l y a s s i s t i n g t h e animate d i r e c t o b j e c t t o perform t h e a c t i o n . comments: -dan- i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e i n f i n i t i v e stem o f v e r b s when i t i s n o t p r e ceded by a n o t h e r n o n - f i n a l s u f f i x . The i n f i n i t i v e stem of v e r b s may be found by removing t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x - d i from t h e i n f i n i t i v e form of v e r b s found i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y . The i n f i n i t i v e form of " t o speak" i s l i s t e d i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y a s ~ ~ w o l n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d i t.h e s u f f i x - d i and t h e p r e f i x u- a r e removed, t h i s l e a v e s When t h e i n f i n i t i v e stem -wonihis-, t o which -dan- i s a t t a c h e d . -dohdan-, u n i n t e n t i o n a l form: -dohdan- b e f o r e vowels, -dohdis- b e f o r e -g-; e x c e p t i o n s correspond t o t h e e x c e p t i o n s noted f o r -dan-. That i s , -dohdan- p l u s -g- p l u s - a y i e l d s -dohdih-, a s i n (30); -dohdan- p l u s t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x - d i y i e l d s -dohdi, a s i n (31); -dohdan- p l u s - a , i m p e r a t i v e , y i e l d s -dohda, a s i n ( 3 2 ) . (30) (31) (32) a1gowh2tvh2doh3di3ha. "He's s e e i n g i t a c c i d e n t a l l y . I 1 ~ ~ ~ o w h ~ t v h ~ du'du21i. i oh~d hi2w01ni2hi2sdoh2da. "He wants.him t o s e e i t a c c i d e n t a l l y . " "Speak u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y . "
I t should be noted t h a t forms l i k e ( 3 2 ) , w h i l e b i z a r r e , a r e u n d e r s t a n d a b l e and i l l u s t r a t e t h e form which -dohdan- would t a k e when followed by t h e i m p e r a t i v e suffix. f u n c t i o n : The p r e s e n c e o f -dohdan- i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e a c t i o n of t h e v e r b has been performed u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y . The adverbs " u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y " and " a c c i d e n t a l l y " can both be used i n t r a n s l a t i n g forms w i t h -dohdan- i n t o E n g l i s h . -ohn-, completive form: -ohn- b e f o r e vowels, -ohvs- b e f o r e -g- and b e f o r e t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x ; c f . (33-35). (33) (34) (35) function: (36) (37) u1w03ni2sp3hnv3?i. lrHe f i n i s h e d speaking . I 1 ga2wo3n.i 2 so 3hy 3 s g a . "He's f i n i s h i n g speaking
."
Note (36-38).
~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ s p 1~ u 2 1 i .~ s d iwants t o f i n i s h speaking . I 1 u d h ~ "He -ohn- i s used t o r e f e r t o t h e completion o f an a c t i o n . ga2w03ni2s03hv3sga. "He i s f i n i s h i n g s p e a k i n g . " ga2w03ni2s03hna. "He j u s t f i n i s h e d s p e a k i n g . " p a s t i n t h i s form.) (-a marks t h e r e c e n t
286
(38)
- -
- e l - , dative-benefact i v e form:
The sequence of - e l - p l u s -g- p l u s - a y i e l d s -eha; s e e ( 4 1 ) . ga2w03ni2hi2sB3h?. "He i s speaking f o r him." f u n c t i o n : - e l - i s used t o show t h a t an a c t i o n i s being undertaken on b e h a l f of someone, a s i n (40-41). T h i s is t h e b e n e f a c t i v e f u n c t i o n of - e l - . The second major f u n c t i o n , t h e d a t i v e one, i s i l l u s t r a t e d by (42). (42) a1hne3ha. "He i s g i v i n g it t o him." The converse o f (42) i s a l s o achieved i n Cherokee by t h e use of - e l - i n i t s d a t i v e f u n c t i o n ; n o t e (43). (43) a1hwa2hi3se2ha. "He i s buying i t from him."
A t h i r d f u n c t i o n of - e l - was d i s c u s s e d i n r e l a t i o n t o (19) above.
comments: Verb stems ending i n -s- b e f o r e - v ? i and e x h i b i t i n g -s- p l u s -g- p l u s - a i n t h e p r e s e n t t e n s e ( i n c l u d i n g t h o s e stems i n which - s - p l u s -g- p l u s -a y i e l d s -ha) r e q u i r e t h e i n f i n i t i v e form o f t h e stem when t h e stem i s d i r e c t l y followed by - e l - ; c f . (44-47). (44) (45) (46) (47) form: du1da3y02sv23?i. "He s u r r e n d e r e d . ' I da1da3y02sga. "He's surrendering. "He wants him t o s u r r e n d e r . " "He's s u r r e n d e r i n g f o r him." j u 2 d a 2 y 0 3 h i 3 s d i u1du21i3ha. da1da3y02h/2se3ha.
a.
b. a. b.
~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ s v spoke." i . "He ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ s i ~ ~ "Heo went around ~speaking. d ~ ~ l v ~ ~ i . ga2w03ni2sgv237i. "He was speaking. g?2w03ni2si23d032hv23?i "He was going around speaking."
The sequence - i d o l - p l u s t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x - d i y i e l d s -idoh-, a s i n ( 5 0 ) (50) ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ s i ~ d d u 2 d "He wants t o go around speaking." u 1 a ~ s i Before - a , i m p e r a t i v e , and - a , r e c e n t p a s t , - i d o l - becomes i d - ; c f . (51-52). (51) (52) h12wo l r ~ i ~ s i ~ ~"Goa around speaking. d . ga2w03ni2si23da. "He j u s t now went around speaking. "
f u n c t i o n : The presence o f - i d o l - i n a v e r b form i n d i c a t e s movement from p l a c e t o p l a c e on t h e p a r t of t h e s u b j e c t of t h e v e r b . The u s e of - i d o l - does not necess a r i l y imply l a c k of purpose on t h e p a r t of t h e s p e a k e r , o r unplanned random
movement; (53) could be said of a politician who is going from place to place speaking during his campaign. (53) ga2w03ni2si23d032ha. '!He is going around speaking." -idol- can also be used to refer to essentially random movement within a small area; (53) could be used in a situation in which a person is pacing while talking. -e- "at intervals" form: -vs- before vowels and before -di; -e- before -g-; cf. (54-56). a. ~'wo~ni'sv~~?i."He spoke." v ~ spoke b. ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ s v ~ s "He ~ ? i . at intervals." (55) ~ ~ w o ' n i ~ ~ s v ~u1du21i3ha. "He wants to speak at intervals." ~sdi (56) a. b. ga2w03ni2sgv237i. "He was speaking." ga2w03ni2se3gv23?i. "He was speaking at intervals ." (54)
An exception is the form -es- which appears before the future tense suffix -i, as in (57). (57) da2ga2w032ni2se3si. "He will speak at intervals ." A second exception is the change to -ug- before -a, recent past, as in the verb ga2w03ni2su32gaIthe just now went to speak." function: -e- is used to indicate that the action of the verb takes place at intervals of time or space. Note the spatial example in (58). (58) a11e2hwi2sta2ne3ga. "He, it's stopping at intervals." A second major function of this suffix is to indicate that the subject of the verb is going to a certain place in order to perform the action of the verb; note (59). (59) ga2w03ni2se3ga. "He is going (to acertain location) in order to speak." All forms with -e- are thus ambiguous. (59) could also mean "He is speaking at intervals." Form (54b)could also mean "He went in order to speak." Which meaning -e- has in a given instance is determined by the context. -ihl- "come to" form: -ihl- before vowels, -ihis- before -di, -ihl- plus -g- yields -ihih; cf. (60-62). -ihl- becomes -ig- before -a, recent past and -a, imperative; cf. (6364). (60) (61) a. da2ga2w032ni2si. "He will speak."
. b. da2ga2w032ni2si23hli. "He will come to speak." sdi a. ~ ~ w o ' n i ~ ~ h i ~ u1du21i3ha. "He wants to speak .I1 .23 . .2 b. u2wo 1ni si 3hi sdi u1du21i3ha. "He wants to come to speak."
b. ga2w03ni2,i23h/3hv23?i. "He was coming to speak." . si ga. "He just now came to speak." ga2wo3ni 2 .23
f u n c t i o n : - i h l - i s u s e d t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e v e r b i s coming t o t h e speaker's l o c a t i o n i n order t o perform t h e a c t i o n of t h e v e r b . -g-, progressive When p r e c e d e d by v a r i o u s s u f f i x e s , a s n o t e d a b o v e , -g- f r e q u e n t l y form: - g - . becomes - h - ; n o t e ( 6 5 ) . (65) a. b. ga2w03ni2sge3sdi. '!He w i l l be s p e a k i n g . "
ga2w03ni2si23d032he3sdi.
"He w i l l b e g o i n g a r o u n d s p e a k i n g . "
I n ( 6 5 b ) , -g- changes t o -h- b e c a u s e i t i s p r e c e d e d by t h e s u f f i x - i d o l - ( s e e t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f - i d o l - a b o v e ) . O t h e r c h a n g e s i n v o l v i n g -g- when p r e c e d e d by c e r t a i n s u f f i x e s have been n o t e d a b o v e i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s u f f i x e s . - g - a l s o u n d e r g o e s c h a n g e s when p r e c e d e d d i r e c t l y by v e r b s t e m s o f v a r i o u s c l a s s e s o f v e r b s . Note (66) f o r example, i n which t h e s e q u e n c e of s t e m f i n a l -s- p l u s -gp l u s -a y i e l d s - h a . -g- r e m a i n s unchanged, however, i n ( 6 7 ) , when f o l l o w e d by t h e past tense suffix. (66) (67) ga2w03n;2ha.
"He i s s p e a k i n g . "
g a 2 w 0 3 n i 2 s g v 2 3 v i . "He was s p e a k i n g . I 1
For f u r t h e r d e t a i l s r e g a r d i n g t h e c h a n g e s which -g- u n d e r g o e s when p r e c e d e d d i r e c t l y by v e r b s t e m s , s e e t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f Cherokee v e r b s i n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e dictionary. f u n c t i o n : -g- i s u s e d w i t h v e r b forms d e s c r i b i n g a n a c t o r s t a t e i n p r o g r e s s or which i s h a b i t u a l . P r o g r e s s i v e v e r b forms a r e shown i n (65-67); n o t e t h e u s e o f -g- i n h a b i t u a l forms s u c h a s ( 6 8 ) . (68) ga2w03ni2sgo3"i. "He s p e a k s h a b i t u a l l y . P e r h a p s t h e t e r m " n o n - p u n c t u a l " m i g h t be more a p p r o p r i a t e t h a n " p r o g r e s s i v e " a s a l a b e l f o r -g-; i t i s u s e d w i t h v e r b forms which d o n o t r e f e r t o a s p e c i f i c p o i n t i n t i m e , b u t i s n o t u s e d w i t h t h o s e which d o . To i l l u s t r a t e t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n , compare (69) a n d ( 7 0 ) . (69)
(70)
a.
b. a. b.
"He w i l l b e s p e a k i n g . "
"He w i l l s p e a k . " ( a t a s p e c i f i c p o i n t i n time
I-D f o r
I-D. The f i n a l s u f f i x e s . The s u f f i x e s d e s c r i b e d below may o c c u r a t t h e end o f v e r b forms i n Cherokee. Two o r more f i n a l s u f f i x e s may o c c u r t o g e t h e r , and o n l y t h o s e s u f f i x e s which o c c u r i n t h e f i n a l box i n t h e c h a r t a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of S e c t i o n I-C a r e l i m i t e d t o o c c u r r e n c e a t t h e end o f v e r b f o r m s . D i s c u s s i o n o f the individual f i n a l suffixes follows.
- i d i , pre-incipient form: - i d i i n f i n a l p o s i t i o n , - i d i s - b e f o r e vowels; c f . (71-72). u'wo3ni2si4di. "He i s about t o speak." u ' ~ o ~ n i ~ s i ~ ~ d i ~ ~ swas ~abouti t o s p e a k . " lfHe v ~ ? . (71) (72)
f u n c t i o n : - i d i i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e v e r b i s about t o p e r form t h e a c t i o n of t h e v e r b o r i s about t o e x p e r i e n c e t h e s t a t e e x p r e s s e d by t h e v e r b . When used w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e t o p a s t o r f u t u r e t i m e , and when used i n a nonh a b i t u a l s e n s e , - i d i o c c u r s i n f i n a l p o s i t i o n , a s i n ( 7 1 ) . - i d i may be followed by t h e f o l l o w i n g s u f f i x e s : - v ? i , p a s t ; - e 7 i , r e p o r t a t i v e ; - e s d i , f u t u r e p r o g r e s s i v e ; - o ? i , p l u p e r f e c t ; - o ? i , h a b i t u a l . Examples o f t h e co-occurrence o f - i d i w i t h each of t h e s e s u f f i x e s f o l l o w . (73) (74) (75) (76) (77) ~ ' w o ~ n i ~ s i ~ ~ d i ~ ~ s v ~abouti t o s p e a k . " "He was ~ ? . ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ s i ~ ~ d "He was e e~ o r tie . l y about t o speak." i ~ ~ s r p ? d ~ ' w o ~ n i ~ s i ~ ~ d i ~ ~ s ew~i ls l dbe . a b o u t t o s p e a k . " "He i ''He was a l r e a d y about t o speak." ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ s i ~ ~ "Hei i s ~ a bo t u a l l y about t o s p e a k . " d ~ hs i ~ ~ i .
comments: - i d i cannot o c c u r w i t h t h e i m p e r a t i v e s u f f i x e s . When it i s used w i t h s u f f i x e s which r e f e r t o p a s t o r f u t u r e t i m e , as i n (73-76), t h e d i s t i n c t i o n between p r o g r e s s i v e and p u n c t u a l t i m e i s n e u t r a l i z e d . ( 7 3 ) , f o r example, can be used i n a s e n t e n c e l i k e "He was about t o speak when I a r r i v e d " o r i n a s e n t e n c e l i k e "He was about t o speak f o r an i n s t a n t . "
A v a r i a n t form of - i d i , - i d e n a , i s sometimes u s e d .
T h i s form can o n l y be f o l l o w e d by t h e q u e s t i o n s u f f i x e s -sgo and - j u and i s t h u s l i m i t e d t o p r e s e n t t i m e . When i t i s used, a s i n ( 7 8 ) , it i m p l i e s t h a t t h e a c t i o n t o be performed w i l l occur immediately. (78) ~ ~ ~ a ~ h n ? ~ n i ~"d te' s about t o raih'." I ~ n a . (immediately)
- i d i r e q u i r e s t h e u s e of t h e S e t B pronoun p r e f i x e s . -i, f u t u r e form: -i i n f i n a l p o s i t i o n o r when followed by a s u f f i x beginning w i t h a conso-is- when followed by a vowel, a s i n ( 8 1 ) . n a n t ; c f . (79-80). (79) (80) (81) d? 2g? 2wo 3 2 i 2s .l . "He's going t o speak." n. . d? 2 g? 2wo 32n l 2 s;. 3sgo? " I s he going t o speak?" d a 2 g ? 2 ~ 0 3 2 n i 2 s i 3 s v 2 3 ? i . "He was going t o speak."
(79) can be used i n s e n t e n c e s l i k e "He's going t o speak a t 2:001' w h i l e (82) i s a p p r o p r i a t e i n s e n t e n c e s such a s "He w i l l be s p e a k i n g when I g e t t h e r e . " -i can a l s o be used w i t h t h e p a s t t e n s e s u f f i x - v ? i , a s i n (83). (83) d? g? wo 32 n . 2 s l 3 s v 2 3 7 i . i . "He was going t o s p e a k . "
There i s no d i s t i n c t i o n between t h e p u n c t u a l and t h e p r o g r e s s i v e i n forms l i k e (83), which imply t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e v e r b was i n t e n d i n g t o perform t h e a c t i o n of t h e verb a t some p o i n t i n t h e f u t u r e . Forms l i k e (83) a r e n e u t r a l w i t h r e s p e c t t o whether t h e a c t i o n was a c t u a l l y performed subsequently o r n o t .
-i can be followed by t h e p l u p e r f e c t - o ? i , a s i n ( 8 4 ) .
(84)
The h a b i t u a l - o ? i can be used w i t h -i t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e v e r b h a b i t u a l l y i n t e n d s t o speak, a s i n (85). (85) d i 2 g a 2 w 0 3 2 n i 2 s i 3 s 0 3 ? i . "He always i n t e n d s t o speak." d ~ 2 g ? 2 w 0 3 2 n i 2 s i 3 s e 3 s d i . "He w i l l b e going t o speak . I 1 The f u t u r e p r o g r e s s i v e - e s d i can a l s o f o l l o w i-; n o t e ( 8 6 ) . (86) Form (86) could be used i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e q u e s t i o n "What w i l l he be doing a t 1:30?11 i f t h e person i n q u e s t i o n i s due t o speak a t 2:OO. On t h e o t h e r hand, (79) would be t h e a p p r o p r i a t e response t o t h e q u e s t i o n "What w i l l he do a t 2:00?"
-i can a l s c be followed by - e ? i , 8 i t h e r e p o r t a t i v e p a s t , a s i n (87).
di'g?2w032ni2si3se37i.
-v?i.
f u n c t i o n : T h i s s u f f i x can o n l y be used w i t h v e r b forms r e f e r r i n g t o p a s t a c t i o n s o r s t a t e s which were d i r e c t l y experienced o r witnessed by t h e s p e a k e r . I n (88), f o r example, t h e speaker i s understood t o have witnessed t h e a c t of speaking. (88) ~ ~ w o ' n i ~ s v ~ "He ispoke." ~? . When - v ? i i s used without being preceded by -g-, it i s understood t o r e f e r t o a s p e c i f i c p o i n t of time i n t h e p a s t . For i n s t a n c e , (88) i s understood t o r e f e r t o a s i n g l e a c t of speaking a t some p a s t t i m e . The p a s t p r o g r e s s i v e i s formed by t h e u s e o f -g- followed by - v ? i ; n o t e (89). (89) gg2w03ni2sgv23?i. "He was s ~ e a k i n .g1 I
--
See a l s o t h e d i s c u s s i o n s of - i d i and -i above. The f u t u r e i m p e r a t i v e i s formed by - v 7 i , a s i n ( 9 0 ) . (90) h i 2 w 0 3 n i 2 s v 2 ? i . "Speak ( l a t e r ) ." comment: The f i n a l -?i of s u f f i x e s c o n s i s t i n g of a vowel p l u s -?i i s o p t i o n a l . When a n o t h e r s u f f i x f o l l o w s , t h e f i n a l -?i may o r may n o t be p r e s e n t .
-e7i, reportative form: -e?i. f u n c t i o n : T h i s s u f f i x f u n c t i o n s a s does - v ? i , except t h a t it i s understood t h a t t h e speaker d i d not d i r e c t l y e x p e r i e n c e o r w i t n e s s t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e expressed by t h e v e r b . Compare (91-92) w i t h (88-89). (91) u1w03ni2se3 7 i . "He r e p o r t e d l y spoke. g?2wo ' n i 2 s g e 3 ? i . "He was r e p o r t e d l y speaking. (92)
-esdi, future progressive form: -esdi. f u n c t i o n : - e s d i i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e expressed by t h e verb w i l l be t a k i n g p l a c e d u r i n g a p e r i o d of t i m e i n t h e f u t u r e ; n o t e ( 9 3 ) . (93) ga2w03ni2sge3sdi. "He w i l l be speaking." See a l s o (86) above f o r t h e u s e of - e s d i f o l l o w i n g t h e f u t u r e t e n s e s u f f i x -i. - e s d i may a l s o be used t o form i m p e r a t i v e s i n t h e f u t u r e p r o g r e s s i v e ; n o t e (94). ( a s i n "Be speaking when I g e t t h e r e . " ) With some v e r b s , i m p e r a t i v e forms can o n l y be formed by t h e u s e of - e s d i . These verbs can be found by checking t h e i m p e r a t i v e e n t r y f o r each v e r b i n t h e d i c t i o n ary. -o?i, pluperfect form: -o?i. f u n c t i o n : - o ? i i s used with t h e p r e f i x n- ( s e e S e c t i o n I-A) t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e expressed by t h e v e r b had a l r e a d y taken p l a c e p r i o r t o a subsequent p o i n t i n time; n o t e (95). (95) -o?i, habitual form: -o?i. f u n c t i o n : T h i s s u f f i x i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e expressed by t h e verb i s h a b i t u a l , a s i n (96-97). (96) ga2w03ni2sgo3?i. "He h a b i t u a l l y speaks." Note t h e u s e s of - o ? i w i t h - i d i and - i ; s e e (77) and (85). Forms l i k e (96) may be negated i n t h e u s u a l way, w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e n e g a t i v e p r e f i x and t h e u s e of h l a , a s i n (97). (97) (98) form: hla3 hla3 yi2gg2w032ni2sgo37i. "He d o e s n l t speak h a b i t u a l l y
-09i
(94)
h i 2 w 0 3 n i 2 s g e 3 s d i . lrBe speaking."
( p r i o r t o some o t h e r e v e n t )
."
f u n c t i o n : - d i i s d i r e c t l y a t t a c h e d t o t h e i n f i n i t i v e stem, which i s given f o r each verb i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y . Note t h a t i n f i n i t i v e s t a k e t h e S e t B s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s , a s i n (99-100). (99) (100) ~ ~ w o ' n i ~ ~ h iu1du21i3ha. ~ s d i "He wants him t o speak" o r "He wants t o speak. "He wants me t o speak."
a 2 g i 2 w 0 1 n i 2 3 h i 3 s d i u1du21i3ha.
For f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n of t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x , s e e S e c t i o n 1 1 - E .
f u n c t i o n : When t h i s s u f f i x d i r e c t l y f o l l o w s -g-, i t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e a c t i o n o r s t a t e expressed by t h e verb i s i n p r o g r e s s a t p r e s e n t , a s i n (101). (101) d a l d a 3yo 2 s g a . "He i s s u r r e n d e r i n g . " When - a i s n o t preceded by -g-, it i n d i c a t e s t h a t an a c t i o n h a s j u s t been completed. T h i s f u n c t i o n of -a i s u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e r e c e n t p a s t . The b a s i c meaning of -a s t i l l ' s e e m s t o be p r e s e n t t i m e , however; t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e r e c e n t p a s t i s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t an a c t i o n has j u s t been completed i n t h e p r e s e n t . -a i s a l s o used with p r e s e n t i m p e r a t i v e s , a s i n (102). (102) hi2w01ni2si23103ja. "Speak o v e r and o v e r . " Note, however, t h a t - a i s used w i t h i m p e r a t i v e s only when preceded by a n o t h e r s u f f i x . -a changes t o -i i n i m p e r a t i v e forms i n which no o t h e r s u f f i x i n t e r v e n e s , a s i n (103). (103) hi2wo1niZ3hi. "Speak."
-i i s added d i r e c t l y t o t h e stem
The i m p e r a t i v e of motion v e r b s i s formed by adding t h e s u f f i x -e- "at i n t e r v a l s " followed by -a, a s i n (106). (106) hi2hi?21u1ga.
. .
"Drive."
When t h e d a t i v e - b e n e f a c t i v e s u f f i x o c c u r s d i r e c t l y p r e c e d i n g t h e i m p e r a t i v e s u f f i x , it d r o p s , and -a changes t o - i , a s i n (107). (107) hi2w01ni2hi2si. "Speak f o r him." Another major f u n c t i o n of -a i s t o show doubt on t h e p a r t o f t h e speaker r e g a r d i n g whether t h e a c t i o n of t h e v e r b has a c t u a l l y been performed, a s i n (108). (108) yy3w03ni2sa. "He may have spoken.
If
Note t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n used i n (108) r e q u i r e s t h e u s e of t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s t o g e t h e r with t h e n o n - f a c t u a l p r e f i x y - . I n a d d i t i o n , -a may n o t be preceded by -g-, t h e p r o g r e s s i v e s u f f i x , i n p a s t forms e x p r e s s i n g d o u b t . , When -a i s used w i t h p r e s e n t t e n s e forms e x p r e s s i n g d o u b t , -g- p r e c e d e s i t , a s i n (109); n o t e t h a t -gp l u s -a y i e l d s -ha i n t h e c a s e o f "speak." (109) yi23ga3w03ni2ha. "He may be speaking
."
The -i s u f f i x which i s used i n i m p e r a t i v e s i s t r e a t e d above a s a v a r i a n t of -a. A a d d i t i o n a l u s e o f -i i s shown i n (110). n (110) y i 2 ji2w03ni2hi. "I can speak . * I Note t h a t t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f c a p a b i l i t y i n (110) r e q u i r e s t h e y- p r e f i x and t h e -i s u f f i x . When a n o t h e r s u f f i x i n t e r v e n e s , -i changes t o -a, a s i n (111). (111) y i 2 ji2w03ni2si23103ja.
111
."
- v ? i , f u t u r e imperative form: -v?i. F u t u r e i m p e r a t i v e s a r e formed by t h e use o f - v 7 i , a s i n (112b). a. hi2w01ni23hi. "Speak." function: (112)
b. hi2w03ni2sv2?i. Speak l a t e r . " One or more s u f f i x e s may precede - v ? i i n t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n , a s i n (113). (113) h ~ 2 w 0 3 n i 2 s i 2 3 d 0 3 2 1 v 2 ~ "Go around and speak l a t e r . I 1 i. -gwu "only, j u s t , s t i l l " form: -gw. f u n c t i o n : -gwu i s used with t h e meaning "only" o r " j u s t " a s i n (115). (114) a. b. (115) si ga2wo 3n;. 2 h a . "He's speaking." ga2w03ni2h?3gwu. llHels j u s t speaking . I t o r "He's only speaking . I t ga2w03nj2ha3gwu. "He's s t i l l speaking. "
-sgo, i n t e r r o g a t i v e form: -sgo. f u n c t i o n : Questions which can be answered with yes o r no a r e formed by t h e a d d i t i o n of -sgo, o r by i t s s h o r t form -s, t o verb forms; n o t e (116). (116) a. b. c. g? 2w 3 n i 2h a . o "He i s speaking." l f I s he speaking?" g a 2 ~ 0 3 n i 2 h a 3 s g o ? " I s he speaking?" g?2w03ni2has3?
comments: -sgo must d i r e c t l y f o l l o w one of t h e p r e f i x e s shown a t p o s i t i o n 10 i n Figure 1 above. I t may be followed o n l y b y -hv "but." When -sgo i s n o t followed by -hv, it o r d i n a r i l y appears i n i t s s h o r t form, -s, a s i n ( 1 1 6 ~ ) .
-ju, i n t e r r o g a t i v e
form:
-ju.
f u n c t i o n : - j u i s used with yes-no q u e s t i o n s , b u t i t c a r r i e s an a d d i t i o n a l component of meaning not p r e s e n t i n t h e c a s e of -sgo; n o t e (117). (117) ga2w03ni2ha3ju? "Well, is he speaking?11
. .
(117) would be an a p p r o p r i a t e q u e s t i o n t o ask someone i f a c e r t a i n person who was expected t o make a speech i s speaking. S i m i l a r l y , i f t h e weather f o r e c a s t c a l l e d f o r snow, and someone goes t o t h e window t o s e e i f snow is f a l l i n g , a second p e r son might ask t h e q u e s t i o n i n (118). (118) -ke form: g u 2 t $ 3ha 3j u ? "Well, i s it snowing?" "or1'-interrogative -ke. -ke i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e second verb i n d i s j u n c t i v e q u e s t i o n s ; s e e ( 1 1 9 ~ ) a. g a 2 ~ 0 3 n ; 2 h a s ? " I s he speaking?"
function: (119)
294 b.
c.
-na form:
f u n c t i o n : -na i s a n i n t e r r o g a t i v e s u f f i x which c a r r i e s t h e meaning "and what i f 1 ' o r "and what a b o u t ? " Note ( 1 2 0 ) . (120) a. b. e3w03ni2sa. "He may have s p o k e n . " y u 2 3 w 0 3 2 n i 4 s a 2 n a 1 ? "And what i f h e spoke?"
comments: -na i s more f r e q u e n t l y a t t a c h e d t o nouns o r p r o n o u n s , a s i n ( 1 2 1 ) ; s e e t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f nouns i n S e c t i o n 11. (121) -hv form: "but" -hv. ni2hi4na1? "And what a b o u t you?"
f u n c t i o n : -hv o c c u r s f o l l o w i n g -sgo t o q u e s t i o n a n a s s e r t i o n , a s i n ( 1 2 3 ) , which is appropriate a s a r e p l y t o (122). (122) (123') e 2 d a 3 2 t v 2 d a 3 2 s d a . " L e t ' s you ( p l ) a n d I l i s t e n t o him." g?2w03ni2ha3sgo1hv? "But i s h e s p e a k i n g ? "
The q u e s t i o n o f (123) shows d o u b t t h a t t h e man m e n t i o n e d i n (122) i s r e a l l y s p e a k i n g . Note a l s o ( 1 2 4 ) , which c o u l d b e a s k e d a s a r e s p o n s e t o a s t a t e m e n t s u c h a s " L e t ' s go s e e him." (124)
-isi
"or e l s e "
form:
function: (125)
a.
b.
hi2w01ni23hi.
"Speak.
-dv, form:
focus s u f f i x -dv.
f u n c t i o n : -dv i s used t o i n d i c a t e a kind of focus which i s not f u l l y understood. I t f r e q u e n t l y appears on v e r b forms used i n r e p l y i n g t o q u e s t i o n s ; n o t e (129). (128) (129) g u 2 t i 3 h a s 3 a1ga2sga3ke? " I s it snowing o r r a i n i n g ? " a1ga2sga3dv3. " I t ' s r a i n i n g . "
Notes on t h e co-occurrence of s u f f i x e s Several of t h e s u f f i x e s l i s t e d a t p o s i t i o , , 10 on t h e c h a r t i n Figure 1 o p t i o n a l l y drop t h e vowel -i when followed by -sgo, - j u , and -ke. These s u f f i x e s which drop -i a r e - v ? i , p a s t ; - e ? i , r e p o r t a t i v e ; - o ? i , p l u p e r f e c t ; - o ? i , h a b i t u a l . N o t e , f o r example, (130). (130) a. b. u1w03ni2se3?is3? "Did he speak?" u1w03ni2ses 3? "Did he speak?"
A l i s t of forms of t h e verb "to speaku c o n t a i n i n g two o r more s u f f i x e s . The forms contained i n t h e following l i s t i l l u s t r a t e t h e occurrence of two o r more s u f f i x e s i n a s i n g l e v e r b form. I t should be borne i n mind t h a t t h e t o t a l number of s u f f i x combina;ions which i s p o s s i b l e i n Cherokee i s a c t u a l l y much l a r g e r than t h e number of combinations found i n t h e l i s t , which i s intended t o b e i l l u s t r a t i v e of t h e kind of complex v e r b forms which can occur. . u 1wo 3n . 2 s .l2 3 s .i 4 d l . '?He's about t o make t h e same speech again." l
. .
. . .
g a 2 w 0 3 n i 2 s i 2 3 1 0 3 ? y 2 ~ g a ."He's f i n i s h i n g speaking r e p e a t e d l y . " ga2w03ni2si23103?e1ga. "He's going t h e r e t o speak r e p e a t e d l y . " ga. ga2w03ni2h?2se231e32 "He's going t h e r e t o speak f o r him." g a 2 w 0 3 n i 2 s i 2 3 d 0 3 2 h 0 3 ~ i . "He h a b i t u a l l y goes around speaking." ga2w03ni2si231037i2hi3ha. "He i s coming t o speak r e p e a t e d l y . " ga 2w 3n .l 2 s . 2 3 s . 3 l o 2 ? e l g a . "He's going t h e r e t o make t h e same speech o l l r e p e a t e d 1 y. " g?2w03ni2si23si31027e21e3ga. "Hers going t h e r e t o make t h e same speech r e p e a t e d l y f o r him."
ga2w03ni2si23si315,27e21e3ga3sgo1hv3? "But i s he going t h e r e t o make t h e same speech f o r him r e p e a t e d l y ? ' ? I-E. The r e f l e x i v e , t h e p a s s i v e , and c l a s s i f i c a t o r y v e r b s The r e f l e x i v e . There i s a r e f l e x i v e p r e f i x i n Cherokee which d i r e c t l y
follows the pronoun prefix and precedes the verb stem. It appears as -adad- before a stem beginning with a vnwel other Chan -a-, as -ad- before -a-, and as ada- before a stem beginning with a consonant; cf. (1-3). (1) a. gv2hni,3ha. "He's hitting it." b. a1da2dv2hni3ha. "He's hitting himself ." "He's tying it up." a1da2hlv3?i2ha. "He's tying himself up .I1 a1gowh2ti3ha. "He sees it ." a1da2gowh2ti3ha. "He sees himself ."
(2)
(3)
a. g?2hlv3?i2ha. b. a. b.
When preceded by the Set B third person pronoun prefix u-, the initial -a- of -adad- is dropped; cf. (4a-b) . (4) a. u1wa2hni31v3?i. "He hit it." b. u1da2dv2hni31v3?i. "He hit himself ."
Note the following reflexive paradigms. Paradigm One: "to see oneself" In this paradigm, the reflexive prefix appears as -ada- before the stem of "to see," which begins with a consonant. ga2da2gowh1ti3ha. "I see myself ." ha2da2gowh2ti3ha. "You see yourself. a1da2gowh2ti3ha. "He sees himself ." i1n?2da2gowh2ti3ha. "You and I see ourselves." i1da2da2gowh2ti3ha. "You (pl) and I see ourselves.I t o1sda2da2gowh2ti3ha. "He and I see ourselves ."
. . o 1 J ? 2da2gowh2t; 3ha.
sda2da2gowh2ti3ha. "You (dl) see yourselves ." i1ja2da2gowh2ti3ha. "You (pl) see yourselves." a l r ~ ? ~ d a ~ g o w h ~ t i ~"They see themselves. ha. Paradigm Two: "to see oneself," past tense In this paradigm the Set B pronoun prefixes are required because of the presence of the past tense suffix -vVi used to indicate the punctual past (see Section I-B for discussion of the change from Set A to Set B prefixes). a1gwa2da2g02hv23?i. "1 saw myself." ja2da2g02hv237i. "You saw yourself. ~ ' d a ~ g o ~ h v ~ ~"He . ? i saw himself." gi2na2da2g02hv23?i. "You and I saw ourselves." i1ga2da2g02hv23?i. "You (pl) and I saw ourselves ." ~ ~ g i ~ n ~ ~ d a ~ g "He~ andv I~ saw~ ourselves. o h ~ i .
"They h saw ? i . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d a ~ ~ o ~ and vI ~ ~ ourselves ." sda2daZgo2hv23?i. lqYou(dl) saw yourselves." i1ja2da2g02hv23?i. "You (pl) saw yourselves." u1na2da2g02hv23?i. "They saw themselves ."
V'
This paradigm illustrates the use of the reflexive prefix, appearing as -adad-, before a verb stem beginning with a vowel other than -a-; as noted above, the reflexive appears as -ad- before a stem beginning with -a-. ga2da2dv1ni3ha. "I am hitting myself
.It
ha2da2dv2hni3ha. "You are hitting yourse1f.l' a1da2dv2hni3ha. "He's hitting himself. " i1n?2da2dv2hni3ha. "You and I are hitting ourselves .It i1da2da2dv2hni3ha. "You (pl) and I are hitting ourselves." 01sda2da2dv2hni3ha. "He and I are hitting ourselves." 01ja2da2dv2hni3ha. "They and I are hitting ourselves." sda2da2dv2hnj3ha. "You (dl) are hitting yourselves ." i1jB2da2dv2hni3ha. 91You(pl) are hitting yourselves." a1na2da2dv2hnj3ha. "They are hitting themselves ." Paradigm Four: "to hit oneself," past tense This paradigm illustrates the use of the reflexive following the Set B prefixes preceding a vowel stem. a1gwa2da2dv2hni31v3?i. "I hit myself ." " ja2da2dv2hni31v3?i. "YOU hit yourself. u1da2dv2hni31v3?i. ItHehit himself ." gi2na2da2dv2hni31v3?i. "You and I hit ourselves ." i1ga2da2dv2hni31v3?i. "YOU (pl) and I hit ourselves."
. .
. .
~ ' ~ i ~ n a ~ d a ~ d v ~ h n i ~"He ~ ? i I hit ourselves .It l v and . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d a ~ d v ~ h ltThey andv I~ hiti ourselves n i ~ l ~ . sda2da2dv2hni31v3?i. "YOU (dl) hit yourselves ."
. .
."
i1ja2da2dv2hni31v3?i. "You (pl) hit yourselves ." u1na2da2dv2hni31v3?i. "They hit themselves ." Paradigm Five: "to forget oneself" "Forget" is a verb which ordinarily requires the Set B prefixes in all tenses. follow the When the reflexive prefix is employed, however, verbs like "forget11 in the present tense (see same pattern as those verbs which take Set A prefixes Section I-B for discussion and illustrative paradigms). Note the use of the Set A prefixes in this paradigm, and the use of the Set B prefixes in Paradigm Six, in which reflexive forms of "forget" are shown in the non-progressive past. The
pattern followed is thus iike that of verbs like "hit" and "tie up," which take Set A prefixes in most tenses, but which require Set B prefixes in the nonprogressive past (see Section I-B for paradigms of these verbs). ga2da2dv lkew2sga. "I am forgetting myself ." ha2da2dv2kew2sga. "You are forgetting yourself .I1 a1da2dv2kew2sga. "He is forgetting himself ." i1na2da2dv2kew2sga. "You and I are forgetting ourselves." i lda2da2dv2kew2sga. "You (pl) and I are forgetting ourselves." sda2da2dv2kew2sga. "You (dl) are forgetting youselves ." i ja2da2dv2kew2sga. "You (pl) are forgetting yourselves." a1na2da2dv2kew2sga. "They are forgetting themselves. Paradigm Six: "to forget oneself," past tense a1gwa2da2dv2kew2sv237i. "I forgot myself." ja2da2dv2kew2svZ37i. "You forgot yourself ." ~ l d a ~ d v ~ k e w ~ s v ~ ~ ?forgot himself ." !'He i . gi2n?2da2dv2kew2sv237i. lYou and I forgot ourselves .I1 (pl) and I forgot ourselves." i1ga2da2dv2kew2s~237i. r'Y~u "You (dl) forgot yourselves ~d~~da~dv~kew~sv~~7i.
. I 1
i 1j?2da2dv2kew2~v237i. "You (pl) forgot yourselves." ~ ~ n a ~ d a ~ d v ~ k e w "They ~ ~ ~ i . ~ s v forgot themselves .I ' The reciprocal. Reciprocal forms, translated by "each other" in English, are formed in Cherokee by the use of the plural prefix de- together with -adad-, as in '5. () (Note that de- appears as d- before. a following vowel; see the discussion of de- in Section I-A.) (5) da1n?2da2dv2hni3ha. "They are hitting each other." Verb forms combining de- and -adad- can also have a plural reflexive meaning. (5), for example, can also mean "they are hitting themselves," with the understanding that there are plural reflexive actions involved; i.e., each of the individuals involved is understood to be hitting himself separately. Note (6), in which it is understood either that the parties involved are tying each other up, or that each of the individuals in question are tying themselves separately. da1n?2da2hlv3?i2ha. "They are tying each other up," "They are tying themselves up." (plural acts of tying) See (7), in which it is understood that the individuals referred to are tyi.ig themselves collectively. (7) a1na2da2hlv3?i2ha. "They are tying themselves." (a single act of tying) The reciprocal meaning is impossible in the case of (7), since the absence of the prefix de- means that only a single act of tying is taking place. Other uses of the reflexive. There is a non-reflexive use of -adad- which is possible only when there is no overtly expressed direct object; compare (8) and
(9)
(6)
(8)
a2sga2ya a1gowh2t13ha.
"He s e e s a man."
.I1
(9)
Form (10) i s understood t o mean "the man s e e s , " n o t "he s e e s a man." (10) *a2sga2ya aldaZgowh2ti3ha. "He s e e s a man. " This n o n - r e f l e x i v e u s e of -adad- i s p o s s i b l e o n l y when i t i s understood t h a t t h e r e i s a c o v e r t animate d i r e c t o b j e c t of t h e v e r b . I n s e n t e n c e s i n which an inanimate d i r e c t o b j e c t i s n o t o v e r t l y e x p r e s s e d , b u t i s understood, forms without -adadmust be used, a s i n (11). I t i s important t o n o t e , however, t h a t forms without -adad- can a l s o be used when an animate d i r e c t o b j e c t i s understood. (11) a1gowh2ti3ha. "He s e e s him, i t . In s i t u a t i o n s i n which an animate d i r e c t o b j e c t i s understood, b u t n o t o v e r t l y expressed, it i s t h u s p o s s i b l e t o f i n d v e r b forms w i t h o r without -adad-. There a r e some r e s t r i c t i o n s , however; forms w i t h -adad- may n o t be used with t h e h a b i t u a l s u f f i x , a p p a r e n t l y . Note t h a t (12) may be used a s a r e s p o n s e t o a s t a t e m e n t l i k e "Tom works a t Muskogee now," w h i l e (13), an ungrammatical form, c a n n o t . (12) h i 2 g o w h 1 t i 2 3 s g o 3 ? i s 3 ? "Do you ( h a b i t u a l l y ) s e e him?" (13) *ha2da2gowh2ti23sg937is3? lrDo you ( h a b i t u a l l y ) s e e him?" There a r e s i t u a t i o n s i n which -adad- must be used when t h e animate d i r e c t o b j e c t i s not expressed o v e r t l y . Note ( I S ) , t h e response t o ( 1 4 ) . (14)
Ali
u2sgwo2hli
gvnhZga Foreman.
Non-reflexive -adad- must a l s o be used w i t h a g e n t i v e forms, derived from v e r b s , when no d i r e c t o b j e c t i s s p e c i f i e d ; n o t e (16-18). (16)
(17)
(inanimate) (animate)
(18)
Agentive forms never t a k e -adad- when t h e d i r e c t o b j e c t i s s p e c i f i e d , a s i n ( 1 8 ) . An animate a g e n t i v e w i t h u n s p e c i f i e d d i r e c t o b j e c t must t a k e -adad- preceded by t h e p l u r a l o b j e c t p r e f i x de-, a s i n ( 1 7 ) . (Note t h e following changes which t a k e p l a c e i n t h e c a s e of (17): de- becomes d i - , a change which t a k e s p l a c e i n nouns; t h e i n i t i a l -a- of -adad- d e l e t e s a f t e r - i - , and t h e f i n a l -d- of -adad- does n o t appear because t h e stem of " k i l l " begins with a c o n s o n a n t . ) Note t h a t t h e p l u r a l o b j e c t p r e f i x does not occur i n t h e c a s e of inanimate a g e n t i v e s w i t h u n s p e c i f i e d d i r e c t o b j e c t , a s i n (16)
I t should a l s o be p o i n t e d o u t t h a t a q u e s t i o n l i k e (19) seems t o c a r r y a meaning component not p r e s e n t i n forms such a s (20). I n (19), t h e q u e s t i o n seems t o imply t h a t t h e person spoken of has a t f i r s t not seen t h e person o r p e r s o n s , while i n (20) t h e r e i s no i m p l i c a t i o n of t h i s s o r t . In o t h e r words, (19) might be t r a n s l a t e d "is he beginning t o s e e him" o r "is he becoming aware of him by s e e i n g him." (19) a1da2gowh2ti3has3? llDoes h e s e e (him)?"
--
(20) algowh2ti3has 3? "Does he see him?" Verb forms which take the non-reflexive -adad- do not admit the plural object prefix de-; (19) could thus also mean "does he see (them)?" (20), on the other hand, can only mean "Does he see him, it?" Agentive forms like (17-18) are exceptions. The non-reflexive use of the prefix -adad- is a fundamental aspect of Cherokee structure which requires further study. The Cherokee passive constructions The passive with unspecified actor. There is a passive construction in Cherokee which is used when the agent performing the action of the verb is unspecified. This construction is illustrated in (21). (21) a2sgaZya aljiZgowh1ti3ha. "A man is being seen." In (21) it is understood that a man is being seen by one or more unspecified individuals. Paradigms Five and Six illustrate the form that the special passive pronoun prefixes required by this construction take before consonants and vowels, respectively. Paradigm Five: "to be seen" vlgiZgowh2ti3ha. "1 am being seen." e1ja2gowh2ti3ha. "You are being seen." a1ji2gowh1ti3ha. "He's being seen." e 1gi 2ni 2gowh1ti3ha. "You and I are being seen." elgi2gowh1ti3ha. "You (pl) and I are being seen." e1sdi2gowh1ti3ha. "You (dl) are being seen." el jiZgowh1ti3ha. "You (pl) are being seen .It ge2ji2gowh1ti3ha. "They are being seen:" Paradigm Six: "to be hit" vlgwv2hni3ha. "I am being hit ." e1jv2hni3ha. "You are being hit." algv1ni3ha. "He's being hit." e1gi2nv1ni3ha. "You and I are being hit .I1 e1gv1ni3ha. "You (pl) and I are being hit." e1sdv1ni3ha. "You (dl) are being hit ." el jv1nj3ha. "You (pl) are being hit ." ge2gv1ni3ha. "They are being hit .It The passive prefixes illustrated in the preceding paradigms are summarized in Figure One. In each box, the form which a given prefix takes before a following vowel is shown directly above the form used before a following consonant.
301
.----------------
A second p a s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n . Cherokee e x h i b i t s a second p a s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n which i s formed by r e p l a c i n g t h e S e t A pronoun p r e f i x w i t h t h e corresponding S e t B p r e f i x and i n v e r t i n g t h e o r d e r of t h e s u b j e c t and d i r e c t o b j e c t . Compare t h e p a s s i v e s e n t e n c e i n ( 2 3 ) with t h e corresponding a c t i v e s e n t e n c e i n ( 2 2 ) .
(22) (23)
a2sga2ya. man
The kind of p a s s i v e i l l u s t r a t e d by ( 2 3 ) can only be formedwhen both t h e s u b j e c t and o b j e c t of t h e v e r b a r e t h i r d person and when t h e v e r b i s one which t a k e s t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s . Furthermore, even when t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s a r e met, p a s s i v e s l i k e ( 2 3 ) can only be formed i n t h o s e t e n s e s which a l l o w t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s . I t would t h u s be impossible t o form a p a s s i v e from s e n t e n c e ( 2 4 ) , t h e past t e n s e e q u i v a l e n t of ( 2 2 ) . Passives l i k e ( 2 3 ) can b e formed i n t h e immediate p a s t t e n s e , however, s i n c e t h e immediate p a s t s u f f i x t a k e s S e t A p r e f i x e s .
(24)
The d o e r
alga2sga. ulga2sga.
Since t h e second p a s s i v e C o n s t r u c t i o n can o n l y be formed when both t h e s u b j e c t and o b j e c t a r e t h i r d Person, t h e r e a r e o n l y f o u r p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r p a s s i v i z a t i o n : forms with t h i r d person s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t and o b j e c t ( 2 7 ) , with t h i r d person singul a r s u b j e c t and t h i r d person p l u r a l o b j e c t ( 2 8 ) , with t h i r d person p l u r a l s u b j e c t and s i n g u l a r o b j e c t ( 2 9 1 , and w i t h t h i r d person p l u r a l s u b j e c t and o b j e c t ( 3 0 ) .
(27) (28)
"Dogs a r e b e i n g s e e n by a man."
302
(29) a2ni2sg?2ya g~r2wa2gowh2ti3ha gi2hli. "A dog is being seen by men." men is being seen dog (30) a2ni2sga2ya gv2w?2ni2gowh2ti3ha gi2hli. "Dogs are being seen by men." men are being seen dogs Forms (27-30) illustrate the form of the prefixes used in the second passive when the following verb stem begins with a vowel. Forms (31-34) illustrate the same prefixes as they occur before a stem beginning with a vowel; note, however, that the plural prefix is used in forms (32-34) to show that separate acts of hitting are taking place. (31) a2sgaZya u1wa2hni gi2hli. "A dog is being hit by a man." (32) a2sga2ya du1nv2hni gi2hli. "Dogs are being hit by a man." (33) a2ni2sga2ya de2gv3wa2hni gi2hli. "A dog is being hit by men." (34) 62ni2sga2ya de2gv3wa2nv2hni gi2hli. "Dogs are being hit by men." A third passive construction. There is a third construction in Cherokee which is sometimes best translated with English passive forms. This construction is marked by -ad- before vowels, by al- before -s-, -t-, and -k-, by ad- before vowels, by al- before the voiceless consonants -s-, -t-, and -k-, and by ali- before voiced consonants; cf. (35-37). It occurs only in the third person singular and seems to be used when the action expressed by the verb takes place without a human agent or when the action itself is being focused on as if there were no human agent. (35) a. go2hwe231i37a. "He's writing it . I 1 b. a l d 0 ~ h w e ~ ~ l i ~ 7"It's being written." a. d i ~ ~ a . a. a l ~ ~ o ~ ~ l v ~ "He's erasing it .I1 b. a11sgo231v3d~2~a. "It's erasing itself ." (37) a. algv2ha21i3ha. "He's cutting it out." . b. a11i2gv2ha21i3ha "It's cutting itself out." (35b) would be appropriate in a situation in which a pen were self, without any apparent causality, and could be translated itself" instead of "it's being written." (36b) might be used sign which goes off automatically. For a further instance of construction; note (38). (36)
seen writing by itas "it's writing to refer to a neon the third passive
(38)
a. a l s ~ ~ ~ h w i ~ "He's .painting it ." s~a b. al1suZ3hwi3sga. "It's being painted." or "It's painting itself ."
The form in (38b) could be used in the sentence shown in (39). (39) 04sdas a l l ~ u ~ ~ h w i ~ "IS athe painting going well?" s~ ? In (391, although the painting is being carried out by an animate agent, the third passive is still used since the act of painting is focused on without regard for the person doing the painting. This construction requires further study and might more appropriately be termed a reflexive rather than a passive. Classificatory verbs. There are a number of verbs in Cherokee which appear in one of several stem forms, depending on the nature of the direct object in the case of transitive verbs and on the nature of the subject in the case of intransitive verbs. These verbs are termed classificatory verbs; note, for example, (40-44).
ga2ka2h1.2yp3?a. "He's l e a v i n g a l i v i n g t h i n g behind." ga2ne2hi2ya3?a. g??3ni2ya3?a. alhi2ya3?a. "He's l e a v i n g a c o n t a i n e r o f l i q u i d behind." a 1 d i 3 2 s i 2 y g 3 ? a . "He's. l e a v i n g a long o b j e c t behind." llHe's l e a v i n g a f l e x i b l e o b j e c t behind." uble's l e a v i n g i t behind ." (an o b j e c t not belonging t o any o f t h e shape c a t a g o r i e s o f (40-43)
(44)
Note a l s o (45-49). (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) ganh2ga. g?2ne3ha. jiZ3ya. ga2n?3?a. alha.
"A l i v i n g t h i n g i s l y i n g . "
:'A c o n t a i n e r of l i q u i d i s l y i n g . I '
"A long o b j e c t i s l y i n g . "
"A f l e x i b l e o b j e c t i s l y i n g . "
The t r e e diagram i n Figure Two d i s p l a y s t h e c a t e g o r i e s i n t o which t h e c l a s s i f i c a t o r y verbs a r e grouped. Classificatory verb categories
aniAate
inanimate
non-long , inflexible
long and r i g i d
flexible
Examination o f F i g u r e Two w i l l r e v e a l t h a t t h e primary d i s t i n c t i o n made w i t h i n t h e system of c l a s s i f i c a t o r y v e r b s i s t h a t between animate and inanimate, Inanimate o b j e c t s a r e f u r t h e r c a t e g o r i z e d i n t o l i q u i d s and n o n - l i q u i d s , and t h e n o n - l i q u i d s i n t u r n i n t o two c a t e g o r i e s : o b j e c t s which a r e e i t h e r long and r i g i d o r f l e x i b l e , and o b j e c t s which a r e n o t long and r i g i d n o r f l e x i b l e . The following l i s t cont a i n s some o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t o r y v e r b s a l p h a b e t i z e d by t h e form used f o r t h e
animate category. The related forms are listed under each entry in the list. It should be noted that the individual stem forms of each classificatory verb are treated as distinct verbs in the dictionary; i.e., for each classificatory verb there are five separate entries. List of Classificatory Verbs a1hwah2ti3ha "He's finding a living thing." (liquid) ga2ne2hwah2ti3ha (long-rigid) alyv2hwah2ti3ha ga2nawh32ti3ha a1hwah2ti3ha a1hya2ni3ha "He's receiving a living thing." (liquid) ga2ne2gi3?a (long-rigid) alyi3ha (flexible) ga2ne3?a (neutral) a 'gi 37a a1ti2hne3ga "He's taking a living thing somewhere. (flexible) (neutral)
. .
(liquid) ganh2je3ga ga2ne3ga (long-rigid) ga2hne3ga (flexible) a1hye3ga (neutral) a1ti2hne3ha "He has a living thing with him." ganh2je3ha (liquid) ga2ne 3ha (long-rigid) (flexible) ga2hne 3ha a1hye3ha (neutral) ga2hni23d032ha IrHe handling a living thing." 's ganh2ji 3do 2ha (liquid) ga2ni23d032ha (long-rigid) ga2hni23d032ha (flexible) a1hi23d032ha (neutral) ga2ka32ne2ha "He's giving him a living thing." ga2ne2hne 3ha (liquid) a1de3ha (long-rigid) g?2nv3np2ha (flexible) a1hne3ha (neutral) u1we2ka3ha "He has a living thing." u1ne3ha (liquid)
(long-rigid) (flexible) (neutral) ~ i ~ g a ~ ~ k ? ~ h \l1He'sgsending a l i v i n g t h i n g . " !~s a wi2ga2ne3hv2sga wa2di3?a w$2g?2nv3?v2sga wa2hv3sga (liquid) (long - r i g i d ) (flexible) (neutral)
I-F. The v e r b " t o be." The v e r b " t o be" i n Cherokee i s i r r e g u l a r . I t appears a s i Z 3 g i i n t h e p r e s e n t t e n s e , a s g e 1 s v Z 3 ? i i n t h e p a s t , and a s g e 1 s e 3 s d i i n t h e f u t u r e . The p r e s e n t t e n s e form i Z 3 g i r a r e l y o c c u r s except when preceded by t h e r e l a t i v e p r e f i x j - o r by t h e n e g a t i v e p r e f i x y- (see I-A f o r a d i s c u s s i o n of t h e s e p r e f i x e s ) . The verb " t o be" i s n o t r e q u i r e d i n Cherokee i n s e n t e n c e s l i k e ( 1 ) . (1) na a2sga2ya u Z 3 t a 2 n a . the man big "The man i s b i g ."
The p r e s e n t t e n s e form of " t o b e , " i Z 3 g i , g e n e r a l l y f u n c t i o n s a s a b e a r e r of t h e p r e f i x e s j - and y-, a s i n (2-3). (2) (3) na 6 2 ~ g p 2 y a u 2 3 t a 2 n a j i 4 g i 0 2 g i 2 n a 2 1 i 4 ? i . "The man who i s big i s m y the man big who i s m friend y friend
."
hla not
i Z 3 g i can occur a l o n e i n s e n t e n c e s l i k e ( 4 ) .
(4)
d ~ l n ? ~ d o ~ ? v ~ h in o a 2? t h e i r names and t h e s e
Sentences such a s (4) a r e n o t commonly used i n Cherokee; t h e y t e n d t o occur i n formal s t y l e s , such a s t h e s t y l e employed i n w r i t i n g o b i t u a r i e s . The p a s t t e n s e form of " t o be" i s g e l ~ v ~ ~ c?o i s i s t i n g o f t h e stem ges- followed n, by t h e s u f f i x - v ? i . g e 1 s v 2 3 ? i may be used w i t h a noun o r a d j e c t i v e t o i n d i c a t e p a s t time, a s i n (5)
(5)
(6)
ge1sv23?i. ge1se3?i.
."
?2ge2hyu4ja 04sda
ge1se3sdi.
" I t w i l l be a g i r l . "
(9)
g e 1 s e 3 ~ d i . " I t w i l l be good."
(10) (11)
a2ge23hya woman
it was
ji2ga2w03ni2sgv47i. "It was a woman who was who was speaking speaking.I t
a2ge23hya g e l ~ v ~ ~ ? i ju1w03ni2sv4?i. "It was a woman who spoke." woman it was who spoke
There is also a habitual form of "to be" formed by adding the habitual suffix -07i to ges-, as in (12). a2ge23hya ge1s03?i. "It's a woman (habitually) . ' I woman it is (habitual) Another important function of "to be" is illustrated by the comparative sentence in (13). (12) (13) ja23ni ~ ' g o ~ ~ u1ta2na ~ i ~ ~ hjaZ31i ge1sv4?i. di n v John more big than Charley is "John is bigger than Charley."
The past tense form of "to bet1is always employed in comparative sentences like (13). Note that the comparative ge1sv4?i is the same as the past tense ge1svZ3?i except for a difference in pitch. A complete analysis of "to be" has not been attempted and further study of this highly important irregular verb is needed. Section 11. The Noun The prefixes and suffixes which can occur with nouns in Cherokee are discussed in 11-A and 11-B. Section 11-C deals with the possessed nouns, nouns which always refer explicitly to a possessor. Section 11-D is a brief discussion of compound nouns, and Section 11-E lists some of the more important kinds of nouns derived from verbs in Cherokee. 11-A. Noun prefixes di-, plural form: di- before a following consonant, j- before a vowel, d- before -u- in some non-possessed nouns; cf. (1-3). (1) a. ka2nelsa37i "boxtf b. di2k?2ne1sa3?i "boxes"
function: di- marks the plural of some inanimate nouns in Cherokee. Many nouns referring to inanimate objects do not mark the plural, however; compare (4-5). (4) (5) a. b. a. ka2ne1sa33i ji2gowh1ti3ha. "I see a box." di2ka2ne1sa3?i de23ji3gowh1ti3ha. "I see boxes ." gulgu ji2gowh1ti3ha. "I see a bottle."
b.
gulgu
Each inanimate noun which t a k e s d i - i n t h e p l u r a l i s given i n i t s p l u r a l a s well as i t s s i n g u l a r form i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y . Nouns f o r which no p l u r a l form i s given are not inflected f o r p l u r a l i t y . comment: d i - i s t h e same p r e f i x which a p p e a r s a s de- i n v e r b forms. verb form i n (6) with t h e noun d e r i v e d from it i n ( 7 ) . (6)
(7)
Compare t h e
a - , human form: a-. Nouns r e f e r r i n g t o persons e x h i b i t a - i n t h e t h i r d person, a s i n (8-10). a2sg?2ya "man" (8) (10)
i
function:
comment: Some nouns r e f e r r i n g t o p e r s o n s t a k e a - o p t i o n a l l y i n t h e s i n g u l a r , although a - must appear i n p l u r a l forms o f t h e same noun; n o t e (11). (11) a. b. +2gg?3n+2kti l l d o c t o r f t g a ? 3 n g 2 k t i "doctorll
1
T
1 -n-, p l u r a l
form: -n- b e f o r e a vowel, - n i - b e f o r e a consonant.
f u n c t i o n : -n- marks t h e p l u r a l i n t h e c a s e of animate nouns, a s i n (12); i t a l s o i n d i c a t e s p l u r a l i t y of t h e p o s s e s s o r i n forms such a s ( 1 3 ) . (12) (13) a2ni2sgg2ya a, b. y2we23ji u 2 n e 2 3 .1 j' "ment1 "his offspring" "their offspring"
T
T I
r r
r
!-
P r e f i x e s employed i n n o n - t h i r d person forms. Nouns r e f e r r i n g t o human beings a r e i n f l e c t e d f o r person and number by t h e u s e of t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s used w i t h a l a r g e c l a s s of Cherokee v e r b s ( s e e S e c t i o n I-B f o r d i s c u s s i o n and examples). Paradigm One i n c l u d e s t h e f i r s t , second, and t h i r d person forms of "man" i n t h e s i n g u l a r , d u a l , and p l u r a l . Paradigm One
1. 2.
"I
man"
"you "man"
man" and I
3. 4.
5. 6.
i1ni2sggZya
"YOU
men"
7.
8.
9.
"they and I
- men11
men" men"
10. (14)
Noun forms r e f e r r i n g t o human b e i n g s may b e used a s complete s e n t e n c e s , a s i n (14) j i l ~ g + ~ ~ a 'm a man . I 1 "I .
The p r e d i c a t i v e u s e of form (14) i s s h a r e d w i t h o t h e r nouns i n Cherokee; n o t e (15) which could answer t h e q u e s t i o n "what i s i t ? " (15) ka2ne1s?37i. " I t I s a box." Second person human forms may be used a s terms o f a d d r e s s , a s i n ( 1 6 ) . (16) s i Z y o h j 2 c h u 4 j a . I1Hello, boy." Inanimate nouns may t a k e t h e same p r e f i x e s shown i n Paradigm One t o form surnames. Note Paradigm Two, i n which t h e noun a3ma l v s a l t " t a k e s t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s t o c r e a t e t h e surname " S a l t . " Note t h a t a g l o t t a l s t o p i s i n s e r t e d between t h e p r e f i x and t h e i n i t i a l -a- o f a3ma i n each form. Paradigm Two
1.
"I
Salttt
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
"you "Salt"
Salt"
i1ni27a3ma
"you and I
Saltsu
i1di27a3ma "you ( p l ) and I o2sdiZ7a3ma "he and I 02ji27a3ma "they and I sdi27a3ma i1ji27a3ma a2ni27a3ma Noun s u f f i x e s
-i.
Saltsf1
Saltsff Salts"
7.
8. 9.
10. II-B. form:
-i, l o c a t i v e
f u n c t i o n : The l o c a t i v e s u f f i x c a r r i e s t h e meaning " p l a c e o f . " nouns i n Cherokee t o form p l a c e names, a s i n ( 1 - 4 ) . (1) (2) (3) a. b. a. b. a. b. ?2gu4sa gu2s047i gi2hli gi2hli47i "Creek" "Muskogee" (i e I t i s added t o
..
"Creek place")
?'ni2ge2 3hya
a2ni2ge2hyv47i
(4)
comment: When -i is added to a noun ending in -a, the -a changes to nouns, and to -v- in others; note (11, (31, and (4). -hi "on, in" form: -hi. function: This suffix means "on" or "in," cf. (5-7). as in (8).
some
(5)
a.
ga2nu231v "grass"
b. ga2nu21v4hi "in the grassff (6) a. a3ma "salt" b. a2m04hi "in salt"
(7)
a. ga2sgi210 "table" b. ga2sgi21v4?i "on the table" ta21u2j04hi "into the basket" a. ta21uZ3ja "basket" b.
(8)
comment: -hi requires a change of final -a to -0- in (6b) and (8b). In (7b) the suffix takes the form -i rather than -hi, requiring a change in the final vowel of the noun form -0 to -v-. Further study is needed to determine whether more than one suffix is involved and precisely what kinds of final vowel changes are caused by the addition of the suffix or suffixes illustrated by (5-8b). -ha "all, only" form: -ha. function: -ha is used with the meaning "only1'as in (9-lo), and with the partitive meaning, as in (11). (9) a. yo3ne2ga ga2w03n12ha. "He's speaking English." b. (10) a. b. yo3ne2gv2ha ga2w03n12ha. "He's speaking only English."
. a2nl 2sga2ya "men" . a2nl 2sga2yv2ha !!only the men"
(11) a.
hi2sgi
b. h12sgi2ha dalgwa2du21i3ha. "I want five of them." Further examples of -ha are contained in (12-13). (12) a. ja21a2gi go2hwe41i go2hwe21i a'go21i23ye3?a. "He's reading a letter written in Cherokee." b. ja21a2gi2ha go2hwe41i go2hwe21i a1g021i23ye3?a. "He's reading a letter written entirely in Cherokee." (13) a. a2ni2sga2ya da1ni2hno2gi3sv2?i. "Let the men sing." .2 2nl sga2yv2ha da1ni2hno2gi3sv27i. "Let only the men sing." b. comment: A sequence of -a plus -ha yeilds -vha, as in (lob) and (13b).
310 -ya?i "pure, real" form: -ya?i. function: -ya?i is added to animate nouns to convey the meaning "pure" or "real," as in (14-15). (14) a. a2yv2wi "person" b. a2yv2wi2ya4?i "pure person, real person (Indian)" (15) a. sihZgwa "hog!' b. sihZgwazya4?i "pure hog" comment: A sequence of final -a plus -ya?i yields -iya?i in the case of some nouns, but not in others. Suffixes which also occur with verbs. A number of suffixes occur with both nouns and verbs. These include - g w , -sgo, -na, -ju, -ke, -hv, and -dv. Since each of these suffixes has been described in I-D above, they will not be discussed in detail, but simply illustrated in noun forms. (16) a. t ? 1 a'i "two"
. (
(17)
(18) a. wiZ31i "Bill" b. wiZ31i3na1? "and what about Bill?" (19) a. gi2hli "dog" b. gi2h1i3ju? "Well, is it a dog?" (20) gi2hlis3, ~e'~s?~ke? IlIs it a dog or a cat?" (21) a. a2chu4ja "boyvt b. a2~h~4j?3~go1hv? "But is it a boy?" (22) a. giZhli "dog" b. v, gi2hli3dv3. !'Yes, it's a dog." The relative order of the noun suffixes is shown in Figure One. -i, locative -hi "on, in" -ha "all, only1I -ya?i "pure, real" Figure 1 II-C. Possessed nouns A number of nouns in Cherokee always occur with a possessive prefix. Kinship terms as well as terms for body parts and some articles of clothing fall into this - g w "only" -sgo, interrogative -na "and what about?" -ju, interrogative -ke "orel -hv "butlf -dv, focus suffix
category. I t i s impossible, f o r example, t o say simply "hand" i n Cherokee u n l e s s a detached hand o r an image of a hand i s understood; it i s n e c e s s a r y t o say "my hand, your hand," e t c . Discussion and i l l u s t r a t i v e paradigms f o l l o w . Body p a r t s . Some terms f o r body p a r t s i n d i c a t e t h e p o s s e s s o r by t h e use o f t h e S e t A pTonoun p r e f i x e s used with v e r b s , while o t h e r s t a k e t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s ( s e e S e c t i o n I-B f o r d i s c u s s i o n ) . The u s e o f t h e S e t A and S e t B p r e f i x e s with body p a r t terms i s i l 1 u s t r a t e d . b ~Paradigms One and Two, r e s p e c t i v e l y . Paradigm One :
1. 2.
3.
4.
"nose" "my nosev1 " h i s nose" "your and m noses" y " h i s and m noses" y
ji1yv2s041i ka2yv2s041i
5.
6.
d i 1 d i 2 h y v 2 s 0 4 1 i "your ( p l ) and m noses" y j o 2 j i 2 h y v 2 s 0 4 1 i I t t h e i r and m noses" y d i 2 s d i 2 h y v 2 s 0 4 1 i llyour ( d l ) noses" d i ' ji2hyv2s041i "brain" Ifmy b r a i n " Ityour b r a i n " "your ( p l ) noses" d i 2 n i 2 h y v 2 s 0 4 1 i " t h e i r noses" a2g?2nv23j 3 d a i j a 2 n v 2 3 ji 3 d a ~ ~
7.
8.
9.
10. 1.
2.
3.
Paradigm Two :
ni 3 d a ~ h i ~ b j a i n " v " s r
:$
4. 5.
d i 2 g i 2 n i 2 n v 2 3 j i 3 d a "your and m b r a i n s " y j ~ ~ g i ~ n i ~ n v ~h~s j and d ya b r a i n s " " i i ~ m j ~ ~ g i ~i 3n a ~ t h e i r and m b r a i n s " dv " ~ j y d i 2 s d i 2 n v 2 3 j i 3 d a Ityour ( d l ) b r a i n s " d i 1 j i 2 n v 2 3 j i 3 d a "your ( p l ) b r a i n s " j ~ ~ n i ~i 3n a ~ t h e i r b r a i n s 1 ! dv " ~ j
. .
d i 1 g i 2 n v 2 3 j i 3 d a "your ( p l ) and my b r a i n s v
6.
7.
8.
9. 10,
Paradigms One and Two i l l u s t r a t e t h e formation o f p l u r a l s of s i n g l e body p a r t s i n c a s e s i n which two o r more i n d i v i d u a l s a r e i n v o l v e d . Compare Paradigm Three, which i l l u s t r a t e s how p l u r a l s a r e formed i n t h e c a s e o f p a i r e d body p a r t s . Paradigm Three : 1.
2.
"knee"
j i 1 n i 2 g e 4 n i "my knee" d i 2 j i 1 n i 2 g e 4 n i Irmy knees" h i 2hni 2ge4ni ltyour knee" t i 2 h n i 2 g e 4 n i "your knees" k a 2 n i 2 g e 4 n i " h i s knee"
3.
4.
5,
6.
7.
8.
d i 2 k a 2 n i 2 g e 4 n i I f h i s knees" di'ni2hni2ge4ni "your and m knees" y d i 1 d i 2 h n i 2 g e 4 n i "your ( p l ) and m knees" y j o 2 s d i 2 h n i 2 g e 4 n i I f h i s and m knees" y j o 2 j i 2 h n i 2 g e 4 n i " t h e i r and m knees" y d i 2 s d i 2 h n i 2 g e 4 n i tlyour ( d l ) knees" d i l j i 2 h n i 2 g e 4 n i llyour ( p l ) knees"
9.
10.
11.
12. 13.
d i 2 n i 2 h n i 2 g e 4 n i I t t h e i r knees" A n o t e on detached body p a r t s . Terms f o r detached body p a r t s d i f f e r from t h e corresponding non-detached forms w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e noun stem a s w e l l a s by t h e absence o r presence of t h e p o s s e s s i v e p r e f i x ; c f . ( 1 - 2 ) . (1) (2) a2kta "eye" (detached) a 2 k t o 4 1 i " h i s eye"
N o t e - t h a t o s s e s s i o n of detached body p a r t s i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e u s e of t h e possess i v e a2gw?!.] e 2 1 i 4 ? i "my," a s i s t h e c a s e w i t h o t h e r non-possessed nouns; c f . (3-4). (3) (4) ka2ne1sa3?i a 2 g w a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i limy box" a2kta a 2 g w a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i "my eye" (detached)
The eye r e f e r r e d t o i n (4) could be understood t o have been detached from t h e s p e a k e r ' s body, from someone e l s e ' s body, o r t o be a p i c t u r e o r some o t h e r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of an eye. I t was p o i n t e d o u t i n S e c t i o n 11-A t h a t t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x appears a s de- b e f o r e a following consonant i n verb forms and a s d i - b e f o r e a consonant i n nouns. There a r e a few e x c e p t i o n s t o t h i s , i n c l u d i n g t h e p l u r a l forms f o r t t t o e t tand " f i n g e r t 1 ; n o t e (5-6). (5) (6) a. b. a. b. k a 2 n a 3 2 s a ? 2 d ~ 4 7 i" h i s t o e " de23ka3na32sa?2dv4?i " h i s t o e s " ga3ye2sa?3dv4?i "his finger" de2 3 g a 3 2 y e 2 s a ? 3 d v 4 ? i ! ) h i s f i n g e r s "
A l i s t of body p a r t terms. A l i s t of some of t h e more f r e q u e n t l y used terms f o r body p a r t s i n Cherokee f o l l o w s . Terms f o r detached a s w e l l a s non-detached, possessed forms a r e i n c l u d e d ; n o t e t h a t some s e p a r a t e terms f o r detached body p a r t s a r e n o t a s common a s o t h e r s and do n o t always e x i s t .
a2h041i
-------------a2hyvh2j e "neck"
a2hyvh2jehi
" h i s eye"
4
?2sgv d? ge n i
"his shin"
-1
-
a 2 s k o 4 1 i " h i s head" a2ye21v47i r r h i s body" ju2nu21a2ji ga1di2ge4ni '?his ribs" "his heel"
u2ska
"head"
-!
ganh2doh3gv4?i " h i s t o o t h " ganh'go4?i " h i s tongue" gq2nv2di 4 7 i " h i s b r e a s t " gq%v ' s g e 4 n i " h i s l e g " ga2nv2wo4?i Ithis shoulder"
- - -- - - - -- - -- --
1 I
7
I
ga2s02hi47i "his backtt ga3ye2sq73dv47i " h i s f i n g e r " ka%a32s+72d~47i "his toe" k a % i 2 g e 4 n i " h i s knee" k?%02ge4ni " h i s arm, i t s wing" ka2yv 2s041i I q h i s nose" u l d i 3yv2dq73dv47i " h i s n a v e l " u lha2ne 3 g a 7 2 1 ~ 4 7 i " h i s l i p " ~ ' h n a ~ ~ s u h ~ g q ~" h il v t ~ e n i i l " s o~ a u 'hne21v 3 s v 4 ? i I q h i s s c a r " u21a1sih2de4ni Ifhis footIt u 1sdi2ne3g?721v47i " h i s s c a l p " u lne 3ga721v47i " h i s s k i n n u2sgwo2hli47i " h i s abdomen, stomachll ~ l s t i h ~ ~ v" h i s i ~ 7 head o f h a i r " u 3suh2ga2hlv47i " h i s claw" u1tsgwa21v2tv4~i "his ankle" u%e21a " h i s l i v e r " y 2wo 1ye4 n i. " h i s hand"
---------------------------
--------------
---------------------------
I
T
----------------------------------------
I
I-
--------------
r r
y 2wo 3 2ya
Kinship terms. Nouns i n d i c a t i n g f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e i n h e r e n t l y p o s s e s s e d . The same s e t o f p r e f i x e s used w i t h t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s such a s "to l i k e " ( s e e S e c t i o n 1-8) i s used w i t h k i n t e r m s , a s i l l u s t r a t e d by Paradigm Four. Paradigm Four :
1.
llfatherft
2.
"I
sdv2d02da "1 - your ( d l ) f a t h e r " i l j v 2 d 0 2 d a 111 - your ( p l ) f a t h e r " ga2j i2d02da sgi2d02da hi2d02da
I1you "1
t h e i r father" my f a t h e r
"you - h i s f a t h e r 1 '
s g i 2 n i 2 d 0 2 d a "you i1sgi2d02da
h i s and m f a t h e r " y
"he
i1gi2d02da llhe - your ( p l ) and my f a t h e r " 02gi2ni2d02da "he 02gi2d02da "he i1ji2d02da u2ni2d02da I1he
h i s and m f a t h e r " y
di2ge2ni2d02da "you and I di2sdv2d02da di1jv2d02da jo2sdi2d02da di'jv2d02da jo2ji2d02da "he and I llhe and I lvhe and I "they and I
t h e i r fathers"
their fathers"
h i s and my f a t h e r s v f
di2g02gi2ni2d02da "they
h i s and m f a t h e r s " y
t h e i r and m f a t h e r s " y
38. 39.
di2ge2ji2d02da
"they
your ( p l ) f a t h e r s "
di2gv2wa2ni2d02da "they
t h e i r fathers"
Compare P a r a d i p F i v e , t h e paradigm o f " c h i l d , " which i n c l u d e s forms which do n o t occur i n t h e paradigm of " f a t h e r . " For example, t h e r e i s no form i n t h e paradigm o f " f a t h e r " which c o r r e s p o n d s t o (35) i n Paradigm F i v e , s i n c e a s i n g l e person n e v e r has more t h a n one f a t h e r , except i n a n o n - l i t e r a l s e n s e which seems s t r a n g e t o Cherokee s p e a k e r s . Paradigm F i v e :
1. 2.
"offspring, child"
111
gvZyez3ji ji2ye23ji
- your c h i l d "
"I
I1I
h i s child" your ( d l ) c h i l d H
3.
"1
4.
5. 6,
i1jvZyez3ji
m childg1 y
7.
8.
9.
10.
t h e i r and m c h i l d " y
g a 2 h i 2 , y e 2 3 j i "you - t h e i r c h i l d "
11.
12. 13.
m child" y
Ifhe
14.
15.
16. 17.
"he
h i s and m c h i l d f 1 y
t h e i r and m c h i l d " y
18.
19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
~ d e ~ "hej - your ( d l ) c h i l d " ~ i i1je23ji je2ne23ji Ifhe your ( p l ) c h i l d " t h e i r child" u 2 n e Z 3 j i Ifhe
"you and I
h i s children"
t h e i r children"
h i s children"
24.
25. 26. 27. 28. 29.
"you ( p l ) and I
t h e i r children"
316
30. 31.
j ~ ~ j e ~"theyi and I - his children" ~ j 32. d i ' j ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ j i and I - your (dl) children" "they ~ ~ j and I 33. d i l j ~ ~ ~ e "they i
35.
34. jo2jeZ3ji "they and I - their children" di2sgi2neZ3ji "you (dl) - my children" 36. je2sdeZ3ji "you (dl)
his children"
37. di2sgi2neZ3ji Ifyou (dl) - his and my children" 38. di1sgiZyez3ji "you (dl) - their and my children" 39. je2sdeZ3ji "you (dl) - their children" 40. di1sgeZ3ji "you (pl) - my children" 41. je2jeZ3ji Inyou (pl) - his children"
2 42. dilsgi ye23.. "you (pl) - his and my children" j1 43. di1sgeZ3ji "you (pl) - their and my children"
"you (pl)
their children"
my children"
46. di2jeZ3ji "they - your children" 47. jy2weZ3ji "they - his children" 48. di2gi2ne23ji "they- your and my children" 49. di1geZ3ji "they - your (pl) and my children" 50. joZgi2nez3ji "they
"they - their and my children" "they - your (dl) children" "they - your (pl) children" "they - their children"
Notes on Paradigms Four and Five In Paradigm Four, as noted above, forms which do not ordinarily occur have not been included. An example is "you (dl) are my fathers" which is somewhat unnatural for Cherokee speakers since an individual can have only one natural father. In Paradigm Five all possible forms are included in the paradigm, although (4), (IS), (17), and (19) are somewhat odd since these forms involve situations in which a single individual is the child of more than two parents, once again forcing a non-literal interpretation. These forms have been included in Paradigm Five, however, so that the full range of forms is displayed in at least one entire paradigm. Note that the stem of "child" begins with a vowel, while that of "father" begins with a consonant. As a result, the prefixes indicating possession change in form in exactly the same way in which they change in verb forms. See Section I-B for more detailed discussion of the changes in form which the pronoun prefixes undergo depending on whether the following stem begins with a vowel or with a consonant.
Non-singular kinship terms. Some kinship terms, as well as a few other nouns referring to persons, do not exhibit singular forms. A noun of this type is "friendI1lshown in Paradigm Six. Paradigm Six : "friend" 1. gi2na21i4?i lVyou and I - friends" 2. ilga21i4?i Ityou (pl) and I - friends" 3. 02gi2na21i4?i "he and I - friends"
4. oZga21i4?i "they and I
- friends"
\ '
5. sda21i4?i "YOU (dl) - friends" 6. i1ja21i4?i r l y ~(pl) - friends" u 7. u2na21i4?i "they - friends" The forms in Paradigm Six can be used as the subjects of plural verbs, as one would expect; cf. (7-8). (7) sda21i4?i sdi2w03ni2ha. q'You (dl) friends are speaking." (8) gi2na21i4?i i1ni2w03ni2ha. "You and I, friends, are speaking." Since there are no forms of "friend" in the singular, it is necessary to utilize the forms in Paradigm Six to express meanings such as '!my friend" and "your friend." Note (9-IS), in which the forms from Paradigm Six are given their singular meanings. (9) oZgi2na2li4?i "my friend" (10) sda21i4?i 'lyour friend" (11) u2na21i4?i '!his friend" (12) (13) ilga21i4?i "your (sg or pl) and my friend" oZga21i4?i "his and my, their and my friend"
(14) i1ja21i4?i "your (d1,pl) friend" (15) u2na21i4?i "their friend" When a non-singular noun like "friend" occurs as the subject of a sentence in its singular sense, it requires a singular verb form; cf. (16-17). In addition, the verb form must exhibit the third person singular prefix. (16) 02gi2na21i47i ga2w03ni2ha. "My friend is speaking." (17) u2na21i4?i a1 1sda32y,2hv3sga. "His friend is eating."
A list of kinship terms. The following is a partial list of some of the more important Cherokee kinship terms. a2ni2ne41i "her husband" di2ni2da23hna2wi Ithis enemy" du1da2ti2hna3?v4?i "his family"
"his grandfather (maternal)" " h i s uncle" "his aunt" "his brother" "her husband" Ifhis grandmother ( m a t e r n a l ) " "her s i s t e r " Ithis g i r l f r i e n d , her boyfriend"
I t h i s mother"
u2na21i4?i "his friend" u2na21i4kdi ~ ~ n i " h i s grandparent ( p a t e r n a l ) " ~ ~ s i u2sda1yv23hv2sgi " h i s w i f e " ~ ~ w eIthis o f f sjp r i n g t 1 i ~ ~ a2chu4ja u2we2 3 ji y2we2 3ji ,'weZ3j i
"his s o n ( c h i l d ) "
"his daughter ( c h i l d ) "
~ ~ - , i e a2sgg2ya i ~ ~ j
I I -D
Compound nouns
The formation o f compound nouns i s somewhat l i m i t e d i n Cherokee. The compound i n ( l c ) i s grammatical, w h i l e t h a t o f (2c) i s n o t ; t h e grammatical e q u i v a l e n t of (2c) i s (3). (1) a, b. c. (2) a.
b.
g a h l 3doh2di
~ * ~ h y "wolf" a
c . * ~ ? ~ h y a2sg?2ya "wolf man" a (3) wa2hya i2yu4sdi P r o d u c t i v e p a t t e r n s do e x i s t f o r t h e f o r m a t i o n of compound nouns. A t r a n s i t i v e verb form may be changed t o a noun by t h e n o m i n a l i z i n g s u f f i x -i ( s e e S e c t i o n 1 1 - E ) ; when such v e r b forms have a d i r e c t o b j e c t , t h e n o m i n a l i z a t i o n r e s u l t s i n a compound noun; n o t e ( 4 ) . (4)
a.
b.
a 2 j i Z 3 1 a ge2hlo3ha.
"He's f e e d i n g t h e f i r e
."
(5)
a.
j i 2 t a 2 3 g a a 1 n i Z y v 2 h i3ha.
b.
Note t h a t forms l i k e u 2 n i 2 y v 2 s d i 4 ? i a r e formed by adding t h e l o c a t i v e s u f f i x t o t h e i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x -di. Compound nouns l i k e (4b) and (5b) can t h e n be used a s s u b j e c t s o r o b j e c t s o f sent e n c e s , a s i n (6-7). (6) (7) a2ji231a g e Z 3 h l o 2 h i ga2w03ni2ha.
"A C a t h o l i c i s speaking." j + 2 t a 2 3 g a u 2 n i Z y v 2 s d i 4 ? i a l k ~ u ~ ~ 3 sw 2 3 7 i . h v?
11-E.
Derived nouns
There a r e a number of p r o c e s s e s i n Cherokee by which nouns may be d e r i v e d from v e r b s . S e v e r a l t y p e s o f noun d e r i v a t i o n a r e commented on b r i e f l y i n t h i s s e c t i o n . Agentive forms. Agentive nouns, which can f r e q u e n t l y be t r a n s l a t e d by t h e - e r s u f f i x i n E n g l i s h , a r e formed by adding -i t o t h e v e r b stem, a s i n t h e example ( l b )
(1) a .
b.
(2)
There a r e s i t u a t i o n s which r e q u i r e noun forms with -i r a t h e r -than t h e corresponding v e r b form. An example i s ( 5 ) , which i s d e r i v e d from ( 4 ) . While (5) can be understood t o have a n animate o r inanimate s u b j e c t , (4) must have an animate subject. (4) a. b. a 1 d i Z 3 s g o 3 ? i . "He s a y s i t , " o r "He s a y s ( h a b i t u a l l y ) . " a2di4sgi llone t h a t says"
The d e r i v e d form i n (4b) would have t o be u s e d , f o r example, i n ( 5 ) , i n which a n inanimate o b j e c t i s s a i d t o "say" something. (5) (6) hi2?a "ha" j i 2 g ~ 2 h w e 4 1 a "ha" a1di23sg93?i. a2di4sgi. "This l e t t e r says ' h a .
11'
Nouns d e r i v e d from i n f i n i t i v e v e r b forms. Nouns which r e f e r t o t h e a c t i o n or s t a t e o f t h e v e r b may be formed from i n f i n i t i v e forms, a s i n (7).
(7)
a.
~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ u1du21i. i "He wants him t o speak." h i ~ s d he wants him t o speak ga2w01ni2 3 h i 3 s d i llspeechll
b.
all verbs permit the formation of derived nouns such as (7b); an unabridged dictionary would include derived forms like "speech" as separate entries. The infinitive suffix may be used with the Set B prefixes to form derived nouns referring to one's facility in performing the action of the verb, as in (8-10). (8) (9) a2gi2w01ni23hi3sdi "my facility in speaking" ja2w01ni23hi3sdi "your facility in speaking"
i~sd (10) ~ ~ n i ~ w o l n i ~ ~ h "their ifacility in speaking" (7b) might be used to refer to a class in speech, while (8-10) can only be understood to refer to an individual's facility in speaking. Cherokee infinitive forms may be modified in pitch to express obligation or necessity; compare the a-forms in (11-13) with the b-forms. (11) (12) (13) u1du21i3ha. "He wants to speak." a. ~ ~ w o ' n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d i b. ~ ~ w o l n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d imust speak." "He . a. ~ ~ ~ o w h ~ t v u1du21i3ha. !!He wants to see it . I t h~di b. b. ~ ~ ~ o w h ~ ~ t v "He d i . see it ." h ~ must j ~ ~ l v ~ ~ h w i ~ s d a n h ~ dhas to work." "He i . a. j ~ ~ l v ~ ~ h w i ~ s d a n h ~ d i u1du21i3ha. "He wants to work."
The b-forms in (11-13) function a5 verbs, but this construction is discussed here because of its similarity to the nouns derived from infinitives. Note that forms like (7b) and ( ) can serve as subjects and direct objects of sentences, as in 9 (14-15). (14) (15) (16) ga2w01ni23hi3sdi a1gt21v23kwdi. "I like speech." ja2w01ni23hi3sdi 04sda. "Your ability to speak is good."
On the other hand, forms like (llb) serve as.predicates in sentences such as (16). na3 a2sga2ya ~ ~ w o l n i ~ ~ h i ~ s d i . I1That man must speak.I t Instrumental nouns may also be derived from infinitive forms by using the third person singular prefix for the verb in question and replacing the infinitive suffix by the instrumental -dohdi; cf. (17-19). (17) (18) (19) a. ~ ~ w o ~ n i ~ ~ h u1du21i3ha. "He wants him to speak." i~sdi b. g?2w01ni23hi2sdoh2di "instrument to speak with" a. u1du21i3ha. "He wants to hear it." b. a. b. a2tv23g01doh2di "instrument to hear with1' g ~ ~ ~ v ~ n i u1du21i3ha. "He wants me to hit you." ~sdi g ~ ~ n v ~ ~ w a ~ l o ~ s lfinstrument for me to hammer you with" doh~di
The infinitive suffix may be used with the third singular prefix used in present 11. progressive forms to form derived nouns with the meaning "something to be note (20). (20) a. u2gi1sdi u1du21i3ha. "He wants to eat it." b. a3gi1sdi "something to be eaten"
Note t h a t t h e t y p e o f d e r i v e d noun i l l u s t r a t e d by (20b) d i f f e r s from t h e t y p e i l l u s t r a t e d by (7b); c f . (21-22). (21) a. b. (22) g a 2 w 0 1 n i 2 3 h + 3 ~ d i "speech" g a 2 ~ 0 1 n i 2 3 h i 2 ~ d"something t o be spokenw ( i . e . i u2nv2'gwa2101~di u 1 d u 2 1 i 3 h a . g? 2nv 2 gw? 2 l o 4 s d i
,. a speech t o be made)
a.
b.
I n t h e c a s e of a few l e x i c a l i t e m s , forms l i k e (22b) a r e u s e d t o r e f e r t o t h e instrument i t s e l f . The Cherokee term f o r "hammer" i s t h u s (22b) r a t h e r t h a n t h e expected i n s t r u m e n t a l form ( 2 3 ) , formed on t h e same p a t t e r n as (17-19b). (23) ga2nv2gwa2103sdoh2di "instrument t o hammer with" (23) i s t h u s understood t o r e f e r t o any kind of a n i n s t r u m e n t f o r hammering i n c l u d i n g t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l hammer.
-1
The i n f i n i t i v e s u f f i x i s a l s o used t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e p r e f i x e s i l l u s t r a t e d below i n Paradigm One t o i n d i c a t e a b i l i t y o r c a p a c i t y t o perform t h e a c t i o n ' o f t h e v e r b . Paradigm One : " t o speak" g ~ ~ g ; ~ w o ~ n i ~ "1 h ~ a bs ed ti o speak" ~ am ~ l g a 2 j a 2 w 0 1 n i 2 3 h i 2 ~ d i "you a r e a b l e t o speak"
I
1
1 7
7 I
1
1 1
T
T T
b.
(27)
a l g ~ w h ~ t i ~ ~ s g"v i~ ? sie e i n g i t " h s t ~ d e ' l i ~ ~ s g v ~ ? i . was h e l p i n g you." "He t ~ d e ~ l i ~ ~ s g h i s h eil p i n g you" "v ~ ?
a. b.
The b-forms i n (25-27) a r e understood t o r e f e r t o s p e c i f i c a c t s ; (25b), f o r example, might be used i n a s e n t e n c e such a s " H i s s p e a k i n g y e s t e r d a y was n o t c l e a r . " Derived nouns l i k e (28b) may be formed from p a s t t e n s e forms l i k e ( 2 8 a ) . (28) a. b.
11-F.
I t was noted i n S e c t i o n I-A t h a t a l l nouns, i n c l u d i n g t h o s e r e f e r r i n g t o inanimate o b j e c t s , can be p e r s o n i f i e d by t h e u s e of t h e s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x e s , a s i n ( 1 ) . See a l s o 11-A, Paradigm Two. (1) a. a3ma "salt" "Salt" "I ' m a S a l t . I 1
5.
c.
?2?a3ma
' j i2?a3ma.
P e r s o n i f i e d forms of i n a n i m a t e nouns l i k e " s a l t , " which b e g i n w i t h a vowel, a r e formed by t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e pronoun p r e f i x e s d i s p l a y e d i n 11-A, Paradigm Two, w i t h a g l o t t a l s t o p i n s e r t e d i n e a c h i n s t a n c e between t h e p r e f i x and t h e i n i t i a l vowel of t h e inanimate noun. Note a l s o t h a t t h e p r e f i x vowel which occurs d i r e c t l y b e f o r e t h e g l o t t a l s t o p i s s h o r t . The same s e t of p r e f i x e s a r e used w i t h inanimate nouns beginning w i t h a consonant, except t h a t no g l o t t a l s t o p i s i n s e r t e d a f t e r t h e p r e f i x ; c f . (2a-c) . (2) a. b. c. gan2sda "stick" "I'm a S t i c k . "
These nouns form t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r by r e p l a c i n g t h e t h i r d person p r e f i x i n h e r e n t i n t h e noun. The f o l l o w i n g l i s t i n c l u d e s t h o s e nouns which do n o t form n o n - t h i r d person forms a s i n (1-2) above. For each of t h e s e nouns, t h e t h i r d p e r s o n and f i r s t person s i n g u l a r forms a r e shown. Given t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r form, t h e f i r s t person d u a l and p l u r a l and t h e second person forms of each v e r b can be p r e d i c t e d . For example, if a f i r s t p e r s o n form has t h e s u b j e c t pronoun p r e f i x j i - , t h e second person s i n g u l a r form w i l l have t h e p r e f i x h i - , e t c . , a s i n ( 3 ) . (3) a. b.
C.
I f t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r form o f a g i v e n noun has g - a s t h e p r e f i x , t h e n t h e second person s i n g u l a r form w i l l have h - , e t c . , a s i n ( 4 ) . (4) a. b. c, g ~ ~ n o ~ s ? ~ s"I'm. a sweeper." gi hv2no2 3 s? 2 s g i . llYou1re a sweeper."
~ d v ~ n o ~ ~ s ~ ~ s ( d i ). a r e sweepers . I f "You g l
Third person p l u r a l animate forms r e q u i r e t h e use o f t h e p r e f i x an- b e f o r e noun stems beginning with a vowel, and of a n i - b e f o r e noun stems beginning with a consonant, a s i n (5-6). (5) (6) a. b. a. b.
g? 2 w 1n i 4 s g i ttspeaker't o . 2 .2 . n l wo 1n l 4 s g i "speakers"
L i s t o f nouns forming f i r s t person s i n g u l a r forms by a p r e f i x change. Note t h a t t h i s l i s t does n o t i n c l u d e nouns which r e f e r t o k i n terms; s e e 11-C f o r t h e p r e f i x changes which occur i n t h e s e nouns.
j~2y023hli
92yv2wi - jiZyv2wi +2yv2wi2ya4?i - ji2yv2wi2ya4~i a2yv3wV3nezga - j ~ 2 y v 3 w ~ 3 n e 2 g a ga721e1gi - ji?21e1gi ga?21e4ni - ji?21e4ni g?Zne2j i4?i - jiZne2ji47i ga2ne41i - ji2ne41i ganh1g04?i - jinh1g04?i ga2ni 3dp?2dv4?i - j i2ni 3da?2d~4?i gp?2ni23yi4sgi
-
j~?2ni23yi4sgi
gp2n02hp21i2d04hi
ji2n027a21i2d04hi
g~2n02sgi4sgi- ji2n01sgi4sgi ga2nv1sge4ni - j i2nv1sge4ni ga2nv2w04?i - ji2nv2w04?i ga2sp2hi4?i - ji1s02hi4?i ga3ye2sa?3dv4?i - j i3ye2sa?3dv4?i kp2ni2ge4ni - ji 'ni2ge4ni kp2n02ge4ni - ji1noZge4ni Section 111. Other Parts of Speech I1 I-A. Pronouns Personal pronouns ayv "I, we1' This pronoun has a variant, ?y, 'a which is. used by some speakers. It refers to one or more first persons. It is frequently used in replying to questions; note (2) as a response to the question in (1). (1) ga3go u1we2nv3se3?i? "Who went?" who went
I
? ' y v
ji2jg21?2gi Cherokee
a2yv can also be used for emphasis as the subject of a verb. optional, as (4) indicates.
(4) nihi
a. b.
j i 2 w 0 3 n i2 h a .
?ZYv
" I am s p e a k i n g . "
" I am s p e a k i n g . "
j l2wo3ni2ha.
n i 2 h i i s u s e d i n a d d r e s s i n g o n e o r more s e c o n d p e r s o n s . a s i l l u s t r a t e d by ( 5 - 8 ) . (5)
(6)
n u 1 d v 3 n e 2 1 e 3 ? i ? "Who d i d i t ? " "You." hiZyo3ne2ga. w h i t e man " Y o u ' r e a w h i t e man." " Y o u ' r e s p e a k i n g ."
(7)
(8)
n i 2 h i hi2w03ni2ha. you a r e s p e a k i n g
a Z y v and n 1 2 h i a r e t h e o n l y i n d e p e n d e n t p e r s o n a l pronouns i n C h e r o k e e . The demons t r a t i v e pronouns a r e employed i n p l a c e o f t h i r d p e r s o n i n d e p e n d e n t p r o n o u n s , a s n o t e d below. Demonstrative pronouns The d e m o n s t r a t i v e a d j e c t i v e s d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 1 1 1 - B c a n s t a n d a l o n e a s demons t r a t i v e p r o n o u n s , as i n ( 9 - 1 0 ) .
(9)
hi2?a this
" I want t h i s
."
(10)
v1sgi2na t h a t one
"He s e e s t h a t o n e . "
h127a
."
(13)
ga2w03n?2ha.
"He i s s p e a k i n g . "
I n (11) t h e v e r b form i n d i c a t e s a n a n i m a t e d i r e c t o b j e c t ; compare ( 1 4 - 1 5 ) . (14) (15) jiZgowh1tl3ha. j?2gowh1t?3ha. "I s e e him." "I see i t . "
S i n c c it i s c l e a r from t h e v e r b form u s e d i n ( 1 1 ) t h a t a p e r s o n i s b e i n g s e e n , t . : i s u n d e r s t o o d t o mean "him." S i m i l a r l y , t h e form o f t h e v e r b u s e d i n ( 1 2 ) i . < c i t e s t h a t t h e r e i s a n a n i m a t e p l u r a l d i r e c t o b j e c t . h i 2 7 a c a n t h u s mean " 1 : ~ . him, s h e , h e r , t h e y , them" when r e f e r r i n g t o a n i m a t e nouns which a r e n e a r t h e s p e a k e r , v 1 s g 1 2 n a h a s t h e same E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n s when r e f e r r i n g t o a n i mate nouns which a r e some d i s t a n c e from t h e s p e a k e r . Reflexive pronouns. The r e f l e x i v e p r o n o u n s a r e more complex t h a n t h e p e r s o n a l and d e m o n s t r a t i v e p r o nouns. They a r e i n f l e c t e d i n a manner similar t o v e r b s . Paradigm One c o n t a i n s t h e r e f l e x i v e pronoun f o r m s " m y s e l f , y o u r s e l f , " e t c .
Paradigm One rt2gwv23sa "myself" j ~ ~ ~ s a "yourself" u2wa23sa "himself, itself" gi2nv23sa "ourselves" ilg~~~sa 02gv23sa "ourselves" (you sg. and I) (you pl. and I) (they and I)
"ourselves" (he and I) 5d~~~s.a llyourselves" (you dl. ) i1jv23sa tlyourselvesll(you pl.) The stem of the reflexive pronoun is -vsa; -v- changes to -a- in the third person singular form v2wa23sa. For discussion and analysis of the pronoun prefixes used in Paradigm One, see Section I-B. Sentences (16-17) illustrate the reflexive use of the above forms. (16) (17) a2gwv23sa ga2da2gowh1ti3ha. "I see myself." u2wa23sa a1da2dv2hni3ha. "He Is hitting himself.
Note thst the reflexive pronouns are redundant, and do not have to be used in sentences like (16-17) since the presence of the reflexive prefix in the verb form makes the reflexive meaning clear; compare (18-19). (18) (19) ga2da2gowh1ti3ha. "I see myself." hitting himself." a1da2dv2hni3ha. ItHels
Reflexive pronouns often stand alone in sentences like (21), said in reply to questions like (20). (20) (21) ga3go hi2gowh1t<3ha?" "Who do you see?" rt2gwv23sa. "Myself ."
The dual and plural reflexive pronouns may never be used with verb forms understood reciprocally. While verbs with the reflexive prefix -adad- and the plural prefix de- can ordinarily be interpreted as either plural reflexives or reciprocally, sentences like (22-23) can only have the plural reflexive meaning because of the presence of the reflexive pronouns. See the discussion of de- and -adad- in Section I-A for further details of forms which can be interpreted either as plural reflexives or reciprocally. (22) (23) ~ ~ n v ~ ~ s a da1na2da2gowh2ti3ha. "They see themselves (plural acts) .I1 02gv23sa do1ja2da2gowh2ti3ha. "They and I see ourselves (plural acts) ."
There is a second set of reflexive forms identical to those of Paradigm One except in pitch. These reflexives, displayed in Paradigm Two, have the meaning "1 alone" or "only I," etc. Paradigm Two a2gwv4sa "I alone"
jv4sa
"you alone"
"we a l o n e u
4
2 .2
g; nv s a
"we alone"
The forms of Paradigm Two occur i n s e n t e n c e s l i k e ( 2 4 ) . ?'gwv4sa I n d e f i n i t e pronouns "somebody, someone" (25) hla kilo (26) gohusdi
ki210
k i l o i s i l l u s t r a t e d by ( 2 5 ) . gg2wo3nl2ha. "Someone i s speaking. " "no one, nobody1' hla3 k1210 "something" yi2gri2w032ni2ha. "No one i s speaking."
This form has s e v e r a l v a r i a n t s , i n c l u d i n g gohusd, gosd, and gusd. The use of a p a r t i c u l a r form depends upon t h e speaker and upon t h e f o r m a l i t y of t h e speech style. h l a gohusdi nigada "nothing" The s t r u c t u r e of t h i s pronoun p a r a l l e l s t h a t of hla3 k j 2 1 0 . " a l l , everyone, everything" This pronoun may sta.nd a l o n e o r may s e r v e a d j e c t i v e l y t o modify nouns; i t s u s e i s i l l u s t r a t e d by (27-28). (27) (28) gag0 n l 2 g a 4 d a a1gwa2du21j3ha.
'
"I want a l l of i t
."
I n t e r r o g a t i v e pronouns "who"
This pronoun r e f e r s o n l y t o persons; n o t e ( 2 9 ) . (29) ga3go h i 2 g 0 2 ? e 3 ? "Who d i d you see?" gagi "who" This pronoun r e f e r s t o p e r s o n s and i s used i n s i t u a t i o n s i n which t h e speaker has n o t understood t h e i d e n t i t y o f a person j u s t r e f e r r e d t o by someone e l s e ; n o t e (30-31).
"what"
The u s e o f t h i s q u e s t i o n word c a l l s f o r a n answer c o n t a i n i n g a v e r b ; i . e . , t h e q u e s t i o n r e f e r s t o t h e n a t u r e of t h e a c t i o n b e i n g p e r f o r m e d by t h e p e r s o n spoken t o . An example i s ( 3 2 ) , which might b e a n s w e r e d by ( 3 3 ) . (32) (33) gad0 u s d i g?2d02 "what" I t calls for a ha2dv3ne2ha? Itwhat a r e you d o i n g ? " di2g02hwe21i d e Z 3 ji 3 g 0 2 1 i 2 3 y e 3 ? a . "1 Im r e a d i n g a book."
T h i s q u e s t i o n word i s a compound c o n s i s t i n g o f ga2d02 a n d u 2 s d i . noun a n s w e r . The q u e s t i o n i n (34) m i g h t b e answered by ( 3 5 ) . (34) (35) g?2d02 u2sdi hi2gowh2ti3ha? "What do you s e e ? " u Z 3 t a 2 n a da2gwa21e31a.
"A b i g c a r . "
ga2d02 u 2 s d i c a n a l s o be u s e d t o q u e s t i o n t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e s e n t e n c e , a s i n ( 3 6 ) , which c o u l d b e answered by ( 3 7 ) . , (36) (37) gado u s d i ga2d02 u2n021e. "which" u 2 s d i "whatu o n l y i n p i t c h . "Which o n e d o you want?" "Which o n e i s d o i n g i t ? " "Which man i s s p e a k i n g ? " I t s use is i l l u s u2sdi na1dv3ne2ha? "What's d o i n g i t ? " "The wind."
gad0 u s d i c a n a l s o modify n o u n s , a s i n ( 4 0 ) . ga2d02 u 4 s d i ga2wo 3 n i 2 h a ? P o s s e s s i v e pronouns The s t e m o f t h e p o s s e s s i v e pronoun i s - j e l i 7 i . T h i s s t e m i s employed t o form t h e p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n s d i s p l a y e d i n Paradigm T h r e e . Paradigm T h r e e a 2 g w a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i 'lminett d i 2 g w a 2 je 2 1 i 4 ? i ja2j e21i4?i u2je21i4?i ju2je21i4?i di2ja2je21i4?i llmine" ( p l ) ttyoursfl (PI) IIyoursl' "his"
I I ~ ~ ~ I I (~1)
d i 2 g i 2 n ? 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i "ours"
t l o u r s t t ( y o u r p l . and m i n e , p l . )
0 ~ ~ i ~ n ~ ~ j lloursl' i ~ h ? s i and mine) e ~ 1 ( i j o 2 g i 2 n a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i M ~ ~ (rh i~ a n d m i n e , p l . ) s l l oZga2,e21i4?i jo2ga2je21i"i sda2je21i4?i di2sda2je21i4?i i1j?2je21i4?i di1j?2je21i4?i ju2na2je21i4?i llours1l "ours" ( t h e i r s and mine) ( t h e i r s and m i n e , p l . ) (pl) (pl)
l q y o u ~(pl)" s
u2na2je21i4?i "theirs" lltheirslt The p l u r a l p r e f i x o c c u r s w i t h t h e p o s s e s s i v e f o r m s i n i n s t a n c e s i n which t h e r e a r e two o r more p o s s e s s e d i t e m s . T h i s p r e f i x a p p e a r s a s d i - b e f o r e a f o l l o w i n g c o n s o n a n t and a s j - b e f o r e a f o l l o w i n g vowel. The u s e o f t h e p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n s i s i l l u s t r a t e d by ( 4 1 - 4 2 ) . (41) (42) ga2dc2 hi27a u4sdi a 2 g w ? 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i ? "Which one i s mine?" "These a r e h i s ( p l ) ju2je21i4?i.
."
The p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s may b e u s e d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n s , a s i n (43-44). (43) (44) a2yv I a2gwa2je21i4?i 04sda. mine good "Mine i s g o o d . "
n i 2 h i j a 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i a l g w a 2 d u 2 1 i 3 h a . IrI want y o u r s ." You yours i want' The p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n s may a l s o f u n c t i o n a s a d j e c t i v e s , a s i n ( 4 5 - 4 6 ) . (45) (46) da2gwa21e31a car da2gwa21e31a car ja2je21i4?i yours gi23ga3ge4?i. red "Your c a r i s r e d . " "My c a r i s b i g . "
Pronoun s u f f i x e s The pronouns can o c c u r w i t h t h e s u f f i x e s -gwu, - s g o , - j u , - k e , -hv, - d v , and - n a , described in 11-B. Examples f o l l o w . (47) a2y\!3gwu " j u s t me" (48) (49)
(50)
n,2his3?
"Is i t you?"
u2je21i4ju?
jaZ3nis3, ni2hi3ke?
(51)
(52)
(53)
See t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f e a c h of t h e s e s u f f i x e s i n 1 1 - B .
111-B.
Adjectives
A d j e c t i v e s i n Cherokee g e n e r a l l y p r e c e d e t h e nouns t h e y modify. T h i s f a c t has p r o vided a c r i t e r i o n f o r i d e n t i f y i n g a d j e c t i v e s . I n (1) t h e a d j e c t i v e precedes t h e noun; i n ( 2 ) two nouns form a compound noun c o n s t r u c t i o n .
(1)
-
ga2n02hi231i. i s flying
ltA
(2)
A semantic c r i t e r i o n has a l s o been used t o c l a s s i f y words a s a d j e c t i v e s : t h o s e forms which a r e understood t o impute a q u a l i t y t o a p e r s o n o r o b j e c t a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s a d j e c t i v e s , even though t h e noun r e f e r r i n g t o t h a t e n t i t y may n o t always appear i n t h e s e n t e n c e . An example i s ( 4 ) , t h e r e s p o n s e t o ( 3 ) .
(3)
-
(4) v , llYes, a b i g one." Note a l s o t h a t a d j e c t i v e s can f u n c t i o n a s adverbs modifying v e r b s . This f a c t p r o v i d e s a second c r i t e r i o n f o r i d e n t i f y i n g a d j e c t i v e s . For example, u2%a2na can s e r v e a s an adverb, a s i n (5,.
(5)
u 2 3 t a 2 n a g+2w03ni2ha.
"He's t a l k i n g b i g . "
A d j e c t i v e s d i f f e r from v e r b s w i t h r e s p e c t t o a f f i x a t i o n . The i n i t i a l p r e f i x e s and t h e s u f f i x e s which o c c u r w i t h v e r b s i n Cherokee do n o t o c c u r w i t h a d j e c t i v e s . Compare ( 6 - 7 ) ; i n ( 6 ) , t h e p a s t t e n s e s u f f i x - v ? i i s a t t a c h e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e v e r b form while it cannot be a t t a c h e d t o t h e a d j e c t i v e i n ( 7 ) . I n s t e a d , - v ? i i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e p a s t t e n s e form o f t h e v e r b " t o be" i n ( 7 ) . (6) (7) ga2w03ni2sgv23?i. "He was s p e a k i n g . " u Z 3 t a 2 n a g e 1 s v 2 3 ? i . "He was b i g . "
"red"
I 1 I
ji2gi23g+3ge4?i
- red"
2.
3. 4.
red"
- red"
"you and I - r e d " l1he and I
i lni2gi23 g a 3 g e 4 ? i
red"
d i 2 g i 23g?3ge4?i
red"
in
Paradigm Two i l l u s t r a t e s t h e u s e o f t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s w i t h a n a d j e c t i v e stem b e ginning with a vowel. Paradigm Two: ,go3'sda ho4sda 04sda
"1
-
good" good"
"you
goodt'
good"
good"
good" good"
"they (in)
good"
Note t h a t a d j e c t i v e s l i k e " r e d , " which b e g i n w i t h c o n s o n a n t s , show a c o n t r a s t b e tween t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r i n a n i m a t e and t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r a n i m a t e f o r m s . T h i s c o n t r a s t i s n o t p r e s e n t i n t h e c a s e o f "good" a n d o t h e r a d j e c t i v e s t e m s l i k e i t which b e g i n w i t h s t e m i n i t i a l v o w e l s . Paradigm T h r e e d i s p l a y s a n a d j e c t i v e s t e m b e g i n n i n g w i t h a c o n s o n a n t which r e q u i r e s t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s . Paradigm T h r e e : "crazy"
-
crazy" crazy"
"he - c r a z y "
g i 2 n i 2 1 u 2 1 0 1 j v 4 ? i 'lyou and I - c r a z y f f i 1 g i 2 1 u 2 1 0 1 j v 4 7 i Ityou ( p l ) and I - c r a z y " 0 2 g i 2 n i 2 1 u 2 1 l JV 4 7 i 0 ' sdi21u2101jv4?i "he and I - c r a z y t t crazy" ~ ~ ~ i ~ l u ~ l " t h~ yj and I - c r a z y " o e v ~ ? i lryou ( d l )
-
i 1 j i 2 l u 2 l o 1 j v 4 ? i "YOU ( p l ) - c r a z y " . u 2 n i 2 1 u 2 1 01J.V 4 ?1 " t h e y - c r a z y " The a d j e c t i v e s i n P a r a d i g m s Four and F i v e h a v e s t e m s b e g i n n i n g w i t h v o w e l s a n d r e q u i r e t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s ; n o t e t h a t t h e i n i t i a l - a - o f t h e stem i s d r o p p e d i n t h i r d p e r s o n forms i n Paradigm F i v e . Note t h e i n s e r t i o n o f -w- b e t w e e n . t h e t h i r d p e r s o n p r e f i x u- and t h e i n i t i a l stem vowel - 0 - i n Paradigm Four. Paradigm F o u r : "pretty"
111
g2gwo2du4hi jo2du4hi
- prettyu
llyou - p r e t t y "
pretty"
jo2gi2n02du4hi "he and I - p r e t t y ' ! jo2g02du4hi "they and I - p r e t t y " d i 2 s d o 2 d u 4 h i "you ( d l ) - p r e t t y " d i 1 j 0 2 d u 4 h i lryou ( p l ) - p r e t t y " ju2n02du4hi "they (an)
pretty"
Paradigm Five :
"bigf1
big"
"you'and I - b i g "
llyou ( p l ) and I
big"
"they ( i n )
big"
Third person p l u r a l a d j e c t i v e forms. T h i r d person p l u r a l inanimate a d j e c t i v e forms a r e marked f o r p l u r a l i t y by t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e p l u r a l p r e f i x , a s noted above; t h i s p r e f i x t a k e s t h e - f o r m d i - b e f o r e a f o l l o w i n g consonant, and j - b e f o r e a f o l lowing vowel. Third person p l u r a l animate forms of v e r b s which t a k e t h e S e t B p r e f i x e s r e q u i r e a double marking; t h e j - p r e f i x followed by -u- followed by - n - . C a t e g o r i z a t i o n of f r u i t s f o r purposes o f a d j e c t i v e i n f l e c t i o n . Terms f u r f r u i t s i n Cherokee r e q u i r e t h e same form of a modifying a d j e c t i v e a s animate nouns do. Note (8-10). (8) ju2n02du4hi ? 2 n i 2 g e 2 h y u 4 j a g a 2 j i2gowh 1t;. 3 ha. "I s e e p r e t t y g i r l s . "
(9)
ju2w02du4hi
d i 2 g G 2 n e 1 s ? 3 3 i d e 2 3 ji3gowh1ti3ha.
(10)
a2n04sda d i 2 g a 2 d v 3 d i d e 2 3 ji3gowh1ti3ha.
"I s e e good p e a r s
."
L i s t of f i r s t person s i n g u l a r a d j e c t i v e forms. S i n c e f i r s t person s i n g u l a r forms of a d j e c t i v e s a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y e n t r y f o r each a d j e c t i v e . t h e following l i s t g i v e s t h e f i r s t person s i n g u l a r form o f g d j e c t i v e s i n c l u d e d i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y which do n o t follow t h e p a t t e r n o f Paradigm One. I t i s understood t h a t any a d j e c t i v e n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e l i s t t a k e s t h e same p r e f i x e s shown i n Paradigm One. Demonstrative a d j e c t i v e s and numerals a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e l i s t ; t h e y are commented on below.
a2gwo2de23hwi4da "damp" a2gwo2du4hi a2gwoh14di a2gwu23ya2ti a2gwvn2sv47i "cooked, ripe" a2ki 'p4dla . "cold, Republican" a2ki2yv2sde4da "drunk'+ a2ksa2n041i "slow" "crisp" "interesting" a2ksda2g?2yv23hi2da a3ksgwa2ni2kdi "pretty" "funnyff
5 g? gvZ3ha2hli "part"
3g? 2hyy2sdi .
2 .2
"strong"
a2gwo23ti2da "swollen"
a2g;. 2ne4ga
"white"
. . .
. .
a2g;. 2 yo2hu2sv47i
ltdead''
a2gi2y04?i "badu ?2gwa2da23ja2tdi "reckless" a2gwa2da21v4kwdi "snobbish" a2gwa2danh4ti "friendly" a2gwa2danh2ti2sa2hnv47i fltamedfl a2gwa2da2nv2ga21v4da "clean" a2gwa2de2h023sa2ti "bashful" a2gwa2hli2ni23gj2da "powerfult1 a2gwa21e2s04da "skinny" a3gwa?21i2sdi "weak"
.2 a3gwa12sgwa21; da
di2gi2ksv4sdi l1smoky" di2gi21i2"e4na "deaf" di2gi210h14di "striped" di2gwa21i2chv2 3ya1sdi "brave" di2ji ~ ~ g e ~ tlblindfl wi di2ji721e23nv3hi4da "long-eared" di2ki2na2j04sdi vlsourtl ge32gwa 81hugell ge32yah2ta2hi "wild" go 32sda1yi "sharp" go1sdilyu4hli gv lno4da "dull" gv 32na2ga12sdi "active" "alive" ''whole'' gv lwa2no4sda
. .
. .
"broken"
a3gwa12sih2gi "dark" a2gwa2sdi47i "smalltf a3gwa2ta2na "big" a2gwe23hna27i "wealthyll ,2gwe4ti "old"
The demonstrative adjectives. The demonstrative hi27a means "this, these." modifies both animate and inanimate nouns; note (11-13). "This man is big." (11) hi2"a ?2sga2~a this man big (12) hiZ7a k? 2ne1sa37i algwa2du21i3ha. this box' i want
I I I
r
r
(13)
hi27a these
vlsgi2na or its variant forms vlsgi and sgi2na "that, those," is used to refer to an object ' PerSon some distance from the speaker, as in (14-15). 0
(14)
(15)
'
."
v 1 s g i 2 n a i s used t o modify nouns r e f e r r i n g t o o b j e c t s which a r e o u t of r e a c h of t h e speaker b u t a r e v i s i b l e , a s i n ( 1 6 ) . (16) v1sgi2na a 2 s g a 2 y a ga2w03ni2ha. "That man i s s p e a k i n g . " n a l s g i seems t o f u n c t i o n
The demonstrative a d j e c t i v e s a l s o f u n c t i o n a s pronouns, a s noted i n S e c t i o n 111-B. na i s a noun m o d i f i e r which f u n c t i o n s much l i k e t h e d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e "the" i n Engl i s h ; n o t e (17-18).
(17)
a. b.
a2sg?2ya na3
ga2w03ni2ha.
?2sg?2ya
g?2w03ni2ha.
(18)
na3 the
a2sg?2ya man
j i 2 g a 2 w 0 3 n i 2 s g v 4 ? i 0 2 g i 2 n a 2 1 i 4 ? i . "The man who was who was speaking m friend y speaking i s m f r i e n d . " y
C a r d i n a l numbers. The terms f o r t h e c a r d i n a l numbers a r e a d j e c t i v e s which may s t a n d a l o n e when t h e modified noun i s understood r a t h e r t h a n expressed o v e r t l y ; n o t e (19-20). (19) a. b. (20) a. b. a 2 n i 2 3 t a ? 3 1 i a2ni2sga2ya men two
tav31i two
a l ~ ~ i ~ w o ~ n ?"Twoa men a r e speaking." ~h . a r e speaking "Two a r e s p e a k i n g . " 111 want two boxes
.I1
The c a r d i n a l number terms f o r "two" and " t h r e e " o p t i o n a l l y t a k e t h e animate p l u r a l p r e f i x a n i - ( s e e S e c t i o n I-B) when t h e y modify animate nouns; n o t e (21). (21) a. b. 1 2
3
taq31i
a 2 n i 2 3 t a ? 3 1 i a 2 n i 2 s g a 2 y a a1ni2w03ni2ha. salgwu
tap31i
L i s t o f terms f o r c a r d i n a l numbers
10 12 sgo23hi
t??13du
11 s?v3du
jo2?i
The terms f o r t h e o r d i n a l numbers. The terms f o r t h e o r d i n a l numbers a r e formed by t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e o r d i n a l s u f f i x t o t h e terms f o r t h e c a r d i n a l numb e r s . This o r d i n a l s u f f i x a p p e a r s a s - i n e when preceded by f i n a l vowels -a and -i a s i n 2-10, 22-30, 32-40, e t c . ( t h e f i n a l vowel sound i s d e l e t e d b e f o r e - i n e ) ; a s - s i n e when t h e c a r d i n a l number term ends i n -u a s i n 11-19, and a s - h i n e i n t h e terms f o r 2 1 , 31, 41, 51, e t c . The t e r m f o r " f i r s t , " i 2 g v 2 y i 4 , i s i r r e g u l a r . Ordinal terms may s e r v e a s t h e s u b j e c t o r o b j e c t o f s e n t e n c e s when t h e modified noun i s d e l e t e d , provided t h a t t h e a u x i l i a r y " t c be" i s employed w i t h t h e r e l a t i v e p r e f i x j-; note (22). (22) a. b. t a 7 2 1 i 2 n e j i 2 j i 4 y a k a 2 n e 1 s a 3 ? i a1gwa2du21i3ha. second which l i e s box I want
"I want t h e second box. "
ta?'1i2ne j i g a l g ~ ? ~ d u ~ l i ~ "1a want t h e second one." h . second which i s I want ~ ? ? ~ 1d .lu n e s 2 t a ? l 3du1si2ne j~?~g??~dulsi~ne n i Z g a ?3 d u 1 s i 2 n e ~gi~g??~dulsi~ne da21a2du1si2ne gah12gwa3du1si2ne ne231a3du1si2ne ~ ~ ~ h n e ~ ~ l a ~ d u ~ s i ta?13sgo2hi2ne
List of o r d i n a l terms
first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth i2gv2yi ta?21i2ne j 02?i2ne nvh2gi2ne hi2sgi2ne su2da21i2ne gah12gwo2gi2ne ch? 2 ne 2 1 . 2ne 1 so3hne21i2ne sgo2hi2ne eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth
fiftieth hi2ksgo2hi2ne sixtieth ~ u ~ ~ d a l ~ s g o ~ h i ~ n e seventieth gah12gwa3sgo2hi2ne eightieth ne123sgo2hi2ne ninetieth hundredth ~ ~ ~ h n e l ~ ~ s ~ o ~ h i ~ n e ~go~~hi~tsgwi~ne sgo2 3hj3 t ~ g ~ a sa1gwu2hi2ne 3 ta721i32tsgwi2ne salgwu i2ya3ga2yv21i2ne
Quantifying adjectives. Quantifying adjectives are words like "all," "a few," and "many." Note the following examples. (23) ni2ga4da a1 1 ?2ni2sga2ya men a1ni2w03ni2ha. "All the men are speaking." are speaking
(24'1 galyo4hli d?2ga2ne1sa37i da1gwa2du21i3ha. "I want a few boxes ." few boxes I want (25) tsgwi4sdi a2ni2chu4ja many boys ga2ji2gowh1ti3ha. "I see many boys." I see
ni2ga4da da1gwa2du21i3ha. "I want all of them." I waAt them all galyo4hli few deZ3ji3gowh1ti3ha. "I see a few." I see them
tsgwi4sdi a1ni2w03ni2ha. "Many are speaking." many are speaking Adjective suffixes. Several of the suffixes which have been discussed above in sections dealing with the verb and the noun may also be attached to adjectives. These include -gwu, -sgo, -ju, -ke, and -dv. Examples follow. (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) y2sdi4g~~ "just little" uZ3ta2nas3? llIs it big?" oz3sdazju? "Well, is it good?" "IS it big or little?" !!Yes, it's big." uz3ta2nas3, u2sdi4ke? v2, uZ3tazna2dv.
(28)
These suffixes are described in Section I-C and in Section 11-B. Some additional suffixes occur only with adjectives, and several of these will be discussed briefly. Some adjectives take the suffix -jv, "very"; note (34). (34) juZno2dU1jv4 a2nizjiz1v4sgi d,1tv2hi2sdiz3sg~37i. very beautiful flowers he grows
. .
The s u f f i x -i can b e added t o c e r t a i n a d j e c t i v e s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e q u a l i t y exp r e s s e d by t h e a d j e c t i v e i s p r e s e n t e x c e s s i v e l y , a s i n ( 3 5 ) . (35) a. b. u Z 3 t a 2 n a !!big" u2ta2ni4 "too big" note (36).
g a 2 j a 2 n u 2 3 1 i3 g e 4 7 i
T h e s e same a d j e c -
a.
b. c.
a2sa2ma4di
"smart" "smarter"
a 1 s a 2 m a 2 d i 23ya
wa2~a3ma2di2yv4?i "smartest"
The p r e f i x w- i s used t o g e t h e r w i t h - y v 7 i t o form t h e s u p e r l a t i v e . Another group o f a d j e c t i v e s form t h e c o m p a r a t i v e by a d d i n g - k a and t h e s u p e r l a t i v e by a d d i n g - k v ? i and t h e s u p e r l a t i v e p r e f i x w - ; n o t e ( 4 0 ) . (40) a. b. ?'sdi4 u1sdi3ka llsmalltl "smaller"
c.
u1g032di more
smarter
~ i ~ ~ hd a Z 3 m i g e 1 s v 4 7 i . n v than Tom is
i s s m a r t e r t h a n Tom."
a.
b.
C.
u Z 3 t a 2 n a llbiglt u'ta2na
W
U 3 nv 4~ . 71
Forms e x h i b i t i n g t h e s u f f i x - i d i g e c a n n o t o c c u r i n c o m p a r a t i v e s e n t e n c e s ; e . g . 3 u 2 t a 2 n i Z 3 d i g e can b e u s e d i n s e n t e n c e s l i k e (38) a b o v e b u t n o t i n c o m p a r a t i v e sentences l i k e (43). (43) j a Z 3 1 i u ' g ~ ~ ~ ud tia 2 n a 1 Charles big more ~ i ~ ~ h?2y, v g e 1 s v 4 7 i . n is I than "Charles is bigger t h a n I am."
Note t h e c o m p a r a t i v e and s u p e r l a t i v e forms o f " p r e t t y . " (44) a. b. c. v2w02du4hi u1w02dv3ha "pretty" I'prettier"
A d j e c t i v e s l i k e " p r e t t y " e x h i b i t a change i n t h e f i n a l c o n s o n a n t o f t h e stem from -h- t o -s- b e f o r e t h e s u p e r l a t i v e s u f f i x - v v i . The f i n a l s u f f i x o f " p r e t t y " may be dropped; n o t e a l s o t h a t t h e f i n a l - v ? i s u f f i x o f s u p e r l a t i v e a d j e c t i v e forms may a l s o be d r o p p e d .
111-C.
Adverbs
I n t h i s s e c t i o n t h e f u n c t i o n o f a d v e r b s i n Cherokee i s i l l u s t r a t e d . Adverbs may modify v e r b s , a d j e c t i v e s , o r o t h e r a d v e r b s , a s i n (1-3) r e s p e c t i v e l y . (1) a2sda4ya hard realiy (3) ~ ~ d really d ~ l l v ~ ~ 3sda1n$2ha. h w i h e ' s working " H e ' s working h a r d
." ."
(2)
The n e g a t i v e word h l a "not" f u l f i l l s a n i m p o r t a n t a d v e r b i a l f u n c t i o n ; n o t e ( 4 - 6 ) . (4) hla3 not hla3 not hla3 not 04sda good
(5)
(6)
."
The a d v e r b i a l e l e m e n t s v ( o r t h e e m p h a t i c v a r i a n t v ? v ) and h l a may b e u s e d t o a f f i r m o r n e g a t e s e n t e n c e s , as i n ( 7 - 8 ) . . (7) v , ga2wo 3n +2h a . "Yes, h e ' s s p e a k i n g . " (8) hla, hla3 no n o t y;2ga2w032ni2ha. h e ' s speaking "No, h e ' s n o t s p e a k i n g
."
The Cherokee t i m e a d v e r b s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d by ( 9 - 1 1 ) . (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) sy2na31e4vi da2ye3si. tomorrow he w i l l go " H e ' l l go tomorrow.''
n ~ ~ ~ g ga2w03ni2ha. ItHe's s p e a k i n g now." w u now h e ' s speaking yu 3d a 2 h a g a 2 w 0 3 n i 2 s g o 3 ? i . "He s p e a k s sometimes. sometimes he speaks
'I
h l a 3 i21v23hi3yu yi2du231~3hwi2sda1ne2h03?i."He n e v e r works.'' not ever h e doe;n4t work ga 3y u 2 l a ga2wo 3n;. 2h a . "He's a l r e a d y s p e a k i n g . " already h e ' s speaking
i s u s e d t o form c o m p a r i s o n s by m o d i f y i n g a d j e c t i v e s , as
339
(14)
~ i ~ u l 1 ~i ~ ~ 1 t a 3 n a s i Z 3 h n v daZ3mi g e 1 s v 4 ? i . ~ g ud i B i 11 more big than Tom is " B i l l i s b i g g e r t h a n Tom." w i Z 3 1 i d a 1 j e 2 3 h l a ga2w03ni2sgo s i Z 3 h n v daZ3mi g e 1 s v 4 ? i . Bill better he speaks than Tom does " B i l l speaks b e t t e r t h a n Tom."
"A man i s s t a n d i n g h e r e . "
a 3 g e 4 w a 3 ? i . "He's walking over t h e r e . " he ' s over walking there n i 2 k v 4 ? i j ? ' g ~ w h l t / ~ h a . "I s e e it everywhere." I see everywhere
(18)
Adverbs of p l a c e may be formed by t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e l o c a t i v e s u f f i x t o nouns, a s i n ( 1 9 ) ; f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h i s s u f f i x , s e e S e c t i o n 11-B. (19) a. b. g i 1 t a 2 3 y a "cherry" o r " c h e r r y t r e e " g i 1 t a Z y o 4 ? i "Cherry Tree" ( l i t . " c h e r r y p l a c e " o r " c h e r r y t r e e place")
P r e p o s i t i o n a l p h r a s e s o f l o c a t i o n a l s o f u n c t i o n a s adverbs o f p l a c e ; n o t e (20-22), and s e e S e c t i o n 111-D. (20) g a h 1 2 j 0 2 3 d e na2?v ga2d032ga. house next t o he's standing "He's s t a n d i n g n e x t t o t h e house
."
(21)
a 1 d a 2 n e Z 3 l v 4 i 2 g v 2 3 y i 3 d i 3 d l a ga2d032ga. building in front he's standing g a 2 1 0 2 h i 2 s d i u 2 d l i 3 d i 3 d l a ga2d032ga. door behind he's standing
(22)
."
Temporal sequence adverbs a r e i l l u s t r a t e d by (26-27). (26) i 2 g v 2 3 y i di2ga23du3hv4 ~ i ~ d a ~ ~ e ~ "I o ~going t o town f i r s t d 'm l i . first town I i l l go
.I'
(27)
Adverbs may e x p r e s s d o u b t , a s i n ( 2 8 ) . (28) (29) (30) (31) a2?'se 04sda ga2w03ni2ha. ga2w03ni2ha. "Maybe h e ' s s p e a k i n g . " "He i s s p e a k i n g w e l l . I t "He's running f a s t . " "He's working h a r d .
du11v2 3hwi3sda1n5,2ha.
"
Adverbs may a l s o r e f e r t o t h e e x t e n t t o which t h e a c t i o n o f t h e v e r b i s c a r r i e d o u t , as i n (32). (32) (33) (34) (35) tsgwi4sdi ga2w03nt2ha. "He s s p e a k i n g a l o t . "He w i l l s p e a k w e l l a g a i n tomorrow." "He w o n ' t s p e a k h e r e tomorrow. " "Maybe h e w o n ' t speak h e r e tomorrow. S e v e r a l a d v e r b s may o c c u r t o g e t h e r i n a s i n g l e s e n t e n c e , a s i n (33-35) c ; ~ : ~ n a ~ lsiZ3gwu 04sda e tomarrow again w e l l w i l l speak a g a i n hla3 ?3h?2ni not here hla3 a 2 3 s e n o t maybe
The above s e n t e n c e s i l l u s t r a t e t h e r e l a t i v e o r d e r i n which s e v e r a l a d v e r b s o c c u r t o g e t h e r i n a s i n g l e s e n t e n c e . Note t h a t s e n t e n c e a d v e r b s , which i n c l u d e i n t h e i r domain t h e e n t i r e s e n t e n c e , c a n o c c u r i n more p o s i t i o n s t h a n a d v e r b s which s e r v e t o modify t h e v e r b a l o n e . F o r example, a d v e r b s l i k e "tomorrow" a r e s e n t e n c e a d v e r b s because t h e y e s t a b l i s h t h e t i m e r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e e n t i r e s e n t e n c e , a s i n (36), while a d v e r b s l i k e "hard" r e f e r s p e c i f i c a l l y t o t h e a c t i o n o f t h e v e r b i n s e n t e n c e s l i k e (37).
(36)
dv23g03hi willsee
(37)
a.
b.
A d j e c t i v e s s e r v i n g a s a d v e r b s . Most a d j e c t i v e s i n Cherokee c a n a l s o s e r v e a s a d v e r b s . Note, f o r example, t h a t 0 4 s d a f u n c t i o n s a s a n a d j e c t i v e i n (39) and a s an adverb i n ( 4 0 ) . (39) na3 the 04sda good ?2sga2ya man 02gi2na21i4?i. friend "The good man i s my f r i e n d . "
(40)
04sda
In t h e d i c t i o n a r y , a number of a d j e c t i v e s which f r e q u e n t l y s e r v e a s adverbs a r e designated a s b o t h a d j e c t i v e and a d v e r b . Words which a r e l a b e l e d o n l y a s a d j e c t i v e s may g e n e r a l l y a l s o f u n c t i o n a s a d v e r b s . For example, t h e a d j e c t i v e g i 2 3 g a 3 g e 4 ? i 'lredt' may modify v e r b s l i k e " p a i n t , " a s i n ( 4 1 ) . (41) gi23ga2ge'+?i a l ~ u ~ ~ h w i ~ s ~ a p a i n t i n g i t r e d . " "Hels . red he's painting
Note t h a t t h e numeral a d j e c t i v e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e terms f o r t h e o r d i n a l numbers, do not f u n c t i o n a s a d v e r b s . S i m i l a r l y , t h e d e m o n s t r a t i v e a d j e c t i v e s cannot f u n c t i o n can a s adverbs. Some o f t h e q u a n t i f y i n g a d j e c t i v e s , i n c l u d i n g "many" and T1few,'f f u n c t i o n a d v e r b i a l l y , a s i n (42-43) ; o t h e r s , l i k e " a l l , I ' c a n n o t . (42) (43) t s g w i 4 s d i ga2w03ni2ha. h e ' s speaking a lot !'He i s speaking a l o t . "
111-D.
There a r e r e l a t i v e l y few words i n Cherokee which f u n c t i o n l i k e p r e p o s i t i o n s i n English. Those which do f u n c t i o n l i k e t h e E n g l i s h p r e p o s i t i o n s a r e , s t r i c t l y speaking, p o s t p o s i t i o n s r a t h e r than p r e p o s i t i o n s , s i n c e t h e y f o l l o w t h e nouns which s e r v e a s t h e i r o b j e c t s . The t r a d i t i o n a l E n g l i s h term p r e p o s i t i o n i s r e t a i n e d h e r e , however, i n o r d e r n o t t o confuse t h e r e a d e r u n f a m i l i a r w i t h l i n g u i s t i c t e r m i nology. The p r e p o s i t i o n g v h 4 d i "with" o c c u r s v e r y f r e q u e n t l y i n Cherokee. i l l u s t r a t e d by ( 1 - 2 ) . (1)
(2)
I t s use is
"He's h i t t i n g i t w i t h a hammer."
Note t h a t t h e o b j e c t s o f p r e p o s i t i o n a l p h r a s e s w i t h gvh4di r e f e r t o an i n s t r u m e n t , a s i n ( I ) , o r t o something by means o f which t h e a c t i o n o f t h e v e r b i s c a r r i e d o u t . In ( 2 ) , f o r example, t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e s e n t e n c e i s s a i d t o speak by means o f English. The p r e p o s i t i o n d i 3 d l a "toward" i s used w i t h motion v e r b s , a s i n (3-4) (3) g a h l ' j ~ ~ ~ dde 3 d l a i house toward wa3?i. he's walking e3ga. he's going "He
I s
(4)
d i 2 g a 23 d u 3 h ~ 4 d i 3 d l a town toward
Note a l s o t h e p r e p o s i t i o n s i n ( 5 - 1 0 ) . (5) a2ma23yi h a 2 w i 4 n i a1da2w03?a. "He's swimming under t h e w a t e r . " water under h e ' s swimming g a h ~ ~ j o ~ g~ 2 1 e 2 3 1 a 3 d i 2 d l a g ? 2 n 0 2 h i 2 3 1 i 3 d oh a . ad v l house abdve i t ' s fly in^ around ' I I t ' s f l y i n g around above t h e house."
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
gah12j023de i 2 g v 2 3 y i 3 d i 3 d l a ga2d032ga. house i n front he's standing gah12j023de na2?v house near ga2d032ga. he's standing
(10)
"He's s t a n d i n g n e a r t h e house
."
The p r e p o s i t i o n s i n (6-9) a r e formed with d i 3 d l a , but f u n c t i o n a s s i n g l e l e x i c a l it ems. I t should be noted t h a t a number o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s e x p r e s s e d i n E n g l i s h and o t h e r languages by p r e p o s i t i o n s a r e e x p r e s s e d by d i f f e r e n t means i n Cherokee. There i s no p r e p o s i t i o n i n Cherokee, f o r example, e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e E n g l i s h p r e p o s i t i o n " a t . " In ~ h e r o k e et h e l o c a t i v e noun s u f f i x f u l f i l l s t h e same f u n c t i o n . A second example i s t h e d a t i v e - b e n e f a c t i v e s u f f i x , which i s t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e English prepos i t i o n " f o r . " A d d i t i o n a l examples c o u l d e a s i l y be found. P r e p o s i t i o n s i n Cherokee a r e r e l a t i v e l y few i n number, a p p a r e n t l y , because t h e r i c h v a r i e t y o f p r e f i x e s and s u f f i x e s employed i n t h i s language f u l f i l l s many of t h e f u n c t i o n s o f p r e p o s i t i o n s i n o t h e r languages. 111-E. Interjections Those Cherokee vocabulary i t e m s which can occur a l o n e a s exclamatory u t t e r a n c e s 1 i o h a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s i n t e r j e c t i o n s . The g r e e t i n g 0 ~ ~ o r s~2 y~ "0 e l l o " i s perhaps t h e most important i n t e r j e c t i o n i n Cherokee. Note t h a t t h e terms f o r l e a v e - t a k i n g i n Cherokee a r e delayed i m p e r a t i v e v e r b forms; e . g . ( 1 ) .
(1)
d ~ ~ n ? ~ d a ~ ~ o ~ h v u s ? (you and I ) s e e each o t h e r a g a i n l a t e r . " "Let ~ i . i 2 3 g v 3 g 0 2 ? ~ 2 ? i ."Let me s e e you a g a i n l a t e r . " ayo! yo! ha! ni! na! "Ouch! " "Gosh!" "Gosh!" "Look!" o r "Listen!" "Here!" "Wait!" "Now! " "Hurry!"
(2)
Note t h e a d d i t i o n a l i n t e r j e c t i o n s i n (3-10).
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
si!
kam!
(10) 111-F.
nu41a!
Conjunctions
ale
"and"
a2sga2ya a21e a 2 g e 2 3 h y a
man a2sga2ya man and woman ga2w03ni2ha a21e is s p e a k i n g and
a'ni2w03ni2ha. a r e speacing
speaking."
a 2 c h u 4 j a ga2w03n/2ha
a21e
a l s o j o i n s e n t e n c e s . I n most spoken s t y l e s , a 2 1 e i s n o t u s e d , however; t h e c a s u a l e q u i v a l e n t s o f (1-3) a r e ( 4 - 6 ) . I ( 4 ) a 2 s g a 2 y a a 2 g e 2 3 h y a 3 h n o a 1n. 4 wo 3n. 2 h a . "A man and a woman a r e man woman and a r e speaking speaking. "
(5)
s i n g i n g and
singing. "
(6)
a 2 c h u 4 j a ga2w03ni2ha a 2 g e 2 3 h y a 3 h n o d e 2 3 k ? 3 n 0 2 g i 3 ? a . is speaking woman and i s singing boy "A boy i s s p e a k i n g and a woman i s s i n g i n g . "
(6)
-1e y i g i "or" The s u f f i x -1e i s used t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e n e g a t i v e form o f " t o b e , " y i 4 g it,o e x p r e s s t h e meaning "or"; n o t e ( 7 ) . (7) vsgwu h l a
a2sg?2ya ga2w03ni2ha a 2 g e 2 3 h y a 3 1 e 3 y i 4 g i .
"neither, i s n ' t either"
The a d v e r b vlsgwu " a l s o " i s u s e d w i t h t h e c o n j u n c t i v e s u f f i x -hno and t h e n e g a t i v e word h l a t o e x p r e s s t h e meaning " n e i t h e r " o r " i s n ' t e i t h e r " ; n o t e ( 8 ) . (8) a 2 s g a 2 y a h l a 3 y i 2 g ? 2 w 0 3 2 n i 2 h a , a 2 g e 2 3 h y a 3 h n o v'sgwu3 man not i s not speaking woman and also "The man i s n o t s p e a k i n g , and n e i t h e r i s t h e woman." or "The man i s n ' t s p e a k i n g , and t h e woman i s n ' t e i t h e r . " "like" da23mi Tom "but" ga2wo 3 n i 2 s g v 4 u 2 h l o 4 y i h i s speaking same ga2w03ni2sgo w i Z 3 1 i . he s p e a k s Bill
" B i l l speaks
hla2. not
The f u n c t i o n o f u 2 h l o 4 y i i s i l l u s t r a t e d by ( 9 ) . l i k e Tom."
This conjunction i s used i n s e n t e n c e s such a s ( 1 0 ) . , (10) n a 3 a2sga2ya h 1 a 3 y i 2 g a 2 w 0 3 2 n ~ 2 h a a 2 3 s e 3 s g i 3 n i d e 2 3 k , 3 n 0 2 g i 3 7 a . is singing but i s not speaking not man the
!!The man isn't speaking, but he is singing." The related -sgi3ni is used in sentences like (11). (11) a2sga2ya hla3 yi2ga2w032n~2ha, ?2ge23hya3sgi3ni. man not is not speaking woman but "The man isn't speaking, but the woman is." "therefore, so"
. .
vsgihnv iyusdi
v1sgi3hnv i2yu4sdi or its short form, ~ g i n h ~ ~ u s d used in sentences like (12). is ~ ~ , sginh3yusdZ3 du11vz3hwi3sda1ne2ha. (12) a2deZ31a money he needs therefore he's ;orking "He needs money, so he's working." nelagihnv "even though" This conjunction is used in sentences like (13). (13) hla3 neZ3la2gi3hnv j ~ l h n i ~ ~ g v l g a . doesn't want it even "He rhough he needs it." iyusdi "because1'
4 .
i2yu4sdi can fulfill an adverbial function; it can also function as a conjunction, as in (14). dul1vZ3hwi3sda1ne2hv4 iZyu4sdi. (14) wiZ31i Bill is tired he's dorking because "Bill is tired because he is working." Note that the suffix -heZ3hno, or its short form -hno, also means "because," as in (15). (15) d~'y?~we~gad ~ ~ l v ~ ~ h w i ~ s d a ~ n e ~ h ~ ~ h e ~ ~ h n o . he is tired he is Lorking because "He's tired because he's working." It is clear that i2yu4sdi is not a suffix because the preceding verb can be questioned, as in (16). i2yu4sdi du1ya2we3ga? "Is he tired because (16) d ~ ~ l v ~ ~ h w i ~ s d a ~ n e ~ h v ~ 7 i s ~ s he I working? Similar questions cannot be formed with -heZ3hno, which seems to function as a suffix. See IV-C for further discussion of conjunction in Cherokee. Section IV. Some Notes on Cherokee Syntax The purpose of this section is to provide some information on Cherokee syntax. Various grammatical processes are discussed briefly and a number of sentence types are commented on in the sections which follow. IV-A. Negative sentences Declarative sentences such as (la) can be made negative by the use of hla and'the negative verb prefix (see Section I-A). (1) a. daZ3mi p2hni3ha wiZ31i. "Bill is hitting Tom." Tom is hitting Bill
b.
hla3 not
b.
(3)
wi231i Bill
04sda good hla3 not
uZ3t9'na big
"It
a.
b.
was good."
a.
b.
wiZ31i
Bill
I n d i v i d u a l e l e m e n t s o f s e n t e n c e s o t h e r t h a n t h e v e r b may b e n e g a t e d . I n (5-7) t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e s e n t e n c e i s n e g a t e d w h i l e t h e r e s t o f t h e s e n t e n c e i s assumed t o b e true. (5) h l a 3 w i Z 3 1 i y i 2 g i j i 2 g? 2 wo 3n. l 4 h a . " I t i s n ' t B i l l who i s s p e a k i n g . " not
Bill
is not
whb
is speaking
(6)
(7)
yi2gi is not
D i r e c t o b j e c t s o f s e n t e n c e s may b e n e g a t e d a s i n ( 8 - 9 ) .
(8)
daZ3mi y l 2 g i w i Z 3 1 i j i 2 g v Z 3 h n i 2 h a . Tom isnot Bill who i s h i t ' t i n g gi2hli yiZgi is not dog hla3 not hla3 not ja'gowh2ti4ha. t h a t he sees
(9)
wiZ31i Bill
wiZ31i Bill
s d a 4 y a ~ i ~ g v ~ ~ h n i ~ h a " B i l l i s n ' t h i t t i n g Tom daZ3mi. hard i s not hit'ting Tom h a r d . 'I u2d02hi2yu very u Z 3 t a 2 n a yi2gi." B i l l i s n ' t v e r y b i g . " big is not
A d v e r b i a l e l e m e n t s which m o d i f y t h e e n t i r e s e n t e n c e may b e n e g a t e d , a s i n ( 1 2 ) . (12) ~ 3 h l a 3 s v 2 h i y 1 2 g e 3 s e daZ3mi j ~ ' w a ~ h n ~ w ilZv 1 i . n o t y e s t e r d a y i t was Tom that hit Bill not " I t w a s n ' t y e s t e r d a y t h a t B i l l h i t Tom."
"Bill
.-
The s u f f i x -dv, which i s d e s c r i b e d i n 111-C, i s f r e q u e n t l y employed i n s e n t e n c e s l i k e (13-14). Questions f o r which a n e g a t i v e answer i s expected a r e formed by n e g a t i n g t h e s e n t e n c e i t s e l f and adding t h e t a g h l a 4 k a , a s i n ( 1 5 ) . y a 2 3 h n e 3 1 ? 2 d ~ 2 ? aw i Z 3 1 i , h l a 4 k a ? " B i l l h a s n ' t l e f t y e t , not l e f t Bill tag has he?'' Sentences l i k e (16-17) a r e a l s o formed w i t h t h e t a g h l a 2 k e 3 . (15) hla3 not (16) da2ye3sis3, hla2ke3? he w i l l go fag (ques.
I 1 W i l l he go o r not?"
si3
uZ3ta2nas3, hla2ke3? " I s he b i g o r not?" b i g (ques.) fag " Compound s e n t e n c e s i n which t h e s u b j e c t s o f both c l a u s e s a r e s a i d not t o perform t h e a c t i o n of t h e verb a r e negated a s i n ( 1 8 ) . (18) j a 2 3 n i h l a 3 yu2we3nv1se3?i, da2,3mi3hnv3 v1sgwu3 John not d i d n ' t go Tom and also "John d i d n ' t go and n e i t h e r d i d Tom." hla2. not
(17)
(19)
h l a 3 y i 2 j i 2 3 y a 3 2 y v h 2 t e 3 s e g i 2 h l i na3 a2sga2ya ju1sgah12jv4?i. not I d i d n ' t kick dog the man bit "I d i d n ' t kick t h e dog t h a t b i t t h e man."
--
Sentences (20-25) provide examples o f n e g a t i v e s e n t e n c e s i n c l u d i n g n e g a t i v e i n d e f i n i t e pronouns. (20) a. b. n;2ga4da a1 1 hla3 not ~ l n i ~ ~ o ~ h v ~ ~ ? i .saw i t ." "Everyone saw "Not everyone saw it . I t n o t t h e y saw
ni2ga4da all
(21)
a. b.
go2hu4sdi 0 4 s d a ~ l t v ~ ~ a ~ ~ '71e heard .something good." n e ~ ? i something good he heard hla3 not g o 2 h u 4 s d i 04sda something good y ~ ~ ~ t v ~ g a ' n e"He? heard nothing good . ' I ~ i. n o t he heard "John l i k e s something . I t
--
(22)
a. b.
~ u ~ ~ l v ~ k j w 2 ~i n i . "John d o e s n t t l i k e a n y t h i n g . " a d not l i k e s John said t o ki210. someone "Someone s a i d something t o someone. I t
(23)
a.
ki2104 someone
go2hu4sdi something
347
b. (24) a. b. (25) a. b.
h l a 3 ki2104 n o t someone
go2hu4sdi something
yU2w032se231e k i 2 1 0 4 . n o t s a i d t o someone
"NO
u1g02he3?i. saw
ga3g02 who
g o 2 h u 4 s d i u 1 g 0 2 h e 3 ? i ? llWho saw something?" something saw go2hu4sdi something y u 2 3go 3 h e 3 ? i ? n o t saw ltWho d i d n l t s e e anything?"
In some i n s t a n c e s , E n g l i s h i n d e f i n i t e n e g a t i v e s a r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t i n s t r u c t u r e from t h e i r Cherokee e q u i v a l e n t s . Note (26-27), f o r example. (26) a. b. ~ l g e ~ n v ~ s v ~ ~ ? i and I went." "They . hla3 not y o 2 3 g e 3 n v 1 s e 3 ? i . "They and I d i d n ' t go." not t h e y and I went. If) went ( i . e . , "None o f us
(27)
ni2ga23da2gwu ~ ~ ~ u h l as3 d y u 2 3 n i 3 g 0 2 h e 3 ? i . " J u s t a b o u t everyone ~ i a i1 just almost not n o t saw d i d n ' t s e e it . I 1 ( i . e . , "Almost no one saw it."
For f u r t h e r examples o f n e g a t i v e s e n t e n c e s i n Cherokee, s e e t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e n e g a t i v e p r e f i x e s y- and n- i n S e c t i o n I-A. IV-B. Questions be answered a p p r o p r i a t e l y w i t h yes o r no may be formed i n o f t h e q u e s t i o n s u f f i x e s -sgo and - j u ; s e e I-D f o r examples. such a s " I s i t a man o r a woman?" may be formed w i t h t h e s u f s e e I-D f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f - k e . . , Q u e s t i o n s which can Cherokee by t h e u s e Questions with " o r , " f i x e s -sgo and -ke;
Questions which r e q u e s t i n f o r m a t i o n may be formed by t h e u s e o f t h e i n t e r r o g a t i v e pronouns and o t h e r q u e s t i o n words. The i n t e r r o g a t i v e pronouns a r e d i s c u s s e d i n 111-A. Other q u e s t i o n words n o t d i s c u s s e d above a r e i l l u s t r a t e d by ( 1 - 3 ) .
(1) ha2dlv
ga2d01hv4 do23ja3ya2we3ga? "Why a r e you t i r e d ? " why you a r e t i r e d (ques . ) ga2d01 gv3nf!'ha? what h e ' s doing t o it "How i s h e doing i t ? "
The s u f f i x -na "what a b o u t f ' i s a l s o used t o form q u e s t i o n s . See I - D and 1 1 - B f o r examples. Q u e s t i o n s can a l s o be marked i n Cherokee by i n t o n a t i o n changes, when surprise i s indicated, a s i n (4).
Note a l s o t h e f o l l o w i n g i n d i r e c t q u e s t i o n s .
(5)
gu2so s h e wantsMuskogee
(6)
da23mi ~ ' t v ~ ~ d v ~ h n v ~ v g 2 n a Bill who Tom he asked " B i l l a s k e d Tom who s p o k e y e s t e r d a y . "
wiZ31i Bill
(7)
IV-C.
Coordination
When s e n t e n c e s which c a n s t a n d a l o n e a r e j o i n e d t o g e t h e r , t h e y a r e s a i d t o b e coordinate. This section i s a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e process of coordination i n Cherokee. S e n t e n c e s may be c o n n e c t e d by t h e c o n j u n c t i o n a 2 1 e ( s e e 111-F) which o c c u r s i n Cherokee p r i m a r i l y i n f o r m a l s p e e c h s t y l e s ; n o t e ( 1 ) . (1) a 2 s g a 2 y a ga2w03ni2ha a 2 1 e g 2 g e Z 3 h y a d e 2 3ka 3 n 0 2 g i3 7 a . man s p e a k i n g 'and woman i s ;inging "A man i s s p e a k i n g a n d a woman i s s i n g i n g . "
is
(2)
a 2 s g a 2 y a gg2w03ni2ha, a2ge23hya 3hno d e 2 3 k a 3 n 0 2 g i37a. man i s speaking woman and i s singing "A man i s s p e a k i n g a n d a woman i s s i n g i n g . " a2sga2ya man ga2w03ni2ha, a Z g e z 3 h y a 3 h n o d e 2 3 k ? 3 n 0 2 g i 3 7 a , a 2 n i 2 c h u 2 3 j a 2 h n o boys and i s speaking woman and is singing
"A man i s s p e a k i n g , a woman i s s i n g i n g , and boys a r e
(3)
conversing. "
(4)
(5)
a2sga2ya a 2 1 e
man and
?2ge2hyu4ja girl
a1na2hli2n02he3ha. a r e conversing
conversing
"
(6)
u2sdi Small
When t h r e e o r more words a r e j o i n e d t o g e t h e r i n a s i n g l e compound p h r a s e , -hno may be s u f f i x e d t o t h e l a s t i t e m i n t h e s e r i e s , a s i n ( 7 ) . (7) w i Z 3 1 i , d a 2 3 m i , s a Z 3 m i 3 h n o d ~ ~ n i ~ h n o ~ g i ~! B i vl ,~ Tom, i a . d Sam ' s l ~ ~ n Bill Tom Sam and t h e y sang sang. "
?2~ga2ya ga2wo3nl2ha +2ge23hyp31e3 deZ3ka3no2gi3?a yi4gi. man is speaking woman is singing or "A man is speaking or a woman is singing." (9) wiZ31i da23mi31e3 yi4gi du1hno2gi3se3?i. "Bill or Tom sang." sang Bill Tom or Note that sentences like (lo), with identical intransitive verbs, are ungrammatical in Cherokee; the corresponding sentence (ll), with the first verb deleted, is acceptable. du1hno2gi3sv3 da23mi3hno d ~ l h n o ~ g i ~ s v ~ ~ ? i . sang and Tom "Bill Bill sang Tom and sang sang.'I (11) wi231i da23mi3hno d ~ ~ n i ~ h n o ~ g i ~ s v ~ ~ ? and Tom sang." "Bill i . Bi 11 Tom ' and sang Note that the verb form in (11) is plural. Similarly, sentences like (12), with "or," are ungrammatical; reduced sentences like (13) are required instead. (10) l v~~?i (12) * ~ i ~ ~dl~ i h n o ~ ~ i ~ s da23m?31e yi4gi sang Tom or Bi 11 "Bill or Tom sang." (13) Bill daZ3mi 31e3 yi4gi Tom or d~lhno~gi~sv~~?i. sang
(8)
Conjoined sentences with identical direct objects may exhibit deletion of all but the first or last direct object; in a sentence with two coordinate clauses, either the first or last identical direct object can be deleted, as in (14).
(14) a.
gi2hli algowh2t13ha, a2ge23hya3hno a1tv2gi3?a. Bill dog sees woman and hears "Bill sees the dog, and the woman hears it." algowh2ti3ha, a2ge23hya3hno a1tv2gi3?a gi2hli. Bill sees woman and hears dog "Bill sees, and the woman hears, the dog."
b.
Alternate word orders are possible, as in (15). (15) a. gi2hli a1gowh2t?3ha wiZ31i a2ge23hya3hno a1tvZgi3?a. dog sees Bill woman and hears "Bill sees the dog, and the woman hears it." b. gi2hli a1gowh2ti3ha 82ge23hya3hno Bi 11 dog sees woman and "Bill sees, and the woman hears, the dog." a1tv2gi3?a. hears
Note also (16). (16) wah2ga du1hwp3sgo3 wiZ31i daZ3mi3hno de23g.+3n?2de3g03?i. Tom and sells them Bill cows buys them "Bill buys cows and Tom sells them." Note (17), in which an identical subject and direct object are both deleted. (17) wiZ31i da2gwa21e31a du1hwa2sgo3 de23ga3na2de3g037i3hno. Bill car buys 'them sells them and "Bill buys and sells cars."
. .
In sentences with compound subjects and first person dual or plural exclusive verbs,
350
the first person pronoun a2yv may be deleted, as in (18). (18) a. wi231i a2yv3hno ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n i ~ w o ~"Bill ~ s I spoke." i . n i and v ~ ~ ~ Bill I and he and I spoke b. wi231i ~ ~ g i ~ n i ~ w o ~ n i ~ "Bill ~ ? i I spoke." s v ~ and . Bill he and I spoke
I
Sentences (19-21) provide further examples of coordinate sentences from which identical elements have beemdeleted. (19) (20) ja23ni u 1 d ~ 2 w 0 3 ~ v 1 s~ 3 ~ ~ l i ~ vlsgwu. "John went swimming and vi hnv John he went swimming Bill and also Bill did too.11 wi2311 da23mi3hnv i23ju31a d ~ ~ n i ~ h n o ~ g i ~ s "Bill?and Tom both ' v~~ i. Bill Tom and both they sang sang.
(21) wiZ31i da23mi3hnv i23ju31a d ~ l n i ~ h n o ~ ~ ~ ~ n a l~~ s g i ~ s v ~ ~ 7 i ~ h n o . i~sv Bill Tom and both they sang they danced and "Bill and Tom both sang and danced." In coordinate sentences with identical verbs, the first verb may not be deleted; seftences such as (22a) ar,e thus grammatical, while (22b) is not. (22) a. ga4du u1du21i3ha, da23mi3hno nuZ3na. "Bill wants bread Bill bread wan& Tom and potato and Tom a potato." b. *wiZ31i ga4du, da23mi3hno u1du21j3ha. "Bill wants bread Bill bread Tom and potato wants and Tom a potato."
(22b) cannot be understood as a coordinate sentence which has undergone deletion of an identical verb. Its only possible meaning is "Bill (is) bread, and Tom wants a potato." Sentences exhibiting identical verb deletion may also have the word order of (23). (23) l i , ga4du u1du21i3ha ~ i ~ ~ daZ3mi3hno nuZ3na. Tom and potato wants Bill bread "Bill wants bread and Tom a potato."
IV-D. Subordination Subordinate clauses cannot stand alone; they occur only in compound sentences. A number of types of subordinate clauses, introduced by subordinate conjunctions, are noted in Section 111-F. Some additional types of subordinate clauses are diszussed briefly in this section. "if"-clauses Clauses translated by "if" in English are formed in Cherokee by adding the prefix y- (see Section I-A) to the verb, as in (1).
(1)
no23gwu yi2ga3w032ni4ha, hla3 ya2gwanh3ta. "If he is speaking now, I now if he's speaking not not I know don't know about it .IT
--
Non-present tense "ifT1-clauses require y-, the Set B subject pronoun prefixes, and the non-progressive form of the verb stem followed by the -a suffix (see I-C); note (2-3). (2) hla3 ya3kwtv2ga1ne sv2hi y ~ ~ ~ w o ~ ~ n IlIf he aspoke yesterday, I i ~ s . didn't hear about it." not not I heard yesterday if he speaks (3) yu23w032ni4sa, ya3kwtv2da1sdi. "If he speaks, 1'11 be listening." if he speaks listening
when1'-c 1ause s
The v e r b s o f "whentr-clauses r e f e r r i n g t o f u t u r e a c t i o n t a k e t h e S e t A p r e f i x e s and t h e non-progressive stem followed by - v 9 i , a s i n ( 5 ) . When h a b i t u a l a c t i o n i s r e f e r r e d t o , t h e v e r b a p p e a r s i n t h e form d e s c r i b e d above f o r t h e p a s t t e n s e ; note ( 6 ) .
(5)
I w i l l be t h e r e
(6)
g?2w03ni2sv4ai. when h e s p e a k s
"1
I l l
be t h e r e when he speaks."
(7)
"afterM-clauses l l A f t e r " - c l a u s e s a r e formed by t h e u s e o f t h e n- p r e f i x and s u f f i x - o ? i , a s i n ( 8 ) . (8) w ~ 2 n a 2 g ~ 9 3 1 u h 2 j 0 4~ i' w o ~ n i ~ s v ~IrHe spoke a f t e r I g o t t h e r e . " ? ~ 7 i . he spoke a f t e r I arrived there
See t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e p r e f i x n- i n I-A and t h e d i s c u s s i o n of t h e s u f f i x - o ? i i n I-D. Verbs such a s "know" and " t h i n k . " complement s e n t e n c e s ; n o t e (9-14). (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) a1gwanh2ta ga2w03ni2sgv47i. I know he i s speaking a1gwanh2ta I know Verbs l i k e tlknowtland "think" occur w i t h "1 know h e i s speaking
."
a1gwanh2ta d i 2 g a 2 w 0 3 2 n i 2 s i 3 s v 4 7 i . "I know h e w i l l speak." I know i e w i l l speak g?2w03ni2ha g e 2 1 i 3 ? a . h e ' s speaking I th'ink t h i n k he i s s p e a k i n g . "
ge21i37a. I think
t h i n k he w i l l speak tomorrow."
Note t h a t t h e form o f t h e v e r b i n t h e complement s e n t e n c e depends upon t h e v e r b which occurs i n t h e main c l a u s e ; compare (9-11) w i t h (12-14).
Note a l s o t h e f o l l o w i n g : (15) h l a 3 ~ a ~ g w a n h ~ it2a u 3 y e h 1 4 d i g e l s v y no I know n o t t h e reason is "I d o n ' t know why he i s s p e a k i n g . " h l a 3 ~ a ~ g w a n h ~u1hna3 ta no I d o n ' t know where ji2ga2w03ni4ha. t h a t he speaks "I d o n ' t know where he i s speaking.
(16) (17)
IV-E.
ga2w03ni2sgv4?i. he i s s p e a k i n g
h l a 3 ~ a ~ g w a n h ~nti a g v 3 n e 2 h v 4 ? i . "I d o n ' t know how he i s doing i t . " 2 no I h o n t t know hdw h e ' s d o i n g it
Possession
(1)
a. b
. .
c. (2) a. b c.
The forms of t h e p o s s e s s i v e pronoun, d i s c u s s e d i n 1 1 1 - A , a r e employed i n p o s s e s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n s i n v o l v i n g nouns which r e f e r t o i n a n i m a t e o b j e c t s , a n i m a l s , and d e t a c h e d body p a r t s ; n o t e (3-5). (3) g a 2 n e 1 s ? 3 ? i a2gwa 2 j. e 2 1 i 4 7 i l f m y box" my box
(4)
(5)
g i 2 h l i u 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i " h i s dog" dog his ;2w032~a a2gwa 2 j' e 2 1 i 4 7 i rtmy ( d e t a c h e d ) hand" mY hand
Note t h a t t h e p o s s e s s i v e pronoun c a n p r e c e d e o r f o l l o w t h e p o s s e s s e d noun, as i n (6) (6) a. b. u2je21i4?i his d?2gwa21e31a car "his car" "his car"
da2gwa21e31a u 2 j e 2 1 i 4 ? i
a. b.
a2gwe23ji my son
a 2 g w e 2 3j i
ga2w03ni2ha. i s speaking
m son y
IV-F.
In simple d e c l a r a t i v e s e n t e n c e s i n Cherokee, t h e s u b j e c t of t h e s e n t e n c e o r d i n a r i l y precedes t h e v e r b w i t h i t s m o d i f i e r s and o b j e c t s . I n a d d i t i o n , o b j e c t s of v e r b s o r d i n a r i l y precede t h e v e r b , r e s u l t i n g i n s u b j e c t - o b j e c t - v e r b word o r d e r i n s e n t e n c e s l i k e ( l a ) ; t h e i n v e r s i o n of t h i s o r d e r i s p o s s i b l e , y i e l d i n g t h e p a t t e r n object-verb-subject, a s i n ( l b ) . (1) a. b. a2sg?2ya man weZ3sa a l g o w h 2 t l 3 h a . cat sees
"A man s e e s a c a t . " "A man s e e s a c a t . "
weZ3sa a l g o w h 2 t i 3 h a a 2 s g a 2 y a .
Other word o r d e r s may o c c u r . Negative s e n t e n c e s , f o r example, e x h i b i t d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n s t h a n d e c l a r a t i v e s e n t e n c e s ; s e e t h e example s e n t e n c e s i n IV-A. Word o r d e r w i t h i n noun p h r a s e s . Noun p h r a s e s c o n s i s t of a pronoun o r of a noun w i t h o r without m o d i f i e r s ; noun p h r a s e s f u n c t i o n a s s u b j e c t s of s e n t e n c e s and a s o b j e c t s o f v e r b s . They may a l s o have o t h e r f u n c t i o n s . They may s e r v e , f o r example, a s o b j e c t s o f p r e p o s i t i o n s and a s adverbs o f l o c a t i o n . For t h e l a t t e r f u n c t i o n , s e e t h e d i s c u s s i o n of t h e l o c a t i v e s u f f i x i n 1 1 - B . Noun p h r a s e s may c o n s i s t of a noun modified by a n a d j e c t i v e , a s i n ( 2 ) ; n o t e t h a t t h e a d j e c t i v e precedes t h e noun.
(2)
Demonstratives l i k e " t h i s v 1 and " t h a t " occur a t t h e beginning of noun p h r a s e s ; numeral a d j e c t i v e s f o l l o w t h e d e m o n s t r a t i v e s and precede o t h e r a d j e c t i v e s , a s i n ( 3 ) .
(3)
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R e l a t i v e c l a u s e s may f o l l o w t h e nouns t h e y modify a s i n ( 4 a ) , o r t h e y may f o l l o w them a s i n (4b). (4) a. hi2?a these ?2ni23t??31i two ?2ni2sga2ya men a 3 h a 2 n i ji2da1ni23d01ga he>e who a r e s t a n d i n g
p3ha2ni j i 2 d a 1 n i 2 3 d 0 1 g a ? 2 n i 2 3 t ? ? 3 1 i ?2ni2sg?2ya men who are s t a n d i n g two here "These two men who a r e s t a n d i n g h e r e a r e s p e a k i n g . "
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Note t h a t t h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e i n word o r d e r between (4a) and (4b) i s t h a t t h e r e l a t i v e c l a u s e occupies t h e p o s i t i o n immediately f o l l o w i n g t h e d e m o n s t r a t i v e and preceding t h e a d j e c t i v e i n ( 4 b ) ; i n (4a) it o c c u r s i n t h e f i n a l p o s i t i o n w i t h i n t h e noun phrase. Word o r d e r w i t h i n v e r b p h r a s e s . Adverbs p r e c e d e t h e v e r b s t h e y modify, a s i n (5). (5) a2sda4ya ga2wo 3nj, 2 h a . "He's speaking l o u d l y loud h e ' s speaking
."
35 4
(6)
As noted above, noun p h r a s e s which f u n c t i o n a s o b j e c t s of v e r b s precede t h e v e r b ; see (1). Some a d d i t i o n a l comments on Cherokee word o r d e r . S e n t e n c e s i n Cherokee do n o t always e x h i b i t a v e r b . Cherokee s e n t e n c e s may c o n s i s t , f o r example, of two noun p h r a s e s i n j u x t a p o s i t i o n , as i n ( 7 ) , o r o f a noun p h r a s e followed by an adjective, a s in (8). (7) (8) na3 that a2sg?2ya man a2gi2d02da. m father y "That man i s m f a t h e r . " y
See t h e d i s c u s s i o n of " t o be" i n I-F f o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l s r e g a r d i n g s e n t e n c e s w i t h o u t o v e r t verb forms. For f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g word o r d e r i n g e n e r a l i n Cherokee, s e e t h e i l l u s t r a t i v e s e n t e n c e s i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y and t h e example sent e n c e s i n preceding s e c t i o n s of t h e grammar o u t l i n e . IV-G.
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The one w i t h t h e gun was a b r a g g a r t and when h e d i d something h e Walking a l o n g , t h e y saw something moving around i n t h e b u s h e s , And s u r e enough h e s h o t it and t h e y saw it f a l l t o "I s h o t it," s a i d t h e -
and t h e man w i t h t h e gun s h o t a t o n c e toward t h e b u s h e s w i t h o u t p a y i n g a t t e n t i o n t o what h e was s h o o t i n g a t . t h e ground. one w i t h t h e gun, b r a g g i n g . t h e y saw a h o r s e l y i n g t h e r e . The one w i t h o u t t h e gun s a i d "we s h o t a d e e r . I '
They r a c e d toward t h e bushes and when t h e y g o t c l o s e r "We k i l l e d someone's h o r s e , " s a i d t h e one who s h o t
it.