BRM Lecture 3-4

Business Research Methods
Page 1
Ethics in Research
Researcher
Subjects / Respondants
Clients / Sponsor
Page 2
Ethical Behaviour
Subjects
If
agreed to participate in a research study, give true information. any advance. constraints or limitations in
State
Cooperate
with the researcher throughout the course of the study.
Page 3
Ethical Behaviour
Researcher
Do
not conceal purpose of the research.
Maintain
objectivity, courtesy professional standards. confidentiality of the subjects and research sponsors.
faulty conclusions.
and
high
No
alteration of data for any purposes.
Protect
research
No
Page 4
Ethical Behaviour
Sponsor
Avoid
/ Client
and influencing the
manipulating researcher.
The
conclusions drawn from research work should be consistent with the data and not influenced by any other factors. the confidentiality of the research subjects and researcher.
Observe
Page 5
Research Process
Page 6
Research Process
Problem discovery
Exploratory research
Literature study Pilot study Focus group .
Problem definition
Research Design
A
Page 7
Research Process (continued)

A Survey Experiment Study of past data Sampling Observation
Probabilistic
Non-Probabilistic
Data collection
Data Analysis & Interpretation

Report
Page 8
Problem Discovery
Problem
is
something
which
is
undesirable.
Only
symptoms are known.

of customers. in sales. customer complaints.
Loss
Decline High etc.
Page 9
Problem Discovery
Research
topics can be identified from Opportunities also.
In
fact Problems can be viewed as Opportunities (for improvement).

New
product development. a product in new area.
Marketing Etc.
Page 10
Problem Discovery
Ask
yourself what you dont know and you would like to know.
Review
Look
previous work on the topic.
for unanswered questions, issues, theories to be tested. down all ideas & hunches that come to your mind.
Write
Page 11
Problem Discovery
Write
a general problem statement and objective.
It
should indicate what will be done.

variables & relationships to be
Identify
studied.
Narrow
down to the specific research problem based on your understanding.
Page 12
Problem Definition
Problem
Definition research objective.
sets
the
proper
Problem
We
is clearly exploratory research.
defined
after
an
need to clearly state the deficiency / opportunity that is expected to result enhancement of business goal.
Page 13
Problem Definition
Answer
to the following questions on the problem may be used as a guideline while defining a problem.
What
is the problem / opportunity? is the problem / opportunity?
Where
How
much is the problem / opportunity?

is the impact? much is the impact?
What How
Page 14
Problem Definition
After
clearly defining the problem statement and the research objective, a decision should be taken on
What What
is to be researched? information we require?
What
should be the scope of the study?
Hypothesis
A
is to be formed.
statement which needs to be proved or disproved using information.

Page 15
Constraints / Boundaries
Identify
what is In and what is Out of the scope of the research.
Page 16
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
can be written in the following
forms.
If,
o
Then
If students class attendance is high then their performance in exam is better. Higher class attendance have positive impact on students performance in exam. Does higher class attendance impacts students performance in exam?
Statement
o
Question
o
Page 17
Research Design
Page 18
Research Design
Research
design is the plan for carrying out the research.

Research Methods Methods
methods that is most suitable.
of data collection of data compilation
Type
o o
of analysis
Quantitative Qualitative
Test
hypothesis and draw conclusion.
Page 19
Components of a Research Design

Defining Design,
and Finalizing variables.
develop measurement scale.
Questionnaire
Formulation Survey
development.
of Hypothesis. interview.
designing.
selection.
Formulating Sample Plan

Page 20
of data collection & analysis.

Types of Research Design

There
are two basic types of a research design

Qualitative
Research Design.
Research Design.
Quantitative
Page 21
Two approaches Qualitative / Quantitative

Qualitative
Research is inductive method (based on observations) that incorporates values and perspectives of researcher and participants. Research is deductive (based on theory/ knowledge) & uses reasoning from general theories to specific instances in an objective manner.
Quantitative
Page 22
Focus of Quantitative Research

At
least two variables. To prove or disprove whether there is a causal relationship between two variables. Can be expressed as a prediction or an expected outcome. Logically linked to a research question.
Page 23
Qualitative Research
Qualitative
Involves
research
description of a
narrative phenomenon.
Takes
place in natural settings.
Employs
a combination of observations and interviews.
Page 24
Qualitative research
Usually
focus on one concept or idea. dont make comparisons among
Generally
groups.
Can
be based on personal experience. actions or
Usually
pertain to the perceptions of subjects.
Page 25
Qualitative research
Involves
interpretation of a situation, set of behaviours.
Analysis
must take place within a context.
Different
findings may accrue in different settings or situations.
Different
researchers may view the same situation and obtain different results.
Assumes
that there is no one right or wrong answer.

Page 26
Quantitative and Qualitative research.

Quantitative Tests hypotheses Qualitative Interpret meaning from collected observations / interviews etc.
Concepts are in the form of Concepts are ideas that can be substantiated by measurable variables. observation or interviews.
Measures are created before data Measures are created in an ad hoc manner and collection and are standardized. may not be possible to generalize. Data are in the form of numbers. Data are in the form of words, observations.
Procedures are standard with Research procedures are specific to the setting or theoretical background. Study can participants and probably can not be replicated. be reproduced. Analysis uses statistical methods Analysis involves extracting themes from evidence and proves / rejects hypothesis. and organizing data into themes and categories to present a consistent picture.
Page 27
Quantitative and Qualitative research.

Quantitative Questions ended. are direct, Qualitative close- Questions are indirect, projective, open-ended.
Larger sample size and interview Smaller sample size, but detailed interview. based on a pre decided questionnaire.
Page 28
Sampling
Purposive
o o
sampling
Non-random sampling.
Purposive sampling targets a particular group of people according to preselected criteria relevant to the research. Sample size depends on the resources, time available or theoretical saturation. Purposive sampling is effective when data review and analysis are done in conjunction with data collection.
Page 29
Sampling
Quota
o
sampling
Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling technique that is based on the judgement of the researcher. In quota sampling, the population is first segmented into mutually exclusive subgroups, similar to stratified sampling. Then judgement is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion.
Hence Quota sampling is selecting subjects, with certain characteristics. e.g. age, place of residence, gender, profession, marital status etc.
Page 30
Sampling
Snowball
o
sampling
This is also a non-probability sampling. Some populations that we are interested in studying can be hard-to-reach or hidden. In this method, participants of a study refer the other people who could potentially contribute to the study.
Page 31
Hypotheses
Dont
make firm hypotheses.
General
research questions are posed and as data collection, analysis progress, more specific questions emerge. objective is the emergence of a comprehensive description of the phenomena being investigated from the perspective of those who experience it.
The
Page 32
Data
Collection
Data
collection are through observation, interview, artifact (records / documents), behaviour recorded through observation. researcher should keep detailed records of his or her thoughts, feelings while collecting data. incorporated in research questions should be recorded.
Qualitative
Changes
Page 33
Data
Analysis and Interpretation

analysis and collection are iterative.
Data Data Data
must be organized and summarized.
are organized by coding. Descriptions of behaviour, statements, feelings, thoughts, etc. are identified and coded.
Page 34
Establishing
Validity
a Qualitative Studys Validity
is used to check whether research measures what it intended to measure. are various validity types that have been formulated as a part of research methodology.
There
Page 35

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Business Research Methods

Business Research Methods

Business Research Methods

with the researcher throughout the course of the study.

Business Research Methods

not conceal purpose of the research.

alteration of data for any purposes.

Business Research Methods

Business Research Methods

Business Research Methods

Business Research Methods

Research Process (continued)

Data Analysis & Interpretation

Business Research Methods

symptoms are known.

Decline High etc.

Business Research Methods

topics can be identified from Opportunities also.

fact Problems can be viewed as Opportunities (for improvement).

product development. a product in new area.

Business Research Methods

previous work on the topic.

Business Research Methods

a general problem statement and objective.

should indicate what will be done.

down to the specific research problem based on your understanding.

Business Research Methods

Definition research objective.

is clearly exploratory research.

Business Research Methods

is the problem / opportunity? is the problem / opportunity?

much is the problem / opportunity?

Business Research Methods

is to be researched? information we require?

should be the scope of the study?

statement which needs to be proved or disproved using information.

what is In and what is Out of the scope of the research.

Business Research Methods

can be written in the following

Business Research Methods

design is the plan for carrying out the research.

methods that is most suitable.

of data collection of data compilation

hypothesis and draw conclusion.

Business Research Methods

Components of a Research Design

and Finalizing variables.

develop measurement scale.

Formulating Sample Plan

of data collection & analysis.

Types of Research Design

are two basic types of a research design

Business Research Methods

Two approaches Qualitative / Quantitative

Business Research Methods

Focus of Quantitative Research

Business Research Methods

place in natural settings.

a combination of observations and interviews.

Business Research Methods

focus on one concept or idea. dont make comparisons among

be based on personal experience. actions or

pertain to the perceptions of subjects.