Structure of Presentation

Pipelines division: an overview Pipeline health monitoring Pipeline protections measures. Pipeline coating. Cathodic protection Pipeline surveys Pipeline repair Station/Mainline facilities Maintenance philosophy. Case studies

Pipelines Division of IndianOil : Assets

Pipeline network having total length of 10330 km, comprising pipelines of sizes ranging from 8 to 48 dia and 72 MMTPA (1.44 Million bpd) capacity 72 installations across India 3 Single Point Mooring systems 63 bulk crude storage tanks (approx. total capacity 25 Million bbl) Dedicated Telecom (with over 6,500 km OFC), SCADA system

Growth of Pipeline Length

Length ( KM)

12000 10330 10000 8000 6000

KM 4000

7730 6364 5423 3980 2014

2000 0

435 1964 1975 1985

YEAR

1996

2000

2004

2009

Age Profile of IndianOils Existing Pipelines

1800 km (> 40 Years) 3800 km (<10 Years) 2200 km (25-40 Years)

2500 km (10-25 Years)

IOCL PIPELINES

IOCL pipelines, those commissioned in 60s have already served for more than 40 years and still being operated at Max. allowable operated pressure & achieving the yearly throughput target. Implementation of effective corrosion prevention programme has helped in achieving the safe, economical & reliable operations of pipelines.

Why do pipelines fail?

Causes of pipelines failures
Third party damage Corrosion (Internal/External) Construction/Material defect Natural Calamities/Ground movement Other causes (operational error)

Failures in IOCLs Operating Pipelines

50
%

P/L FAILURES

40 30 20 10 0
Mech/Material Corrosion failures failures Third party/Pilferages failures Others

Integrity Management of Pipelines

Spillage of oil & Fire hazard

Environmental damage near leak spot

Pipeline Failure: Consequences

Interruption in petroleum supply

Legal Issues, Financial Loss

Identification of possible causes of Pipeline corrosion. Major Causes of Pipeline External Corrosion :Poor/defective Coatings. Inadequate Cathodic Protection (CP). Coating defects combination with inadequate CP. Interference due to external agencies. Stress & Bacterial corrosion. Major Causes of Internal Corrosion :Corrosive nature of fluid transported through pipeline. Erosion Corrosion. Localized Chemical attack/bacterial corrosion.

Integrity Management Practices in Indian Oil

Prevention Against Corrosion : Approach
Identification of possible causes of corrosion Evaluating approaches / methods corrosion Selecting Corrosion methods comprising solutions to deal with

Monitoring & Mitigation CP and diverse coating

Dealing with challenges in achieving effective corrosion mitigation measures Instituting an effective corrosion programme and experience sharing mitigation

Integrity Management Practices in Indian Oil

Thrust Areas

Monitoring Monitoring Pipeline Integrity Cathodic Protection Monitoring Coating

Selecting Corrosion Mitigation methods. Mitigation Of External Corrosion in Pipelines:

i) Protective Coating Effective coating/painting on metal structures is the best and most economical way of corrosion control. For cross-country pipeline, the primary protection is coating . Coating isolates the metal surface from contact with the surrounding & avoid corrosion.

Pipeline Coatings
Plant Coating Coal Tar Enamel Coating 3 Layer Polyethylene Coating Fusion Bonded Epoxy Dual Fusion Bonded Epoxy Field Coating/Refurbishment Coating Coal Tar Enamel Coating Hot Applied Coal Tar Enamel Tape Cold Applied Tape Polyurethanes coating Epoxy Coatings

Selecting Corrosion Mitigation methods. Mitigation Of External Corrosion in Pipelines:

ii)

Cathodic Protection (CP)

CP is a viable tool for Corrosion prevention. Corrosion is an electrochemical phenomenon, therefore effectively mitigated by altering the electrochemical condition. CP achieved by reversing natural corrosion current with the supply of current from external source. The external current supply in CP system is generated either by sacrificial anode or impressed current system.

Cathodic Protection Station

PS P V O L T (-)

2.05 1.95 1.85 1.75 1.65 1.55 1.45 1.35 1.25 1.15 1.05 0.95 0.85 0.75 0.65 0.55
0 .2 5 0 2 .0 1 5 4 .9 2 6 1 1.33 3 4 8 7 7 0 1 0 8 0 0 0 4 5.80 4 7.76 5 0.39 5 2.64 5 4.39 5 7.44 5 9.01 6 5.15 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 6 1 1.63 1 1.81 1 6.63 1 9.63 2 6.25 2 9.49 3 2.50 3 3.11 3 6.10 3 7.90 4 3.80

PSP profile

CHAINAGE (KM)

Qtr:2nd (April.-June 2006) OFF PONTIAL DATUM PPMAX

Selecting Corrosion Mitigation methods.

Coating And Cathodic Protection Ideally, perfect coated pipe should not take any current. However, even newly coated pipe requires current for making it above protection. The modern pipeline corrosion control work Comprises the use of good coatings in combination with suitable CP system as the main lines of defense. Supplementary defense, such as use of insulated coupling, interference mitigation device, local environmental control etc. reinforce the main defense.

Selecting Corrosion Mitigation methods. Mitigation Of Internal Corrosion in Pipelines:

Main Contributing factors Corrosive nature of the transported product. Moisture/Traces of water, CO2, oxygen, H2s, bacteria etc. Erosion - Corrosion. Mitigation Measures By regular and periodic pigging of pipeline for internal cleaning. Introduction of corrosion inhibitor in pipeline Ensuring transported product free from moisture & corrosive compound.

Pipeline Coatings Types employed in IOCL

I. Over the ditch coating :- Old pipelines such as GSPL,
BKPL, HMRB, KAPL, SMPL, MJPL are having over the ditch CTE coating.

II.

Plant Coating :- Since the mid 90s, plant / yard coating is

being adopted for new Pipelines. In KBPL, for the first time, 3LPE coating was applied Sonipat Meerut branch line was coated with FBE Koyali Ratlam line was coated with DFBE

III.

Experience of yard / plant coating

Controlled condition for application Good surface cleaning due to shot blasting Better inspection and testing Less current requirement for CP

Performance of Coatings employed in IOCLs Pipelines

I. Over the ditch coating : Coating condition of certain old
pipelines having over the ditch CTE coating are not satisfactory at many locations/stretches (current density >500 /m2). Few leaks due experienced. to soil/external corrosion were also

To achieve complete line protection of these pipelines & avoid soil corrosion/leak, large scale refurbishment of existing coating is being carried out.

II. Plant Coating : Since construction of KBPL (1995), plant

coating is being adopted for all new Pipelines. Performance of all the plant coated pipeline is quite satisfactory. All these pipelines are cathodically protected and current density of pipelines are quite satisfactory (<100 /m2).

Current Densities of different coatings in IOCL Pipelines

DIA
(inch)

LENGTH
(km)

TYPE OF COATING Over the Ditch CTE Over the Ditch CTE CTE (Plant Coated) 3LPE 3LPE FBE FBE+CTE

YEARS IN SERVICE
(year)

AVG. CURRENT DENSITY (A/m2)

LINE 1 LINE 2 LINE 3 LINE 4 LINE 5 LINE 6 LINE 7

12 24 18 22 10 10 10

800 800 950 950 110 70 170

42 30 10 13 13 9 6

400-500 400-800 8-10 13-15 5-7 40-50 10-15

Dealing with challenges in rehabilitation of old operating pipelines. Challenges

Mostly CTE (over the ditch) coated High current density i.e poor coating. Conventional CP system. Inconsistent SEB Power availability/Theft of Solar panels. Highly corrosive soil. Low frequency ERW mainline pipes.

Requirement of Coating Surveys

Coating deteriorates with passage of time & the load on CP system increases day by day. It slowly reaches a limiting condition where any amount of additional CP protection does not improve the situation. Therefore, identification of coating defects with highest accuracy becomes very important, so that coating repairs & subsequent Line Protection is achieved in shortest possible time.

Selecting suitable Surveys

CURRENT ATTENUATION TECHNIQUE (CAT) Over all assessment/classification of different stretches. Most Suitable coating surveys for priority fixing for coating refurbishment.
DC VOLTAGE GRADIENT SURVEY(DCVG)

coating quality for

DCVG for pin pointing the coating defects. APPROACH Combination of CAT & DCVG for coating assessment & finalizing locations for refurbishment.

Selecting suitable Surveys

CIPS Survey Reflects the actual status of line protection for entire section. Indicates interference problems, if any. Detects deficiencies in CP system that go undetected during routine monitoring.

Coating Surveys
CURRENT ATTENUATION TECHNIQUE (CAT) SURVEY

DC VOLTAGE GRADIENT SURVEY(DCVG)

CAT SURVEY
BASED ON DB LOSS OBSERVED FOR PIPELINE, COATING DEFECTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS UNDER : SL. NO. 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 DB/KM LOSS < 10 DB/KM 10 25 DB/KM 25 70 DB/KM ABOVE 70 DB/KM CLASSIFICATION GOOD COATING FAIR COATING BAD COATING MASSIVE DEFECT

Experience of IOCL

CAT is excellent in prioritizing the coating rehabilitation of old pipelines (poor coating). DCVG is very effective for detection of all the coating defects of newly coated pipelines or well coated pipelines. Combination of CAT, DCVG & CIPS is very effective & beneficial i.e. identifying coating defect, line protection, interference study etc.

Experience of IOCL

Pipeline metal loss features identified by IPS were plotted with the results of CAT/DCVG/CIPS & based on result, priority made for coating refurbishment & job executed.

Other parameters such as current density, soil resistivity, age & type coating, leak/corrosion history etc were also plotted along with CAT/DCVG/IPS data.

Results found to be very encouraging, Defective coatings were identified with high degree of accuracy & repaired.

Pipeline Rehab. Coatings - IOCL Experience

COALTAR ENAMEL COATING (CTE)
Earlier, Coal tar enamel coating was used for in-situ refurbishment of pipeline coating. However, major limitations are: Difficult to maintain the application temperature. Uneven flow of molten CTE resulting in uneven /inadequate coating thickness particularly at 4-8 O clock position, position Toxic fumes affect the quality of supervision. Health hazard to applicators

Pipeline Rehab. Coatings - IOCL Experience

COALTAR BASED TAPE (CTT):
Coal Tar Enamel in pliable form & consist of coal tar embedded in a fabric reinforcement of fiberglass with a uniform thickness. Application of CTT is done manually over the primed surface by slight heating of the inner side of the tape. CTT eliminates few application problems encountered in CTE coating such as Toxic fumes, Health hazard to applicators etc, Results obtained from the dig sites were not encouraging showing defects such as lumping & thinning, holidays, wrinkling etc.

Pipeline Rehab. Coatings - COALTAR BASED TAPE

Pipeline Rehab. Coatings - IOCL Experience

COLD APPLIED TAPE (CAT)
CAT is a factory produced Tape having a backing of Polyethylene and a Butyl Rubber adhesive layer. No requirement of heating during the application. Application using a wrapping machine makes it possible to achieve correct movement as well as uniform tension. Good mechanical properties & uniform coating thickness. Productivity is high Least Dependence on human skills Environment friendly.

Pipeline Rehab. Coatings - IOCL Experience

COLD APPLIED TAPE (CAT) COATING SYSTEM ADOPTED IN IOCL Conforming DIN-EN-12068:1999 Primer Liquid Adhesive. Inner Layer (3ply type) Outer Layer (2ply type) Overlap 50% Total Coating Thickness 2.5 to 3.0mm

Pipeline Rehab. Coatings Polymer based COLD APPLIED TAPE

Pipeline Rehab. Coatings Polymer based COLD APPLIED TAPE

Pipeline Rehab. Coatings - IOCL Experience

Polyurethane (PU) coating
Polyurethane coating systems are generally two component airless hot spray applied coatings. Nominal thickness of PU maintained between 1000-1250microns. Good mechanical properties & adhesion to the substrate. Productivity is high.

Observations during field application: Specialized procedure for application and requires trained applicators. Close monitoring required to ensure requisite uniform thickness. Proper PPE required during application / inspection due to toxic fumes. Transportation of sophisticated equipment to site. Surface preparation requirement is high. Coating is less surface imperfection tolerant. Insect and dust control till curing is achieved.

Pipeline Rehab. Coatings PU Coating

Pipeline Rehab. Coatings - IOCL Experience

Epoxy Coating
Epoxy coating is pretty much similar to Polyurethane and also involves spray application. Two pack (Base & Hardener) 100% solid solvent free epoxy was used for trial application.

Observations during trial field application:

Slow Curing / Dry time, thus resulting in poor productivity rates. Insect and dust control till curing is achieved. Achieving targeted thickness may need multiple coats. Close monitoring required to ensure requisite uniform thickness. Proper PPE required during application / inspection due to toxic fumes. Transportation of sophisticated equipment to site. Surface preparation requirement is high. Coating is less surface imperfection tolerant.

EPOXY COATING

Introduction of Intelligent Pig Survey (IPS)

IPS is a well proven and latest technique for health monitoring of a pipeline and it can scan the complete pipeline. Generally following two types of IPS tool are used :-

1) Ultrasonic Type 2) Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) a) Longitudinal b) Transverse

Intelligent Pig Survey (IPS)

Ultrasonic type: This type of survey requires the introduction of a liquid into the pipeline to couple the sensor signal to the pipe wall. Magnetic Flux leakage (MFL) type: MFL method involves introduction of a magnetic field on the pipe wall and sensing the leakage of field. Presently MFL technique is the most commonly used technique for Inline Inspection surveys.

REQUIREMENT OF INTELLIGENT PIG SURVEY External and internal corrosion subsequent growth monitoring. detection and

Inspection of pipeline locations which are not approachable like river crossing, submerged crossings, bridge crossings etc. To identify corroded section, require replacement or repair. Setting operational parameters health condition. based on pipeline pipeline by

Assessment of corrosion rate in comparing data of previous survey.

Planning for operation and maintenance activities.

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF MFL TECHNIQUE

MFL tool is housed with Permanent magnets with sensors & secondary sensors. Magnetically Saturate Pipewall ,One Small part at a time. Magnetic flux tends to travel through steel and magnetic saturation occurs. Once the steel becomes saturated some of the flux starts to significantly leak out of the material. Localized decrease in pipe wall thickness (i.e. corrosion) causes a localized increase in magnetic saturation that in turn causes localized increases in flux leakage.

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF MFL TECHNIQUE

Sensors housed in tool measures the flux leakages caused by metal loss or by other anomalies. Primary sensors measure the flux leakage in the internal or external pipe surface. Secondary sensors will measure the flux leakage caused by metal loss in the internal surface. Flux leakages are measured and interpolated in order to measure and characterize the defect. Sensors detect the flux leakage and various techniques are used to analyses the signals. The defects are characterized on the basis of type, size, shape, orientation and location

SEQUENCE OF INTELLIGENT PIG SURVEY

CLEANING PIGS: PIG is launched to clean the pipeline from muck/debris, which may be present in the pipeline. GAUGING PIG: Gauging PIG equipped with Al plates is launched to check the internal geometry of the pipeline. Results are analyzed based on physical condition of Al. plates. If deformations is large (more than 10%), rectification/re-run may be planned.

14GAUGE PIG BEFORE AND AFTER RUN

before run

after run

SEQUENCE OF INTELLIGENT PIG SURVEY MARKER MAGNETS: Before the caliper PIG run, marker magnets are installed all along the pipelines at every 1-2 kms of interval. CALIPER PIG: to determine bends and their bending direction Electronic Geometric Pig is launched. The EGP results will clearly show if any restrictions are in the pipeline that might prevent safe passage of the ILI tool. The geometry run will also give detailed information on geometrical features, such as bends, ovalities. Dents etc. Rectification of deformation if any which may restrict passage of intelligent pig

SEQUENCE OF INTELLIGENT PIG SURVEY PULL THROUGH TEST : Before the launch of ILI tool in the pipeline the tool undergoes pull through test, wherein the tool is passed through a section of pipeline with known defects at contractor works. WET LOOP TEST: Generally, during initial development stage, ILI tool is also tested in wet loop. The purpose of this test is to ascertain the accuracy of the tool in terms of detection of defects. IP SURVEY: Once the IP tool successfully passes pull through test, the tool is introduced in the pipeline and data is collected.

GENERAL VIEW AND FUNCTIONING

MFL INTELLIGENT PIG SENSOR.

ONLINE DATA PROCESSING

MINIMUM REQUIREMENT OF INTELLIGENT PIG Detect following with size and chainage of pipeline. Internal corrosion. External corrosion. All fitting in pipeline like valves, sleeves, leak clamps etc. And girth weld Length of each pipes with thickness details. Longitudinal and circumferential grooving. Type of defect Associated with software to prioritize the defects for repair and to assess the overall health condition of the pipeline.

CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS

RELEVANCE OF IPS WITH OPERATION

IPS REPORT IS BASE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF LINE CONDITION AND MAOP FOR THE LINE IS SET ACCORDINGLY. BEFORE START OF SURVEY DETAILS OF LINE WITH EXISTING MAOP ARE GIVEN TO THE SURVEYOR. LINE DETAILS ARE REQUIRED TO FIX TOOL PARAMETERS AND EVALUATION OF IPS RESULTS. EXISTING MAOP IS REQUIRED TO EVALUATE SEVERITY OF FEATURES AND CALCULATION OF ERF VALUE.

DETERMINATION OF ESTIMATED REPAIR FACTOR (ERF)

ERF is calculated to classify the defects on the basis of severity. ERF is the ratio of true MAOP of the pipeline to the calculated MAOP in corroded area of the defect. ERF = MAOP/MAOP in corroded area (p)

LIMITATION OF IPS
No direct assessment of pipe Strength (only metal loss detected). Difficult to idenfify the Weld defect/material defect. (Hydrotest would be required for finalization of safe operating pressure of pipeline). MFL is indirect measurement of wall loss, any error in data interpretation would lead to error in final data. More depended on data interpreter

IPS RESULT Vs COATING SURVEY

TYPICAL PLOT RESULTS OF IPS (FEATURE DENSITY)

TYPICAL PLOT - RESULTS OF CAT SURVEY

90 80 70 d L s /K B os M 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Pipeline Chainage 14 16 18 20

MAINLINE MAINTENANCE

Pump Station layout

12MOV

IC

12

SLB
From Panipat IC To Jalandhar

SRB
14 14 MOV
IFD

14 MOV

12MOV 3 8 2

12

12

12

12

12

TM
6 12
12 MOV
MP-3 MP-2 MP-1

8 8 8 8
E

12 MOV 12

12

TM
14 MOV 12 MOV

Strainer
10 10 10 14
E H

TM

TM

10 14 10
S/F

12 12 MOV 6 6 14 HSD SK ATF MS 14

14 10

INSPECTION OF R.O.W.
To observe surface condition Wash outs Leaks Encroachments To inspect the Markers & accessories Markers TLPs Block Valves CP / RCP stations To inspect Crossings & vulnerable locations and special attention to suspended crossings, exposed area etc.

MAINLINE FACILITIES
Boundary Pillar (BP) Turning Post (TP) Kilo Meter Post (KMP) Vent Pipe (VP) Test Lead Post (TLP) Caution Board Block Valve (BV) CP Station Repeater Station Repeater cum CP Station (RCP)

MAINLINE LAYOUT
Position of M/L markers
IOCL KBPL IOCL KBPL

BP

VP TP

TLP

VP KMP 154

Casing Caution Board

IOCL KBPL

Pipe

RO A

IOCL KBPL

MAINLINE PATROLLING
Daily Patrolling by Line Patrol Man (LPM) Surprise check by officers Mainline Patrolling by officers Daily Patrolling Report Monthly Patrolling Report Surprise Check Report Report on M/L Inspection by officers

ROW MAINTENANCE
Providing missing M/L markers Painting of existing M/L markers Updation of Caution Boards Removal of bushes, trees etc from ROW Attending washouts Removal of encroachments Attending shorted cased crossing Refurbishing of Coat & Wrap

MAINLINE EMERGENCIES
Leak Burst Pilferage Welding of Leak Clamp Welding of Sleeve (Full/Half)

CORROSION INHIBITOR
AN INHIBITOR IS A SUBSTANCE, WHEN ADDED IN SMALL CONCENTRATION TO AN ENVIRONMENT DECREASES THE CORROSION RATE. MOST INHIBITORS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED BY EMPIRICAL EXPERIMENTATION. MANY INHIBITORS ARE PROPERIETARY IN NATURE AND THEIR COMPOSITION IS NOT DISCLOSED.

CORROSION INHIBITOR
IN CROSS-COUNTRY PRODUCT PIPELINE, WE ARE USING CORROSION INHIBITOR TO MITIGATE THE INTERNAL CORROSION OF PIPELINE. PRESENTLY UNICOR-J @ 6PPM IS BEING USED. CORROSION INHIBITOR FORMS A LAYER INSIDE THE PIPE AND MAKE IT PASSIVE. IN CRUDE PIPELINE, NO C.I. IS INJECTED IN IOCL PIPELINE BH CRUDE FORMS A LAYER OF WAX.

CORROSION PROBES & COUPONS

INTERNAL CORROSION RATE OF PIPELINE IS BEING MONITORED BY :1) CORROSION COUPON :- INSTALLED AT NRVs/AT SUITABLE LOCATIONS. 2) CORROSION PROBES:- INSTALLED IN MAINLINE & WORKING ON RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT.

INTERNAL CORROSION RATE

As per NACE RP-0775-91 corrosion rate is categorized as

Category Low
Moderate High Severe

Average corrosion rate ( MPY)

< 1.0 1.0 4.9 5 10.0 > 10.0

ER PROBE:
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 Description Protective Cover Extension Adopter O Ring for Cover Hollow Plug Assy Primary Packing screw Lock Flush ER Probe Material Carbon Steel 316SS Viton 316 SS Teflon 316SS 316 SS

INTERNAL CLEANING OF PIPE

Pigging operation
Caliper Pig,Foam Pig, Instrument Pig Purpose of pigging:
1. 2. 3.

Types of Pig: Cleaning Pig, Batching Pig,

4.

To clean the new pipe debris. To know the inside pipe dia profile. For inspection and measurement of any corrosion or metal loss. For generating initial pipe line data.

PIGGING AND ITS IMPORTANCE

Mandrel pigs, which have a central body tube, or mandrel, and various components which can be assembled onto the mandrel to configure a pig for a specific duty;

PIGGING AND ITS IMPORTANCE

Scrapper pigs, which have a central body tube, or mandrel, and various components like PU cups and spring steel brushes which can be assembled onto the mandrel to configure a pig for a specific duty.

PIGGING AND ITS IMPORTANCE

BI-DI or Batching pigs, which have a central body tube and disc components can be assembled onto the body to configure a pig for a specific duty;

Experience of IOCL
Case Study

Product Pipeline in operation since 1966 (API 5L X-46 ERW)

Few corrosion failures occurred. Pipeline was de-rated to 80% of the MAOP In line inspection of the pipeline was carried out.

Experience of IOCL
Case Study (cont..)

Critical defects in the pipeline were rectified.

To check the seam integrity, hydro-test was conducted.

Result of hyrotest was quite encouraging. 7 significant defects were eliminated.

Experience of IOCL
Case Study 2 (cont..)

CAT, DCVG & CPL Survey conducted to check the performance of existing CP & coating.

Pipeline metal loss features identified by IPS were plotted with the results of CAT/DCVG/CPL & based on result, priority made for coating refurbishment & job executed.

Experience of IOCL
Case Study (cont..)

Results found to be very encouraging, Defective coatings were identified high degree of accuracy & repaired

CP system was upgraded beds

by providing solar

battery bank/battery bank & renovation of ground

Appreciable

improvement

in

line

protection

achieved. Current density reduced up to 50%.

No corrosion failure in last 5 years. Pipeline was re-rated to new MAOP

HYDROSTATIC TESTING OF P-M & M-A SECTIONS OF BKPL DETAILS OF LINE FAILURES OCCURRED FURING HYDROTESTING
STAGES OF PRESSURE TESTING IST STAGE 2ND STAGE NO. OF FAILURE FAILURE NOS. SEAM FAILURE LENGTH/ WIDTH 1.4 MTR/ 8MM 2.1 MTR./ 11 MM 0.11 MTR/ 4MM 0.1 MTR/ 1 MM 1.0 MTR/ 10 MM 2.1 MTR/ 22 MM 0.04 MTR FAILURE PRESSURE (EX-ALD) IN KG/CM2 49.5 63.0 61.5 75.0 75.0 82.0 85.0
BK/HYDRO

1 4

IST 2ND 35D 4TH 5TH

3RD STAGE

6TH 7TH