AIR MASTER CONTROL The combustion air master control is designed to maintain the air flow in its proper

relationship with fuel for good combustion conditions. A high selecting logic compares the boiler firing rate demand signal(Boiler demand), generated by Unit Coordinator logic, multiplied by the output signal of O 2 controller in order to weigh the right amount of combustion air, to the total fuel (coal plus oil) flow signal; the highest of them, compared, via a high selecting logic, to a fixed value to provide a minimum combustion air flow capability by preventing the air flow set point from being reduced below 25% of full range (25% is minimum air flow as per NFPA code) becomes the set point of the air master controller; the result is that actual fuels flow sets the minimum air flow demand. The output signal of the air master control station (i.e. combustion excess air demand) corrects the set point of each secondary plus tertiary air flow control, if all of them are in manual mode, the air master is forced to manual too. OXYGEN CONTENT CONTROL If only the amount of theoretical air were furnished some fuel would not burn, therefore to assure a complete combustion additional combustion air has to be furnished; the additional amount of combustion air is called excess air, and it is evaluated by the oxygen percentage not used that leaves the boiler in the flue gases. So the oxygen trim control loop is used to calibrate continuously the combustion air flow demand; the O 2 percentage set point is a function of the boiler load (SH steam flow) and the operator has a biasing capability to shift the O2 percentage set point curve up or down of the established curve based on boiler test. The O2 percentage set point is compared to the analyzer output signal and through a dedicated controller sets the oxygen percentage correction, which is sent to the air master. In order to avoid windup, the integral action is blocked if the air master is in manual mode. At the output of the oxygen trimming control high and low limits are provided.

SECONDARY PLUS TERTIARY AIR FLOW CONTROL Six of the hereinafter control loops are provided, one for each mill. The secondary plus tertiary air flow control is designed to maintain the air flow in its proper relationship with fuel for good combustion conditions by operating the associated control damper. According to the mill status, a high selection logic compares the air demand signal to a fixed value (i.e. minimum mill air flow, cooling air), the highest of them, multiplied by the air master control station output (i.e. excess air demand,), becomes the set point of the mill secondary plus tertiary air flow controller. The S.A. plus T.A. flow set point is compared to the related mill S.A. plus T.A. flow (temperature compensated) and through a controller sets the demand for the control damper. According to the mill status, the secondary plus tertiary air demand signal will be as follows: no mills in service: the above signal will be equal to zero, it means only minimum air will be required;

 related mill in service: the above signal will be the characterized boiler load signal (i.e. SH steam flow) related mill out of service and at least one mill in service: the above signal will be equal to approx. 75% (to be defined) of the average S.A. plus T.A. flow to mills in service. The resulting demand to the individual damper is compared to the damper position (measured by position transmitter) and, through a high reset proportional plus integral controller, sets the control output to the I/P converter. Proper firing action are performed according to the request from Burner Management System and Air & Flue Gases functional group that force S.A. plus T.A. control damper at proper position, that are: partially open (approx. X% to be defined) to perform mill start-up partially open (approx. 30%) to guarantee minimum combustion air flow rate to perform furnace purge sequence last position for five minutes if the combustion air flow is below the purge rate at the time of the trip, waiting time for purge fully open for natural draft requirement

SECONDARY AIR FLOW CONTROL The secondary air flow control is designed to maintain the air flow in its proper relationship with fuel for good combustion conditions by operating the associated control dampers, two for each mills. According to the mill status, a high selection logic compares the secondary air demand signal to a fixed value (i.e. minimum secondary air flow, cooling air), the highest of them becomes the set point of the mill secondary air flow controller. The S.A. flow set point is compared to the related mill S.A. plus evaluated P.A. flow (temperature compensated) and through a controller sets the demand for the control dampers. According to the mill status, the secondary air demand signal will be as follows: no mill in service: the above signal will be equal to zero, it means only minimum secondary air will be required; related mill in service: the above signal will be the characterized mill load signal (i.e. mill coal feeders rate); related mill out of service and at least one mill in service: the above signal will be equal to approx. 75% (to be defined) of the average S.A. flow to mills in service. The S.A. flow demand is actually the average demand for each of the two dampers; the operator can settle a bias in order to balance the incidental mismatch between the two dampers. If one damper is on manual, the damper on automatic compensates for the damper not participating in the control. Thus, the bias is continuously calculated when one or more dampers are on manual.

When the last is put in auto, the bias is released to the operator at the bias, that is actually between the dampers. The resulting demand to the individual damper is compared to the damper position (measured by position transmitter) and, through a high reset proportional plus integral controller, sets the control output to the I/P converter. Proper firing action are performed according to the request from Burner Management System and Air & Flue Gases functional group that force S.A. control dampers at proper position, that are: partially open (approx. X% to be defined) to perform mill start-up partially open (approx. 30%) to guarantee minimum combustion air flow rate to perform furnace purge sequence last position for five minutes if the combustion air flow is below the purge rate at the time of the trip, waiting time for purge fully open for natural draft requirement

SECONDARY AIR TO OIL BURNERS FLOW CONTROL The S.A. to oil burners flow control is designed to maintain the proper flow to oil burners satisfying the boiler demand, the control philosophy is a simple feedback closed control loop. A high selecting logic compares the boiler firing rate demand signal, generated by Unit Coordinator logic deducted by coal flow (if any), to the total oil flow signal, the highest of them becomes the S.A. to lit oil burners flow demand; the result is that S.A. flow demand is limited to (not lower than) the level of the signal representing available oil flow. The resulting signal is increased by the cooling air flow to the idle burners; the result is the S.A. to oil burners set-point, that is compared to the flow measurement and, through the dedicated controller, sets the S.A. total flow demand for all the oil burners in service. Because each oil burner is equipped with its S.A. control damper, the S.A. flow demand is limited according to the number of burners in service and then multiplied by 8 (total number of oil burners) and finally divided by the number of oil burners in service; consequently the gain of the total loop doesnt depend on the number of burners in service. Proper firing action are performed according to the request from Burners Management System and Air & Flue Gases functional groups that force oil burners S.A. control dampers at proper position, that are: minimum position for cooling; it means that, when related burner is out of service, the damper will be almost quite closed partially open (approx. 30%) to guarantee minimum combustion air flow rate to perform furnace purge sequence last position for five minutes if the combustion air flow is below the purge rate at the time of the trip, waiting time for purge fully open for natural draft requirement One for each burner, i.e. eight, slave control loops are provided, receiving the same flow demand from the unique master loop. Each slave loop is provided with independent biasing capability by the operator.