GENERAL

Scope of Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy in Villages in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India: An Energy Security Analysis
A survey has been carried out in a cluster of four villages in Amaniganj Block of Faizabad District of Eastern Uttar Pradesh in India. The survey is based on primary and secondary data collected from household and village level questionnaires. The present energy consumption in cooking, lighting, other domestic activities, agriculture allied activities, rural industry and transport has been worked out. An effort has been made to evaluate the present energy resources in the cluster and surplus/deficit in terms of energy resources has been worked out. A five-year programme incorporating energy conservation systems and renewable energy systems has been proposed, and accordingly energy security analysis has been carried out.
Authors Ms. Shweta Singh and Dr. Usha Bajpai
Renewable energy Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, university of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, india. Telephone: +91 933 591 3885 email: dr_ushabajpai@rediffmail.com

ndias sustained rural economic development vitally depends on its energy security and the promotion of sustainable and environment friendly energy technologies in rural areas. The energy needs, which are growing with the pace of economic development, cannot be met with only oil and gas for long. Currently, the total domestic production by Indian companies is less than one third of current domestic consumption. Oil and gas reserves in India are quite limited and our growing bills for imported crude oil are putting unbearable burden on our economy, particularly with the rising cost of crude oil in the international market. These facts compel us to think of a new strategy to deal with the rising energy demands. We need a new paradigm of energy security to address our developmental needs, particularly in rural areas. This paradigm would have to focus on several issues: a less energy intensive path of development, increasing the use of renewable energy sources, and also aimed at reducing carbon emission and improving efficiency in production and consumption. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is executing an ambitious programme for Integrated Rural Energy Planning (www.mnre.gov.in) comprising of policies addressing the issues of utilisation of renewable energy sources in the rural sector. The micro-level planning and development should meet

the needs of the villages with locally available energy sources. This paper deals with different aspects of energy security in a cluster of four villages in the Faizabad District located in Eastern Uttar Pradesh of India. The cluster of villages chosen comprise of viz Bawan (households: 1,355), Bachauda (households: 405), Biraulijham (households: 480) and Dhanthua (households: 367). These villages are under Block Amaniganj in Milkipur Tehsil of Faizabad District in Uttar Pradesh, India and are located about 0.5Table 1: Demographic details of the cluster Village Bawan Bachauda Biraulijham Dhanthua Total Hamlets 13 6 2 8 Male Adult 2620 831 1065 804 Male Child 1210 325 460 198

2.5 km from the main road. The distance from block headquarter is 4-11 km from the bus station, and 25-32 km from the railway station. Faizabad falls under agro-climatic zone 8 (eastern plains) in Uttar Pradesh, India The temperature varies from 5C 45C with average annual rainfall of 1,010 mm. The soil type of the area is mainly Balui Domat. The demographic details of the cluster are given in Table 1. The literacy rate of the cluster ranges from 49.9% to 35.8%. Village farmers have a marginal agricultural landholding of less

Female Adult 2507 760 970 741

Female Child 1133 253 418 188

Total 7470 2169 2913 1931

Average/ Household 5.51 5.36 6.07 5.26

Table 2: Land use pattern of the cluster Village Net sown area (ha) 512.0 202.0 129.5 250.0 Cropping intensity (approx) % 172.4 172.4 172.4 172.4 Pastures (ha) Barren land (ha) 15.0 4.9 1.0 19.5 Area under forest (ha) 26.0 4.3 Nil Nil Other land (ha) 59.0 26.6 197.5 33.5 Net irrigation area (ha) 396.8 192.3 100.4 210.0 Total area (ha) 612.0 237.8 328.0 303.0

Bawan Bachauda Biraulijham Dhanthua

Nil Nil Nil Nil

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GENERAL
Figure 1: Dr. usha Bajpai with villagers in the cluster Figure 2: Ms shweta singh getting information from a village

than one hectare (ranging from 51.5% to 79%). The remainder are made up of small farmers with an agriculture holding of 1-2 hectare (ranging from 4.8% to 8.6%) and large farmers with an agriculture holding of more than 2 hectare (ranging from 0.9% to 3.4%). Livestock population consists of bullocks, cows, buffaloes, bulls and others. The majority of the land is under cultivation. For drinking water, the villages in the cluster are dependent on 612 hand pumps installed by the Government under various rural development schemes and by households. In addition, there are twenty open wells and thirteen small and big ponds. Gomti River is nearest to the cluster. Water is available throughout the year. The distance from the river to the cluster is 9-11 km. The hamlets of Bawan -Pure Nema, Pure Laad and Ratapura- are unelectrified. Social infrastructures include medical, educational and community centre facilities. Bawan has one midwife centre, one dispensary, one primary health centre and one Allopathic and one Ayurvedic hospital. Each village has a Panchayat Bhavan for meeting the Gram Panchayat. In terms of educational facilities, Bawan has one nursery school, three primary basic schools and two higher secondary schools. Bachauda has one nursery school and two primary basic schools. Biraulijham has one nursery school and two primary basic schools and Dhanthua has two nursery schools and one primary basic school. Paddy, arhar, urad and sugarcane are the main Kharif season crops while wheat, gram, mustard, peas, lentil and barley are the main Rabi season crops. Bawan has three rice mills and one furniture and wood-related small industry. Bachauda has one rice mill. Mechanically driven equipment include bullock carts, privately owned tractors, privately owned diesel engine pump sets and Government and privately owned electric pump sets. The villagers hire tractors and diesel pump sets for their agricultural needs. Human power and animal power is frequently used for domestic, agricultural and transportation needs besides the use of cycles, motorcycles and scooters.
Boiling Point. issue 57 2009

Detailed assessment of available energy resources

The most important energy resource of the cluster is renewable energy resources like solar energy, cow dung and biomass, including firewood and agricultural waste. To assess solar energy in the cluster, an assessment of available solar energy in 10m2 of each household was calculated, roughly 19,700 kWh annually. There are 2,607 households in the cluster and so the potential of solar energy is 51.36 x 106 kWh annually. The wind energy potential in the cluster is negligible because it is in the dilute form. Biomass energy resources include agricultural waste, firewood and animal excreta, etc. These are important fuel sources in the cluster, especially for domestic purposes. It has been recommended that the energy plantation should cover 6% of the total land area (Advisory Board of Energy, 1985). Taking the total area of the cluster into account, 88.848 ha can be used for the energy plantation. The average biomass availability from the energy plantation can be taken as 6 ton/ha/year and so the biomass availability in the cluster will be 533.08 ton/yr which can be realised in a period of six to seven years. Forest residue parameters have not been considered because of strict laws relating to their exploitation. Agricultural waste -stalks, leaves, straws, husk etc.- is considered to be an important source of biomass for energy production. The consumption of agricultural waste is basically for fodder and fuel purposes. To calculate the agricultural waste, crop production is multiplied by the crop residue ratio (Bajpai and Bajpai, 2007). The figure for the cluster for the crop grown in the Kharif and Rabi seasons amounts to 1522.61 ton/year for Bawan, 662.82 ton/year for Bachauda, 287.85 ton/year for Biraulijham and 690.07 ton/ year for Dhanthua, totalling 3163.35 ton/ year for the whole cluster. Livestock population is an important parameter with 6,792 buffaloes, cows and bullock. Sheep, goat, poultry etc. have not

been included in the bovine population. Taking an average collection of around 75% of animal excreta per day, an average excreta yield of the cattle is 11 kg/day, 56.03 ton of wet dung or 11.20 ton of dry dung (assuming 80% liquid). This has a potential of 1867.8 m3/day of generation of biogas (Bajpai, 2004). Trees like semal, peepal, imly etc. and wild bushes are found in agricultural and non-agricultural land. Various tree species found in the village land are neem, shisham, babul, ber, munj eucalyptus and various types of wild bushes etc. The average biomass yield from non-agricultural land can be taken as 4 ton/hectare firewood and timber for Faizabad District. This includes areas under forest, canal strips, village wood lots, community spaces, etc. The cluster does not have pastures. The area under forest is 30.26 ha. Only the barren land and other land can be taken into account because of strict laws relating to exploitation of forest residues. Nonagricultural land in the cluster is 357.02 ha and the annual production of biomass will be 1428.08 ton. Commercial fuel includes electricity (three hamlets of Bawan village are unelectrified). Kerosene, for which the supply is 3 litres/card holder per month, amount to 95 kl/year through the public distribution system. Diesel, petrol and LPG are scarcely available. The overall assessment of all energy resources and fuel supply in the cluster is given in Table 3.

Existing energy consumption pattern

Energy consumption in the domestic sector has the major share in rural energy. The survey analysed the following parameters: Cooking devices used in the surveyed villages Cooking fuels and their consumption % of different fuel sources Energy use in domestic lighting Energy consumption in other household devices such as electronic fan, coal and electric iron, TV etc. The survey found that the most popular appliance used for cooking is still the
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GENERAL
Category Solar Energy Energy Plantation Agricultural Waste Animal Excreta Biomass from Non-agricultural land Electricity Kerosene Estimated resource base 51.36 x106 kWh/year 533.08 ton/year 3163.35 ton/year 4090.48 ton/year of dry dung is generated in the villages assuming 75% collection efficiency 1428.08 ton/year of biomass Very poor supply less than 4 hrs/day 95 kl/year supply through public distribution system. Figure 3: Percentage share in cooking in energy terms 2 1 3 4 5

Table 3: energy related resources of the cluster

traditional chulhas (woodstoves), though it has efficiency of only 5% to 10%. It is also very hazardous to health as it emits much smoke because of its low thermal efficiency. All the households have this device -about 1.3% of the households use kerosene stoves and only 97 households in the cluster use LPG stoves- none of the households use biogas stoves. All the households in the cluster use firewood for cooking purposes. The per capita consumption is 0.74 kg/day. Its share in energy terms is 61.60% for cooking. A major quantity of agricultural waste generated in the cluster is consumed for fodder/feeding and other purposes. 43.5% of households use agricultural waste as a fuel source. Its share in energy terms is 9.93% for cooking and per capita consumption is 0.11 kg/day. 100% of the households use dung cake for cooking activities. Most of the dung available in the cluster is used for making dung cakes. The share of the dung cake in energy terms for cooking is 26.45% and per capita consumption is 0.42 kg/day. Kerosene is a minor fuel used for cooking activities (1.3% of the households in the cluster). Per capita consumption of kerosene for cooking purposes is 0.002 l/ day; of this source only 0.22% of the total energy consumption is for cooking. LPG consumption is presently around 3.72% and per capita consumption is 0.006 kg/day. The share of LPG is 1.80% of the total energy for cooking. Although there are five family-size biogas plants installed in the cluster, all the plants are non-functional and so biogas is not used for cooking purposes in the households. The main energy source for domestic lighting in the cluster of villages is kerosene, followed by electricity. All households use kerosene in domestic lighting. The majority of households have connections which are not properly permitted while none of the households use biogas. Per capita consumption of kerosene in lighting is 0.033 l/day and per capita consumption of electricity is 0.023 kWh/day. In terms of energy consumption, 93.4% share is of kerosene and 6.64% is of electricity.
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The energy consumption in other domestic activities like running electrical appliances i.e. fan, coal and electric irons, TV etc. has also been surveyed. The share in energy is 80% coal and 20% electricity. Table 4 presents the total energy consumption in all the domestic activities in the cluster. The maximum energy share is for firewood (56.64%) followed by dung cake (24.32%). The total energy input in agriculturebased activities has been studied and divided into three major end-uses i.e. cultivation, irrigation and thrashing and harvesting. The villages mostly use tractors and bullocks for agricultural activities. Diesel and electrical engine pump sets are used for irrigation purposes. There are 80 owned bullock carts, 59 owned tractors, nine owned electric pump sets, five

n 1. Firewood n 2. Agricultural waste n 3. Dung cake n 4. Kerosene n 5. LPG

Government tube wells, 186 owned diesel engine pump sets and 82 owned thrashers. However, those villagers who do not own pump sets, tractors, etc. hire them. The majority of farmers use electric and diesel pump sets for irrigation in addition to the use of four ponds. The average capacity of the pump sets is in the range of 7.5 to 10 HP. The share in irrigation in energy terms is 25% of the total for agriculture. Tractors are the main source of cultivation (bullocks 1-2%). The households which do not own bullocks or tractors hire them

Figure 4: energy consumption per capita in domestic activities

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Table 4: Fuel consumption in all domestic activities Fuel Type Firewood Agricultural waste Dung Cakes Coal Kerosene Electricity Biogas LPG Quantity 3885.63 568.00 2207.45 28.78 184.02 63.50 00.00 30.10 Unit ton/yr ton/yr ton/yr ton/yr kl/yr 000kWh/yr 000m /yr
3

Ag

Fi re w oo ric d, ul kg tu /d re ay w as te D ,k un g/ g da C y ak es ,k g/ da y C oa l,k g/ da Ke y ro se ne El ,lt ec /d tri ay ci ty ,k W h/ Bi da og y as ,c um /d ay LP G ,k g/ da y

Per Capita 0.735000 0.107400 0.417500 0.005440 0.348000 0.000012 0.000000 0.005693

Unit kg/day kg/day kg/day kg/day lt/day kWh/day m /day

3

Share (%) 56.64 10.96 24.33 0.78 7.22 0.25 0.00 1.65

ton/yr

kg/day

GENERAL
Fuel Type Firewood Dung Cakes Agricultural waste Kerosene Coal Electricity Biogas LPG Diesel Animal Power Unit ton ton ton kl ton 000kWh/yr 000cum/yr ton/yr kl 000h Bawan 1865.10 699.86 285.00 98.24 32.06 43.11 0.00 15.62 129.98 56.75 Bachauda 699.37 510.48 105.00 29.35 9.58 27.93 0.00 5.01 41.85 38.02 Biraulijham 466.27 555.86 68.00 34.80 11.35 6.93 0.00 6.01 44.14 39.73 Dhanthua 854.89 441.25 137.00 26.62 8.67 6.53 0.00 3.96 40.97 30.65 Total 3885.63 2207.45 568.00 189.01 61.66 84.50 0.00 30.60 256.94 165.15

Table 5: Village-wise annual fuel consumption

for cultivation. Tilling of land is generally carried out three to five times a year. Land preparation activities like tilling, pudding and sowing are also taken into account. The share in cultivation in energy terms is 57.3% of the total for agriculture. Harvesting and thrashing of crops is generally performed manually using bullocks or tractors. The share of thrashing and harvesting in energy terms is 17.7% of the total for agriculture. There is one small furniture industry operating in Bawan village which consumes electricity. Three rice mills in Bawan and one rice mill in Bachauda village consume electricity/diesel. There are many villageowned shops that consume fuel like kerosene, diesel and electricity. Energy consumption in the cluster has been worked out on the total consumption of industry in the four villages. Transportation also forms a major energy consumption source in the cluster. Tractors and trolleys are the major transportation of crops and products from the fields, manure and fertilizers to the fields and household transportation of the villages. Tractor mounted trolleys are used to carry agricultural produce. People also use motorcycles and scooters as private vehicles. The overall energy consumption is calculated by adding all the sectors like domestic, agriculture, industry and transportation together (Table 5).

Assessment of energy deficit and surplus energy resources

To carry out the energy security analysis, it is important to assess the energy gap and surplus energy resources in the cluster. There are 1,904 cement houses and 703 mud houses in the cluster. The solar thermal and solar photovoltaic system can be installed to harness the available solar energy. Wood is used for domestic firewood and local timber requirements. Assuming that 20% of the wood is utilised as timber, the remaining firewood from the energy plantation and from non-agricultural land will be 426.24 ton/year and 1142.46 ton/ year of firewood respectively against the annual consumption of 3885.63 ton of firewood. This is an alarming situation. In terms of animal waste, the annual consumption of dung cakes is 2207.45 ton while the availability of wet animal excreta is 20452.41 ton/year or 4090.48 ton/year of dung cakes. Annual dung cake surplus in the cluster is 1183.03 ton. Assuming that 30% of the total production of agricultural waste is being used for fodder and thatching, the total surplus of agricultural waste in the cluster is 2214.3422 ton/year. In terms of kerosene, the villagers in the cluster buy 94.027 kl/year from the black market. The overall gaps/surplus of all energy sources and fuel supply in the cluster are given in Table 6.
Category Solar Energy Firewood Dung cake Agricultural waste Biomass from non-agricultural lands

Sustainable rural energy plan

The conversion technologies and energy devices form a critical link between the available primary and secondary energy resources and the perceived energy needs of the users. The basic consideration for selecting any energy device or any energy conversion technology is that the device should be convenient to use and be reliable with trouble free operation and minimum maintenance requirements. The energy delivered should match the users needs and be cheaply available. The device should have a positive social and environmental impact and the device and conversion technology should be efficient and effective in using primary energy resources. In order to provide energy security in the cluster, a sustainable rural energy plan has been worked out to be implemented in the next five years. The survey covered the willingness of the villages to adopt the renewable energy system instead of additional devices.

Deficit (-) or surplus (+) +51.36 x106 kWh/yr -2316.71 ton/yr +1183.03 ton/yr +1646.3422 ton/yr +93.34 ton/yr -94.027 kl/yr 35

Table 6: energy related resources of the cluster Boiling Point. issue 57 2009

Kerosene

GENERAL
Fuel Type Domestic Agriculture Industry Transport Total consumption in next 5 years 4145.97 2471.84 682.40 213.20 69.54 37.91 00 126.87 337.24 186.29 Table 7: estimate of energy consumption in the next 5 years

Firewood (ton) Dung Cake (ton) Agricultural waste (ton) Kerosene (kl) Coal (ton) LPG (ton) Biogas (000cum) Electricity (MWh) Diesel (kl) Animal Power (000h)

4145.97 2471.84 682.40 196.72 35.38 37.91 00 105.31 00

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 13.95 213.82 75.37

00 00 00 16.48 34.16 00 00 7.61 3.66

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 119.76 110.92

Energy security analysis

It is important to project the key energy demands for the cluster in the next five years, based upon potential variation growth rate in key sectors like agriculture etc. and the likely increase in per capita or unit consumption level or domestic activities with improved economic status. Some basic assumptions on switching over from traditional fuels to commercial fuels and perceptive improvement in the villages have been made to estimate the energy demand in the next five years as given in Table 7. If the proposed renewable energy conservation devices/renewable energy systems are implemented in the cluster, the following situation may arise: Firewood: Additionally 426.24 ton/year of firewood from the energy plantation and 1142.464 ton/year of firewood from non-agricultural land may be available. On the implementation of the proposed programmes for biogas plants, improved Chulhas (woodstoves -fixed and portable), solar cooker (plane box and dish type), pressure cooker and solar water heaters, there will be a saving of 1610.04 ton/year firewood. Dung cake: Out of 20452.41 ton/ year of wet dung available in the cluster, roughly one third of the amount may be used for the running of biogas plants and the remaining may be used for fuel purposes in the form of dung cakes. Agricultural waste: The rice husk available in the cluster may be used to run the biomass gasifier and the remaining agricultural waste may be used for fuel purposes. A sufficient amount is available in the cluster. The installation of a biomass gasifier in the cluster will go a long way to improving the supply of electricity in the area. In terms of the requirement of kerosene for lighting purposes, the proposed installation of SPV home lights, SPV lanterns, and SPV lamps will sufficiently reduce the consumption of the kerosene in the cluster for light. The installation of SPV street lights will improve the street lighting facilities in the villages. The proposed installation of CFL/ LED lamps, electronic fan regulator and electronic ballast for tube light will conserve the electricity in the cluster. Frictionless foot valves will considerably reduce the consumption of diesel in running the pump sets. Drinking water facilities in the villages may also be improved. However, in agriculture and allied activities, rural industry and transport activities, the cluster may continue to depend upon commercial fuels like diesel, petrol and LPG. This may however be reduced to some extent by using battery-operated vehicles and other systems based on renewable energy systems. If the proposed programmes for energy conservation systems and renewable energy systems are implemented in the cluster in the next five years, it will go a long way to provide energy security in the villages at least for cooking and lighting purposes which are the major rural energy demand areas.

References
Advisory Board on energy, 1985, Towards a Perspective on Energy Demand and Supply in India, 2004/05, New Delhi, india. Bajpai, u, 2004, Project Report for Rural Energy Plan for Cluster of Villages, Block Katehri, Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, india. Bajpai, u and Bajpai, suresh C, 2007, Aspects of energy security in the Villages, Proceeding of 3rd International Conference on Solar Radiation and Day Lighting, (SOLARIS 2007), Volume ii, pp 278-288.

Profiles of the authors

Ms. shweta singh is a Research scholar in the Renewable energy Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, university of Lucknow, india. she holds a Masters degree in environmental science and has attended many national conferences and presented her research papers. Dr. usha Bajpai is a Reader in the Department of Physics, university of Lucknow, india and Coordinator of M.sc. Programme in Renewable energy. she has over 30 years of experience of teaching and research in various universities in Nigeria and india. she is also a Consultant of the Ministry of New and Renewable energy, Government of india.

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