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Advancing banana and plantain R&D in Asia and the Pacific - Vol. 12. Proceedings of the 2st BAPNET Steering Committee meeting. Jakarta (IDN), 2003/10/06-07. Los Baos (PHL) : INIBAP-AP, 2004. ISSN: 1729-0805.
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Molecular characterization
Sixteen wild balbisiana accessions were subjected for morphotaxonomic and RAPD analysis. Seven distinct groups were identified based on morpho-taxonomic characterization and clusters (Table 1).
*Principal Scientist, NRCB, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Advancing banana and plantain R&D in Asia and the Pacific - Vol 12 Table 1. Distinct clusters of balbisiana based on morpho-taxonomic characterization.
Cluster 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Members Borkal Baista, Bhimkol, Manguthamng Sasra Bale, Bhimkol 3, Athiakol 1, Bhimkol 2 Elavazhai 2, Athiakol 2, Elavazhai 1, Athiakol 3 Nendrapadathi, Manohar Bacharia Malbhog Musa balbisiana Attikol
During molecular characterization, only three distinct clusters were identified (Table 2).
Table 2. Distinct clusters identified during molecular characterization.
Cluster 1 2
Members Borkal Baista, Bhimkol and Manguthamng Sasrabale, Musa balbisiana, Bhimkol-2, Bhimkol-3, Elavazhai2, Attikol-1, Bacharia Malbhog, Nendra Padathi, Manohar, Attikol-2, Elavazhai-1, Attikol-3 Athiakol
In addition, 13 balbisiana accessions from Andaman and Nicobar islands were grouped into 2 major clusters using RAPD markers. Cluster analysis with RAPD markers of AAB Silk group accessions. Twenty five Silk group (AAB) accessions were subjected to RAPD analysis and found three basic clusters with primer OPB 04.
Table 3. Distinct clusters identified during RAPD analysis using OPB-04 primer (GGACTGGAGT).
Cluster 1 Member Saapkal, Sakkar Chayna, Malbhog, Dudhsagar, Rasthali, Hybrid Sawai, Sakkal Nagpur, Malbhog 2, Amrithapani 1, Honda, Digjowa, Nanjangud Rasbale. Mutheli, Digjowa 2. Soniyal, Malbhog 3, Nanjangud Rasbale 2, Pisang Raju Bulu, Madhuranga, Ayirankai Rasthali, Kozhikode, Sabri, Ambeli, Tera Kanchi, Amrithapani 2.
2 3
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Gros Michel at 12 months after planting while the least was in Pisang Lilin (1.05). The symptom for petiole buckling was high in Amrithapani followed by Gros Michel. Amirthapani scored high (6) followed by Bluggoe (4.75) while Pisang Lilin exhibited the lowest (1.10). The data on growth and yield parameters revealed that all the global hybrids were resistant to fusarium and produced bunches in fusarium sick plots.
Germplasm exchange
One hundred ninety four accessions were received through NBPGR in New Delhi from ITC in Belgium. Fifty four accessions were maintained at NRCB gene bank while 33 accessions to BRS, Kannara, and 14 accessions to ARS, Kovvur were supplied, respectively, and 4 introductions were given to private firms.
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Advancing banana and plantain R&D in Asia and the Pacific - Vol 12
locational trials in state agricultural universities, state government and farmers fields. Four tetraploid introductions from ITC were evaluated at Banana Research Station (BRS), Kannara. FHIA-23 and SH-3336-9 exhibited tolerance to leaf spot diseases and excelled in bunch yield over local cv. Robusta (AAA).
Screening
Resistant to banana stem weevil Bhimkol (BB), Athiakol (BB), Elavazhai (BB), Sapkal (AAB), Dudhsagar (AAA), Pisang Lilin (AA), Pisang Jari Buaya (AA), TCR71-IC-84809, TCR-54, TCR-71-IC-84889, 0447, 0167, 0011 and 0007 were resistant. Resistant to banana corm weevil Manohar (BB), Bhimkol (BB), Hatidat (AA), Kanaibansi (AA), Nadan (AB), 0047 and 0007 were highly resistant. Resistant to burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) Pisang Batuau, Ney Kunnan (AAB), Pisang Jari Buaya, Pisang Edor, Pisang Seribu (AA), Prata, Tongat (AA), Hybrid SH-3142 (PJBH15 x SH-1734), Yelakkibale, Kadali (AA), Ayiranka Poovan, Pedalimoongil (AAB), Karpuravalli Kunnan (AAB) and Palayankodan were highly resistant. Resistant to root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus coffeae) Kunnan, Nattu Poovan, Karpuravalli, Tongat, Pidi Monthan, Pey Kunnan, Chirapunji, Then Kunnan, Hybrid 74 (Nalli x Pisang Lilin), 21, 55, 65, 84, 88, 109 and 110 were highly resistant. Resistant to spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus multicinctus) Pisang Batuau, Pisang Jari Buaya, Pisang Edor, Prata, Kadali (AA), Padalimoongil (AAB), Kunnan (AAB), Ney Kunnan (AAB), Ayiranka Poovan (AB), Pisang Seribu (AA), Tongat (AA), Anaikomban, Elakkibale, Karpuravalli and Palayankodan were highly resistant.
Crop production
Modified high density planting A spacing of 1.8 x 3.6m with 3 suckers per hill accommodating 4630 plants ha 1 produced 67% more yield than conventional planting with 1.8 x 1.8m spacing (3086 plants ha-1). The incidence of leaf spot disease was low in Robusta banana under the modified high-density planting system. Organic farming
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Inorganic fertilizer was completely substituted by different organic sources of nutrients along with different bio fertilizers viz., Azospirillum and phosphobacteria to enhance the nutrient use efficiency of native and applied fertilizers. The plant protection aspect was taken care of by bio-control means and thereby use of chemical pesticides was avoided. Soil fertility management The cement kiln flue dust (CKFD) @ 0.5kg/plant with 60% recommended K recorded the highest bunch weight and TSS, in Karpuravalli banana. Application of CKFD 0.5kg/plant and distillery effluent (DE) 30 000 lit/ac, saved 40% K fertilizer and produced 25% more yield in Ney Poovan banana.
Crop protection
The minor pests namely banana fruit scarring beetle, small banana weevil, Oriental red mite and Cerambycid beetle were reported from India. Sex pheromones of banana stem weevil were isolated and identified. Plant extracts, entomo-pathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated and identified for the management of banana weevils. Pseudostem trapping technique had also been developed for banana weevil management. Nematode egg parasitic fungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus, was very effective in controlling root knot nematode eggs by producing antibodies like lilacin and leucinostatin. Sucker dip with Trichoderma viride kills the nematodes by producing toxic extra-cellular metabolites. Growing of Tagetes erecta as intercrop controlled the nematode population effectively in Nendran banana plantation. Cyst nematode Heterodera oryzicola, infecting the tender creamy roots of banana was first time reported in Tamil Nadu. Botanicals like Azadirachta indica, 96.5%, Vitex negundo, 90.5%, Crotalaria juncea, 84.5%, Crotalaria procera, 74.25% and Datura stramonium, 64.25% were highly effective against root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus coffeae, indicating antinemic activity.
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Advancing banana and plantain R&D in Asia and the Pacific - Vol 12
- Recognition of a broad genetic base, utilizing regionally preferred cultivars through improvement with conventional and biotechnological breeding approach. - Indexing against viruses and establishment of mother nursery stock of disease-free plant material should be mandatory for all tissue culture laboratories, full package to be developed and brought out by National Agricultural Research System of the ICAR. - Development of agro-climatic specific package of practices along with improved varieties for making banana industry competitive and sustainable. - Improvement of input-use efficiency through standardization of drip and fertigation technology to save on energy, water and cost of production. - Efficient integrated modules to be developed for effective disease and pest management. - Development of pre-harvest bunch care standards for quality banana produce and post-harvest handling standards for smallscale farmers on group basis. - Providing due emphasis in research agenda on product diversification and value addition for better prices. - Development of standards for organic farming and organic produce along with registration and certification. - Due attention on demonstration of technologies at farmers field and refinement thereof involving instates industry and farmers in participating mode by developing effective linkages. The 2 nd Global PROMUSA Banana Breeders Meeting was organized by INIBAP and hosted by NRCB and TNAU during 2327 June 2003 at Coimbatore, India.