ULTIMATE

LOAD CAPACITY

OF CABLE-STAYED

BRIDGES

z'
SI a a

By Ying Xii and J. S. Kuang,z Member, ASCE

ASSTRACT: This paper presents an energy method of analysis for the in-plane ultimate load capacity of cablestayed bridges. The potential energy of the whole bridge. including bridge declc, stayed cables, and pylons. and the work done by externa110ads are considered in the development of the bridge energy equation. Both geometric and material nonlinearities are taken into account in the analysis. The method is simple to use and has a high convergence rateo The predictions of the proposed method show good agreement witb experimental results.

i ti d d n le e
C

INTRODUCTION Cable-stayed bridges possess excellent structural characteristics, economic material consumption, and aesthetic appearance. They have found wide and successful application in the world. During the last two decades. tbe span-to-deptb ratio of cable-stayed bridges has increased considerably. The span of steel cable-stayed bridges has exceeded 800 m and that of concrete cable-stayed bridges has exceeded 400 m. Witb high compressive forces in botb girders and pylons, tbe stability of cable-stayed bridges has been a concem of bridge engineers. Under the action of extemalloading, the stiffening girders and pylons of cable-stayed bridges are subjected simultaneously to axial compressive forces and bending moments (Troitsky 1988; Gimsing 1997). They work as beam-columns and should be analyzed by tbe. tbeory of beam-columns (Chajes. 1974; Chen and Atsuta 1976; Simitses 1976). As cable-stayed bridges possess large spans and are very slender, the analysis of such bridges using tbe tbeory of beam-colmnns is very complicated. Due to tbe complexity of tbe tbeory o beam-columns, the stability o stiffening girders, pylons, and tbe whole cable-stayed bridges has usually been checked by tbe bifurcation stability theory. Tang (1976) first derived and calculated the buckling load o cable-stayed bridges using an energy method. Seif and Dilger (1990) conducted in-plane nonlinear analysis and collapse load calculation of prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridges by finite-element method. Ermopoulos et al. (1992) performed an elastic stability analysis o a cable-stayed bridge with two pylons by tbe finite-element metbod. Yan (1994) carried out the analysis of tbe in-plane ultimate load capacity of long span steel cable-stayed bridges by the fioite-element method. Monteos (1995) carried out the research 00 the buckling safety factor by an energy metbod. However, most o the reSearcherS employed the finite-element method to carry out the investigation of in-plane stability of cable-stayed bridges. All of the reported research by the energy method is limited to analyze buckling load o cable-stayed bridges by the bifurcation stability theory. Because tbe general finite-element paclcagesare usually oot convenient or cannot conveniently handle tbe special features of cable-stayed bridges, it is desirable to develop a special procedure for cable-stayed bridge analysis. The pwpose of this paper is to present an energy method or analysis of the inplane stability and determination o tbe overall stability limit load of cable-stayed bridges. The proposed metbod is simple
'Grad. Res. Asst.. Dept. of Cv. and Struet. Engrg.. Hong Kong Unv. of SeL and Technol.. Clear Water Bay, Kowloon. Hong Kong. 1 Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Cv. and Struct. Engrg.. Hong Kong Unv. of
'

=
t:
7 t f
(

to use and has a high convergence rate, thus saving the computation time significantly. The proposed metbod may make it possible that tbe ultimate Ioad analysis o a cable-stayed bridge can be done by use of a personal computer. METHOD OF ANALYSIS An8lysls Consider the typical cable-stayed bridge shown in Fig. 1,
which is subjected to concentrated loads P\, P2

. . . , P", and

distributed load qd' The bridge has one pylon and two cable planes, and tbe deck does not connect witb the pylon. The following assumptions are made in the analysis: 1. All cables are tixed to the deck and pylon at tbeir points o attachment. ' 2. The pylon is fixed to the pier. 3. All rigid supports o the deck are rollers. 4. The pylon and cables work at tbe elastic stage during the whole procedure o loading. For convenience, two coordinate systems, x y and z Xh are choseo as shown in Fig. 1, which are employed for the deck and pylon systems, respectively. Because tbe bridge declc, pylon, and cables are all interconnected to each other, tbe whole structure can be treated as one entirety in the analysis. Thus, the potential energy of the bridge can be expressed as
U

=
+

f
1
2;.\

~ EdI.(x)(y"(x)]l

dx +

"
Ec;.c
ci
E

~ Ep/,(z)(X~(Z)]l dz . ,

-L -1
~

'

(YI sin 9, ::!:XII COS9,)2 -

L o '

_ Nd(x)(y' 2
dx

(X)]2 dx
"

Lo ~ N,(z)(X;(z)]2dz
q
II I I III III

ptYt

- Lo qdY(X)
I III

(1)

where EdI.(x)

=hending stiffness of the bridge deck in elastic

I I I I l' III

Sci. and Teehnol.. Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Note. Discussion opeo until luly l. 1999. To extend the elosng date one month. a written request must be filed with the ASCE Manager of loumals. The manuscript for ths paper was submtted for l'evew and possible publcation on June 2. 1997. 1bs paper s pan of the Jo~ 01 Bridge EllflNerillg. Vol. 4. No. l. February. 1999. CASeE, ISSN I084-0702l99/0001-(XH4-00221$8.00 + $.50 per page. Paper No. 15882. 14/ JOURNALOF BRIDGE ENGINEERING FEBRUARY1999 /

..!
Xl y
1

L FIG. 1. Cabl.stayed Bridge

z zone; E)iz) = bending stiffness oi the pylons; Ec;Ac = axial stiffness of cable i; Nd(x) = axial force in -the deck; Np(z) =

= vertical deftection of the deck at a point distance x from the left end abutment; X1(Z) = horizontal deftection of the pylon at a point distance z from the fixed end of the pylon; n = total number of stay cables; y =
axial force in the pylon; y(x)

t
I I I I I

Cleckdeftection at a point where cable i is conneeted with the deck; X'i = pylon de"Heetionat a point where cable i is conneeted with pylon; 91 = slope of cable i to horizontal; lct = length of eable i; Yk = deek dt:ftection at a point where the toncentrated load Pk acts on the deck; Ek = concentratedload; qJ :: distributed load; num = number of concentratedloads;1 :: deck 1>pan (between two end abutments); and h.=:height of the pylon. The plus sign in (1) is usd when the pylon moves h9rizontal1yaway from cable i, while the minus sign is used when the pylon moves toward cable i (Hogab 1986), as shown in Fig.2. Consider the geometric nonlinearity of the C<Ible sag. The equivalent mooulus of elastieity of the cable sug~sted by Ernst (1965) is used E Ect= E.l(la eos 9/)2 1+ 120"
where E = modulus of elasticity of tbe cable material; density of the cable material; and O' = cable 6tre&S. (2)

, I ,

Xl FIG. 4. Deflectlon Curve 01 Pylon

x.

"Y

=
I

1'he deck deftectioo y at any poiot distance x from the left end abutment (Fig. 3) may be expressed by a trigonometric series
y

y FIG. 5. Cra.. SectIon of Deck

2 ..
2

=" . L.,aism..

U
1 (3)

==

L o'2EdI.(x) - 1 [

i'frX

..1

and the deflection of the pylon (Fig. 4) may be expressed by a trigonometric function

1 . 'T1' - 0..1 '2Nd(x) 1 1

i l

()~
2
2

'T1'

. i'T1'X

ali2 SlO
2

T
-

dx

. i'frx all cosT ] dx

- 2: Pt2: el In 1 "'1 .181 S _

XI

. i'T1'xt _ + 1 2: Ec;Ac
181

i
"'1

'

..

qJ 0;"1

L asin-dx1
2 'T1'

i'T1'x

=b (1 Xl'

cos ;~)

(4) ::!:b

- [2:
1 ci
A

at sin

brx, -1 sin8,
2
'T1'Z

where al and b are cee'fficients. Substituting (3) and (4) ioto (1) gives

- o '2Np(Z)[ b 2h sm 2h] dz

(1
1

'T1'Z;

cos 2h

) ]
.

COS91
.

+ o '2 E,I,(z)
2

[()
b 2h

cos 2h

dz

'Ir

'TI'Z

(5)

M-N-q, RelaJjona:hip

"

The cross &ection of the bridge deck can be dividedinto many elements, as shown in Fig. 5. The strain of any point in the ~oss section is expressed as

e, = ea
where o

+ <!>Y

(6)

the eross section. The stress-strainrelationships are given by

FIG.~.
','

= the

Mial strain oi the deck; <P

= the curvature of
(7) (8) (9)

-Movements of 'TINo Ends of Cable I q.

0'/

=e/E
= O'y

for le,1s y
for e/ > y

0'/ O'

1 1 1 11 I I I , 1 I , I , 1 I I I 1 I ,

= -O'y

for e < -y

l'

where
"' ,

O'y

= yield stress; and e" = yield strain.

N=

The streS,lleSand strains onany element Al are approximated by the stress and strain of the center of the elemento The equilibrium conditions

2:
A

O'AI

(10) (11)

y AG...3. Oeflectlon Curve 01 Deck

M

=2: A

O',A,y,

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING I FEBRUARY 1999/15

~
(a) Bridge Deck

element le

cenler cross-section

FIG. 6. Deck DlvldedInto Many Elementa should be satisfied. The number of elements will affeet the precision of ealeulation results and work loado
t

..

"" ECIAc ""

. = L.JT CI [ L.Ja", m---sm I s 1-1 -1

:!: b

. m-rrxl . 9

Method of Solutlons
For the requirement of stable equilibrium, the total potential energy must be a minimum one, and then the following eonditions should be satisfied: '

(1

eos

~) eos el] eos el

of the cable k; and Xt-I

(16)

au =O,
aaJ

= 1, 2, 3, , . .

of the cable k - 1. For aUlab = O,one can obtain the following:

where Xt

=x-eoordinate

=x-eoordinate

(12)
(13)

au =0 ab

ft

In Fig. 6 the deek is divided into many elements along the x-direetion. The number of elements will affeet the precision and speed of the calculation. For aUlaaJ= O, one can obtain the following:
4 ~ 2 ~-I

L:: (1 - eos 2h ) sm 9. eos e. sm T -rrZt . ~ Ec.tAc + ... + L.J :!:Ec.tAc

-rrZt

-rrXt
al

:!:

bol

1 ck

{ bol

2: - Ic.t
(hp 2

Ec.tAc

eos2et

( (1

1 - eos 2h eos
-rr,,=

) -)
2

. i-rrxt sm et eos et sm 1 al
I 4

2h

- (\- ) 2 2h
l-rr
hp

[ -2

(7) ~
/EtI

l.,Av. -

(7) ~
j

N.A1Ji

[ EplPI
1

Ec.tAc . i-rrXt . 2 . -rrXt + L.J -SIn-SIn e. SInal bol Ict I I ]

4

2 ~-I

2 (2h

-rr

; ~) ) [ ( - :;
+
sin

+ ~.lp2 (h

Npk

~-I
SIn

; ~)
sin

h.-rrZk

Np~

) ~
h

+ ,.. + [ -2
EctAc +~ L.J
tool

(7)
.
1

1 ct

SIn

j-rrXt

i2/EtI

~"

SIn

. 2", SIn "'. .

_
.

I.A~

- 7

() ~
ij

". h. -rrZt h , -rrZk+I , . '? - - sm- - '? + - SIn --N.A~

(-

-rr

_+1

-rr

)]}

=O

(17)

i-rrXt

1 ]

al + L.J
bol

where hp height of lower part of the pylon; Eplpl = bending stiffness of lower part of the pylon; Eplpz = bending stiffness of upper part of the pylon; nc half number of the cables; Zt

EctAc

:!:

L::
qdl

(1

-rrZt
eos 2h

j-rrXt

eos et sm e. SIn

of the end of cable k eonneeted with the pylon; "=+1= eoordinate of the end of cable k + 1 eonneeted with the pylon; and
t

= eoordinate

=i-rr(l - eos]-rr)+ ft

..

. i-rrxt Pt sm l'

.
]

= 1,2,3,

,.,

(14)

Npk 2: = 1-1
:!: b

- lel

ECIAc

_1 [ 2:

. m-rrxl . a",SIn--- sm el

where It = moment of inertia of the eenter eross seetion of a deek element k (Fig. 6) in elastie zone; ~ = number of deek elements; and
Aijt

(1

eos

2h

eos el sin el

(18)

i
~I

ZO

eos

T
I

i-rrx

j-rrx

eos

dx

=2 { ( i +. ]~
I
'
SIn

. [ sm
l

(i + j)-rrXt

The procedure for solving the problem can be summarized as follows: 1. Let P

= !1P.

- SIn

. (i + i~XH ]

+.

. (i - j)-rrXt

(1 - ] ) -rr[

, (i - i)-rrXH sm l ]}

(15)

2. Let Ec.t= O,NdI;= O. Npk= O, and Ik = 1, where 1 is the moment of inertia of the eross seetion of the. bridge deck. 3, Determine eoefficients a, az, . , , , a, and b by solving (14) and (17).

16/ JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING / FEBRUARY 1999

4. Determine the deftection of the deck y and the deftection of the pylon Xl using (3) and (4). 5. Calculat the equivalent rnodulus of elasticity of fue bridge cable Ect using (2).

6. Calculate the axial force in the deck

7.

NdJ<

and the axial

8.

9. 10. 11.

force in the pylon Npt frorn (16) and (18), respectively. If the rnaximurn difference of the cable forces exceeds a given small percentage, repeat Steps 3-6 until the convergence is obtained. Calculate rnaximurn positive and negative strains Etl and Ek2and rnaxirnurn positive and negative stresses O'k! and 0'k2of each deck elernent. Check if O'u and 0'k2of the deck elernent k are equal to or larger than the yield stress O'y' If O'u and 0'k2of all deck elernents are srnaller than the yield stress O'y, go to Step 17. When O'tl or 0'k2 is equal to or larger than O'y, assurne
f{

= N,sJAE.

12. Calculate the strain Eof each area elernent (Fig. 5) for the center cross section of the deck eiernent k using (6), and caiculate the corresponding stress using (7)-(9). 13. Determine the axial force N of the center cross section of the deck elernent k using (lO). 14. If the difference of the axial forces exceeds a given
small percentage, f{

toStep 12. 15. If the difference of the axial forces is less than the given small percentage, calculate the value of It. 16. If the rnaxirnum difference of the deftections of the bridge deck exceeds a given small percentage, repeat Steps 3-15 until convergence is obtained. 17. Increse the load (Le., P P + AP) and then goto Step 3.

= o

(NdJ:

N/AEd)

and then go

No .stop

If cOllvergence cannot be achieved in Step 7 or 14, the cable-stayed bridge becomes unstable. This rneans that the ioad rcaches the ultimate load of the cable-stayed bridge. It has been found that only a few iterations are needed to achieve convergence and that a small number of terms are sufficient. A ftow chart for theiterative procedure is given in Fig. 7. OTHER CASES When the bridge has two pylons (Le., a ~-span bridge) as shown in Fig. 8, tbe analysis can follow the sarne proccdure given in theptevious section. The potential energy of the whole bridge can be expressed as -u

1 1o' 2 Edl..(x)[y"(x)]2
/ num

dx

_
+

1 .! Nd[y'(X)]2 dx o 2
/

- 1o qdY(X) dx - 2: ptYt ...1

:!: XII
h

2 2: Tel ...1

14'EA

(y sin e/
2

cos e/) +
1

- L.J- [ci (YiSin 2...1

h

.., I '" EelAc.

el :t X2i COS6) 1 ,2

More dwI ceIUII times , Stop

l2
o

"2
Eplp(z)(x(z)] dZI

l2
o

Np(zl)(X(ZI)] dz

+ 1h ~ Eplp(Zv(x~(Z2)]2 dZ2 -lh

~ Np2(Z2)[X~(Z2)]2 dZ2

(19)

where nI
No Stop

= cable

number of the left pylon; n2 = cable number

of the right pylon; Xl horizontal deftection of the left pylon; X2 horizontal deftection of the right pylon; Npl(Z) axial force of the left pylon; and Np2(Z2) axial force of the right

pylon. The deftection of the left pylon, Xh and of the right pylon, X2. may be expressed, respectively, by
Xl

p.. P+f!.P

FIG. 7.

Flow Chart for lteratlve P{'pcedure

JOU~AL

=b

(1

'R"ZI

cos 2h

(20)

F BRIDGE ENGINEERING / FEBRUARY 1999/17

q. X
Xl

.c

X,

FIG. 8. Csble-Stayed Bridge wlth 1'woPylons ... O ea

o o en 01C\2 o o

o C'...

6@400

t
FlG. 9.

6@400 6000

Example Cable-Stayed Bridge (21)

~2=C

1I'Z2

1-cos2h

.
,

U =L o + a

2 Edldc(~)[y"(~)]2dx
1~ - L.J t 2 1001 ECIAc. el

Lo 2 Eplpc(z)[~~(z)]2dz
2

where b and e are coefficients. For the requirement of the equilibrium, the following conditions should be satisfied:

(YISIn al ::!:~Ii cos a,) + 13LJ (YI sin al 1001

aaJ

au = O. j = l. 2.3.. ..
au =0 ab au = O ac

(22) (23) (24)

::!: Xli cos a,)crC)'

4

- ~ crcyf.cyld] Ac

~ NAx)[y'(X)]2 dx
I

_ 1 L 2 Np(z)[X;(Z)]2dz - 2: ptYt o ""1

- L qdY(X) dx o

(27)

where a and

~ are the coefficients. At the elastic stage

TABLE1. Datafor Example Bridge
Elastic modulus (MP) (2) 1.967 X lo' 2.074 X lo' 2.074 X lo' Ares (m2) (3) 3.926 X 10-'
1.02 X 10->

Following the same procedure presented in the previous section. coefficients ah a2, .. . , ah b and e can be determined from (22)-(24). And y. Xh X2,and NI can be calculated from corresponding equations. When pylons and cables work from the elastic stage to elastoplastic stage during the procedure of loading. the problem can be solved by dividing the pylons into a number of elements along the z-direction, with similar treatment for the deck. The energy caused by the pylon bending is

Part of bridge (1) Cable Deck Pylon

Moment of inertia ! (m4) (4)

1.66 X lO-' 2.012 X 10-. 7.253 X 10-.

2.04 X 10-> 3.7 X 10->

~ Eplp.(z)[x~(z)]2 dz

(25) Seeton (1) A D Theory Experiment Theory Experiment

where Eplpc(z)= bending stiffness of the pylon in elastic zone. When cables work at the elastoplastic stage, the energy caused by the cables will be

TABLE 2. Strsln of Deck (x 10-4) Elastic Yleldng Elastoplastlc (9.8 kN) (14.35 kN) (14.98 kN) (2) (3) (4) 6.6193 7.0 9.4219 7.4 10.404 11.5 14.939 14.7 11.341 12.1 16.414 16.5

Ultimate (15.8 kN) (5) 13.093 14.0 19.263 21.7

strain gauge

[(y, sin al ::!:~II cos al)crC)' ~ -

(26)
crcyf.cyld] Ac

where crC)'= yield stress of cables; and EC)' yield strain of = cables. For the case where the fourth assumption is not held. replace the second terms in (1) by (25) and consider (26). The potential energy of the whole bridge is expressed by the following equation:
18/ JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING / FEBRUARY 1999

.
stram gauge

/r

I
Section A

11

r--l
Section D

11

'

0.06
15.B2kN

E c.

0.04

1- --8taall>-ploak I

e o ' el) ;::

0.02

CI)

0.00

-0.02

Distance

along the deck (m)

FIG. 10. Vertical Deflectlon of Bridge Deck

20

15

z
'O

.9

10
8 8"P8dlilenll (MCtion B) 8"P8dmenll (MCtion C)

..

o
0.00
~G. 11.

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

Deflection (m)
Load-Oelfeotfon ReI8tIon Compared wlth Experlment I

20

15

10

.9
5
8 .. 8"P8rinent 11 (-n 8xperinenlll <_n B) C)

, 0.00

0.01

0.02 Deflection

0.03 (m)

0.04

0.05

FlG. 12.

Load-Deflectlon Refatlon Compared wlth Experlment 11 JOURNALOF BRIDGEENGINEERlNG FEBRUARY1889/18 I

20 cable 1 cable 3

z "'C tU .3

15

"-

10

*
A

8xperimenll (cable 1) 8xperimenll (cable 2) 8xperimenll (cable 3) 8xperimenll (cable .)

.
o o
FlG. 13. 20 5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Straln (X 10"")
l.oad-5traln Relatlon of Cable. Compared wlth Exparlment I

cable 2

cable 3

15

Z
10 .9
8 ..peftmen' 11 (oab181) _perimen' 11 (oab182)

A * O>

_perimentll <-

3)

-pertmen' 11 <081>...)

o o
5
10 15 Straln FlG. 14. ~traln 20 (x 10"")

25

30

35

40

Refatlon of Cable8 Compared wlth Exparlment 11

r

20
cable 3

15

Z
-C
tU

10

.9 5

o o
5
FlG. 15.

10

15

20

25

30

Cable force (kN)

L.oad-Cable Force Relatlonehlp
20 I JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING I FEBRUARY 1999

TABLE 3. Cable Force under Ultlmate Load (kN)

=-Value (1) TheoretiC'al (p = 15.82 kN)
Experimen161

Cable 1 (2) 11.08 9.281 2 (3) 24.12 23.271 3 (4) 26.57 25.506

-4
(5) 5.649 4.749

5 (6) O O

6 (7) 1) O

7 (8) 5.649 '4.88

8 (9) 26.57 25.391

9 (10) 24.12 23.101 -

10 (11) 11.08 9.017

11 (12) O O

12 (13) O O

(P

= 15.9 kN)

a=1
13=0 and at the elastoplastic stage a=O

(28) (29)

(30) (31)

13= 1 NUMERICAL tNVESTIGATION

An example cable-stayed bridge with two cable plaJ1es shown in Fig. 9 was analyzed usingthe proposed potential energy method. 10e geometry aDd loading of the bridge are shown in the figure. Both the geometry and loading conditions are symmetric. 10e declc is supported at the ends by rollers but does not connect with the pylon. 10e pylon is fixed at its base. 10e deck and oables have constant cross section throughout their entire length, antl thepylon has two different cl-oss ~tions. The stiffnesses of the various cQmponents and geometric data of fue bridge are listed in Table 1. Fig. 10 shows the vertical deftection curves of bridge deck under different load levels. 10e displacement near the load positions has the same direction as that of the loads, while that in the middle part is opposite with the direction of the loads. The extreme fiber yields when p::: 14.35 kN under which the deck starts to work at the elastoplastic sta,ge. It can be seen that the loads could not be increased more than 15.82 kN, but me deRections increase rapidly atthis load leve!. It indicates that the deck becomes unstable at tbis load level, and thus P 15.82kN is tbe ultimate load of the cable-stayed bridge. Figs. 1I and 12 show the tbeo1'eticaland ~xperimental (Yan 1994) load-deftection relationships for the cross sections B and e of the bridge deck. It Cwl be seen that the load-deftection relationship curves display nonlinearity at the beginning of loading. 10e lheoretical results show very gpod agreement with those of Experiment n. Figs. 13 and 14 show the curves ofload versus strains of Cables 1-4 and the comparison wi&hExperiments 1 and lI, respectively. Fig. 15 is tbe relationship between load and cable forees of Cables 1-4. 10e tension strains and cable forees of Cables 1-3 basically disptay linear relation with loads. Cable 4 unloads when the load approaches the ultimate load. Table 2 .is the comparison oftheoretical and experimental values of the strain of the symmetric deck cross sections A and D (Fig. 9). Table 3 shows the tlieoretical and experimental values of cable fOTCes ndertbe ultimate load.ln the analysis u only 30 terrns, which is enough to get accurate results for tleck deflections, are taken in the iteration procedure.

and under the condition that all components work at tbe elastoplastic stage. It can be seen from tbe numerical investigation of the example bridge tbat U1eiteration procedure has a very high-convergence-rate and only asmaIl number of series terrns are needed. 10e proposed method may thus make it possible that the stability analysis of cable-stayed bridges can be done in a few minutes by a per-sonal computer. The proposed method is a relatively safe metbod for the ultimate load analysis of cable-stayed bridges when compared with tbe experimental results. 10e plastic hinge could not be forrned before the bridgebecomes unstable. The predictions of fue proposed method for the ultimate load and loadsat differ.ent elastic and elastoplastic stages show good agreement witb fue experimental results.
APPENDIX l.

REFERENCES

Chajes, A. (1974). Principies 01 structurql stability theory. Pt:entice-Hall, Englewood CIifK, N.J. ' Chen, W. F., an4 Atsuta, T. (1976). ,Theory qJ beam.,column.r. Volume 1: /n-plane behaviour and design. McGraw-Hill, New York. Ermopoulos. J. C., VIahinos, A. S.. and Wang. Y. C. (1992). "Stability anaiysis of cable-stayed bridges." Comp. and Struct., 44(5), 10831089. Ernst, J. H. (1965). "Der E-Modul von Seilen unte! Berucksichtigung des Durchanes." Der Bauingenieur, Gennany, 40(2) (in Gennan). Gimsing, N. J. (1997). Cabk supported bridges: Concept and design, 2nd Ed.. Wiley, Chichester, England. Hegab, H. 1. A. (1986). "Energy anaiysis of cable-stayed bridges." J. Strkt. Engrg.. ASCE, 112(5), 1182-1195. ,. Montens, S. (1995). "Buclding of cable-stayed decks." Proc.. Bridges into tM 21st Century, 923-931. Seif. S. P.. and Dilger, W. H. (1990). "Nonnear analysis and collapse load of Pie cab1e-stayedbridjeS." J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 116(3), .

829-849.

Simitses, G. J. (1976). An introduction oJtM elastic stability oJstructures. Prentice-HaIl, ~ewood Clilfs, N.J. Tang, M. C. (1976). "Buclding of cab1e-stayed girder bridges." J. Struct. Div., ASeE, 9,'1675-1684. Troitsky, M. S. (1988). Cable-stayed bridges: An approach to mockm bridge cksign. 2nd Ed., Ven Nostrand Reinhold. New York. Yan, Q. S. (1994). "Ultimate 10ad capacity anal~is of long span steel cable-stayed bridges," PhD thesis. Changsha Railway University, Changsha. China (in Chinese). APPENDIX 11.

NOTATION

The following symbols are used in this paper: A A

Ai/k

CONCLUSIONS An eaer$)' method is presented for analysis of the in-plane ultimate 10ad of cable-stayed bridges. In the development of the bridge energy equation, tlte potential energy of the whole bridge and the work done by external loading have been considered. Both geometric and material nonlinearities have been taken into account in the analysis. 10e method can be used fOl'.analyzil'lgcable-stayed bridges with more than one pylon

= area of element i of center cross_sectionin deck element k; = integration;

= coefficient; = integration; = coefficient; = coefficient;
= modulus

= area

of cross section of bridge deck;

a
BlJk

b
e

E Edl(x)
E,fp(z.)

of elasticity of cable material;

EclAc= axialstiffnessof cablei;

:::

= bending

bending stiffness of dcck in elutic zone;

stiffness of pylon;

Eplp.(z.) = bending stiffness of pylons in elastic zone; JOURNAL'OF BRIDGEENGINEERJNG FEBRUARY1999/21 /

E"Jp, = bending stiffness of lower part of pylon; Eplpz bending stiffness of upper part of pylon; h = height of pylon; length of lower part of pylon; hp 1 moment of inertia of cross section of bridge deck; l. = moment of inertia of center cross section of deck element k elastic zone;

= =

x,(z)

deflection of pylon at point distance z frorn fixed end of pylon; XII = pylon deflection at point where cable j is connected with pylon; Xz = horizontal deflection of right pylon;

= horizontal

y(x)

1 ::: span of bridge deck (between two end abutments);

le; = length of cable i; M = bending moment of cross section of deck; N = axial force of cross section of deck; Nd(x) = axial force of deck; Ndt = axial force of deck between cable k and k + 1; N,,(z) = axial force of pylon; Np. = axial force of pylon between cable k and k + 1;

Np,(z,)
Npz(zz) n nc num
ni

= axial force of left pylon;

end abutment; y; = deck deflection at point where cable i is connected with deck; deck deftection at point where concentrated load P. Y. acts on deck; z. = coordinate of end of cable k connected with pylon; ZHl = coordinate of end of cable k + 1 connected with py. Ion; ex = coefficient;

= vertical

deflection

of deck at point distance X from left

= axial force of right pylon; = total number of stay cables; = half number of cables; = number of concentrated loads;

13

= coefficient;
=

nz P.
qd

= cable number of right pylon; load; = distributed load;

= concentrated = energy of whole bridge; = x-coordinate of cable k;

= cable number of left pylon;

cy = yield strain of cables; "Y density of cable material; e, = strain of area element i; E,. = yield strain; Eo = axial strain of deck; 6; = slope of cable i to horizontal; CT= cable stress; CTcy yield stress of cables; = CT= stress of area element i; CTy= yield stress; and 4> = curvature of cross section.

" = numberof deck elements;

X'-I

= x-coordinate of cable k - 1; X, = horizontal deflection of left pylon;

x.

('-

-".,

'..

~ 00',0 :.",

, ,1

u
~ (;. '.':.; 'v';'<'i;)1

- ti, ,\i

22/ JOURNAl OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING / FEBRUAAY 1999