Rice For The Future (Super Jasmine Rice)

High Nutrition Rice
Integrated Biotechnology in Developing Rice Strains for High Value-added and Nutritional Enrichment Vol.01 No.04 July 2007
High phytoferritin Fe, High Foliated, High B-carotene, Low phytate, Low tannin
Complex carbohydrate High insoluble fiber, High amylose High protein, Resistant starch
High Fe Bioavailability
Low Glycemic Index
Omega-3, r-oryzanol, Vitamin E - butyraldehyde(GABA), Zn Selenium, Folate, Flavoniod, Polyphenol, Carotenoid, Tannin
Rice for Nutrition

In the new generation, people who lives in the rapid industrialization and growing urbanization around the world have faced with new emerging, non-infectious diseases. In the new generation, people who lives in the rapid industrialization and growing urbanization around the world have faced with new emerging, non-infectious diseases. More than two billion people has suffered with anemia, while one billion people become obese with 200 million people now developing type II diabetes.
High Antioxidant
Reports also shown that 1.5 billion people will face the risk of high blood pressure in 2025 which may kill more than 17 million people yearly. One of the main cause is the imbalance nutrition in their diet combined with new lifestyle. In the rice consuming world, as people normally taking up to 250 gm of polished rice daily, nutritious rice grains can become a main ingredient in designer foods that tailer-made for the future world.
http://www.irri.org
Collaboration
Research center, Hospital Ramathibodi, mahidol University
Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital,Mahidol University.
This project founding by National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)
High Iron Rice

Improvement of iron density in rice grains
Compared to other cereal, iron density in rice grains is considered low. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of iron for Thais is approximately 15 mg. At the 200-250 gm of polished rice consumed daily, it is estimated that the optimum iron density in the whole rice grains should be close to 5 mg/100 g in order to supply one third of the RDA. This number seems to be unreachable as compared to 1.3-1.5 mg/100 gm among popular rice cultivars. To step up the breeding activities, the extensive survey of iron density among landraces identified potential donors of high iron density. The majority of these high iron rice lines belongs to the black purple rice. The major limitation to using these rice germplasm is high polyphenol and phytic acid contents in the rice bran. Because white color rice is low in polyphenol and phytic acid, attempts were made to hybridize white x purple rice parents to transmit high iron density to a normal white rice. The first successful white rice contains 2.1 mg / 100 g as the whole grain. This advanced line coded as 313-19-1-1 is aromatic with intermediate amylose content. From crosses between upland rice, Kum Doi Chang (KDC) and Hom Pamah, we successfully identified white color rice with 2.8 mg/100 g of grain iron. The highest iron density lines were identified as progenies from the hybridization between a wild rice, O. nivara and a high iron rice Jao Hom Nin (JHN). One of the highest iron dense rice contained up to 5 mg/100 g. Our emphasis is now directed to improving iron bioavailability.
Iron Bioavailability
The most difficult task in improving iron density in cereal grains is how to enhance its bioavailability. Iron bioavailability is well connected to the molecular forms of iron, inhibitors to iron absorption, and booster to iron absorption. When iron is best absorbed as ferric ion or chelated to ferritin or frataxin. Therefore, the density of ferritin or frataxin certainly affected iron density and absorption. For the natural inhibitors to iron absorption, polyphenol, condensed tannin and phytic acid are the most potent inhibitors to iron absorption. Reduction of these natural inhibitors was the primary objective in cross-breed new strains of while color rice. Understanding on enhancers to iron absorption is not totally clear. Well known enhancers to iron absorption are vitamin C, amino acid methionine, cysteine, short oligosaccharide such as inulin, etc. Strong attention has now been paid to polysaccharide fraction as potential enhancers to iron absorption in polished rice.
http://www.irri.org
First Laboratory for Iron Bioavailability in Thailand

In vitro digestion Caco-2 cell is the preliminary test for Fe bioavailability in rice. This technique can screen many rice varieties before the clinical test in human subjects. Results from Caco-2 cell found that the highest Fe bioavailability rice from cross-breeding line containing 9 ng feritin/mg cell protein. Furthermore, low phytic acid mutant line and Fe transporter mutant from TILLING project showed higher Fe bioavailability than wide type.
Fe Absorption in Human
The first Fe absorption test in human subjects was conducted by using 50 male volunteers. Among three rice varieties in this experiment, new cross-breeding line 313-19-1-1 was showed the highest Fe absorption (9.82%) by human. Interestingly, polished rice contain low iron density, but the Fe absorption was higher than brown rice at 3 times.
Collaboration
Control Diabetes by Rice
What about diabetes

Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. The cause of diabetes continues to be a mystery, although both genetics and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to play roles. There are 20.8 million children and adults in the United States, or 7% of the population, who have diabetes. While an estimated 14.6 million have been diagnosed with diabetes, unfortunately, 6.2 million people (or nearly one-third) are unaware that they have the disease. In order to determine whether or not a patient has pre-diabetes or diabetes, health care providers conduct a Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG) or an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Either test can be used to diagnose prediabetes or diabetes. The American Diabetes Association recommends the FPG because it is easier, faster, and less expensive to perform. With the FPG test, a fasting blood glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dl signals prediabetes. A person with a fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dl or higher has diabetes. In the OGTT test, a person's blood glucose level is measured after a fast and two hours after drinking a glucose-rich beverage. If the two-hour blood glucose level is between 140 and 199 mg/dl, the person tested has pre-diabetes. If the two-hour blood glucose level is at 200 mg/dl or higher, the person tested has diabetes. American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org
http://www.okmd.or.th
Rice for diabetes concerning patient

Rice is important carbohydrate source that may be the cause of diabetic and obesity. We focus on high iron rice with low glycemic index (GI). Two high iron rice lines were used to determine GI using 14 volunteers. The results show that, brown rice of no. 313 and no. 1000 have intermediate GI (53-58) and reduce LDL and triglyceride accumulation in blood. According to study effect of black rice bran capsule in order to maximize the benefit of rice bran from the black rice no. 1000. The result is significantly different from polished rice with glucose. This suggest that complex carbohydrate of black rice and black-rice bran is slow down monosaccharide absorption that to be bad for diabetes.
Diabetes Statistics
There are 20.8 million children and adults in the United States, or 7% of the population, who have diabetes. While an estimated 14.6 million have been diagnosed, unfortunately, 6.2 million people (or nearly one-third) are unaware that they have the disease. With so many people affected by diabetes, the American Diabetes Association has compiled diabetes statistics on the impact of the disease and its complications American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org
Collaboration
Rice for Industry

Vol.01 No.05 July 2007
Rice for Industry

Thailand as the number one rice exporter, only a small proportion was used as raw materials for advance food industry. Although rice flour has several favorable nutritious qualities especially non-allergic properties, it is not breed specifically for industrial needs. The socio-economic return of utilizing rice for industry was clearly addressed. It was predicted that for the economic return of effective utilization of the whole 16-20 million tons of paddy in industries could be around 770 billion THB. More specifically, starch-based industries is now looking for specific qualities of amylose and amylopectin. In particular, the emerging market for low glycemic index food products to catch functional food markets. On cooking oil, rice bran known as important source for cooking oil in the past can be improved to fit new industrial needs. For examples, the need for very high stable, high unsaturated fatty acid cooking oil for deep fried industries or high omega-3 for healthy salad oil. However, the most urgently need in order to boost the industrial utilization of rice bran for oil is to prevent raw rice oil from oxidation. Flour consists of carbohydrate and proteins. Starch is a purified carbohydrate fraction produced from the flour. Because of its purity, starch can be applied to various food industries nowadays. One of the most important application is to making resistance starch. Resistance starch is a carbohydrate fraction that escape human digestive tract. The left-over fraction become a pre-biotic source for fermentation by several lactic acid bacteria in large intestine where gases like carbondioxide, hydrogen, acetylene, methane, short-fatty acid chain like acetate, propionate and butyrate are produced. These short-chain fatty acids act like a pro-biotic compound enhance blood circulation and reducing risk of cancer in large intestine. Additional benefits of resistance starch includes low glycemix index for diabetes and reducing obesity. Because of enormous benefits to human heath, attempts to incorporate resistance starch into food products will become food for nexus.
Structure of Rice Starch

Starch is a polymer of two types of glucan, the amylose (AM) and amylopectin (AP). Starch granule consists of different ratio of the two types of glucan and seed storage proteins specific to rice. Amylose is a linear polymer of millions of glucose molecule linked together with alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond. On the other hand, amylopectin, is a branch chain polymer with both the linear alpha -1,4 and the the branching alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds. Rice varieties have amylose content ranging from 0-40%. Sticky rice, popular among people from the North, Northeast and Laos, contains less than 10% of the amylose content in the rice endosperm.
Industrial Application of Rice Starch Depends on Amylose / Amylopectin Ratio

The accomplishment so far from this project show that it is possible to tailor-made rice for specific neutraceutical properties and industrial needs. Instead of breeding one rice for all cure, rice strains should be developed specifically for high Fe bioavailability, high antioxidant activities, high quality oil and low glycemic index. These new rice strains has become the key ingredient for nutritional researches and designer products that could place new position for Thai rice in the world market. Eating qualities are determined by mainly the ratio of AM to AP. Hard cooked rice comes from high amylose rice while soft-fluppy rice can be found in intermediate amylose rice (14-18%). So as to starch properties, AM/AP affects physicochemical properties of its rice flour. Making rice noodles, high amylose rice is the most suitable quality manufacturers need. Similar qualities of rice flour is preferred in making rice spaghetti, rice crispy and rice capsule. For making Japanese crackers (arare and sanbe), bakery products,and brewery, low amylose is preferred.
Collaboration
National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand (BIOTEC) Rice Gene Discovery Unit, Kasetsart University kamphaung Saen campus Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University
This project founding by National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand (BIOTEC)
Rice Bran Oil

Rice Bran Oil for Health

Polysaturated fatty acids increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases compared to the monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). As one of the most promising unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid is beneficial to health with reducing power against undesirable LDL cholesterol in blood plasma. Because of its high oxidative stability, cereal oils with high levels of monounsaturated oleic acid (18:1) is of interest for more stable cooking oil for deepfrying. In addition, within the polyunsaturated fat class are the n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Humans are unable to insert a double bond at the n-3 or n-6 position, therefore n-6 and n-3 PUFA have to be obtained from diet and are thus considered essential nutrients. Linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) can be converted in human cells to form arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), respectively.
Rice Bran Oil

Rice bran is a useful sources of rice bran oil rich in antioxidants such as vitamin E, tocotrienol and especially, gamma oryzanol. Specific to rice, -oryzanol and tocotrienol are two important compounds reducing cholesterol levels and lowering the risk of coronary heart disease. These properties make rice bran oil ideal as a health-promoting product. Moreover, industries use rice bran oil in animal feeds, glycerin, soap, wax and cosmetics.
C16:0-ACP Palmitoyl-ACP
Palmitoyl-ACP 4desaturase KAS II
FATB
C16:0-ACP
Stearoyl-ACP desaturase
C18:0-ACP Stearoyl-ACP
C18:0-ACP Oleic acid
C16:14 - ACP
C18:14 - ACP
Triacylglycerol (TAG)
Both AA and EPA are precursors of eicosanoids, including the prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, which have important effects on may physiological processes. Modifying lipid composition of dietary oil for better nutrition value will then requires elevation in LNA content and reduction in LA content, on top of decreasing saturated fatty acid level.
Collaboration
Rice Genome Project

RIceGeneThresher Vol.01 No.13 July 2007
There are at least three compelling reasons for obtaining finished quality sequence for the complete rice genome: I. The ability to determine gene function is highly dependent on having accurate sequences. II. As a model plant for the cereal grasses, having complete rice sequence will directly affect what can be accomplished with the other cereal grasses. III. Agronomic traits of economic importance require precise map-based genomic sequence. Gene, the blueprint of life, is the most precious propriety in biotechnology and agriculture. Thailand have joined International Rice Genome Sequencing Program (IRGSP) which have released high quality draft sequence of the whole rice genome in the year 2002. This have made rice the largest plant genome to be completely sequenced.
Genetic studies of many traits in rice have generated data suggesting that specific regions of rice chromosomes contain sites that influence expressions of quantitative traits or quantitative trait loci (QTL). The goal of QTL mapping is to determine the number, location, regulation and the interaction of these loci that are responsible for variation in quantitative traits.
Rice Genome Annotation
The integration of all genomic data and bioinformatics analysis will essentially provide detailed information of many possible loci that influence the target traits and therefore aids researchers and rice breeders to discover and design the candidate genes for further improvement of rice cultivars.
Conventional method Post genomic
-Whole Genome Annotations -Metabolic Pathways -Signaling Pathways -Transcriptome -Proteome -Interactome -Literatures
Thailand must strengthening their bioinformatics capacity in the next two years to facilitate rice gene discovery and diversity in the post-genomic era
QTL mapping
Generate physical map
Fine-scale mapping
When a full-genome sequence is available, studying the annotation can often suggest genes in the QTL interval for further analysis. Predicted gene functions often help to guide the selection of candidate genes. The process of selecting candidate genes relies on the wealth of information gained through traditional genetics and molecular approaches. Many of these data such as the pseudo-molecule, rice annotation project, RAP1 (the international rice genome annotation project), protein-protein interaction studies, and microarray analysis produce heterogeneous data stored in public databases.
Consider candidate genes
Biological data integration system and biological data mining techniques
Final identification of mutation
The objective of developing RiceGene Thresher is to provide rice researchers as well as breeders an expert and database management system for gene discovery by providing full access to integrated multiplatform relational database of heterogeneous rice genome and proteome data for decision making and candidate gene selection RiceGeneThresher http://rice.kps.ku.ac.th
Collaboration
Super Jasmine Rice

Super jasmine rice

The most effective way to improve Jasmine rice is to minimize risks from biotic or abiotic stresses and maintaining its supior cooking qualities. The advantage of such defensive breeding scheme is to transform conventional rice production into pure organic practices that eventually benefit life quality and environments.
How to improve jasmine rice

Molecular markers has been arisen as powerful tools for simultaneously advancing our understanding of plant genome organization and its relation to function which increasing efficiency of plant breeding. It offers great opportunity for improved efficiency and effectiveness in selection of plant genotypes with desired combinations of the traits. Backcross breeding has been used wildly to transfer a specific gene into desirable genetic background. Makerassisted selection (MAS) can accelerate genetic progress by increasing accuracy of selection, reducing generation interval, minimizing linkage drag, eliminating expensive, slow and difficult trait assays and allowing gene pyramid. We are implementing these two strategies called marker-assisted backcrossing in our breeding program to accelerate gene introgression. We are carrying out marker-assisted backcrossing for introgression of submergence tolerance, drought tolerance, brown planthopper resistance, salt tolerance, blast and bacterial leaf blight resistance into KDML105 and RD6.
In the near future, farmers will grow Jasmine rice that withstand flash flooding, bacterial leaf blight and brown planthopper. In addition, Rice Gene Discovery (RGD) has targeted into more resistance to leaf and neck blast, salinity and drought. Resistance to all of these stresses will allow sustainable production of the Jasmine rice on the lowland rainfed area in Thailand. Such technology has been transferred to RD6 or Jasmine sticky rice which is very popular in Thailand and Laos. The hope of superior resistance in Jasmine rice is a crucial step to maintain competitiveness in the world market.
As a trait was added one by one into Jasmine rice background while maintaining the Jasmine rice background, the concept called gene pyramiding aims to generate super rice.
Collaboration
Brown planthopper resistant in KDML105

Brown planthopper resistance in KDML105
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stl, is one of the most serious insect pests of rice. BPH not only feed on rice plant directly but they also transmit viruses which cause severe diseases of rice. The utilization of BPH resistance genes have been recognized as the most economic, effective measure for BPH management and environment friendly. Until recently, up to 20 resistance genes and several quantitative
S R S
Recently, we improved 123 lines of BPH resistance KDML105 (Plus I QTLBph) that it carrying QTLbphchr6 and QTLbphchr12 regions from resistance ABHAYA donor parent line.
trait loci (QTL) associate with BPH resistance have been reported and reviewed. Among them, Bph1, bph2, Bph3 and bph4 have been used extensively in Thai breeding programs. Improved rice cultivars carrying Bph1, bph2 and bph4, however, have lost their ability against the BPH in most of rice growing areas in Thailand.
Collaboration
BLB Resistant gene in KDML105

Pyramiding BLB resistance gene in KDML105
Large-scale and long-term cultivation of varieties carrying a single gene resistance, while the pathogen race frequency breakdown of resistance in these cultivars. The Chemical control is not has the specific effective chemical product. To fight this problem, one strategy to prolong the useful life of major gene resistance is to pyramiding more major genes in a single cultivars. The genes pyramiding to provide a broadspectrum of resistance are helpful method and using resistant cultivars is economical and the best approach for bacterial blight management. Bacterial leaf blight is one of the most devastating diseases in rice. This disease is usually outbreak in irrigated and rainfed lowland ecologies throughout Asia and worldwide. BB was caused by bacterium, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae. It occurs at all stages of the rice crop and shows either Kresek or leaf blight symptoms. The high fertilizer input conditions that are conductive to disease development. If disease damage at seedling stage resulting in wilting or death of effected tillers and reduces grain yield to varying levels. If plant produces panicles, the sterility percentage and number of immature grains increase. Grains from diseased plants were easily broken during milling. The yield can losses range from 20 to 80% depending on the rice growth stage the geographic location and seasonal conditions
But using conventional breeding method based on phenotype alone cannot be selected because the presence of one major gene obscures the effects of the other gene. Therefore, molecular breeding is advantage and easy to help breeder decrease the time and ensure to selected target genes for develop resistance cultivars. Hence, Genes pyramiding is the most effectively method.
Collaboration
Drought Tolerant Rice

Development Drought Tolerance Trait in Rice Introgression into KDML105 by Marker-Assisted Selection
Rainfed lowland rice ecosystem in Northeast Thailand is classified as shallow, drought prone II type. It is characterized by long, erratic and bimodal rainy period and it usually begins in May and ends around November. Drought stress may occur at any time in the growing season. There may be no appropriate standing water during transplanting of seedling and affects the growth of direct seeded rice. At the end of the rainy season, late-season drought develops just before crop maturation.
Chr1
0.4 0 0.9 0 1.7 0 3.9 0 0.3 0 0.7 0 1.9 0 1.5 0 1.8 0 2.3 0 3.3 0 1 4.40 2 5.70 G107 RZ543 RG1028 ME7 _4 RM220 RG400 R194 4 EM1 5_8 G359 RG140 ME2 _12 RG532 C955
Chr3
RG104 7.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2.8 0 2.2 0 5.9 0 0.0 0 2.9 0 0.3 0 1.5 0 0.4 0 3.3 0 0.9 0 8.1 0 1 1.60 1.3 0 1.9 0 1 1.50 0.2 0 0.7 0 2.2 0 0.0 0 0.7 0 0.0 0 1.0 0 0.0 0 8.5 0 3.0 0 6.4 0 5.0 0 4.6 0 1.4 0 1 7.20 EM1 1_9 RM8 1 CDO2 0 RM2 31 RG409 RG224 ME8 _1 C563 RZ313 EM1 8_9 EM1 7_1 C63 RG369 EM1 9_4 EM1 3_1 R217 0 RZ672 RG913 ME7 _6 EM1 1_2 RZ403 RM1 6 ME2 _18 EM1 8_1 EM1 1_6 RZ598 EM1 9_1 1 RZ474 C746 ME8 _2 CDO1 22 RM55 RG1356
Chr4
2 .80 4 .30 0 .40 0 .00 0 .50 0 .00 0 .30 0 .20 1 .00 3 .50 0 .60 0 .00 3 .10 1 .70 0 .00 0 .30 0 .30 1 .20 7 .40 1 .50 1 3.50 1 2.30 0 .70 1 .50 0 .00 1 .00 7 .60 2 .90 2 .40 2 .90 5 .70 3 .00 1 6.00 3 .00 1 .70 5 .90 EM16_3 RG190 EM15_3 RM261 RZ602 ME6_9 ME10_13 ME2_5 RG396 RG908 ME6_10 RG449 ME7_7 EMP3_ 1c EM17_6 RZ69 EM14_5 ME2_13 EMP2_ 2 ME10_11 ME4_9 RZ565 EMP3_ 10 ME9_4 RM273 RM252 C335 EM18_18 RG163 RM317 RG939 RG476 RG214 RG620 RM280 RM127 C107
Chr8
3.0 0 1.1 0 5.3 0 3.3 0 1.5 0 1 2.10 RG333 ME2 _8 ME9 _1 ME2 _1 EM1 6_6 C112 1 ME5 _3 1 1.20 3.8 0 4.3 0 2.6 0 1.3 0 0.0 0 0.2 0 2.3 0 4.4 0 0.3 0 3.6 0 1.3 0 4.0 0 0.8 0 1.3 0 0.0 0 2.0 0 0.0 0 0.8 0 2.1 0 1 7.40 1 0.70 3.8 0 7.4 0 EMP2_3 EM1 3_4 ME7 _11 ME5 _5 ME5 _4 ME1 0_4 ME5 _7 EM1 5_1 0 ME8 _4 RG978 R139 4 A G2132 G1073 RM8 0 ME6 _13 RG1 RM2 56 G187 RM2 10 ME2 _11 EM1 4_1 RZ997 RG598 EM1 8_5
Chr9
2.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.3 0 0.0 0 2.3 0 1.9 0 1.4 0 3.9 0 4.5 0 0.0 0 3.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 7.1 0 1.8 0 0.3 0 4.7 0 0.3 0 6.4 0 3.3 0 4.6 0 4.6 0 0.0 0 3.2 0 5.2 0 4.0 0 2.1 0 0.3 0 0.5 0 3.7 0 2 5.90 K936 EM1 5_9 EMP3_2 c ME2 _17 C711 C313 RZ698 RM219 RG553 EM1 4_6 ME4 _13 ME1 0_1 5 ME4 _7 ME1 0_1 0 ME4 _10 C117 6 G103 ME5 _9 ME5 _8 R41 ME2 _10 ME9 _3 ME9 _6 K985 RM242 RM201 RG667 RM215 RG358 RZ792 RZ404 RG141 RM205
0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 1.7 0 0.5 0 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.9 0 0.5 0 2.5 0 1.4 0 1.1 0 0.3 0 2 2.70 4.0 0 1 0.80 8.0 0 4.0 0 1 1.40 2.7 0 2.4 0 1.8 0 3.6 0 4.3 0 5.3 0 0.0 0 3.9 0 3.3 0 4.4 0 2 6.70
R263 0 RZ444 EM1 5_2 C45 EM1 8_10 ME6 _4 L1 087 ME6 _1c ME9 _9 EMP3_4 EAAM17 _6 ME8 _3 RG811 ME2 _16 WG 10 1 RG345 RM2 46 RG957 RM1 28 R241 7 RM212 C813 RM1 02 ME4 _18 EM1 1_11 RG109 RM1 04 RM1 65 RM3 15 ME1 0_14 CDO3 45
RZ909 8.3 0 RM14
The cultivar KDML105 is characterized by having superior eating quality that is highly preferred by the market. Despite of this good quality, this cultivar lacks yield potential and is susceptible to drought. Improving this cultivar, will require extensive search for an appropriate donor of the three components of yield under drought such as yield potential, appropriate phenology and drought tolerance, without disturbing the original quality characters of this popular cultivar.
Flowering had a great effect on grain yield as KDML105 and introgression lines with chromosome 3 and 9 combination with short flowering days had higher grain yield than the rest. Severe drought caused more than 50% reduction in yield for almost all lines tested. It was identified that under stress, biological yield, number of sterile seeds and harvest index contributed to grain yield under stress. Marker-assisted selection has been proven effective but for trait like drought, phenotypic evaluation coupled with MAS technique will be more effective in improving grain yield and stability in a given target environment. Dehydration Tolerance :allows the plant to maintain important physiological functions and growth while plant water potential is reduced. Dehydration tolerance reduces the effects of the stress experienced by the plant tissue.
Collaboration
Submergence Tolerant Rice

Flash flooding is a common phenomenal during a monsoon season for rice farming in rainfed lowland of North and Northeast Thailand. Flash flooding occurs at various stage of growth. Most rice varieties are intolerance to flash flooding but some varieties have ability to survive after the occurrence of flash flooding. Submergence tolerance is genetically determined traits with relatively high heritability. The major effect of genes determining submergence tolerance was located on chromosome 9. Marker assisted selection (MAS) and backcross breeding were used to breed Thai jasmine rice Kao Dawk Mali 105 for submergence tolerance. The breeding effort was successful and new Thai jasmine rice varieties were released for on farm trail in 2000.
Types of flooding and tolerance mechanism

1. Deep water flooding - Fast stem elongation 2. Flash flooding less leaf sheath elongation and senescence
Rice plant under submergence
Oxygen is required for production of the energy necessary for growth and maintenance processes. Carbon dioxide is the substrate for photosynthesis. The level of both gasses is changed during submergence; O2 increase during the day and CO2 increase at night as consequences of photosynthesis and respiration.
Submergence tolerant jasmine rice varieties

Variety names KPSKD5, KPSKD6, KPSKD7 KPSKD8 KPSKD9 KPSKD15 KPSKD16 KPSKD17 KPSKD18 KPSKD19 KPSKD20 Type aromatic non-glutinous
Agronomic characteristics
- Plant height 130-170 cm - Photosensitive - Harvesting period; November -Seed dormancy 7 9 weeks -Grain size = 2.1-2.2 x 7.5 - 7.9 x 2.0 mm - Head rice 58 - 62 % - Amylose content 13 - 17 % Yield potential: 650 800 Kg/rai
105
Collaboration
The Rockefeller Foundation National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand (BIOTEC) Rice Gene Discovery Unit, Kasetsart University kamphaung Saen campus
Aromatic Gene in Rice

The Natural Fragrance

Rice aroma is the most attractive character of rice to consumers. Because of its softeness, fluffy and sweet aromatic cooked rice, Thai Jasmine rice has become more popular globally. Though rice aroma combined more than 200 volatile compounds, a compound named 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is the main constituent. The aromatic 2AP has also been found in other cereals, pandan, breadflower, fungi and bacteria. It is interesting to understand the role of 2AP in plant metabolism. From nutritional point of view, 2AP is a powerful food stimulant. This amazing compound has a simple chemical structure. The biosynthesis of 2AP is not known. In August 2004, a group of Thai scientist has identified the DNA sequence responsible for aroma biosynthesis.
Deciphering Aromatic Gene in Rice

Rice grain aroma is heritable from generation to generation. Its genetic code called gene is not as expressive as the non-aromatic counterpart and the outbreed between aromatic and non-aromatic rice varieties is always non-aromatic. Scientists from USA, France, the Philippines and Thailand independently identified a small region on chromosome 8 where the aromatic gene is potentially located. Because of the lack of high-throughput sensory evaluation, no one has reached the gene. Until recently, The group of Thai Scientists successfully developed isogenic line similar to an identical twin carrying different allelic copies of the aromatic gene and this finding later led to the discovery of the coding sequence and function of the aromatic gene from Jasmine rice for the first time.
http://www.irri.org
At theWorld Market
The rice world market ranks aromatic rice at the top. For the 4 5 million Ton of aromatic rice worth 2-2.5 billion US Dollar, Thai Jasmine rice shares almost half-half with Basmati rice from India and Pakistan with small players like USA, Vietnam, and recently Cambodia. The lucrative market will become more competitive in near future from new players like USA, Australia and Vietnam that has launched new plant type that combines high grain yield with aromatic quality.
Collaboration

Rice For The Future (Super Jasmine Rice)

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High Nutrition Rice

Low Glycemic Index

Rice for Nutrition

Research center, Hospital Ramathibodi, mahidol University

This project founding by National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)

High Iron Rice

First Laboratory for Iron Bioavailability in Thailand

Research center, Hospital Ramathibodi, mahidol University

This project founding by National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)

Control Diabetes by Rice

What about diabetes

Rice for diabetes concerning patient

Research center, Hospital Ramathibodi, mahidol University

This project founding by National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)

Rice for Industry

Rice for Industry

Structure of Rice Starch

Industrial Application of Rice Starch Depends on Amylose / Amylopectin Ratio

Rice Bran Oil

Rice Bran Oil for Health

Rice Bran Oil

C18:0-ACP Oleic acid

Rice Genome Project

Rice Genome Annotation

Generate physical map

Consider candidate genes

Biological data integration system and biological data mining techniques

Final identification of mutation

Super Jasmine Rice

Super jasmine rice

How to improve jasmine rice

Brown planthopper resistant in KDML105

Vol.01 No.15 July 2007

BLB Resistant gene in KDML105

Vol.01 No.16 July 2007

Drought Tolerant Rice

RZ909 8.3 0 RM14

Submergence Tolerant Rice

Types of flooding and tolerance mechanism

Rice plant under submergence

Submergence tolerant jasmine rice varieties

Aromatic Gene in Rice

The Natural Fragrance

Deciphering Aromatic Gene in Rice

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