November 24, 2011

Operational Amplier Chinmay Kalaghatgi and Shibasis Roy Aim: To study the characteristics of an Operational Amplier(IC 741). The characteristics to be studied are Inverting and Non-Inverting gain, OpAmp as an inverting summer, Input Bias Current, Oset Voltage, Slew Rate and Bandwidth. Apparatus: IC 741, resistors and capacitors according to the circuit, DC Dual Power Supply, Frequency Generator, Oscilloscope. Theory: A dierential amplier is essentially two transistors with common grounded emitter whose o/p is essentially the dierence betwee the two i/p voltages. A dierential amplier is as given below:

(1).png Figure 1: Dierential Amplier 1

An operational amplier is essentially dierential amplier coupled together in a circuit(Fig 2).

Figure 2: Op.Amp Circuit Operational amplier has two inputs and one o/p. The two inputs contain of one non-inverting i/p and one inverting i/p. If V0 is the o/p and V1 and V2 are the inverting and non-inverting i/ps respectively both with the same sign, then V0 = V2 V1 , i.e., the non-inverting i/p gives the o/p in phase to the i/p while the inverting i/p does the opposite. A op-amp has high gain but that gain is unstable. So, to stabilise it, a feedback loop is constructed between the o/p and inverting i/p. Any change in the i/p will cause a change in the o/p but this change is fed back to the inverting i/p which counters the change in o/p thus stabilising it. This same ckt with the inverting i/p gounded consists of the ckt to measure the R inverting gain. The inverting gain Ain is given as Ain = Rf . While the i non-inverting gain is given as Anin = 1 + Ain .

Figure 3: Op.Amp With Feedback Loop The pin congurations of an IC 741 are as given below:

Figure 4: Pin Conguration of IC 741 Normal specications of an IC 741 are as below: i) Max supply Voltage : 18V ii) Power Dissipation : 500mW iii) Input Resistance : 2M iv) Output Reistance : 75 v) Gain = 2*105 Characteristics of an Op-Amp: 1] Input Bias Current: If both inputs are grounded through resistances, there might be some current at the 3

output. This is the i/p bias current. 2] I/p Oset Current: This is the dierence between the input currents driven from a common source. 3] I/p oset voltage: The input oset voltage is the voltage at the o/p even if both the inputs are grounded. 4] Slew Rate: Normally, the input of an op-amp is an AC current. But the op-amp can produce the o/p faithfully only up to a specic value after which the o/p is distorted. This maximum rate of change of the AC current is the slew rate. 4] Bandwidth: Maximum i/p frequency at which the op-amp can produce faithful o/p without any distortion. Observations and Circuit diagrams: Inverting Gain: To measure the inverting gain of an Op-Amp the circuit diagram is as below:

Op-Amp.png Figure 5: Inverting Gain Rin is constantly changed by a decade box, and two readings are taken for two dierent values of Rf , i.e., 10,000 and 20,000. The input voltage applied(Vi ) was 0.2V peak to peak which is equivalent to 0.14 V RMS(Vr ). Voltage applied to 7 and 4 are 14V respectively. The frequency of the i/p current is 146.18 kHz. If the output peak to peak voltage is Voi and the RMS voltage is Vor then the gain is given by: Ainv =
Voi Vi

+ 2

Vor Vr

(1)

Also, the gain is calculated by the formula given before for Ain . The observation table is as below:

1.png Figure 6: Observation Table We can see that the gain for high Ri s are in accordance with the calculated values but no so for the smaller resistances. This could be due to an error in the resistance boxes used, i.e., the given resistance could not be the real resistance, though we havent yet checked this claim. Non-Invering Gain: below: The circuit diagram for non-inverting gain is as

Inverting Amp.png Figure 7: Non-Inverting Op-Amp R2 is kept constant at 10,000 while R1 is changed and the measured and calculated gain are as below: 5

tav=ble.jpeg Op-Amp as an Inverting Summer: An operaitonal amplier could be used to calcuate the sum of two voltages. If V1 and V2 are the two i/p voltages, the output voltage V0 = V1 +V2 . The circuit diagram of the op-amp is as below:

Op-Amp.png Figure 8: Operational Amplier as a Summer Let between V1 V2 and R1 R2 be two switches S1 S2 respectively. In the experiment V1 and V2 are both taken to be 1.5V whose sign could be reversed. The obsevation table of such a case is as below: S1 S2 V1 V2 Vo ON OFF +1.5 0 1.507 OFF ON 0 -1.5 -1.5 ON ON +1.5 +1.5 1.5 ON ON -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 ON ON +1.5 -1.5 0.00 6

Table 1: Observation table of Op-Amp as a Summer Obs. Nos 3 and 4 are not giving values as supposed to. What went wrong is yet to be found out. Oset Voltage: The circuit diagram for oset voltage is as below:

Voltage.png The voltage is measured between the output pin 6 and ground. For voltage at 7 and 4 as 10V the oset voltage measured was -1.38 V. Then, a potentiometer is connected between pins 1 and 5 (oset null) with the centre wire of the pot connected to pin 4. The resistance was changed until the output voltage was 0. The value of the resistance at which output voltage equaled 0 is 1.68k