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Klassisk Elektrodynamik 1TT721 (F4, NVP4, U, AIM), 5 p, 7.5 ECTS

UTH, Tekn-Nat Fak, Uppsala Universitet
Tid: 17 augusti 2007, kl 09.0014.00.
Plats: Skrivsalen, Polacksbacken, Uppsala.
Tilltna hjlpmedel : Utdelad formelsamling, Rknedosa,
Spiegel: Mathematical Handbook, Rde-Westergren: Beta,
Nordling-sterman: Physics Handbook, eller jmfrbara handbcker.
Five problems, maximum four points each, for a total maximum of 20 points.
1. Consider a charge density (t, x) and current density j(t, x) in an otherwise empty space. In
Coulomb gauge, A = 0, write down the wave equation for the vector potential A(t, x) and a
closed-formexpression for the scalar potential (t, x) with explicit denotation of the dependence
on time.
Solution
Expressing the elds in the potentials [(F.9) and (F.10)]
B(t, x) = A(t, x) (1)
E(t, x) = (t, x)
A(t, x)
t
(2)
and inserting into Maxwells source equations [(F.1) and (F.4)] in vacuum one obtains the gen-
eral inhomogeneous wave equations
E =
2
+

t
( A) =
(t, x)

0
(3)
B
1
c
2
E
t
=
2
A
1
c
2

2
A
t
2

_
A+
1
c
2

t
_
=
0
j(t, x) (4)
In Coulomb gauge A = 0 they become

2
=

0
(5)

2
A
1
c
2

2
A
t
2
=
0
j +
1
c
2

t
(6)
The rst of these two is Poissons equation which has the solution
(t, x(t)) =
1
4
0
_
V

d
3
x

(t, x

(t))
|x(t) x

(t)|
+Const (7)
where there is no retardation (one and the same time t), and the second one is the wanted
inhomogeneous wave equation.
1
2. In antenna design, an important design parameter is the radiation resistance. As in circuit
theory, it is dened as R
rad
= P/(J
rms
)
2
where J
rms
= J
0
/

2 and J
0
is the peak value of the
current.
A linear antenna is fed at its midpoint with a current whose wavelength is much longer than
the antenna length . Hence the antenna current distribution is linearly rising fromthe endpoints
to the center. For this antenna determine an explicit analytic expression for R
rad
, expressed in
, and constants of nature.
Solution
Formulae [F.15] and [F.16] for calculating the Fourier amplitudes of the B
rad
and E
rad
elds
from an extended source distribution
B
rad

(x) =
i
0
4
e
ik|x|
|x|
_
V

d
3
x

e
ikx

k
E
rad

(x) =
i
4
0
c
e
ik|x|
|x|
x
_
V

d
3
x

e
ikx

k
respectively, contain a common source integral. We choose the coordinate system so that the
x
3
axis coincides with the antenna axis. Then k x

= kx

3
cos and x
3
k = ksin , and the
source integral becomes
_
V

d
3
x

e
ikx

k = ksin
_
(x

1
) dx

1
_
(x

2
) dx

2
_
/2
/2
e
ikx

3
cos
j

(x

3
) dx

3

= ksinI

(1)
The antenna is short enough that the current distribution from the endpoints to the centre to the
antenna wire can be approximated by linearly rising current ramps. Hence,
I

=
_
/2
/2
j

(x

3
)e
ikx

3
cos
dx

3
= J
0
_
/2
/2
_
1
2|x

3
|

_
e
ikx

3
cos
dx

3
=
J
0

_
/2
/2
_
l 2|x

3
|
_
e
ikx

3
cos
dx

3
(2)
In our case k 1, so that e
ikx

3
cos
1 x

3
[/2, /2] and the integrand is an even function
of the integration variable x

3
. We can then rewrite the integral as
I

=
2J
0

_
/2
0
_
l 2x

3
_
e
ikx

3
cos
dx

3
(3)
Integrating by parts one nds that
_
/2
0
_
l 2x

3
_
e
ikx

3
cos
dx

3
=
_
(l 2x

3
)
e
ikx

3
cos
ikcos
_
/2
0

_
/2
0
(2)
e
ikx

3
cos
ikcos
dx

3
=

ikcos

2
ikcos
_
/2
0
e
ikx

3
cos
dx

3
=

ikcos

2
ikcos
_
e
ikx

3
cos
ikcos
_
/2
0
=

ikcos

2
k
2
cos
2

_
e

1
2
ikcos
1
_
=
1
k
2
cos
2

_
2ik cos 2e

1
2
ikcos
_
(4)
2
We expand the exponential function in a McLaurin series and utilise the fact that k 1 to
nd the approximation 2e

1
2
ikcos
2ik cos
1
4
k
2

2
cos
2
. Then, to the rst non-vanishing
order, we obtain
_
/2
0
_
l 2x

3
_
e
ikx

3
cos
dx

1
k
2
cos
2

(2ik cos 2+ik cos +

1
4
k
2

2
cos
2
) =
1
4

2
(5)
or, in other words, that
I

1
2
J
0
(6)
Then, according to Formula [F.16] in spherical polar coordinates,
E
rad

(x) =
i
4
0
c
e
ikr
r
ksinI

r i
J
0
k
8
0
cr
e
ikr
sin

(7)
and, according to [F.14],
B
rad

(x) =
1
c

kE
rad

(x) (8)
The associated Poynting vector is
S =
_
E
rad
(t, x)
1

0
B
rad
(t, x)
_
=
1
2c
0

E
rad

2
r =
J
2
0
k
2

2
128
2
r
2
_

0
sin
2
r (9)
and the totally radiated power is
P =
_
S r
2
d =
J
2
0
k
2

2
128
2
_

0
_
2
0
d
_

0
sin
3
d =
J
2
0
k
2

2
48
_

0
(10)
which means that the radiation resistance is
R
rad
=
2P
J
2
0
=

6
_

_
2
R
0
(11)
where R
0
=

0
/
0
is the radiation resistance for vacuum and we introduced the wavelength
= 2/k.
3
3. An array of four oscillating electric dipoles of equal strengths p = p
0
cost

, p
0
= const., but
successively phase shifted 90

relative to each other, are located at xed locations and directions

according to the gure, at a constant distance a from the origin. Determine the electric eld
radiated into the far zone by the dipole array.
x
a a
a
2
x
1
a
Solution
According to [F.18] in the formula booklet, the electric far eld from an electric dipole placed
at the origin is
E
rad

(x) =
1
4
0
e
ik|x|
|x|
(p

k) k (1)
where k = k r and |x| = r. For dipole l = 1, 2, 3, 4, located at x

l
, we have
E
rad

(x) =

0
4
e
ik|xx

l
|

xx

_
p
(l)

k
_
k (2)
The coordinate system is shown in the gure.
x

x
.

r
x=|x|
^
r
x
xx
3
x
1
x
2
^
We number the dipoles such that
x

1
= a x
1
(3)
x

2
= a x
2
(4)
x

3
= a x
1
(5)
x

4
= a x
2
(6)
4
and, with the successive phase delays taken into account,
p
(1)

= p
0
x
2
(7)
p
(2)

= p
0
e
i/2
x
1
= ip
0
x
1
(8)
p
(3)

= p
0
e
i
x
2
= p
0
x
2
(9)
p
(4)

= p
0
e
3i/2
x
1
= ip
0
x
1
(10)
With the help of [F.43], the cross products can be experessed in spherical polar coordiantes as
p
(1)

k = p
0
k x
2
r = p
0
k(cos

cossin ) (11)
p
(2)

k = ip
0
k x
1
r = ip
0
k(sin

+coscos ) (12)
p
(3)

k = +p
(1)

k = p
0
k(cos

cossin ) (13)
p
(4)

k = +ip
(2)

k = ip
0
k(sin

+coscos ) (14)
and
(p
(1)

k) k = p
0
k
2
(cos cossin

) (15)
(p
(2)

k) k = ip
0
k
2
(sin +coscos

) (16)
(p
(3)

k) k = p
0
k
2
(cos cossin

) (17)
(p
(4)

k) k = ip
0
k
2
(sin +coscos

) (18)
For amplitude terms we can approximate

xx

with r, but for the more sensitive phase we

use

xx

r r x

, or explicitly

xx

= r asincos (19)

xx

= r asinsin (20)

xx

= r +asincos (21)

xx

= r +asinsin (22)
To get the Fourier component of the radiated electric feld, we sum the contributions from all
four dipoles and get
E
rad

(x) =
1
4
0
e
ikr
r
p
0
k
2
_
e
ikasincos
(cos cossin

)
+ie
ikasinsin
(sin +coscos

) +e
ikasincos
(cos cossin

)
+ie
ikasinsin
(sin +coscos

)

=
1
4
0
e
ikr
r
p
0
k
2
__
e
ikasincos
+e
ikasincos
__
cos +cossin

_
i
_
e
ikasinsin
+e
ikasinsin
__
sin coscos

_
=
p
0
k
2
4
0
e
ikr
r
_
cos(kasincos)
_
cos +cossin

_
i sin(kasinsin)
_
sin coscos

_
Multiplying with e
it
and taking the real part, we obtain the physically observable eld in the
far zone
5
4. Use the four-dimensional Lagrange function
L
(4)
=
mc
2
2
u

+qu

(x

)
for a particle with rest mass m and charge q in an electromagnetic eld described by the four-
potential A

to derive, with the help of the variational principle

_
x

1
x

0
L
(4)
(x

, u

) ds = 0, xed endpoints x

0
and x

1
,
a covariant equation of motion for the particle in the eld.
Solution
We notice that the denition of L
(4)
in the problem formulation assumes that the four-velocity
is dimensionless . Hence, it is dened in an alternative way compared to the four-velocity used
in the book (u

has the same dimension as in the book). We also note that the variation is
with respect to the invariant line element s = c.
The variational principle with the explicit expression for L
(4)
inserted:

_
x

1
x

0
L
(4)
(x

, u

)ds =
_
x

1
x

0
_
mc
2
2
u

+qu

_
ds =
=
_
x

1
x

0
_
mc
2
2

(u

)u

+q
_
A

+u

__
ds =
=
_
x

1
x

0
_
mc
2
u

+q
_
A

+u

__
ds = 0 (1)
In the present problem the four velocity is dened as
u

=
dx

ds
(2)
which means that we can write the variation of u

as a total derviative with respect to s :

u

=
_
dx

ds
_
=
d
ds
(x

)
Inserting this in the two rst terms in the last integral in (1) gives

_
x

1
x

0
L
(4)
(x

, u

)ds =
_
x

1
x

0
_
mc
2
u

d
ds
(x

) +qA

d
ds
(x

) +qu

_
ds (3)
Partial integration of the rst two terms in the integral in the right-hand member of (3) gives

_
x

1
x

0
L
(4)
(x

, u

)ds =
_
x

1
x

0
_
mc
2
du

ds
x

q
dA

ds
x

+qu

_
ds (4)
where the integrated parts do not contribute since the variation at the xed endpoints vanishes.
Changing the irrelevant dummy summation index from to in the rst two terms in the
integrand in the right-hand member of (4) gives, efter moving out the common factor,

_
x

1
x

0
L
(4)
(x

, u

)ds =
_
x

1
x

0
_
mc
2
du

ds
q
dA

ds
+qu

_
x

ds (5)
6
With the help of well-known rules of differentiation and the expression (2) for the four-velcoity
we can rewrite the expression for dA

/ds in the following way:

dA

ds
=
A

dx

ds
=
A

(6)
Inserting this expression (6) into the second term in the right-hand member of (5) and taking
out qu

as a common factor, we obtain

_
x

1
x

0
L
(4)
(x

, u

)ds =
_
x

1
x

0
_
mc
2
du

ds
+qu

_
A

__
x

ds (7)
Since, according to the variational principle, this expression must be 0, and the variation x

is
arbitrary along the world line from x

0
till x

1
, the expression within
_
in the integrand in the
right-hand member of (7) must vanish. I.e.,
mc
2
du

ds
= qu

_
A

_
(8)
We can express this equation of motion (8) in the covariant eld tensor in the following way
mc
2
du

ds
= qu

(9)
This is the wanted covariant equation of motion. QED
7
5. A point charge q moves with constant relativistic velocity v along the x
3
axis so that at time t it
is at the point (0, 0, vt). Find, at the time t, the Linard-Wiechert potentials
=
q
4
0
s
A =
v
c
2

at the point (b, 0, 0) on the x
1
axis.
Solution
According to [F.25] the retarded distance is
s =

xx

(xx

)
v
c
where x

= x

(t

) represents the location of the charge at the retarded time t

ret
.
In our case
xx

= b x
1
vt

ret
x
3
= b x
1
v
_
t
|xx

|
c
_
x
3
which means that

xx

2
= (xx

) (xx

) = b
2
+v
2
_
t
2

2|xx

| t
c
+
|xx

|
2
c
2
_
or, letting v/c = ,
(1
2
)

xx

2
+2vt

xx

v
2
t
2
= 0
This second order algebraic equation in |xx

| has the solutions

xx

=
vt
_
(1
2
)b
2
+v
2
t
2
1
2
where the upper sign is the only acceptable solution (|xx

| 0).
The retarded distance is therefore
s =

xx

+vt

xx

+v
_
t
|xx

|
c
_
= (1
2
)

xx

+vt
=
_
(1
2
)b
2
+v
2
t
2
As a result we get
=
q
4
0
_
(1
2
)b
2
+v
2
t
2
A =
vq
4c
2

0
_
(1
2
)b
2
+v
2
t
2
x
3
8