HIGH VOLTAGE TECHNIQUE

REFERENES-TEXT BOOKS
1) . KALENDERL, C. KOCATEPE, O. ARIKAN, zml Problemlerle Yksek Gerilim Teknii, Cilt 1, Birsen Yaynevi, 2005 2) M. ZKAYA , Yksek Gerilim Teknii CLT 1 , Statik Elektrik Alan Ve Boalma Olaylar , 1988 , T 3) M.ZKAYA , Yksek Gerilim Teknii CLT 2 , 1988 , T 4) . GNEN , Yksek Gerilim Teknii CLT 1 , 1977 , T 5) M. ZKAYA , Yksek Gerilim Tekniinde Dearj Olaylar , 1979 , T 6) M. ZKAYA , Yksek Gerilim Tekniinde lme , 1984 , T 7) E. KUFFEL , M. ABDULLAH , (evirenler : M. ZKAYA , T. TFEK , N. ERGAN) , Yksek Gerilim Teknii , 1988, T )

Yldz Teknik niversitesi Elektrik Mhendisli Blm

Bl. 1 1.5.2

REFERENES-TEXT BOOKS
1) E. KUFFEL , M. ABDULLAH , High Voltage Engineering , Pergamon Press , 1970

2) E. KUFFEL , W. ZAENGL , High Voltage Engineering , Pergamon Press , 1984 3) M. KHALIFA , High Voltage Engineering , Theory And Practice, Marcel Dekkar , 1991

HIGH VOLTAGE TECHNIQUE

COURSE CONTENT
1) Fundamental Principals of High Voltage Engineering - Reasons of using high voltage - Types of high voltage - Generation of high voltage - High voltage measurement 2) Electro-static Field - Electric field in planar electrode systems - Electric field in spherical electrode system - Electric field in cylindrical electrode system - High voltage cable sizing 3) High Voltage Discharges - Corona discharge - Corona Voltage - Corona Loses 4) Dielectric Loss of Insulating Materials and Measurement - Loss equivalent circuit - Schering bridge

CHAPTER 1 --- Fundamental Principals of High Voltage Tech.

Electricity is first used for the simple lighting system at the end of 19th century. In the following years, demand for electricity is increased rapidly. As a result, electricity generation, transmission, distribution and issues associated with high voltage developed as a new engineering area. Electrical power is transmitted through three-phase ac system. While power is transmitted over transmission lines (overhead transmission ACSR Aluminum Conductor with steel reinforced), it can be distributed by either overhead lines or underground cable. Transmission towers are generally used to carry the over-head lines.

Basic stages from power generation to consumer points are illustrated in the following figure:

CHAPTER 1 --- Fundamental Principals of High Voltage Tech.

Transmission line can be single circuit or double circuit:

Note: Cables used in AC can also b used in DC. Un-presence of capacitive current in DC,
makes power transmission easier in cables. Types of power cables: Paper insulated Oil filled Pressured Gas Plastic insulated

CHAPTER 1 --- Fundamental Principals of High Voltage Tech.

While power is generally transmitted over three p - hase ac transmission line, there are circumstances in which HVDC lines have certain benefits. According to AC transmission, HVDC lines became economical after 500 600 km in over h lines, and 50 km in cabled transmission. - ead

1.1. Reasons of using high voltage

Pheses and voltages in three phase system can be given as below : (No neutral line in transmission. t is found in distribution system. )

Phase to neutral voltage : U F = U

U : Phase to phase voltage

Power in such a 3-phase system :

P = Transmitted power;
= Line current ;

P = 3.U .. cos

U = Phase to phase voltage;

cos

= Power factor

1.1. Reasons of using high voltage -Continue

Every transmission line has a resistance, R. As the power to be transmitted increase, loss on this resistance, R increases as well.
The loss power act as heat released. Power loss for three phase :

P = 3.R. 2
Relative Power Loss:
3.R. P p= = = P 3.U .. cos
2

3.R. 3.U . cos

3.R =

P 3.R.P 3.U . cos = 3.U 2 cos 2 3.U . cos

p = P.

R U 2 . cos 2

To reduce the power loss: R , U , cos

1.1. Reasons of using high voltage -Continue

R l R= To reduce R, crossectional area must be increased l: = constant Conductor weight increases, accordingly cost increases.
( more strong towers, insulators ) needed.

k .S

cos
cos can be increased within a limited range ( 0<cos <1 ). Since increasing cos requires compensation system, it adds extra cost. So it has limited benefits.

U
Best suitable way is to increase voltage, U. With the increasing voltage ( copper losses = I2. R losses ) decreases.

1.1. Reasons of using high voltage -Continue

Can voltage be increases as much as desired ?
In this case, following problems occur
Discharge events and insulation problems Protection of lines against over voltages Difficulties in High voltage generation and measurement

Transmission voltage level is determined versus power and distance for economic transmission. Following figures gives the economic transmission voltage level versus power and distance for double circuit system:

RESULT: Power is the dominant factor in determining the transmission voltage level between power and distance.

1.1. Reasons of using high voltage -Continue

high voltages are used for a wide variety of applications covering the power systems, industry, and research laboratories. Some of the applications are: Electrostatic filter ,spray paint, photocopier, medical applications, nuclear resaerch, TV receiver, ossiloscope and so on and so forth. For a cleaner environment, high voltage ozone generators is used in treatment facilities to eliminate the bad smells. Dust in factory chimney can be bloced using electrostatic filters.

Voltages higher than 1000V AC 1200V DC are called high voltage.

1.2. VOLTAGE DEFINITIONS

Standard Voltage Values: For cheapness and commonality in materials and

devices, standard voltage values are determined in high voltage networks.
Standard voltage values for TURKEY are determined by TSE, and given in TS 83 under the title Electrical Grid Voltage Standards. American National Standarts Institute (ANSI) gives the standard voltage values for USA in C-84.

TSE 83
Rated Voltage(kVeff.) 3 6 10 15 30 60 154 380 Maximum Voltage(kVeff) 3.6 7.2 12 17.5 36 72.5 170 420

ANSI C 84
Rated(kV) 34,5 46 69 115 138 161 230 345 500 700

Max(kV) 36 48.3 72.5 121 145 169 242 362 550 765

In other standards, maximum values are :

300kV, 362kV 420kV, 525kV 765kV

1.2. VOLTAGE DEFINITIONS Cont.

Voltages are classified into different levels

Voltage Category
Low Voltage Medium- MHV High - HV Extra High-EHV Ultra High-UHV

Interval
220V U 2.4kV

2.4kV < U 115kV

115kV < U 287kV

287kV < U 1000kV 1000kV < U 1600kV

1.2. VOLTAGE DEFINITIONS Cont.

RATED VOLTAGE (NOMINAL VOLTAGE) : It is a voltage at which a piece of electrical equipment is designed to operate. In the case of a light, heater or motor, the operation at the rated voltage would provide the rated performance. Rated voltage could also be the maximum voltage that a type of wire, transformer, socket, insulator or circuit breaker is designed for. RATED INSULATION VOLTAGE :It is a voltage that the insulation of an electrical component or a device is designed for. In order to test the insulation level, rated insulation voltage is applied. OPERATION VOLTAGE : It is a voltage occurs during the normal operation period of the device. This voltage is limited by a definite percentage of rated voltage.( % 10).

1.3. NATURAL POWER

Equivalent circuit for per uit length of long transmission line: - n
R : Per-unit length resistance of transmission line (/km) L : Self-inductance of the transmission line (H/km) C : Per unit length capacitance (F/km) G : Leakage conductance of per unit length (S/km )

Long transmission line parameters are assumed to be evenly distributed over the line range. So, equivalent circuit of the long transmission line can be given as in Fig. 1.
R L R L
= Line length. R= R . L = L . G= G . C= C .

1.3. NATURAL POWER - Continue

Assuming the line lossless : R = 0 , G = 0 . In this case:

Z= j..L. impedance, zo
L' L ZO = = ' C C

and

Y= j..C.. Therefore, surge

(Surge Impedance)

Surge impedance is also impedance that behaves as a resistive element against traveling wave resulted from resonance, lightning and switching events.

1.3. Natural Power - Continue

The speed of traveling wave (either voltage or current wave) in the line is approximately equal to light speed and can be calculated by the following expression.

v=

1 L C

(Wave Propagation Speed)

This speed in the cabled line is dependent upon the di- eectric constant of l the insulating material, and is approximately equal to half of the light speed. L' 1 L' 1 = 2 2 = ZO = C ' v .C ' C' v.C '
v = 3 108 m / sn (k hz)

1.3. Natural Power - Continue 2

Natural Power:

Po =

U ZO

U=Phase to phase voltage

It is a power that a line can transmit if the line is loaded with a resistance equal to surge impedance (SIL: Surge impedance loading) . In this case, there is no reactive power transmission.

U2 3 U2 F SIL = = ZC ZC
where U is phase to phase voltage and, UF is phase to neutral voltage. Natural power is defined for a radial line (one generator- single load point). That is why it was frequently used in the past. For interconnected system, it can be used for a specific line loading, which means that natural power is the criteria for determining the maximum loading level of a line.

1.3. Natural Power - Continue

Transmission lines are not loaded generally with natural power. If natural power > power to be transmitted ==> voltage increases. (in this case additional inductance needed)

Po (natural power) is a three-phase power:

U / 3 3.RO .U 2 U 2 = PO = 3.RO . 2 = 3.RO = 2 R RO 3.RO O
R U S U T
RO= ZO RO RO
2

1.4. The Classification of H.V. and Definitions

As well as usage of H.V. in power system and industry, it is required used to test devices and their insulation level. High Voltage can be divided into three parts in terms of its variation versus time (1) High DC voltage; (2) High AC voltage; (3) Impulse voltage

High DC Voltage : If polarity of voltage is constant, it is called DC voltage.

If magnitude is constant over the time period, it is called constant DC voltage If magnitude is not constant over the time period, it is called fluctuating DC voltage. This kind of DC voltages are characterized by polarity, average value, minimum value and then fluctuating factor (FF). (+) or (-); Uavg; Um; FF

Fluctuating Magnitude =
Fluctuating Factor =

U max U min 2

U max U min 2.U avg

According to IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) , FF should be less than %5 when testing the devices using DC voltage (FF < %5 ). Where do we use High DC voltage: Capacitor and cable testing; Electrostatic filter; paint spraying system High AC voltage : If polarity and the magnitude of voltage vary periodically, it
is called alternating voltage. It is used for testing purposes as well as generating High DC and impulse voltage. Generators can supply 10-20 kV or up to 35 kV voltages. In the low voltage level, generally sinusoidal alternating voltages used. In practice they contain HARMONIC COMPENENTS.
An Alternating Current can be characterized by - Frequency; peak value, effective value (rms value) and voltage waveform (sinusoidal, triangular, rectangular)
However, If we know the peak value and the waveform, we can calculate the rms value.

1.4. The Classification of H.V. and Definitions - Continue

Peak Value (VM): Maximum value of an alternating voltage. (transients and noises are not included) Effective (rms) value: It is a root mean square value of an alternating signal for one period.

1.4. The Classification of H.V. and Definitions - Continue

1 U= T

1 0 U (t ).dt = T
T 2

U 2m 0 U m . sin t.dt = T
T 2 2

1 cos 2t .dt 2

U 2m = T

1 cos 2t U 2m .dt = 2 T

Um sin 2wt 2 U 2m 1 0 = 2 T 4 l0 = 2 2

Frequency in Europe and TURKEY is 50 Hz. However for testing purposes, the frequency range [40-62] Hz can be used as an 50 Hz value.
As for the magnitude of the test voltage including harmonic components;

(Peak Value of Test Voltage )/(RMS value ) = 2 %7

1.4. The Classification of H.V. and Definitions - Continue Impulse Voltages : Impulse over voltages arise in Power systems

due to lightning or switching. They represent a principle factor in the design of equipment insulation. Hence impulse voltage generation is very important to investigate the possible defect/breakdown of over voltages.

Most Common Impulse Voltages; 1) Double exponential impulse voltage 2) Chopped impulse voltage 3) Triangular impulse voltage 4) Square or rectangular impulse voltage
5) Switching impulse voltage

Tc = 1,67 x T T = 0,3 x Tc = 0,5 x T

Anma Cephesi Sresi (TC) : Anma gerilimi tepe deerinin %30 - %90nn meydana geldii anlar arasndaki srenin (T) 1,67 katdr. Anma Srt Yar Deer Sresi (TS) : Anma balang noktas (O) ile gerilimin srtta tepe deerin yarsna dt ana kar den noktalar arasndaki sredir. Tepe Deeri (UMAX) : Gerilimin maksimum deeridir. Darbe gerilimleri Tc/Ts olarak verilir. En ok kullanlan standart darbe gerilimi 1,2/50 s (Cephe Sresi / Srt yar deer sresi)dir. U TC = 1,2 %30 tolerans kabul edilir. Cephede Kesilmi TS = 50 %20 tolerans kabul edilir. UMAX = UMAX %3 tolerans kabul edilir.
Kesik Darbe Gerilimi: Tam darbe geriliminin bir delinme sonucu herhangi bir deer-den sfr deerine dmesi sonucu meydana gelir.Cephede ya da srtta olabilir. Bir trafonun giriinde kullanlan ark boynuzu byle bir darbe gerilimini ksa devre ederek (atlama ile) ke- silmesini salar ve o yzden transformatrler byle bir darbe gerilimine maruz kalrlar.

1.4. YKSEK GERLM ETLER VE TANIMLARI-Devam

t
U

Srtta Kesilmi

1.4. YKSEK GERLM ETLER VE TANIMLARI-Devam

Kama Biimi Darbe Gerilimi: Cephesi lineer olarak ykselen kesik darbe gerilimidir. Td = Darbe Sresi; Um = Nominal Tepe Deeri; S=Darbenin Eimi = (Um)/(Td)
Dikdrtgen Darbe Gerilimi:
U Um

Td

Td = Darbe Sresi (0.9.Umi getii sre) Um = Nominal Tepe Deeri

1.4. YKSEK GERLM ETLER VE TANIMLARI-Devam

Ama-Kapama Darbe Gerilimi: ebekede oluan i ar gerilimleri taklit etmek amacyla kullanlr. Genellikle; Hat kopmas, Toprak ksa devresi, Rezonans, Devreye girip kma gibi durumlarda oluur.

Tc/Ts olarak karakterize edilir. Standart ama-kapama darbe gerilimi 250/2500 s dir. [Tc =Cephe Sresi; Ts = Srt Yar Deer Sresi] Tc = 250 %20 s tolerans kabul edilir. Ts = 2500 %60 s tolerans kabul edilir. zolasyon boyutlandrlmas bakmndan, genellikle; - 220 kV a kadar tesislerde atmosferik ar gerilimler nemlidir. - 380 kVun stndeki tesislerde ise i ar gerilimler nemlidir. U < 220 kV D Ar Gerilimler U > 380 kV Ar Gerilimler nemlidir.

 Yksek Alternatif Gerilimler Yksek Doru Gerilimler Darbe Gerilimleri 1.5.1 Yksek Alternatif Gerilimlerin retilmesi

1.4. YKSEK GERLMLERN RETLMES

a)Bir Katl Deney Transformatrleri : Bu transformatrler birka yz kVa (400kV) kadar kullanlr. G transformatrlerinden glerinin kk , deitirme oranlarnn byk olmalar ile ayrlrlar.
U2
U2

U1 = Primer Sarg(A.G) (Besleme Uyarma- Sargs) U2 = Sekonder Sarg (Y.G) G = Demir ekirdek

G U1

U1

~
Tam zole Hali

~
Tam zole Hali

1.4. YKSEK GERLMLERN RETLMES- Devam

b) ok Katl Deney Transformatrleri: Birka yz kV un stnde gerilimler iin bir katl deney transformatr deil de yksek gerilim sarglar seri bal birka deney transformatr yardmyla elde edilir. rnein 1,2 MVluk gerilim iin 3 adet 400 kV luk niteler halinde elde edilir. Tek katl transformatr ekonomik olmadndan bu yol kullanlr. Bir transformatrn arl (hacmi) kb ile doru orantldr: G= k .U3
Sekonderi U1 olan bir gerilim iin arlk: G1=k . U13dir. Elde edilecek gerilim : U2 = 3.U1 iin G2 = k . U23 G2 = k . 27.U13 G2 = 27. G1 olmaktadr . Fakat seri bal bamsz ( 2 sargl) transformatrler iin en fazla G2 k . G . U12 olur.

1.4. YKSEK GERLMLERN RETLMES- Devam

c) Rezonans Devreleriyle Yksek Gerilimlerin retilmesi : C1 = Kondansatr C2 = Y.G sargsnn, deney cisminin, lme iin kullanlan kresel elektrotlarn kapasitelerini gsterir F = Kresel elektrodlar L1,L2 = Primer,sekonder devre endktans U1 = C1in doldurulduu en byk gerilim U2 = C2 in doldurulduu en byk gerilim
+ U1 C1 U
2

C2
2

Tesla Transformatr

Buna tesla transformatr de denir.C1 kondansatr U1 gerilimi ile dolar. Fler yaklatrlr ve atlama olunca rezonans ile U2 gerilimi oluur. Gerilim dnce atlama durur. U1 gerilimi srekli uygulannca atlama srekli meydana geldike U2 gerilimi elde edilir. Flerin akl U2 gerilimini L1 ve C1 ise f i belirler. F kresel elktodlarnn faliyete gemesi ile seri rezonans devresi meydana gelir.Yksek frekansl snml titreimler oluur. Bu frekans : X1 = XC1
2. . f .L1 = 1 2. . f .C1 =>

f =

1 2. . L1 .C1

1.4. YKSEK GERLMLERN RETLMES- Devam

1.5.2 Yksek Doru Gerilimlerin retilmesi:
Yksek doru gerilim, laboratuarlarda kondansatr , kablo gibi kapasitesi byk olan yaltkan malzemelerin muayenesinde ve fiziksel incemeler iin kullanlr. Tbbi elektronik (rntgen) Pskrtme (elektrostatik toz) boya Baca gaz filtresinde kullanlr.

A) Alternatif Gerilimlerin Dorultulmas le Elde Edilmesi : nce transformatrlerle

yksek alternatif gerilim elde edilir. Daha sonra dorultucularla (diyot gruplar veya lambalarla) dorultulur.(Civa buharl redresrler birka amper akm deerlerinde ve 10kV a kadar gerilimlerde kullanlrlar. Her bir diyot 5 kV gerilim ve 3500Ae kadar yaplabilir).

1.4. YKSEK GERLMLERN RETLMES- Devam

a)Yarm Dalga Dorultucu Devresi :
Balant emas

tv = Dorultucudan (Redresrden) akm geme sresi tv = T/2; Uv=Um Uv = Redresrn yaltm(kesim) durumunda dayanmas gereken en byk gerilim

Q = 2.U .C = T . y

U =

y 2.C. f
Um 2

Ortalama deger = U o =

Uv 2.Um
tv << T

b)Tam Dalga Dorultucu Devresi :

1.4. YKSEK GERLMLERN RETLMES- Devam

3 fazl ebekeden doru gerilim elde edilmesi

1.4. YKSEK GERLMLERN RETLMES- Devam

B) Gerilim Katlayc Devreler:

Nispeten kk akmlar verdiklerlerinden yksek gerilim doru akm ile enerji iletimine uygun deildir. A kknda AC lerin dorultulmas ile elde edilirken en byk gerilim olarak sekonderden alnan AC nin tepe deeridir. Burada ise tepe deerini 2 katna, 3 katna veya daha fazla deere katlamak mmkndr.

a) Villard Devresi:

1.4. YKSEK GERLMLERN RETLMES- Devam

U (t ) = U c + U m . sin t = U m + U m . sin t = U m (1 + sin t )

Bir kere t=0 da A = + ise Uc = Um olur.(Bir daha olmaz) B = + olduunda Uc = Um olur ve U (t ) = U m + U m . sin .t olur. (C kondansatr Um ile dolar ve alternatif gerilim bunun zerine sperpoze olur). A = + olduunda U(t) deiimine uygun olarak deiir.
t U = E 1 e T

HATIRLATMA :

t = .e T

1.4. YKSEK GERLMLERN RETLMES- Devam

b) Greinacher Devresi: Villard devresinin geniletilmi ekli olup , yarm dalga tek
kademeli gerilim katlayc devredir.
U(t) U (t) 2. Um Um

wt

D2 diyotu ve C2 kondansatr ile sabit doru gerilim elde edilir . D2 diyotu dalgalanmay azaltr. D2 diyotu kullanlmad zaman UC2=2Um gerilimi ters ynde akm aktarak dalga eklini bozar. kta 2Um lik gerilim elde edildii iin C2 kondansatr 2Umlik gerilime, C1 ve D elemanlar Um' e gre seilmek zorundadr.

1.4. YKSEK GERLMLERN RETLMES- Devam

c) Zimmermann-Wittka Devresi: iki Villard devresi karlkl yerletirilirse, k
C +

ularnda tepe deeri transformatrn tepe gerilimin 3 kat olan dalgal bir doru gerilim elde edilir.
U U(t)

~
C + + +

3Um 2Um

t
U(t)

Kondansatrler Um + Um = 2.Um ile dolar. Bunun zerine Um .sint ile sperpoze edilir.

(2.U m + U m .sin t = U m (2 + sin t ))

PROBLEM SOLUTION - 1
PROBLEM 1.1
A single circuit three phase transmission line with bundled conductors of two is located above the ground at a height of 31.75 m (h = 31,75 m). Find the following: a)Charecteristic impedance of the line =? b)Natural power of transmission line=? c)Calculate the line current, transmission losses and reactive power when the line is loaded with a resistance equal to charecteristic impedance of the line. d)Find the required element to be connected to the receiving end of the line if the transmission system is loaded with natural power.
Faz 1 Faz 2 Faz 3

2r a d d a d

U h

Note:
Conductor cross-sectional area= 547,34 mm2. Line lenght, l = 500 km, Conductor specific conductance, k = 31,56 m/mm2, Light speed, v = 3.108 mk = 31,56 /s, 0 = 8,854.10-12 F/m, and r = 1 2 Per-unit lenght capacitance of the line, C / 2 h [F/m] Where, = 0r r = conductor radious= 15,21 mm h = height (mm)
ln r

PROBLEM SOLUTION - 1
ZM 1.1. a) / 2 [F/m] C 2h ln r

Line characteristic impedance:

L L/ = ZC C C/

C/ =

2 8,854 10 2 31750 ) ln( r

2 31750 15 , 21

12

C / is known, we need to find L/ value:

from the wave propagation speed:

v=
L/ =

C =
/

2 8,854 10 12 ln( )

L/ C/
1 v2 C /

When we insert this equation into Zc expression:

= 6,67 10 12 F/m = 6,67 pF/m

1 (v 2 C / ) = ZC / C

1 v2 C /
2

1 vC/

1 = = 499,75 8 12 3 10 6,67 10

PROBLEM SOLUTION - 1
b) The line voltage U = 380 kV = 380000 V
and, ZC Z0 = 499,75 ohm, then natural power,

c) Three phase line loaded with Z0

Z0 L1 Z0 L2 Z0 L3 N

U2 P0 = Z0
380000 2 P0 = = 288,94.10 6 W = 288,94 MW 499,75

Line current for one-phase:

I=

U Z0

or I =

P0 3 U cos

cos = 1 (because of natural power),

380 10 3 3 I= = 439 A 499,75

PROBLEM SOLUTION - 1
Total transmission losses:

P = 3 R I

d) If the transmission system is loaded with natural power, the load should equal to: Z0 = 499,75

R=

l k S

l 500 10 3 2 P = 3 I = 3 439 2 k S 31,56 547,34 = 16,73 10 6 W

PROBLEM SOLUTION - 1 PROBLEM 1.2 For a three-phase transmission line, calculate SOLUTION 1.2 the following: a) Surge impedance: (a) Surge impedance=? L 1,26 10 3 (b) Wave propagtion speed =? Z0 = = = 374,2 9 C 9 10 (c) Travel time of the wave between sendingend and receiving-end. b) propagtion speed : Note: Transmission line parameters are given as below: 1 1 v= = = 3 105 km/s Line lenght= 400 km. LC 1,26 103 9 109 Line rated voltage = 220 kV R = 0,1 /km, L = 1,26 mH/km, c) Travel time of the wave: C = 0,009 F/km and G = 0,
t= l 400 = = 1,33 10 -3 s = 1,33 ms v 3 10 5

PROBLEM 1.3

PROBLEM SOLUTION - 1
b) We need to know thletim hattndaki kayp gc bulmak iin nce hattn ohmik direnci bulunmal line resistance in order to find power loss through the lines.

A new transmission system will be designed for a power of 100 MVA with power factor cos = 0,85. If current carrying capacity (ampacity) of the line is 400 A , line lenght, l = 300 km with k = 35 m/mm2 and current density j = 0,5 A/mm2, find the following (a) Transmission voltage level =? (b) Line power loss in the transmission system =? (c) Find the power loss for standard voltage. (d) If one-level higher standard voltage is used find the percent reduction in power loss. SOLUTION1.3 a) As we know, power transmission is performed by three phase system. Copmlex power,

R=

l k S

We dont know the crosssectional area. So

I 400 = = 800 mm2 j 0,5

I = jS S =

l 300 103 = R= = 10,71 k S 35 800

Total power loss,

P = 3 R I2 = 3 10,71 4002 = 5,14 106 W

S = 3UI

, then line voltage:

100 106 U= = 144,34 kV 3 400

UYGULAMA - 1
c) For standard voltage one-step higher voltage should be selected. In this case, U = 154 kV. Current for this voltage,
100 106 I= = 374,9 A 3 3 154 10
d) One-level higher standard voltage is 380 kV. In this case, current,

100 106 I= = 151,93 A 3 3 380 10

S= I 151,93 = = 303,86 mm2 j 0,5

S=

I 374,9 = 750 mm2 j 0,5

300 103 l R= = 11,43 k S 35 750

P = 3 R I = 3 11,43 374,9 = 4,82 10 W
2 2 6

l 300 103 R= = = 28,21 k S 35 303,86

P = 3 R I2 = 3 28,21 151,932 = 1,95 106 W

percent reduction in power loss (%)

1,95 106 = 1 4,82 106 100 = %59,54

NOT: D elektromagnetik alanlardan etkilenme gibi zorluklardan dolay yksek gerilimlerin zelliklede yksek darbe gerilimlerinin llmesinde alak gerilim l aletlerinde msaade edilen lme hatalardan daha byk hatalara msaade edilir. Bir ok halde % 2,5 ile % 5 arasndaki lme hatalar kabul edilebilir deerlerdir.

1.6. HIGH VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT CIRCUITS

Relative error (or error) of a voltage measurement devise :

U H = U
U = Actual Breakdown Voltage U1 = Applied Voltage Hk = Construction error a = Conversion Factor Us = Maximum scale of the measurement device

U US U1 U US H= = US U US U { { a
Hk

where Hk = % .

Error classes of the measurement circuits: 0,1% - 0,2% - 0,5% - 1% - 1,5% - 2,5%. For examle if the class is 0.5 then Hk = % 0,5.

1.6. HIGH VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT CIRCUITS - Continue

High voltage measurement circuits can be divided into two groups: A) Measurement circuits that use HV measurement device B) Measurement circuits that use LV measurement device

A) Measurement circuits that use HV measurement device : The

voltage to be measured is directly applied to the HV measurement system. Spherical electrodes, electro-static voltmeters and generator system based measurement circuits can be mentioned in this group. The most common one is the sphere-gap based measurement. They have simple construction, and small enough error. Generally made of copper, but any other materials could be used. 1.6.1 MEASUREMENT WITH SPHERICAL ELECTRODES: It measures the voltage based on spark gap occurrence. Apart from the voltage measurement, spherical electrodes could be used for the following purposes; Voltage dependent switching. Variable high voltage capacitors Voltage limiter

Spherical electrode based measurement is performed based on the certainty of the following factors, which are already identified, for a breakdown voltage:
Sphere gap Sphere diameter Measurement system arrangement (vertical or horizontal) Weather conditions

1.6.1 MEASUREMENT WITH SPHERICAL ELECTRODES : - Continue

U

These are prescribed in the standards. They tabulate breakdown voltages for standard conditions and various sphere diameters D as a function of the gap spacing a. U=f(D,a) Spherical electrode based measurement can measure the following voltages: Peak values of AC voltages (from 50 hz to several 500 kHz) Peak values of DC voltages Peak values of impulse voltages

a
D

a = Sphere gap ; D = Sphere diameter

Sphere gap spaces ( cm)

Sphere Diameter ( cm )
2 5 2.8 kVtepe 6.25 10 12.5 200

0.05 0.10 150

Breakdown voltages
(kVpeak)

4.7 kVtepe

.. ..

1.6.1 MEASUREMENT WITH SPHERICAL ELECTRODES : - Continue

BreakdownU do voltage
( kV )

Un
1000 D= 100 cm D= 50 cm D= 25 cm 10 cm

200

10

50

a
( cm )

Gap spacing

Breakdown voltage of sphere gap as function of gap spacing a, for different arrangement and various diameters D. Weather conditions have an effect on the breakdown voltages of sphere gaps. Breakdown voltages are given for standard conditions in the VDE and IEC norms.

Except for the standard conditions, the factor i.e.. relative air density is used. Breakdown voltages of sphere gaps as a function of relative air density :

U = U n U = k ( ) U n

for 0.95 1.05 for 0.95 > , > 1.05

1.6.1 MEASUREMENT WITH SPHERICAL ELECTRODES : - Continue

Un = Breakdown voltage under normal conditions (20 0C ,760 mm Hg, or 20 0C ,1013 mbar) k()= correction factor as a function of relative air density U = Breakdown voltage under different weather conditions

273 + 20 = 0,386 760 273 + 273 +

where:

[ (mm Hg) , ( 0C ) ]

or
=
b 273 + 20 b . = 0,289 . 1013 273 + 273 +
where: [ b (mbar) , ( 0C ) ]

1 mbar = 100 N / m2 0,75 Ton

1.6.1 MEASUREMENT WITH SPHERICAL ELECTRODES : - Continue

k() is correction factor as a function of relative air density and tabulated as below:

=k()

k()
0,70 0,72 0,80 0,81 0,90 0,91 0,95 0,95 1,0 1,0 1,05 1,05 1,10 1,09 1,15 1,12

Sphere Arrangements :

For symmetric arrangement, voltage is applied to both sphere together. Horizontal arrangement is usually preferred for D < 50 cm used for lower voltage ranges ( 500 kV < 500 mm) With the larger spheres the vertical arrangement is chosen; it is most suitable for measuring voltage with reference to earth potential only. Electric field distribution is symmetrical horizontal and it is unsymmetrical in vertical arrangement.

1.6.1 MEASUREMENT WITH SPHERICAL ELECTRODES : - Continue

Measurement Using Spherical Electrode: Spherical electrode based

measurement is performed based on the certainty of the following factors, which are already identified, for a breakdown voltage:
(i) Sphere gap, a (ii) Sphere diameter, D (iv) Weather conditions (iii) Measurement system arrangement (vertical or horizontal) Measurement is done in two ways :

1) Voltage to be measured U is constant while gap spacing, a is varying 2) While gap spacing, a is constant, voltage to be measured U is varying

Measurement Using Spherical Electrode Continue

1) Voltage to be measured U is constant and gap spacing, a is varying :
llecek gerilim sabit tutularak krelerden biri yava yava (hz, kre apnn % 1ini aamayacak ekilde) atlama meydana gelinceye kadar dierine doru yaklatrlr. Atlama anndaki elektrot akl llerek standart tablodan buna karlk gelen gerilim bulunur. Bu gerilim llmesi istenen gerilimdir. (Bu tablo normal hava koullarna gre verildiinden lmenin yapld hava koullarndaki (Bal hava younluu) bulunarak lme anndaki gerilim (U) tespit edilir.

U = U n U = k ( ) U n

Continuous voltage measurement is impossible with the sphere gaps, since the voltage sources is short circuited at the instant of measurement.

2) Gap spacing, a is constant, and voltage to be measured U is varying:

Tablo veya erilerden alnan llmesi ( veya herhangi bir cihaza uygulanmas ) istenen gerilime karlk olan elektrot akl ( tablodan alnarak ) sabit tutulur ve gerilim yava yava atlama meydana gelinceye kadar ykseltilir. Atlama anndaki gerilim llmesi istenen gerilimdir.( Gerilim kademeleri atlama geriliminin % 0,5 ini gememelidir. Atlama meydana gelinceye kadar geen zaman en az 30 sn olmaldr.)

Kresel Elektrotlarla lmede Darbe Gerilimlerinin Deerlendirilmesi

Darbe gerilimlerinin llmesinde % 50 atlama gerilimi ( U d50 ) kullanlr. Bu gerilim yle bir gerilimdir ki kresel elektrota uygulandnda % 50 sinde atlama oluur. [Belirli bir elektrot aklnda ayn koullarda uygulanan ayn tepe deerli darbelerin etkisi farkl olabilir, birinde delinme olduunda dierinde delinme olmayabilir.] n defa uygulanan bir darbe gerilimi tepe deeri Um olsun ve nd tanesinde atlama olsun, sz konusu Um iin atlama olasl:

nd P(U m ) = n
Bu ekilde farkl Um ler iin (a = sbt) atlama olaslklar belirlenirse ekildeki gibi eri elde edilir. Uygulamada atlama olasl % 50 olan tepe deerli darbe gerilimi Ud50 esas alnr ve standart cetveller buna gre hazrlanr. Bir yaltm elemannn (rnein izolatr) atlama gerilimi %50 atlama gerilimi olarak verilir.

% P (U ) Yzde Olaslk ( % )

100 P (Ud )

50

U d 50

Ud

a = sabit

kV

Belirli bir elektrot aklnda atlama olaslnn gerilimle deiimi

Kresel Elektrotlarla lmede Darbe Gerilimlerinin Deerlendirilmesi

Olaslk kadnda bu eri doruya dnr. Bu kat gauss dalmna uygun karlmtr. % 50 gerilimi Ud50 enterpolasyonla ya da olaslk kad ile tespit edilir. Bir kere % 50 nin altnda bir de % 50nin stndeki gerilimler tespit edildikten sonra yaklak tespit edilir.

Ud50 Ud . Ud0
Ud50 = % 50 atlama gerilimi Ud = Delinme gerilimi
= Bal hava younluu

(%) 84 50
x 16 x

Ud0 = Normal koullardaki darbe gerilimi

Ud 16

U d 50 U d

84

Application - 2
PROBLEM 2.1 The breakdown voltage values in the below table is obtained from a sphere gap based measurement of high alternating voltage. The test is performed under standard conditions with the 25cm diameter spheres.
Table:

Gap spacing, a (cm) Breakdown voltage, U (kVtepe)

5,0 137

6,0 161

7,0 180

8,0 206

9,0 226

10,0 244

(a) Find the gap spacing for 190 kV breakdown voltage under NWC (normal weather condition).a190kV=?. (b) Find the U8,5 cm for the weather conditions of 12 oC and 754 mmHg pressure. (c) Find the sphere gap for the 170 kV under the weather conditions of (b). (d) Find the sphere gap for the 170 kV under the NWC Note: NWC (normal weather: 20 oC, 760 mmHg