Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WHAT IS GRAMMAR? Grammar is a set of rules followed by native speakers of a language while using their language. Why is it important to learn? Word, being the unit of English language makes grammar learning more necessary for ESL students. Moreover, mastering grammar becomes even more significant language area for the non-native speakers of target language. Hence, learning grammar especially for academic purposes, is as important to master as a holy scripture to learn and practice a religion duly. If an ESL student makes innumerable grammatical errors in his speech (written/spoken) that will result into his failure in all grammarcentered tests. As grammar is directly or indirectly involved with almost all the other areas and skills in a languages, it becomes utmost significant to familiarize with grammatical rules, especially in English Language. Grammatical inaccuracy may change the meaning of the text altogether, So ESL students, especially those who are taught through GTM of teaching must be expert in using apt grammar.
SENTENCES
A group of properly ordered words with complete sense is called a sentence. KINDS OF SENTENCES: (1) Assertive OR Declarative: This type of sentence makes a statement or assertion. E.g. Man is mortal. Grapes are not sour but sweet. Interrogative: This type of sentence asks a question. E.g. Who is this man? Why did not you come early?
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STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE: Remember that when we make a sentence; We refer to some person, thing action, quality, quantity or number. We say some thing about that person, thing Hence, it is clear that we must have a subject to speak about and we must have something to say about that subject. Every sentence has two parts: The part about which we speak is called SUBJECT, and what ever we speak about subject is called PREDICATE.
1. 2.
Topic
Subject
Predicate (V + O)
Details
OR: Subject +
VERB TENSE
Tense shows the time of a verbs action/sate of being. The table below defines and illustrates the tense forms for a regular verb in the active voice.
FUTURE PERFECT: Action that will be completed before another future action. Future Perfect Future Perfect Progressive I/you/he/she/it/we/they will have +V3 I/you/he/she/it/we/they will have been V ing.
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FAULTY: She is wanting to study ethics. REVISED: She wants to study ethics.
Only a transitive verb (on that takes an object) may be used in the passive voice.
FORMULAE OF TENSES
INDEFINITE TENSE Affirmative Present: S + V (1st + s, es, ies + O He eats an apple. Past: S + V (2) + O He ate an apple. Future: S + will/shall + V + (1st) + O He will eat an apple. Negative Present: S + do/does + not + V1 + O He does not eat an apple. Past: S + did + not + V1 + O He did not eat an apple.
by the city.
actor
Rents Rents
Generally prefer the active voice. Use the passive voice when the actor is unknown or unimportant. WEAK PASSIVE The Internet is used for research by many scholars, and its expansion to the general public has been criticized by some.
The passive voice is useful in two situations: when the actor is unknown and when the actor is unimportant or less important than the object and the action. The Internet was established in 1969 by the US Department of Defense. The network has now been extended internationally to governments, universities, foundations, corporations, and private individuals.
The service often lets students extend their visas if they will fill out the appropriate papers. (a) will fill out (b) filled out (c) are filling out (d) fill out
3.
Psychologists believe that incentives make us want to increase our productivity. (a) make us want (b) make us to want (c) makes us want (d) make us wanting
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Would you please dont smoke? (a) dont smoke? (b) (c) wont smoke? (d)
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Fainting is not uncommon in elderly people who stand up suddenly. (a) Fainting (b) Faint (c) Faints (d) The faint
Compiled by: Ghulam Muhammad 201 Abbasi 2 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
ACTIVE: PASSIVE: A verb is said to be in Active voice when it indicates that the subject is the doer of an action. A verb is said to be in Passive voice when it shows the subject as the receiver of an action. This is labeled as Passive because the person or thing denoted by the subject is not active. In Active, subject comes first while in Passive, object comes first.
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PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE Use 3rd form of verb with by. Helping verb will be in present continuous. Eg: He writes a book. A book is written by him. Eg: I know him personally. He is known to me personally. Eg: Please walk to the right. You are requested to walk to the right. PAST INDEFINITE TENSE Use 3rd form of verb with by. Use helping verb of past continuous. Eg: My mother gave me this pen. This pen was given to me by my mother. Eg: Did I blame you? Were you blamed by me? FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE Use 3rd from of verb with by. Use helping verb of Future Continuous. Eg: The wind will knock at the door. The door will be knocked at by wind. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Use 3rd form of verb with being. Helping verb will remain same. Eg: He is buying the books. The books are being bought by him. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Use 3rd form of verb with being. Helping verb will remain same. Eg: We were enjoying picnic. Picnic was being enjoyed by us.
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PAST PERFECT TENSE Use 3rd form of verb with addition of been in addition to the same helping verb. Eg: She had attended a party. A party had been attended by her. NOTE: 1) If the sentence begins with who, it will be converted into by whom. Eg: Who seeks admission? By whom the admission is sought? 2) Those sentences which do not have subject will take let and be or someone. Eg: Open the door. Le the door be open. Eg: My heart has been broken. Someone has broken my heart. The sentences which have going will keep going with an addition of to be in the passive form. Eg: She was going to break your toy. Your toy was going to be broken by her.
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Any action which regularly or habitually done, is written in present indefinite tense. Examples:- He always tells lies. He generally meets him. I often meet him. RULE 3: Example:Double will are not used in the same sentences; once present tense will be used. I will meet you when you come back.
Any sentence in which the wish is used or its sense is given must take one of these four verbs (i) had when the man repents over the past. (ii) were when we wish for something impossible at present (iii) would when we refer to future, (iv) could when we refer to possibility. Examples:- I wish I were a bird. (wishing impossible) I have failed, I wish I had worked harder. I wish I would get what I want. They are free today, I wish they could accompany you. RULE 8: Example:RULE 9: RULE 10: If many things are done at the same time, same verb is used. I came, I saw, I conquered. I met him, talked to him and followed him. Past tense must be followed by past tense unless it is universal truth. Perfect continuous tense should be used when work continues for a long time.
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PRONOUNS
Pronouns stand in place of nouns. There are six classes of pronouns: 1. Personal Pronouns The personal pronoun shows which person (first, second, or third) is the subject. Personal pronouns are troublesome because of their many forms; they change form to indicate number, person, and case. The personal pronouns are: I, me, mine (my, you, yours (your), he, him, hi, she, her, hers, (her), it, its, and their plurals (we, you, they, etc). 2. Relative Pronouns The relative pronouns serves two purposes: (1) it take the place of a noun in the clause it introduces, and (2) like a conjunction, it connects its clause with the rest of the sentence. Who, whom, which, that, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever The relative pronoun has the same number, person, and case as its antecedent. 3. Interrogative Pronouns The interrogative pronoun is the same in form as the relative pronoun, but different in function. The interrogative pronoun asks a question. Who Whom What Which refer to persons refers to things refers to persons or things
ADJECTIVE:
It is a word that qualifies a noun or pronoun. It adds something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun. It is also called a Noun Modifier and Pronoun Modifier. KINDS OF ADJECTIVE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Adjectives of Quality Adjectives of Quantity Adjective of Number Proper Adjective Demonstrative Adjective Interrogative Adjective Distributive Adjective
(1)
Adjectives of Quality It states kinds quality or state of a person, place or thing. Example: A rich man, a large room, black cat, fresh milk etc. Adjectives of Quantity Such words which show quality of things it shows us how much of thing is meant. Example: Some corn, much tea, a little water, enough rice etc. Adjective of Number Such adjectives show that how many or in what order persons or things are taken. Example: Twelve months, sixty minutes, Tenth class, all men, many boys, few girls, most people etc. Proper Adjective The adjectives which are formed from proper noun are called Proper Adjectives. Example: Pakistani, America, African etc. Demonstrative Adjective Demonstrative Adjectives point out some thing or person. Example: This, that, these, those such etc.
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ADJECTIVE
POSITION & ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
(a) (b) Usually comes before Noun. Example: a big town, a blue car We usually dont use AND between two adjectives. Example: a beautiful new car Except: when last adjectives are of colour. Example: a white & black cat Opshacom: This spelling helps remembering the Order of Adjectives. Opinion Beautiful Wonderful Fantastic Expensive Shape Age Colour Long New Black Old New Black New Origin British American Japanese Material Plastic Leather Noun Pen Novel Jacket Radio
(c)
Article A A A An
Purpose A purpose adjective describes what something is used for. These adjectives often end with -ing. For example: sleeping (as in sleeping bag), roasting (as in roasting tin)
ADJECTIVE
Tick the correctly ordered set of adjectives
1) Andrea had a ____________ in her hair yesterday. A) Nice yellow bow B) Yellow nice bow C) Nice bow of yellow She lost a ______________. A) small white cat B) white small cat C) small cat of white I bought ___________ oranges. A) great some big B) big great some C) some great big We met _____________ people at the conference. A) decent people Pakistani B) Pakistani decent people C) decent Pakistani people The clown was wearing a ____________ hat. A) big yellow green B) big yellow and green C) yellow and green big The cookies that you _____________. A) smell delicious baked B) baked smell delicious C) delicious smell baked Is it ____________? A) cold getting outside B) getting cold outside C) outside getting cold The course you are ____________. A) taking sounds interesting B) sounds interesting taking
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My uncle wore a _________ to the wedding. A) tie of blue silk B) blue tie of silk C) blue silks tie Have you met that _________ next door? A) cute boy new B) new boy cute C) cute new boy He has watched _______________ film. A) a/an (British, new, fantastic) B) a/an (new, British, fantastic) C) a/an (fantastic, new, British) I have purchased _____________ briefcase. A) a/an (leather, brown, Italian) B) a/an (brown, Italian, leather) C) an/a (Italian, brown, leather) He has ____________ bicycle. A) a/an (beautiful, red, Pakistani) B) a/an (red, Pakistani, beautiful) C) a/an (beautiful, Pakistani, red) Ali has ___________ jacket. A) a/an (impressive, black & white) B) a/an (impressive & black & white) C) a/an (impressive & black, white) I am having _____________ monitor. A) an/a (costly, latest, Sony) B) an/a (latest, Sony, costly) C) an/a (latest, costly, Sony)
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Adjective Test # 1
1)
There are ___________ books in the bag. A) No B) Little C) You have ____________ sense. A) No B) Little C)
We had __________ knowledge about English. A) Many B) More C) Much They have __________ question to solve. A) Many B) More C) He thinks ____________ times before acting. A) Many B) More C) He has ___________ time today. A) Many B) More C) Much Much Much Much Much
There are __________ students in this class. A) Many B) More C) There is ___________ air in this class. A) Many B) More C)
Adjective Test # 2
1) 2) 3)
___________ boy must take ________ turn. A) Each, his B) All, their C)
England expects _________ man to do _______ duty. A) Every, his B) All, their C) Each, their __________ word of it _________ false. A) Every, are B) All, are C) Each, is
He was beaten at his ___________ game. A) very B) own C) Mind your ___________ business. A) very B) own He is his ____________ master. A) very B) own C) C)
It is the __________ suggestion that help me out. A) very B) own C) myself Either Pakistan or India __________ the right to vote. A) have B) has Either Pakistan or other nuclear powers ________ the right to vote A) have B) has
Late, Later & Latest(recent): Refer to Time 1) 2) He is __________ than I expected. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last
The ______________ chapter is lacking in interest. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) The _____________ chapters are lacking in interest. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) The _____________ chapter is clearly written. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest Ours is the ___________ house in the street. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest Our house is built with the __________ model. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) D) D)
The majority accepted ____________ proposal than the last one. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last The _________ part of the book shows sights of hurry. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) I prefer the ____________ preposition to the former. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Is there any __________ news than last weeks? A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last Last Last
The ___________ time I saw him, he was in high spirits. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last Today is the __________ day for receiving tenders. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last
I am quiet __________ today, but Ahmed came ________ than me. A) Late, Later B) Later, Later C) Latest, Late D) Last, Latest The ________ Mogul Emperor came to an ignominious end. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last
Adjective Test # 4
Rahman is the ___________ boy in the class. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest This is the ___________ temple in Calcutta. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest I have an ____________ sister. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest
His ____________ brother is in the Indian civil services. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest She is the _____________ of the two sisters. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest The nephew is ____________ than his uncle. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) D) Oldest Oldest Oldest
He is the __________ member of the School Committee. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest That is Kamran, Ahmeds ___________ brother. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest
Mr. Ali is the _____________ European resident of England. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest
Adjective Test # 5
Far-Farther-Farthest: means more distant or advanced Nearest: denotes Distance Further: means additional. Next: denotes Position. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) Karachi is __________ from Sakkar than Hyderabad. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) After this he made no __________ remarks. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest I must have a reply without _________ delay. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest Bombay is the seaport __________ to Europe. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest Alis shop is the __________ to the Post Office. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest My uncle lives in ___________ house. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest Ali is sitting ____________ to Ahmed. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest No ____________ reasons were given. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) D) D) D) D) D) D) Next Next Next Next Next Next Next Next
I am the __________ who will claim for the highest share. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next This is the ___________ Post Office of my house. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest The pillar-box is ___________ to my house. D) Next
The ____________ railway station is two miles from here. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next
Adjective Test # 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)
He showed ___________ concerned. A) Some B) Many He has __________ cars. A) Some B) Many
_____________ dogs have odd behavior. A) Much B) Many There are __________ books in the bag. A) No B) Little You have ____________ sense. A) No B) Little
We had __________ knowledge about English. A) Many B) More C) They have __________ questions to solve. A) Many B) More He thinks ___________ times before acting. A) Many B) More He has ____________ time today. A) Many B) More There are ___________ students in this class. A) Many B) More There is __________ air in this class. C) C) C) C)
Adjective Test # 2
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13)
____________ boy must take __________ turn. A) Each, his B) All, their C)
England expects ___________ man to do __________ duty. A) Each, his B) All, their C) Each, their ____________ word of it ____________ false. A) Every, are B) All, are C) ____________ pens ______________ mine. A) Either, is B) Either, are ____________ pens ____________ mine. A) Either, is B) Either, are One either sides ___________ a narrow lane A) are B) is Neither accusation __________ true. A) are B) is Neither claims ____________ right. A) are B) is I saw it with my ____________ eye. A) very B) own He was beaten at his ___________ game. A) very B) own Mind your ___________ business. A) very B) own He is his ____________ master. A) very B) own That is the ___________ thing we want. A) very B) own C) C) C) C) C) myself myself myself myself myself C) C) Each, is Each, are Each, are
Compiled by: Ghulam Muhammad 201 Abbasi 2 COMPARE THE FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES
Adjective Test # 3 Late-Later-Latest/Latter, Last
Late, Later & Latest(recent): Refer to Time 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) He is __________ than I expected. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) D) Last Least Last Last Last Last Last
The ______________ chapter is lacking in interest. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) The _____________ chapters are lacking in interest. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) The _____________ chapter is clearly written. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest Ours is the ___________ house in the street. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest Our house is built with the __________ model. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) D) D)
The majority accepted ____________ proposal than the last one. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last The _________ part of the book shows sights of hurry. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) I prefer the ____________ preposition to the former. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Is there any __________ news than last weeks? A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last Last Last
The ___________ time I saw him, he was in high spirits. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last Today is the __________ day for receiving tenders.
I am quiet __________ today, but Ahmed came ________ than me. A) Late, Later B) Later, Later C) Latest, Late D) Last, Latest The ________ Mogul Emperor came to an ignominious end. A) Latter B) Later C) Latest D) Last
Adjective Test # 4
Elder & Eldest: are used only for pronouns not for animals/things, and are confined to members of family. Elder is not used with than. Older & Oldest: are used of both persons and things and they shows the age. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) John is my _____________ brother. A) Elder B) Older C) Tom is the son of mine. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest Eldest Eldest D) D) D) D) D) D) D) Oldest Oldest Oldest Oldest Oldest Oldest Oldest
Rahman is the ___________ boy in the class. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest This is the ___________ temple in Calcutta. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest I have an ____________ sister. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest
His ____________ brother is in the Indian civil services. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest She is the _____________ of the two sisters. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest The nephew is ____________ than his uncle. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) D) Oldest Oldest
Oldest
He is the __________ member of the School Committee. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest That is Kamran, Ahmeds ___________ brother. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest
The ____________ mosque in the town is near the railway station. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest Mr. Ali is the _____________ European resident of England. A) Elder B) Older C) Eldest D) Oldest
Adjective Test # 5
Far-Farther-Farthest: means more distant or advanced Nearest: denotes Distance Further: means additional. Next: denotes Position. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Karachi is __________ from Sakkar than Hyderabad. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) After this he made no __________ remarks. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest I must have a reply without _________ delay. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest Bombay is the seaport __________ to Europe. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest Alis shop is the __________ to the Post Office. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest My uncle lives in ___________ house. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest Ali is sitting ____________ to Ahmed. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) D) D) D) D) D) Next Next Next Next Next Next Next
D)
Next
I am the __________ who will claim for the highest share. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next This is the ___________ Post Office of my house. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest The pillar-box is ___________ to my house. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest His house is ____________ to mine. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) D) D) Next Next Next
The ____________ railway station is two miles from here. A) Farther B) Further C) Nearest D) Next
Adjective Test # 6
Little, A Little & The Little / Few, A Few & The Few
Little: Not much (i.e. hardly any) (for uncountable) A Little: Some but not much (for uncountable) The Little: Not much, but all there is. (for uncountable) Few: Not many (i.e. hardly any) (for countable) A Few: Some (for countable) The Few: Not many, but all there is (for countable). PRACTICE TEST 1) 2) 3) 4) He is seriously ill and there is ___________ hope of this recovery. A) little B) a little C) few D) a few It is said _____ knowledge is a bad thing. A) little B) a little C) the little She didnt eat much but drank _________ water. A) little B) few C) a few D) D) few the few
___________ people know as much about computers as Bill Gates does. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few
________ precaution is necessary in handling that machine. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few _________ care could have prevented the catastrophe. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few ____ knowledge of French that he has, is likely to be very useful to him. A) little B) a little C) the little D) few __________ public libraries that we have, are not well equipped. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few _______days that are left to him he spends in solitude and meditation. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few Many Pakistani study English, but only _________ study French. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few Give me _________ minutes more to complete my task. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few In _________ words he expressed his gratitude to his friends. A) little B) the little C) a few D) the few How he arrived here, I saw him there __________ minutes ago. A) little B) the little C) a few D) the few
Adjective Test # 7
1) 2) 3)
__________ people in the world want to lead a better life. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them _________ the students have to work their hardest to pass entry test. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them I like summer _________ the time, but August is really too hot! A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them
8) 9) 10)
Adjective Test # 8
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)
Some, or Any
Im sure I made _________ mistakes on them exam. A) Some B) Any My friend didnt make ________ mistakes on the exam. A) Some B) Any I should have studied _________ more last night. A) Some B) Any I have __________ money so I will give you a treat. A) Some B) Any that is very kind of you because I dont have _________ money. A) Some B) Any No, I dont have _______, but I wish I did. A) Some B) Any Do you know ________ good restaurant in Vancouver? A) Some B) Any Would you like to have ________ coffee with your meal, Sir asked the waiter? A) Some B) Any Yes, Id like _______ please, I replied. A) Some B) Any
9)
Adjective Test # 6
Little, A Little & The Little / Few, A Few & The Few
Little: Not much (i.e. hardly any) (for uncountable) A Little: Some but not much (for uncountable) The Little: Not much, but all there is. (for uncountable) Few: Not many (i.e. hardly any) (for countable) A Few: Some (for countable) The Few: Not many, but all there is (for countable). PRACTICE TEST 1) 2) He is seriously ill and there is ___________ hope of this recovery. A) little B) a little C) few D) a few It is said _____ knowledge is a bad thing.
She didnt eat much but drank _________ water. A) little B) few C) a few
___________ people know as much about computers as Bill Gates does. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few Your help does me ________ good when the whole system goes down. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few __________ grain they had was damaged by sea water. A) little B) a little C) the little D) few
________ precaution is necessary in handling that machine. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few _________ care could have prevented the catastrophe. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few ____ knowledge of French that he has, is likely to be very useful to him. A) little B) a little C) the little D) few __________ public libraries that we have, are not well equipped. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few _______days that are left to him he spends in solitude and meditation. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few Many Pakistani study English, but only _________ study French. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few Give me _________ minutes more to complete my task. A) little B) few C) a few D) the few In _________ words he expressed his gratitude to his friends. A) little B) the little C) a few D) the few How he arrived here, I saw him there __________ minutes ago. A) little B) the little C) a few D) the few
Adjective Test # 7
1)
_________ the students have to work their hardest to pass entry test. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them I like summer _________ the time, but August is really too hot! A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them I ________ had a bad accident yesterday. I have to drive more carefully. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them The cat ___________ scratched my leg, but I shooed it away. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them Are __________ Americans English speakers? A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them
I learned __________ of my English by watching movies and listening to music. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them We had _________ arrived in the city when it started to snow. A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them Did _______ you remember to bring extra water for our hike today? A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them Something terrible happened! I was flying in a plane and it _______ crashed! A) almost B) almost all C) most of D) none of them
8) 9) 10)
Adjective Test # 8
1) 2) 3) 4)
Some, or Any
Im sure I made _________ mistakes on them exam. A) Some B) Any My friend didnt make ________ mistakes on the exam. A) Some B) Any I should have studied _________ more last night. A) Some B) Any I have __________ money so I will give you a treat.
that is very kind of you because I dont have _________ money. A) Some B) Any No, I dont have _______, but I wish I did. A) Some B) Any Do you know ________ good restaurant in Vancouver? A) Some B) Any Would you like to have ________ coffee with your meal, Sir asked the waiter? A) Some B) Any Yes, Id like _______ please, I replied. A) Some B) Any Do you have __________ newspapers left, I asked? A) Some B) Any No, I dont have _________ he replied. A) Some B) Any But I will have ________ more this evening, he added. A) Some B) Any I went to the butcher, but I dont buy ______ meat. It was so expensive! A) Some B) Any Please come to see me ________ time when you are free. A) Some B) Any Thank you. Maybe I will come __________ time on Saturday? A) Some B) Any I have to cigarettes left so I will go to the store to buy ___________. A) Some B) Any If they have ___________ Cuban cigars, please buy one for me. A) Some B) Any Then you must give me __________ more money. A) Some B) Any
ONE-WORD SUBSTITUTIONS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
Child with parents A person who creates disorder or lawlessness A thing that cannot be avoided A man who does not believe in existence of God Talking badly against sacred / pious things / personalities One who is a great lover of books The life history of a man written by himself The life history of a man written by another A man who works in the same department One who has power seeing everything Government by the people Government by one person Government by the nobles A ladys purse A speech made without any preparation In perfect balance A man filled with extreme ideas of religion One who believes in fate A person who does not know how to read or write Something that comes and goes with the season When more than one thing happen at the same time A person who hates mankind A person who hates woman Belonging to the Middle Anges A medicine that induces sleep A person who studies a language Power of knowing the though of others Favoring own relatives and friends in every way One who is all-powerful One who is present everywhere A child born after the death of his father One who things positively One who things negatively A person who loves and works for human beings Medical examination of a dead body Property inherited from ones father or ancestors The word that is no longer in use Act of speaking to oneself when all alone A person who can speak many languages Amount paid to a person for work done
Man whose wife is dead A person qualified for something A man having feminine qualities of attitudes and manners A group of singers with all basic musical instruments Any work or book that appears after its writers death. Scientific study of a language A person who believes in One God. An office for which salary is not paid A disease which ends in death Incapable of being corrected That which cannot be solved or dissolved That which cannot be defended One who eats human flesh Government by officials A medicine to counteract the effect of poison A person who easily trust others A building in which dead bodies are kept A person who continuously talks A medicine that kills germs A person who is indifferent to please and pain One who is very easily made angry Worship of idols Animals who live in water Animals who live in flocks A thing which cannot be imitated That which is contrary to law One who can use his left and right hand in writing The murder or murderer of ones children The murder or murderer of ones brother The murder or murderer of ones father The murder or murderer of ones mother The murder or murderer of the king Incapable of being explained One who walks on foot A person gradually recovering from illness.
VERB
There are three kinds of verb: VERB
Action Verb: It is that category of the verb, which shows the complete action. KINDS OF ACTION VERB: 1) Regular Action Verb: These verbs take D, ED, & IED in their ends to make their 2nd and 3rd form. Irregular Action Verb: These verbs have no fix formula to make their 2nd and 3rd form.
2)
Promise
Regular Verbs Watch
Usually expresses Ability or Capacity. I can swim. / He can arrive there in five minutes. Is used as past equivalent of Can. I could swim yesterday. Is used to express Permission.
MIGHT & COULD are used as less positive versions of MAY & CAN Example: I could/might attend the party (less positive & hesitant than: I can/may attend the party) Might/Could I borrow your pen? (Less positive & hesitant than: Can/May I borrow your pen?) SHALL:(a) It is used with First Person i.e. I & We: Example: I shall call you. Example: We shall wait for you. (b) It is used with second & third person to express. 1. Command Example: He shall not enter my house again. 2. Promise: Example: You shall have a holiday tomorrow. 3. Threat: Example: You shall be punished for this. SHOULD:(a) It is used as past equivalent of Shall. Example: I expected that I should get a first class. (b) It is used for Advise. Example: You should work hard to pass entry test. (c) Example: (d) Example: It is used to express duty / obligation. We should obey our parents. It is used (In clause of condition) to express a supposition that may not be true If it should rain, he will not come.
SOUGHT (To):(a) It is used to express moral obligation/desirability. Example: We ought to love our country (b) It is used to express Strong Probability (chance/possibility) Example: Ali ought to win. The film ought to be a great success. USED TO:(a) It is used to express Discontinued habit (Past habitual activity). Example: I used to play cricket when I was in college. NEED TO: It is used to express Necessity/Obligation. Example: I need to write a letter to VC. HARE TO: It means (to be brave enough to). It is generally used in negative and interrogative. It does not take with third person singular. Example: He doesnt dare to touch my stuff again.
(1) MODALS
The modal helping verbs or modal auxiliaries include can, could, may, and might, along with several two-and three-word combination, such as have to and be able to. Modals convey various meanings, with these being most common. ABILITY: can, could, be able to POSSIBILITY: could, may might, could/may/might have + past participle The equipment could fail. The Equipment may fail. The equipment might fail. (Present) (Present or Future) (Present or
Future)
(Past)
The lab must purchase the equipment. The lab has to purchase the equipment. The lab had to purchase the equipment. The lab will have to purchase the equipment.
or or
Future)
Future)
The lab may spend the money. The lab can spend the money. The lab could spend the money.
or
Future)
or
The school then announced that the lab could spend the money.
(Future)
Shall we offer advice? (Future. Use shall for questions requesting We knew we would offer advice. (Past)
opinion or consent.)
Could I use your phone, please? Could (or can or would) you please obtain a bid?
ADVISABILITY: should, had better, ought to, should have + past participle
You should obtain three bids. You had better obtain three bids. You ought to obtain three bids. You should have obtained three bids.
or or or
Future)
Future)
Future)
VERB PRACTICE 1
MODEL VERBS
From the choices provided after each sentence select the verb that would correctly complete the sentence 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) You are a talented student. You ________ pass this test. A) Can B) Might C) Must Ali is the student of his semester, so he _________ appear in exams. A) Must B) Ought to C) Should Every Muslim ________ perform prays five times in a day. A) Must B) Ought to C) Should __________ God bless you all. A) May B) Ought to C) Should
Europeans thought that Muslims __________ remain claim while seeing the blasphemous cartoons published. A) Can B) Might C) Must
Wouldnt
You seem to be having trouble there. _______ I help you? A) May B) Can C) Shall I dont have money to buy lunch. _________ you lend me a couple of dollars? A) May B) Could C) Can That ice is dangerously thin now. You _______ go ice-skating today. A) Mustnt B) Might not C) Shouldnt Its way past my bedtime and Im really tired. I ______ go to bed. A) Should B) Can C) Could He ______ have committed this crime. He wasnt even in the city that night. A) Might B) Shouldnt C) Couldnt John is late today. He _______ miss his bus. A) Should B) Might C) Would
9) 10) 11)
Im really quite lost. _______ showing me how to get out of here? A) Would you mind B) Would you be C) Must you be That bus is usually on time. It _______ be here any time now. A) Might B) Can C) Ought to Its the law and they _________ follow it. A) Might B) Could C) Have to Must Have Should
Villa is teacher here, so she _________ teach here. A) Has to B) Can C) _________ you speak any foreign languages? A) May B) Can C)
Liz _________ get tired of her job. It was so boring. A) Might B) Must C)
The time of Alis class is 12. It 12.30, so he ______ be in his class now. A) Might B) Must C) Can
C) C) C) C) C) C)
Jane was so tired. She _________ have worked days and nights. A) Should B) Must C) Need I _________ to the doctor yesterday. A) Had to gone B) Must had gone C) Had to go Must not Seeing Didnt have to Have not to Give Give
I am happy that I _______ wake up early on Sunday. A) Dont have to B) not have to C) You ought _________ the movie. A) See B) To see I __________ work yesterday. A) Not had to B) Didnt had to You _________ eat the whole meal. A) Must not to B) Have dont to Would you please __________ me that book? A) To give B) Giving Would you mind _________ me that book? A) To give B) Giving You _________ more careful. C) C) C) C) C)
He ________ in yesterday, as it was his first test. A) Has to be B) Had to be C) You ________ her. A) Has to be B) Had to be C)
He _________ not to ask me such this, as I am his boss. A) Ought B) Dares C) Needs You ________ not to right since I will give you handouts. A) Out B) Dare C) Need We were ________ call you but you called A) Out to B) About to C) Need to
I dont use to __________ this much TV. A) Watch B) Watching You _________ noisy child. A) Use to B) Used to
Ali used to __________ my best friend. A) Been B) Be I used to __________ 10 cigarettes a day. A) Be taking B) Been taking I __________ in Hawaii in 1990. A) Used to be B) Used to do __________ you ________ to eat spicy food? A) Do, used B) Did, used My brother used to _________ early for school. A) Getting up B) Get up Did you _________ to eat meat? A) Use B) Used
PREPOSITION
It shows the relation of a noun or pronoun with same thing else (action, noun or pronoun) in a sentence. Preposition means something that is placed before. It is always placed before a noun or pronoun.
IN
PLACE
In room In shop In Car In the water In Garden In a town, In the city centre, In Hyderabad In France In the beginning of In the middle of In cupboard In the river In the sea Directions (North South East West) In the bed TIME In the morning In the evening In the afternoon In the midnight Seasons (in summer) In August In 1999 In the Middle Ages In time (before time)
On the grass On the envelop On the horse, bike, bicycle On a bus, train, plane, ship: (He is sitting on the bus) On the ground floor, first floor On the way home or to work On the left On the right in the middle On holiday: Ali is on holiday today On TV, Radio: we watch news on the TV On phone: I spoke to Carol on phone On fire: The house is on fire. TIME On 1st August On my birthday On Monday On Christmas On time: (not late)
AT
PLACE
At gate At the door At the bus station At traffic signal At my desk At village At the top of At the bottom of At the end of At home At work
ON
PLACE
On roof On shelf On the bank On sea shore On a plate On balcony On the floor On ceilings On walls On the trees TIME At night At noon At 1 Oclock At week ends
BY
By bus, are, train, plane: He travels by bus. Exceptional: On foot: he came home on foot. A book by: This is a book by Dickens After Passive: he was killed by her.
Under / below The temperature outside was under/below 0. The woman was sheltering under a tree. When flying I enjoy watching the clouds below me.
Prepositions of Movement
Prepositions can be used to show movement. For example:To, through, across We use to to show movement with the aim of a specific destination. For example:I moved to Germany in 1998. Hes gone to the shops. We use through to show movement from one side of an enclosed space to the other. For example:The train went through the tunnel. We use across to show movement from one side of a surface or line to another. For example:She swam across the river.
Please give me _________ pen and __________ inkpot. A) a, X B) a, an C) a, a D) an, nothing X Ali is studying in ______ university which has _____ many students. A) a, X B) a, an C) a, a D) an, nothing X Haana is ______ intelligent and _____ diligent student of our school. A) an, X B) an, an C) an, a D) an, the ________ Sahara is _________ largest desert of _______ world. A) X, the, X B) the, X, X C) the, the, X D) the, the, the _______ Holy Quran is _______ most sacred book of _______ Allah. A) X, the, X B) the, the, a C) the, the, X D) the, the, the
He loves to speak __________ Truth and hates to tell _______ lie. A) an, X B) a, the C) the, a D) the, the _________ stars are in ___________ sky. A) an, X B) a, the C) the, a D) the, the
__________ trees look fresh and green in _________ spring. A) an, X B) a, the C) the, a D) the, the He is __________ one who beats me. A) a B) an C) the D) nothing X
My younger brother is __________ S.H.O of __________ Hala City. A) an, X B) an, an C) an, a D) an, the
Please consult _______ calendar and find __________ date on which you were born. Fill in the blank A) a, the B) an, the C) the, the D) All of these ______________ dog is a faithful animal. A) The B) a C) an D) None of these None of these
4) 5)
7)
8) 9)
If oil supplies run out, ________ man may have to fall back on __________ horse. A) the, the B) No article, a C) No article, the D) All of these The students have arranged a program to visit ________ sea, especially __________ Arabian sea. A) a, the B) the, a C) a, a D) the, the We have recently visited __________ Thar Desert. A) the B) a C) Both A&B D) an
10)
11) 12)
__________ USA is the abbreviation of _________ united state of America. A) No article, the B) the, a C) the, the, D) N.O.T ___________ Indus river is ___________ largest river of Pakistan. A) No article, the B) the, the C) the, No article D) a, the We recite ___________ Holy Quran whereas Christian recites ____________ Holy Bible. A) a, a B) the, the C) a, the D) N.O.T Edmund Dantes is better known as __________ Count of Monte Cristo not as _____________ Duke of Strelsau. A) a, the B) an, the C) Both A&B D) the, the
13) 14)
15)
moves (b)
confidence (c)
Kinds of Verb
1. 2.
(1)
Transitive Verb
The transitive verb shows that the action does not stop with the subject but it passes on from subject to the object.
Example:
1. 2.
(2)
Intransitive Verb
If the action denoted by a verb stops with subject and does not pass over to the object, the verb is called Intransitive verb.
Example:
1. 2. 3.
(5)
The Verb
An adverb is a word which is used to show the time, manner and degree of verb and adjective or another adverb by modifying their meaning.
Example:
1. 2. 3.
Ahmed speaks fluently. This is very sweet dish. Faheem writes quite clearly.
Adverbs of Manner Adverbs of place Adverbs of Time Adverbs of Frequency Adverb of Degree Interrogative Adverb Relative Adverb
(1)
Adverbs of Manner
It tells about the manner of some action how it took place.
(2)
Adverbs of place
It shows where something happened.
(3)
Adverbs of Time
It shows when did something happen.
(4)
Adverbs of Frequency
It shows that how often or how many times action takes place.
(5)
Adverb of Degree
Such adverb which shows the degree of a verb or an adjective by telling how much or at what degree an action takes place.
Example:
(7)
Relative Adverb
Such words which show relationship between nouns and connect one sentence to another sentence are called Relative adverb.
Example:
1. 2.
I visited the house where he lived. This is the reason why I left school.
(6)
Preposition
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a Noun or Pronoun to some other words in sentence.
Example:
1. 2. 3. 4.
The goat grazes in the field. She is going to Bazar. The books are on the table. She is looking at the kid.
(7)
Conjunction
A Conjunction is a word used to join the two statements, words or phrases.
Kinds of Conjunctions
1. 2. 3.
(1)
Co-ordinating Conjunctions
Co-ordinating conjunctions connect words or word groups which are equally important. The most common co-ordinating conjunction are and, but, for, nor & or.
(2)
Co-relative Conjunctions
Such conjunctions which are used in pairs are called Co-relative conjunctions.
(3)
Sub-ordinationg Conjunctions
Such conjunctions which join one dependant clause to another independent clause for its full meaning are called sub-ordinating conjunctions. Such as after, if, unless, where, when, though, till, while, before, because, that, as, lost etc.
Example:
1. 2.
(8)
Interjection
Such words or phrases which are used to express some sudden feelings, emotions, pleasure, sorrow, surprise, desire and exclamation are called Interjection.
Example:
1. 2. 3.
Alas! His father died in accident. (Sorrow) Hurrah! We won the match. (Joy) Would that I were doctor! (Desire)
ARTICLES Articles are used to highlight the noun. There are two types of articles i.e. Definite & Indefinite article. Articles are used only before nouns. Indefinite articles always come before singular nouns. Indefinite Articles are A & An. A:- It is used before a noun which starts with Consonant Sound i.e. a boy, a table a city etc.
Mountains-ranges, deserts; as, The Persian Gulf, The Sahara 2. Before names of certain books, especially Holy Book; as, The Quran Ramayana 3. Before the name of Nations; examples The Americans Balochs 4. Before the titles examples The President, The The Pakistanis The Greeks The The Bible The Illiad The
P.M, The Admiral 5. West 6. Before Seasons: example: The Summer The spring 7. Post 8. Before musical instrument; example: He can play the flute Before Newspapers: example: The Pakistan Times The News The Frontier The Winter The Autumn Before Directions; examples: The East, The North, The
As an Adverb with Comparative; as, The more they get, the more they want.
15.
When we speak of a particular person or thing, or one already The book you want is out of print I dislike The fellow
Prison, When these places are visited or used for their primary purpose;
Unreadable (too boring or too badly written to read) Illegible (physically impossible to read) (a) (b) After years of being exposed to the sun and rain, the sign I think her novels are __________. The style is awful and the ridiculous. over the shop had become completely _____________. plots are
3.
Dependent (depending) Dependant (person who depends on another for home, money, food) (a) (b) You are entitled to receive a government allowance for is living with you. The empire consisted of the kingdom and all its ________ each_________ who colonies.
4.
Story (tale, plot) Storey (floor or level in bilding) (a) (b) I live in a flat on the seventh __________. Ill tell you a ___________.
5.
Historic (important in history) Historical (concerning history) (a) She likes _____________ novels, especially romances set in the 16th and 17th centuries.
large__________ Australia 7.
Draft (rough preliminary version, to make a rough preliminary version) Draught (i: current of cold air in a room bottles, straight from the barrel (a) (b) Dont sit there youll be in a ________. The window doesnt The prime Minister discussed with his secretary the _______ close properly. of the speech he was going to make the following day. ii: beer, not in
8.
Dissatisfied (discontented, displeased, not satisfied with quality) Unsatisfied (unsatisfied with quantity) (a) (b) down. (c) Demand for the new car is still ___________ in spite of an production. increase in He ate a meal large enough for three normal people but his still__________. Im very __________ with this computer. It keeps breaking appetite was
9.
Suit (be suitable for) Suite (group of things belonging together, set) (a) (b) For the living-room we can either buy a complete ________ Do you think a dark brown overcoat would ________ me? of matching furniture or get different items separately.
Prophecy (prediction, noun) Prophesy (predict, verb) (a) job. (b) I will make a _____________. There will be a new government in less than a year. I ______________ that he will pas his exam and get a good
12.
Device (new invention, means of doing something, noun) Devise (invent, verb) (a) (b) A __________ can be attached to a private telephone which He managed to _________ a system of bonus payments to working staff. ii. Aim, ambition) keeps a record of al calls made and their cost. encourage har-
13.
Goal (i. point won in football etc. Goal (prison, send to prison) (a) (b) (c) (d)
He scored the winning __________ of the match. He spent eight years in __________ for armed robbery. She finally achieved her _________ of becoming directress of The judge said that he had no option but to _______ her.
the firm.
14.
Enquiries (request for information) Inquiries (formal investigation) (a) (b) You should make _________ at the office. Official _________ are always held after plane crashes.
Council (district government) Counsel (i. kind of lawyer in court (a) (b) people on their condition of the careers. pavements. ii. To advise) The job of Vocational Guidance Officer is to _______ young I have complained to the local _______ about the poor
18.
Councilor (member of council) Counselor (advisor) (a) (b) She and her husband often argued, so they went to marriage for help. ____________. Hes always been interested in local government. Now hes _____________ been elected
19.
Dairy (i. place where mild I kept, butter, cheese etc. made; shop selling milk products ii. Related to milk products) Diary (daily record of events) (a) (b) He kept a _________ from the age of 15 to 21. Were still waiting fro mild deliveries from
the______________.
Accept (to take when offered, to receive, to agree, to approve, verb) Except (excluding or omitting, preposition) They ________ my invitation to dinner. (b) Everyone attended the meeting _________ the secretary.
a.
22.
Access (availability, approach, admittance) Excess (too much, more than needed) We shall ___________ to your request for more leave. (b) Nowadays, expenses __________ ones income.
a.
23.
Accede (to agree with, to an opinion or proposal) Exceed (to be more than) We shall _________ to you request for more leave. (b) Nowadays, expenses _____________ ones income.
a.
24.
Adapt (make suitable, to adjust, to change) Adopt (to take as ones own what is not so natural; to take
voluntarily as ones own child) Adept (a) (b) (c) (Skillful, expert, thoroughly proficient) A clever man _________ himself to the situation. Some Pakistanis have _____________ western ways of life. He is __________ in painting.
Bind, bound, bound (tie up) Bound, bounded, bounded (e. jump ii. Border) (a) (b) The lion __________ forward and sparing at her. He was _________ hand and foot by the robbers.
4.
Grind, ground, ground (crush into powder) Ground, grounded, grounded (compel to remain on the ground) (a) (b) The beans are ________in this machine before they are put The airline has decided to ________ all its planes until have been carried out.
The police opened fire and __________ six of the rioters. (b) 7. Keep still and Ill ________ a bandage round your arm.
Lie, lay lain (be or put oneself in horizontal position, intransitive) Lay, laid, laid (put transitive) (a) He ________the enormous box on the ground and looked for He ________there for an hour until someone finally heard his
a taxi. (b) cries for help. 8. Hang, hung, hung (suspend) (a) (b) When youve _________ your coat up, come and sit down. Before the abolition of the death penalty, convicted sometimes _____________.
Already (means before the time specified, previously) All ready (everybody or ever thing ready, completely prepared) (a) (b) They had _________ begum writing when the teacher They were ________ to write when the teacher arrived. arrived.
27.
Altogether (thoroughly, completely, wholly, absolutely) All together (group, all in one company) (a) (b) I am ________ ignorant of what happened to you. We went there _________.
28.
All ways (in every possible way) Always (all time) (a) (b) She was in _________ acceptable to voters. His reputation had _________ been spotless.
Artist (a person skilled in fine arts) Artiste (a) (b) (c) (a profession singer or dancer) Artisan (skilled workman) A famous ____________ has drawn this picture. This ________________ is famous for his glass tables. Some of the leading ____________ took part in the concert.
31.
Ascent (is the act of rising) Assent (approval) (a) (b) The _________ to the top of the mountain was very Congress gave its _____________ to the Presidents dangerous. emergency directive.
32.
Beside (next to close to, nearby, by the side of) Besides (over and above, in addition to) (a) (b) We visited Muree ____________Islamabad. He was sitting __________ director.
33.
Berth (resting place, an allotted place situation) Birth (beginning of life, act or fact of being born) (a) son. (b) night. I reserved a _____________ in the train leaving late in the He gave a dinner to his friends on the ________ of his first
Cite (to quote, as by way of authority or proof) Site (a place for a building, situation) Sight (seeing vision) (a) (b) (c) The ____________ of the wreck was appalling. The Board of Education is seeking a __________ for the new Please ____________ an example to prove your statement. (to end) Will you please ________ making those sounds? He _________ her hand in excitement.
school.
37.
38.
Check (to stop, to control) Cheque (an order on a bank for payment) (a) (b) The auditors have _________ the accounts of our firm. He was given me a ________ of Rs. 5,000/-
Corps (Special military group of people) Corpse (dead body) (a) (b) The _________ was examined by a pathologist to determine He served in the Pakistan Army Medical ________. the cause of death.
41.
Defer (postpone) Differ (disagree) (a) (b) _____________ this decision for the time being. I_____________ with him on several points.
42.
Decent (suitable, refined, nice) Descent (going down, slope) Dissent (disagreements) (a) (b) (c) The __________ thing to do is to admit ones fault. There was no voice of __________ against the new bill. While coming down the _________, his foot slipped and he
fell down 43. Die (to cease to live, to become dead) Dye (to color, to stain) (a) (b) The old woman died of cancer. She dies her suit black and white.
friends.
Eminent (high, lofty, distinguished by talent) Imminent (threatening to occur, impending misfortunes) (a) (b) Iqbal was not poet but also an ___________ philosopher. The world war seems to be _________ now-a-days.
46.
Eliminate (to get rid of) Illuminate (to supply with light) (a) (b) Let us try to __________ poverty. Several lamps were needed to _______ hall.
47.
Floor (covered ground0 Flour (milled grain) (a) (b) There is a __________ mill in my beighbourhood. Dont sit on the ______________ as it is quite dirty.
48.
Farther (refers to distance, far from) Further (is used to express additional time, degree or quantity, ahead) (a) (b) No___________ action is necessary in this matter. When we went __________, we saw a stream of clear water.
Lose (is a verb meaning to suffer loss) Loose (is an adjective which means not tight) (a) (b) One of the knobs on the drawer is __________. She will ___________ weight if she goes on a diet.
51.
Later (comparative degree of late) Latter (refers to the second of two) Letter (a written message) (a) (b) (c) He came to the meeting __________ than I had expected. Of riches and health, the __________ is more valuable. I have just received a ______ from my friend.
52.
Most (is an adjective, superlative degree of much which means a larger amount that nay one or anything else) Almost (is an adverb which means very nearly) (a) (b) __________ every one has a desired to succeed. __________ of the students of Superior College of Science, hard working.
Minor (below the legal age, inferior in importance, one who has not yet been mature) Miner (a worker in mine) (a) (b) __________ have no right to vote in the general election. The life of _______ of a coal mine is always in danger.
54.
Principle (a fundamental truth or belief) Principal (Chief official or main, noun or adjective) (a) The teacher taught us the __________ of algebra
thoroughly. (b) 56. The _________ asked for cooperation from the staff.
Quiet (silence) Quite (completely) (a) (b) The teacher asked his students to keep ___________. He seems to be________ well.
57.
Stationary (standing still, fixed, not moving) Stationery (writing material, articles as paper, pen, ink) (a) (b) In ancient times people thought the earth was
58.
Their (blonging to them) There (in that place) Theyre (they are) (a) (b) (c) You will find you books over _________ on the desk. ______________ coming late this afternoon. ______________ coming surprised us.
59.
Than (indicates comparative degree of adjective or to link two parts of a comparison) Then (at a particular time in the past or in the future)
Whos (who is) Whose (possessive means of whom) (a) (b) __________ is this note book? __________ in the next office?
61.
Abolish (put an end to, stop altogether, verb) Demolish (pull down, verb) (a) (b) We want to _______ Indo-Pak war on Kashmir. We may __________ this old building.
62.
Adverse (not in favour of, Adj) Averse (opposed, Adj) (a) (b) They are ________ to your plan. Smoking has _________ effect on health.
63.
Affection (an emotional feeling of love noun) Affectation (insincere love, noun) (a) (b) His love for her is noting but an _____________. A mothers ________ for her child is great indeed.
64.
Arise (appear, come into being) Rise (the sun, moon, to come up, group) (a) (b) The sun will __________ soon. Many problems, will ____________ here for us.
Allusion (indicate reference, noun) Illusion (false idea, belief or impression, deception, noun) (a) (b) I understand his _____________ to our mistake. It is an ___________ that earth is flat.
67. noun)
Altar (a place of worship-in Christian Churches; a place of sacrifice, Alter (change, verb) (a) (b) They will _________ their plan soon. The temple had an ____________.
68.
Apathy (lack of interest, enthusiasm or concern; indifference, noun) Antipathy (strongly or deed dislike, noun) (a) (b) I was surprised to see his ______________ in the
preparatory classes. Simply on a piece of land, there has been an _______ long. between brothers since 69.
Apposite (very appropriate (of a remarks), Prospect (for an Opposite (In frontal, contrary, noun & adj) (a) (b) The live __________ to our house. Your reply was quite ________ and we are fully satisfied.
occasion), adjective)
70.
Audible (that can be heard clearly, adj) Edible (fit to be eaten, adj) (a) (b) These are ___________ plants. His speech was quite ____________.
Bail (money paid by or for a person accused of a crime, as security Bale (a large bundle tied with rope or wire, noun) (a) (b) I want to buy a _____________of cotton. He was set free on ______________.
73.
Barren (producing no crop, no child bearing, noun) Baron (British noble man, noun) (a) (b) This land is ________. Tony Blair is one of the _____________ of UK.
74.
Bridal (relating to wedding (marriage), adj) Bridle (rein of a horse, to keep (feelings) under control, noun) (a) (b) Hold the _________________ of the horse tightly. In Pakistan, the ____________ dress is red.
75.
Block (large, solid piece of wood) Bloc (combination of parties, groups, noun) (a) (b) We need a __________ in working building-Construction. Pakistan is a member of Muslim ___________________.
76.
Calendar (a chart/table showing the days, weeks and months of the Calender (machine for pressing and smoothing the cloth or paper,
We want the new years __________. They brought a _________ to press their cloth.
2: If reported speech is in past indefinite or past continuous, it is converted into past perfect. If it is in past perfect or past perfect continuous, it remains same. Direct: Indirect: He said: "The cat died at night. He said that the cat had died at night.
3: If reporting verb is in present tense, the tense of reported speech does not change. Direct: She says: "I am a bold girl." Indirect: She says that she is a bold girl. Direct: Indirect: They say: "We will have a party tonight." They say that they will have a party tonight.
4: If reporting verb is in future tense, the tense of reported speech does not change. Direct: Indirect: He will say: "I am not feeling well." He will say that he is not feeling well.
Direct: She will say: "I will think about it." Indirect: She will say that she will think about it.
The Policeman said to the taxi driver: "Why have you refused to take those ladies to take the railway station?" Indirect: The Policeman asked the taxi driver why he had refused to take those ladies to the railway station. Direct: Indirect: Direct: Indirect: The wife asked her husband: "When will you come back?" The wife asked her husband when he would come back. I said to him: "What do you want? I asked him what he wanted.
7: If reported speech is in the form of interrogative with helping verb, it will take "if" or "whether" at the place of helping verb. Usually the verbs "can" and "will" is converted into whether. Direct: She said to him: "Have you seen my college?" Indirect: She asked him if he had seen her college. Direct: He said to her: "Am I looking smart today?"
Direct: He said to the leader: "Can you spare some time for poor people?" Indirect: He asked the leader whether he could spare some time for the people. Direct: He said to her: ,oWill you go to pizza hut tonight?" Indirect: He asked her whether she would go to pizza hut that night. 8: If reported speech contains order, request or advice, the converted form will take "to", not "that", and Msaid" will also be changed according to the speech. Moreover, "to" always takes 1 sI form of verb (infinitive). Direct: My father said to me: "Work hard." Indirect: My father advised me to work hard.
Direct: I said to him: "Please sit down," Indirect: I requested him to sit down. Direct: The king said: "Arrest all the criminals" Indirect: The King ordered to arrest all the criminals. 9: If reported speech begins with "do not", use the word "forbade". Direct: My father said to me: "Do not tell a lie." Indirect: My father forbade me to tell a lie. 10: If reported speech contains exclamations, mention the type of exclamation in the converted form and use "that". Direct: He said: "Alas! My friend is lost." Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that his friend was lost.
Direct: He said: "Hurrah! I got the prize." Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that he got the prize.
Direct: He said: "Oh! How fast you run," Indirect: He exclaimed with wonder that how fast he ran.
11: If reported speech contains "let us", the converted form will take "suggested" and "should"
Note: If the speech is reported during the same period or at the same place, no i' Change is made in the indirect speech. Direct: He says: "I am glad to be here." Indirect: He says that he is glad to be here.
PRACTICE: 2
Q1: 1: A: B: C: D: 2: A: B: C: D: 3: A: B: C: D: 4: A: B: C: Following are choices given in indirect form for converting direct into indirect, select the correct choice. You said: "I have been writing a letter." You said you have been writing a letter. You told that you have been writing a letter. You said that you had been writing a letter. You said that you were writing a letter. The Commander said to the company': "Walk to the left." The commander requested the company to walk to the left. The commander ordered the company to walk to the left. The commander ordered to the company to walk to the left. The commander commanded to the company to walk to the left. They said to him: 'You were flying a kite yesterday." They said to him that she was flying a kite previous day. They told him that he had been flying a kite previous day. They told to him that he had been flying a kite previous day. They told to him that he has been flying a kite previous day. He said to the servant: "Bring me a glass of water." He ordered the servant to bring him a glass of water. He ordered the servant that bring him a glass of water. He ordered the servant that bring me a glass of water.
5: She said to them: "Don't waste your time." A: She told them not to waste their time. B: She forbade them to waste their time. C: She stopped them from wasting time. D: She warned them in terms of wasting time. 6: A: B: C: 7: A: B: C: D: 8: A:
B: C: D: 9: A: B: C: D: 10: A: B: C: D: 11: A: B: C: D:
The student said to the teacher: "Sir, excuse me this time." The student excused the teacher to excuse him this time. The student told to the teacher to excuse him that time. The student requested the teacher respectfully to excuse him that time. D: The student asked the teacher to excuse him that time. He said: .'May it rain today." He wished for rain that day. He wished that it may rain that day. He prayed might it rain that day. He wished that it might rain that day. I said: "What a beautiful house this is!" I exclaimed with wonder that that was a beautiful house.
I exclaimed wonderfully that was a beautiful house. I exclaimed with joy that that was a beautiful house. I exclaimed with wonder that this is a beautiful house. I said to him: "Don't go now." I told him that he cannot go now. I forbade him to go at that time. I forbade him to go then. I forbade him go then. The boy says: "I am using my blue pen." The boy said that he was using his blue pen. The boy says that I am using my blue pen. The boy says that I am using his blue pen. The boy says that he is using his blue pen. The students said: "We have copied all the questions." The students said they have copied all the questions. The students said that they have copied all the questions. The students said that they had copied all the questions. The students told that they had copied all the questions.
12: She will say: "I am alright." A: She will say that she will be alright.
She will say that I will be alright. She will say that she is alright. She will say that she would be alright. They said to you: "We have solved all the questions." They had said to you that we have solved all the questions. They said to you that they had solved all the questions. They told you that they had solved all the questions. They told to you that they had solved all the questions. I said to him: "Friends are plenty when the purse is full." I said to him that friends are plenty when the purse is full. I told him friends were plenty when purse was full. I told him friends were in plenty when purse was full. I told him that friends were plenty when purse was full. He said to her: "You always bring your dog here." He told her that she always brought her dog there. He told her that she always brings her dog there. He said her that she always brought her dog there. He informed that she always brought her dog there. He said to me: "What is your name?" He said to me what your name is. He asked me that what is your name. He asked me what your name was.
"Let me go", she said. She asks to let her go. She asked, to let her go. She asked to lets her go. She asked to let her go. "Where have you forgotten your book?" asked the teacher. The teacher asked where have you forgotten your book. The teacher asked where he had forgotten his book. The teacher asked had he forgotten his book somewhere. The teacher asked if he had forgotten his book. My dear friend said to me: "Thank you very much for your care today." My dear friend thanked her very much for my care that day. My dear friend thanked me very much for her care that day. My dear friend thanked me very much for my care that day. My dear friend thanked me very much for my care today. "What is your name and who are you?", said the reporter. The reporter asked what my name was and who I was. The reporter asked what his name was and who I was. The reporter asked what my name is and who I was. The reporter asked what my name was and who he was.
This material is different the one we had last time. a: by b: from c: of We are accountable God for our actions. a: for b: in c: Sindh is famous Azrak. a: about b: for c: to to at, at since of
He was born a small village Kanpur. a: in, in b: on, in c: The child has been missing yesterday. a: by b: from c: The married ___________ money. a: from b: for c:
Ql: l: 2: 3: 4:
Tick the appropriate synonym. Garish a: bright Dais a: short Malaise a: distance Knead b: bridge b: stage b: disturb c: bride c: street d: brutal d: straight
c: distribute d: dissatisfaction
Vapid a: senseless b: conttolless c: thinkable d: lifeless Jilt a: finish with b: fun With c: handle with d: argue with
Kudos a: revolution b: renovation c: reputation d: remember Choose the correct option to convert the given direct speech into indirect. She said to her servant: "Bring me a cup of tea." She said to her servant to bring her a cup of tea. She ordered her servant that brings me a cup of tea. She ordered her servant to bring her a cup of tea. She told her servant that brings me a cup of tea. She said to her brother: "Have you finished your homework?" She inquired to her brother if he had finished his homework. She asked her brother whether he had finished his homework. She inquired her brother that if he had finished his homework. She asked her brother if he had finished his homework. John asked us: "Which company will you join tomorrow?" John asked us which company you would join the next day. John asked us which company we will join the next day. John asked us which company we would join the next day. John asked us which company we would join tomorrow. She said: "No, I am not to blame." She denied that she was to blame. She denies that she was to blame. She denied that I was to blame.
PRACTICE: 1
Q1: 1: Change the following into indirect speech. He said: That is my horse. __________________________________________________________ 2: He said to her: What do you want? __________________________________________________________ 3: I asked: Dont you know the way to the garden. __________________________________________________________ 4: She said: Alas! I am fail. __________________________________________________________ 5: She said to you: Will you listen to such a man? __________________________________________________________ 6: She said: I am very busy now. __________________________________________________________ 7: They say: We are unwell. __________________________________________________________ 8: He said to me: I dont trust you. __________________________________________________________
(2)
CAUSATIVES
In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. The person causes it to happen by forcing another person to do it. MAKE GET MAKE: Do not use an infinitive or an-ing from instead to a base form of a verb after a person or in causative MAKE. INCORRECT: CORRECT: GET: In expressions with a causative GET we use an infinitive after persons, and a participle after things: INCORRECT: phone right away. CORRECT: away. INCORRECT: Lets get some of our money exchange for dollars. CORRECT: dollars. Lets get some of our money exchanged for We will have to get someone to fix the phone We will have to get someone fixing the She made the baby to take a nap. She made the baby take a nap. HAVE LET HELP
i. ii. iii.
PREDICATION For a prediction, generally use the present tense in the subordinate clause and the future tense in the m main clause:
Unless citizens regain faith in politics, they will not vote. If he runs, he will get there in time. The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail.
Sometimes the verb in the main clause consists of may, can, should or might plus the verbs base form:
SPECULATION Speculations are mainly of two kinds, each with its own verb pattern. For events that are possible in the present, though unlikely, use the past
Use were instead of was when the subject is I, he, she, it, or a singular noun:
often. For events that were impossible in the past, use the past perfect tense in the subordinate clause and would, could or might plus the present perfect tense in the main clause.
If I had known that you were coming I would have met you at the If the escaped prisoner had tried to leave the country he would PLURALS OF SINGULAR NOUN
airport.
A singular noun names one person, place, thing or idea. A plural noun names more than one. The singular and plural almost have different spellings. Following are the most basic rules regarding the formation of plural nouns.
Rule No. 1: If a singular noun ends in O, S, SH, CH, X, their plural is formed by adding es to other singular.
a: Nouns which end in s Class, Glass, Guess Bush c: Ending in CH: Bench, Watch d: Ending in X: Tax, Fax, Fox
e. Ending in O: Potato, Buffalo, Cargo, Volcano, Hero, plural by adding only S not es
b: Ending in SH: Brush, Dish, Exception: End in O but are made Church, Piano, Kilo, Photo, Ratio, Commando
RULE 2:
consonant, its Y is not replaced with ies. Baby, Army, Family, Lady, Story, City, Pony
RULE 3:
its Y is not replaced with ies but only s is added to it to make it plural EXAMPLES: Toy, Boy, Joy, Journey.
RULE 4: Examples:
Letters, Figures and other symbols are made plural by There are more es than Is in this passage. Dot you I
RULE 5: Example:
feeder-spoon feeders
RULE 6:
Wife-------wives RULE 7:
INSIDE Vowel of
Man-------Men RULE 8:
Child----Children RULE 9:
Sheep
baggage
Deer
news hundred,
Example:
RULE 10:
Some nouns are Plural in nature Spectacle (are) Glasses (are) Ice (are) Trousers(are)
Scissors (are),
Annals(are) Thank(are)
Garments
RULE 11:
Name of Science and Arts is considered as singular Physics(is) acoustics(is) politics(is) ethics(is)
Mathematics (is)
mechanics(is)
RULE 12:
Nouns with
Latin
make plural
Radius ----------- Radii Phenomenon ---- Phenomena Thesis ------------Theses Genius ----------- Genii RULE 13: Love
Falsehood
NOTE:If their plural come then they will be used as Common noun. RULE 14: Copper Material nouns have no Plural. Silver Gold Rubber
NOTE: Example:
If their plural come then they will change the meaning. Coppers = copper coins, Tins = cans made of tin.
PLURALS OF SINGULAR NOUN A singular noun names one person, place, thing or idea. A plural noun names more than one. The singular and plural almost have different spellings. Following are the most basic rules regarding the formation of plural nouns. Rule No. 1: If a singular noun ends in O, S, SH, CH, X, their plural is formed by adding es to other singular. a: Nouns which end in s Class, Glass, Guess Bush c: Ending in CH: Bench, Watch d: Ending in X: Tax, Fax, Fox (Exceptional OX-OXEN) RULE 2: Pony RULE 3: If a singular noun ends in Y, end preceded by vowel, its Y If a singular noun ends in Y, end preceded by consonant, e. Ending in O: Potato, Buffalo, Cargo, Volcano, Hero, plural by adding only S not es Church, Piano, Kilo, Photo, Ratio, Commando
its Y is not replaced with ies. Baby, Army, Family, Lady, Story, City,
is not replaced with ies but only s is added to it to make it plural EXAMPLES: Toy, Boy, Joy, Journey. RULE 4: Examples: Letters, Figures and other symbols are made plural by adding There are more es than Is in this passage. Dot you I s and
an apostrophe and s. cross your ts. Add two 5s and four 2s.
Nouns end in-f or-fe form their plural by changing into.v and Leaf------Leaves
Wife-------wives RULE 7:
Some nouns have singular and Plural Similar Hair (is) quid (Slang 1 pound) baggage Deer
Counsel (Barrister) furniture Ancraft Advice (advices=information) Pair, dozen, Score, used after numerals) Example: I bought three PAIR of shirts He gave me three DOZEN of eggs RULE 10: Some nouns are Plural in nature Spectacle (are) Glasses (are) Ice (are) Trousers(are) information knowledge gross, hundred, news rubbish thousand(when
Scissors (are),
Mathematics (is)
mechanics(is) RULE 12: their rules. Radius ----------- Radii Phenomenon ---- Phenomena Thesis ------------Theses Genius ----------- Genii RULE 13: Love Abstract nouns have no plural. Honesty Hope Truth Falsehood Crisis -------- Crises Basis -------- Bases Formula----- Formulae Nouns with Latin and Greek origin make plural according to
NOTE:If their plural come then they will be used as Common noun. RULE 14: Copper NOTE: Example: Material nouns have no Plural. Silver Gold Rubber If their plural come then they will change the meaning. Coppers = copper coins, Tins = cans made of tin.
Feelings (Bad) Adjectives angry bewildered clumsy defeated embarrassed fierce grumpy helpless itchy jealous lazy mysterious nervous obnoxious
orange beautiful yellow clean green drab blue elegant purple fancy gray glamorous black handsome white long magnificent old-fashioned plain quaint sparkling helpful important inexpensive mushy odd powerful gifted famous easy dead clever careful better
Adjectives can turn the ordinary in to the extraordinary. When used properly, they can add vivid interest to your conversation or written communication. However, there can be too much of a good thing. Please keep your adjectives effective by choosing them wisely.
Appearance adorable adventurous aggressive alert attractive average beautiful blue-eyed bloody blushing
Appearance Contd. glamorous gleaming gorgeous graceful grotesque handsome homely light long magnificent
Condition alive annoying bad better beautiful brainy breakable busy careful cautious
Condition Contd. impossible inexpensive innocent inquisitive modern mushy odd open outstanding poor
Feelings (Bad)
Feelings (Bad) Contd. grumpy helpless homeless hungry hurt ill itchy jealous jittery
old-fashioned crazy plain poised precious quaint shiny smoggy sparkling spotless stormy strange ugly ugliest unsightly unusual wide-eyed curious dead different difficult doubtful easy expensive famous fragile frail gifted helpful helpless horrible important
Taste/Touch Taste/Touch Touch Contd. bitter delicious fresh juicy ripe rotten salty sour spicy stale sticky strong sweet tart melted nutritious plastic prickly rainy rough scattered shaggy shaky sharp shivering silky slimy slippery boiling breezy broken bumpy chilly cold cool creepy crooked cuddly curly damaged damp dirty
Grammar Alphabet