Plate Girder P.

PLATE GIRDER
Plate girders are custom fabricated beam members used to carry large loads over long spans. They are used in buildings and industrial structures for long-span floor girders, for heavy crane girders and in bridges. Typical plate girders:

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Web Stiffeners are generally required either to prevent buckling due to compression from bending and shear or to promote tension filed action to increase shear strength. Stiffeners are also required at load points and supports to prevent local failure (bearing, local flexural buckling of web). Types of beam cross-section

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Typical usage of different forms of beam

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Initial Section Dimensions Depth (D) may be limited by headroom requirement or typically taken as 1/10 to 1/20 span length. Breadth (B) usually about 0.3 to 0.5 D with 0.4D typical. The deeper the girder, the smaller the flanges, but thicker web and additional stiffeners may be necessary. However, a shallow girder can be very much heavier and more expensive than a deeper girder. Component Dimensions Generally, a plate girder may be assumed to consist of semicompact flange plates (which alone resist the applied moment) and a slender web (which carries the applied shear). Flanges: at least semi-compact with
b 275 13 T p yf

Webs: often slender with local web buckling in shear - Min web thickness for serviceability (to prevent damage in handling) Cl.4.4.2.2 (a) without stiffeners d t 250

(b) with stiffeners if a > d , a<d, t d 250 d a t 250 d

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- Min web thickness to avoid flange buckling into web Cl.4.4.2.3 (a) without stiffeners t d p yf 250 345 d p yf 250 345
p yf d 250 455

(b) with stiffeners if a > 1.5 d , t

a < 1.5 d ,

Typical web thickness:

t 10 mm as d = 1200mm ; t 20 mm as d = 2500mm a 1.2 1.6 d a end panel spacing: 0.6 1.0 d

Typical web stiffeners spacing:

Moment Capacity of Plate Girder Where the flanges are plastic, compact or semi-compact, but the d web is thin (i.e. > 63 ) or slender, the Mc can be calculated t by:

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(a) Simplified Method Assume that flanges resist the moment and axial load, and the web designed for shear only.

Pyf Af do Mc = Pyf Af do

(b) Detailed Method (not applicable where

d > 63 ) t Assume that the whole section resists the moment and axial load and the web designed for combined shear and longitudinal stresses.

(c) Hybrid Method Combination of method (a) and (b)

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Buckling and Post buckling Behaviour of Web

At buckling:

- For pure beam shear action, principal stresses occur at 45 inclinations - Web buckling occurs when the 45 principal compressive stress reaches it critical limit Post-buckling tension field action: - After web buckling, a tensile membrane stress t develops at an inclination t to the horizontal - This tension field action gives the shear panel considerable post-buckling strength since the increase in tension is limited only by the yield stress - Truss analogy

dt

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- Total stress state at the inclination of the tension field (t)

t = q cr sin 2 t + t

t + 90

= q cr sin 2 t

t = q cr cos 2 t

- Apply the von Misses-Hencky yield criterion

2t + 2 +90 +90 + 3 2 = p yw2

t t t t

t = p yw 3q cr + 2.25q cr sin 2 t
2

1 2

1.5q cr sin 2 t

- Maximum shear gained by tension field action using web anchorage alone occurs approximately when

d 2 t = tan 1 sin 2 t = a

1 a 1+ d
2

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- So the basic tension field strength, yb, is obtained as

y b = t = p yw 3q cr + t

1 2

t ,

where t =

1.5q cr a 1+ d
2

- Determine the web shear resistance due to tension field action Resultant of tension field action:
Ft = y b t (d cos t a sin t + C h sin t )

Shear resistance of web due to Ft: Vt = Ft sin t = y b t sin 2 t (d cot t a + C h )

Note that Ch represents the distance of the flange which acts an anchorage for developing the tension field action.

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At collapse:

- Once the web has yielded, final failure occurs when plastic hinges have formed in the flanges at points W, X, Y and Z. - Note that the plastic hinge at point W is developed at the position where the moment is maximum such that the corresponding shear value is zero. Determination of the distance Ch Take moment at X, 2M pf = y b tC h sin t C h sin t 2

Ch =

2 sin t

M pf yb t

Take moment at W, additional flange dependent shear resistance upon collapse,

Vf = 4M pf Ch

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Ultimate Shear Resistance (Vult) Vult = Vcr + Vt + Vf

4M pf Ch

= q cr dt + y b t sin 2 t (d cot t a + C h ) +

4M pf a = q cr dt + y b sin 2 t cot t dt + y b t sin 2 t C h + Ch d

Divide Vult by dt to obtain the ultimate shear strength, q ult = Vult = q b + q fd dt

where q b = basic shear strength

a = q cr + y b sin 2 t cot t d q fd = flange dependent shear strength

4M pf = y b t sin 2 t C h + Ch

1 dt

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