Compressive stiffness and strength of concrete lled double

skin (CHS inner & CHS outer) tubes

Kang Hai Tan

Yu Fen Zhang
Received: 21 April 2010 / Accepted: 3 September 2010 / Published online: 23 September 2010
Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. 2010
Abstract This paper investigated the stiffness and
capacity of concrete lled double skin tubes (CFDST)
column under axial compression. The column has
circular hollow section (CHS) as both outer skin and
inner skin. Stiffness of CFDST columns under small
displacement was analyzed by the energy method.
The modied elastic modulus of the between con-
crete and steel tubes were deduced respectively to
calculate the composite stiffness of the CFDST stub
column. According to the unied theory of concrete
lled steel tube (CFST), the bearing capacity of the
stub column was predicted by presenting the equiv-
alent connement coefcient of CFDST. The com-
posite modulus and ultimate strength of the stub
columns were calculated in comparison with corre-
sponding test value, and it was found that there was
good agreement between theoretical and experimen-
tal results.
Keywords Concrete-lled Double skin tubes
Stiffness Strength Theorem of stationary value
of potential energy Unied theory of CFST
List of symbols
A Overall section area of stub column
A
c
Section area of concrete
A
so
Section area of outer steel tube
A
si
Section area of inner steel tube
D
o
Diameter of outer steel tube
D
i
Diameter of inner steel tube
E
s
Elastic modulus of steel tube
E
c
Elastic modulus of concrete
"
E
so
Modied Elastic modulus of outer steel tube
"
E
so
Modied Elastic modulus of inner steel tube
"
E
c
Modied Elastic modulus of concrete
E
0
Composite Elastic modulus calculated by
superposition method
E
ssc
Composite Elastic modulus considering the
conning factor
f
ssc
Compressive strength of CFDST column
f
so
Yield strength of outer steel tube
f
si
Yield strength of inner steel tube
f
ck
Standard strength of concrete
k Connement coefcient to the sandwiched
concrete
m
s
Poissons Ratio of steel tube
m
c
Horizontal deformation coefcient of concrete
N
y
Axial bearing capacity by theoretical calculation
N
test
Axial bearing capacity of experimental results
K. H. Tan
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, BLK N1, #1A-37, Nanyang
Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
Y. F. Zhang (&)
School of Civil Engineering, Changan University, Xian
710061, Peoples Republic of China
e-mail: yufenzh@gmail.com
123
Int J Mech Mater Des (2010) 6:283291
DOI 10.1007/s10999-010-9138-y
1 Introduction
Concrete lled steel tube (CFST) structures have
been provided a reasonable and convenient alterna-
tive in practical engineers. So in recent years
Concrete lled double skin tubes (CFDST) column
was developed and studied on the base of CFST. The
concept of double skin composite construction was
originally devised for use in submerged tube tunnels
(Han et al. 2004). So far, it is believed that this
structure also has a potential in nuclear containment,
liquid and gas retaining structures and blast resistant
shelters (Zhao and Grzebieta 2002; Wright et al.
1991). CFDST consists of two concentric steel
cylinders or shells with the annulus between them
lled with concrete. This form of construction can be
applied to sea-bed vessels, in the legs of offshore
platforms in deep water, to large diameter columns
and to structures subjected to bending load (Yagishita
et al. 2000). CFDST have also been used as high-rise
bridge piers (Sugimoto et al. 1997) to reduce the
structure weight and maintain a large energy absorp-
tion capacity against earthquake loading.
Some stub column tests to conrm some of the
expected advantages were conducted (Zhao and
Grzebieta 1999; Zhao et al. 1999; Yang et al. 2004)
to show that the local buckling of the steel tubes was
either delayed or restrained by the inlled concrete.
Meanwhile, concrete is very effectively conned by
the skin tubes and both the outer and inner tubes can
change the failure mode of the concrete from a brittle
one to a relatively ductile one. Those test results
conrmed that an increased ductility and energy
absorption was obtained using the concept of double
skin tubes. Therefore, the CFDST columns have high
strength, high stiffness, and high ductility for full
usage of construction materials.
It was very necessary to quantify the stiffness and
strength to assess the behavior of the CFDST stub
column. In this paper, stiffness can be analyzed by
the energy method in the elasticity mechanics.
According to the unied theory of CFST, CFDST
can also be considered as one composite material to
assess its behaviors. One equivalent connement
coefcient n
ssc
was dened in this paper for consid-
ering the connement to the sandwiched concrete in
CFDST columns. Formula was derived from unied
theory of CFST to predict the ultimate strength of
CFDST under compression. In the end, the theoretical
predictions were compared with the experimental
results as well.
2 Calculation of stiffness
2.1 Basic principle
Figure 1 shows the loading mode and calculating
model of the stub column. The most common research
method for CFST members is to study the behaviors of
the steel tube and the core concrete separately, then
add them together to determine the behavior of the
whole one. Therefore, composite stiffness can be
obtained by the sum of every component of the stub
column. There are sandwich concrete, outer and inner
steel tubes. Superposition method is used simply to
estimate the composite stiffness without consideration
of the interaction between concrete and steel tube. The
expression is
E
0
A E
s
A
si
E
s
A
so
E
c
A
c
1
Actually each elastic modulus has inuenced because
there is conning force between concrete and steel
tube. During the process of compression of CFDST
columns, there exists horizontal deformation when
vertical deformation happened upon the whole sec-
tion. Horizontal deformation coefcient v
c
is the ratio
of horizontal deformation and vertical deformation in
the calculation of compression of concrete. It is more
Fig. 1 Loading mode and calculating model
284 K. H. Tan, Y. F. Zhang
123
easily understood for concrete than poisons ration
when study the relationship between deformation and
strength at elastic stage. The steels Poissons ratio v
s
remained essentially the same value as 0.283, while
the concretes horizontal deformation coefcient v
c
was 0.167 at the beginning. With the increasing axial
compression, v
c
started to gradually improve then
exceed v
s
. Because there would be many micro-
cracks happened in concrete, therefore v
c
was to
increase, and could be close to 0.5 before the column
entered into plastic stage (Zhong 1996), however
both outer and inner skin steel tubes were conning
the sandwich concrete to postpone its expansion.
Therefore we can quantitatively analyze how much
the elastic modulus is inuenced by this interaction.
The concrete can be regarded as thick-walled cylin-
der with the inside and outside pressure coming from
the inner and outer tubes, while the steel tubes can be
regarded as thin-walled cylinders. Dening the
changed elastic modulus as modied elastic modulus,
then Eq. 1 can be changed as follow
E
ssc
A
"
E
si
A
si

"
E
so
A
so

"
E
c
A
c
2
That means compressive stiffness can be calculated
by modifying the elastic modulus. And the modied
elastic modulus can be deduced by energy theory.
2.2 Energy theory
Its basic assumptions: (1) the radial deformation of
concrete and tube conforms to the deformation
compatibility condition and Assumption of Plane
Section without considering the effects of shear
deformation; (2) Conning force of the concrete
under lateral compression is proportional to the
lateral deformation, i.e. p = kl
r
; (3) The pressures
from inner and outer steel tube to inside concrete are
equal within the elastic range. Every part of the
composite CFST column can be analyzed respec-
tively as shown in Fig. 2.
Under the axial compression N, the column had a
small axial deformation as l
z
( means compres-
sion), meanwhile concrete expanded both insides and
outsides. The absolute lateral deformation was con-
sidered as l
r
. For each unit length of the column, the
axial strain e
z
equaled to l
z
, if the loading process can
be considered as a slow quasi-static deformation
mode, the strain energy will be
U
1
2
_
V
r f g e f g
T
dV 3
According to the hooker law, there are
e
r

r
r
E
m
r
h
E

r
z
E
_ _
e
h

r
h
E
m
r
r
E

r
z
E
_ _
e
z

r
z
E
m
r
r
E

r
h
E
_ _
4
Therefore,
U
1
2
_
V
r f g e f g
T
dV

A
2E
r
2
r
r
2
h
r
2
z
2m r
r
r
h
r
r
r
h
r
z
r
h

_
5
Axial compressive force and lateral conning force
can be taken as the External forces for every
component, so external work is
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 2 Simplied stress
model of every component
of the stub column. a Inner
steel tube. b Concrete.
c Outer steel tube
Compressive stiffness and strength of CFDST 285
123
W
1
2
Nl
z

1
2
_
S
pl
p
ds 6
Then the Potential energy is
P U W 7
Firstly, for the inner steel tube, its stress state can be
expressed as
r
sih
pk
i
; r
sir
0; r
siz
e
z
"
E
si
8
where k
i
= D
i
/2t
i
. Strain energy of inner steel tube
can be obtained by Eq. 5.
U
si

A
s
2
r f g e f g
T

A
si
2E
s
r
2
sih
r
2
siz
2m
s
r
siz
r
sih
_

A
si
2E
s
p
2
k
2
i
u
z
"
E
si

2
2m
s
pk
i
u
z
"
E
si

_ _
External work of inner steel tube can be obtained by
Eq. 6.
W
si

1
2
N u
z

1
2
_
S
pu
ri
ds

1
2
E
si
A
si
u
2
z

1
2
pD
i
pu
ri
Potential energy per unit length can be calculated
from Eq. 7.
P
si
U
si
W
si

A
si
2E
s
k
2
u
2
r
k
2
i
u
z
"
E
si

2
2m
s
ku
r
k
i
u
z
"
E
si

_ _

1
2
E
si
A
si
u
2
z

1
2
pD
i
ku
r
t
i
m
s
E
s
ku
r
k
i
E
si
u
z
_ _
Because the inner tube was kept in equilibrium state,
according to the theorem of stationary value of
potential energy, there is
oP
si
ou
z
0 That means
A
si
2E
s
2
"
E
2
si
u
z
2m
s
ku
r
k
i
"
E
si
_ _
E
si
A
si
u
z

1
2
pD
i
ku
r
t
i
m
s
E
s
E
si
0
Therefore, modied elastic modulus of inner steel
tube can be obtained
"
E
si
E
s

km
s
D
i
t
i

2t
i

u
r
u
z
9
In above formula,
u
r
u
z
is the deformation ratio of
concrete. They can be solved in the following
calculation.
Secondly, for the outer steel tube, its stress state
can be expressed as
r
soh
pk
o
; r
sir
0; r
soz
e
z
"
E
so
10
where k
o
= D
o
/2t
o
. Strain energy of outer steel tube
can be obtained by Eq. 5.
U
so

A
so
2
r f g e f g
T

A
so
2E
s
r
2
soh
r
2
soz
2m
s
r
soz
r
soh
_

A
si
2E
s
p
2
k
2
o
u
z
"
E
si

2
2m
s
pk
o
u
z
"
E
so

_ _
External work of outer steel tube can be obtained by
Eq. 6.
W
so

1
2
N u
z

1
2
_
S
p u
ro
ds

1
2
E
so
A
so
u
2
z

1
2
pD
o
pu
ro
Potential energy of outer steel tube per unit length is
P
so
U
so
W
so

A
so
2E
s
p
2
k
2
o
u
z
"
E
so

2
2m
s
pk
o
u
z
"
E
so

_ _

1
2
E
so
A
so
u
2
z

1
2
pD
o
pu
ro

A
so
2E
s
k
2
u
2
r
k
2
o
u
z
"
E
so

2
2m
s
ku
r
k
o
u
z
"
E
so

_ _

1
2
E
so
A
so
u
2
z

1
2
pD
o
ku
r
t
o
m
s
E
s
ku
r
k
o
E
so
u
z
_ _
With the same method as inner tube, we can get
modied elastic modulus of outer steel tube
"
E
so
E
s

ku
r
m
s
D
o
t
o

2t
o
u
z
11
Lastly, for the concrete, its stresses can be obtained
by the famous Lam formula.
r
cr

D
2
i
D
2
o
D
2
i
1
D
2
o
4r
2
_ _
p
D
2
o
D
2
o
D
2
i
1
D
2
i
4r
2
_ _
p
p
r
ch

D
2
i
D
2
o
D
2
i
1
D
2
o
4r
2
_ _
p
D
2
o
D
2
o
D
2
i
1
D
2
i
4r
2
_ _
p
p
r
z
u
z
"
E
c
12
Strain energy of concrete can be obtained by
Eq. 5.
286 K. H. Tan, Y. F. Zhang
123
U
c

A
c
2
r f g e f g
T

A
c
2E
c
r
2
r
r
2
h
r
2
z
2m
c
r
r
r
h
r
r
r
h
r
z
r
h

_

A
c
2E
c
2p
2
e
z
"
E
c

2
2m
c
p
2
_
2p e
z
"
E
c

_ _
13
External work of concrete can be obtained by Eq. 6.
W
c

1
2
N u
z

1
2
_
S
p u
ro
ds
1
2
_
S
p u
ri
ds

1
2
E
c
A
c
u
2
z

1
2
pD
o
pu
ro

1
2
pD
i
pu
ri
Potential energy of concrete per unit length will be
P
c
U
c
W
c

A
c
2E
c
2p
2
u
z
"
E
c

2
2m
c
p
2
2p u
z
"
E
c

_ _

A
c
2
E
c
u
2
z

1
2
pD
o
pu
ro

1
2
pD
i
pu
ri

A
c
2E
c
2k
2
u
2
r
u
z
"
E
c

2
2m
c
k
2
u
2
r
2ku
r
u
z
"
E
c

_
_ _

A
c
2
E
c
u
2
z

t
o
m
s
2E
s
pD
o
k
2
u
2
r
k
o
kE
so
u
r
u
z
_ _

t
i
m
s
2E
s
pD
i
k
2
u
2
r
k
i
kE
si
u
r
u
z
_ _
14
According to the theorem of stationary value of
potential energy, there is
oP
c
ou
z
0 and
oP
c
ou
r
0
A
c
2E
c
2
"
E
2
c
u
z
4m
c
ku
r
"
E
c
_ _
A
c
E
c
u
z

t
o
m
s
2E
s
pD
o
ku
r
E
so

t
i
m
s
2E
s
pD
i
ku
r
E
si
0 15
Modied elastic modulus of concrete can be obtained
as follow
"
E
c
E
c

ku
r
4E
s
"
E
c
A
c
m
c
E
c
"
E
so
m
s
pD
o
t
o
E
c
"
E
si
m
s
pD
i
t
i

2u
z
E
s
"
E
c
A
c
16
Compared with other parameters, E
s
;
"
E
c
;
"
E
so
;
"
E
si
; E
c
are all much larger ones. So just set:
E
s
"
E
c
E
c
"
E
so
E
c
"
E
si
E
s
E
c
"
E
c
E
c

ku
r
4A
c
m
c
m
s
A
so
m
s
A
si

2u
z
A
c
17
oP
c
ou
r
0 i.e.
A
c
2E
c
4k
2
u
r
2m
c
2k
2
u
r
2ku
z
"
E
c
_ _ _

t
o
m
s
2E
s
pD
o
2k
2
u
r
k
o
kE
so
u
z
_ _

t
i
m
s
2E
s
pD
i
2k
2
u
r
k
i
kE
si
u
z
_ _
0
u
r
u
z

4E
s
"
E
c
A
c
m
c
E
c
"
E
so
m
s
pD
o
t
o
E
c
"
E
si
m
s
pD
i
t
i
4kE
s
A
c
1m
c
2kE
c
k
o
m
s
pD
o
t
o
2kE
c
k
i
m
s
pD
i
t
i
18
And it can be simplied as
u
r
u
z

1
k

4m
c
A
c
m
s
A
so
A
si

4A
c
1m
c
E
c

m
s
E
s
_ _ 19
Therefore, k
u
r
u
z

4m
c
A
c
m
s
A
so
A
si

4A
c
1mc
Ec

ms
Es

: Just substitute these
two parameters in the previous expressions of
modied elastic modulus, there are
"
E
si
E
s

E
s
m
s
D
i
t
i
4m
c
m
s
a
8t
i
1m
c
k
E
m
s
_ _
"
E
so
E
s

E
s
m
s
D
o
t
o
4m
c
m
s
a
8t
o
1m
c
k
E
m
s
_ _
"
E
c
E
c

E
c
4m
c
m
s
a
2
8 1 m
c
m
s
k
E

_

_
20
where modulus ratio k
E

E
c
E
s
; diameter ratio k
D

D
i
D
o
and steel ratio a
A
so
A
si
A
c
:
All this results show that the modied elastic
modulus of inner tube and concrete are both improved
because these two parts are under three-dimensional
compressive stresses, while the modied elastic
modulus of outer tube is reduced because it is under
tensile and compressive stresses.
Substituting the modied elastic modulus into
Eq. 2, then it can be changed as
E
ssc
A E
s
A
si
E
s
A
so
E
c
A
c
E
s
E
c
4m
c
A
c
m
s
A
so
m
s
A
si
8A
c
E
s
1 m
c
E
c
m
s

4m
c
A
c

m
s
D
i
2t
i
A
si
t
i

m
s
D
o
2t
o
A
so
t
o
_ _
Because steel tubes in this paper are considered as
thin-walled cylinders, the above formula can be
transformed as
Compressive stiffness and strength of CFDST 287
123
E
ssc
A E
s
A
si
E
s
A
so
E
c
A
c
E
s
E
c
m
c
m
s

4m
c
A
c
m
s
A
so
m
s
A
si
2 E
s
1 m
c
E
c
m
s

21
Equation 21 presented the compressive stiffness of the
stub column considering the connement effect. And
the composite elastic modulus can be obtained as well.
E
ssc

1
A
E
s
A
si
E
s
A
so
E
c
A
c
E
s
E
c
m
c
m
s

4m
c
A
c
m
s
A
so
m
s
A
si
2E
s
1 m
c
2E
c
m
s

_
22
For A A
si
A
so
A
c
; a
A
so
A
si
A
c
; and E
0

1
A
E
s
A
si
E
s
A
so
E
c
A
c

Therefore,
E
ssc
E
0

E
s
E
c
m
c
m
s

a 1

4m
c
m
s
a
2E
s
1 m
c
2E
c
m
s
23
According to the formulas, it is shown that the
composite elastic modulus has core relation with steel
ratio, Poissons ratio of steel and horizontal defor-
mation coefcient of concrete.
3 Calculation of strength
3.1 Unied theory of CFST
Unied Theory of concrete lled steel tube (CFST)
was presented by Prof, ZHONG Shan-tong in 1993. It
considered CFST as a unied body, a new composite
material used to study its composite behaviors. It was a
new method to design and simplify the design work
(Zhong 2006).
In the past years, the method was applied to
determine the behavior of CFST members under
different loadings. Results showed the method had
given a unied formula with the changing rules of
behaviors for various members, including solid and
hollow members, and circular and non-circular cross
section under various loadings (Chen 2001). It dened
the Connement coefcient n of CFST as the
connement to concrete coming from steel tube. The
expression is n = A
s
f
s
/(A
c
f
ck
), where A
s
, A
c
are the
cross-section area of steel tube and concrete respec-
tively; f
s
, f
ck
are the strength of steel and concrete
respectively.
3.2 Equivalent connement coefcient
Under the guidance of Unied Theory, we can
extend deeper research works into CFDST structure.
For CFDST, one equivalent connement coefcient
n
ssc
is presented in this paper, which can be expressed
as follow
n
ssc

A
s
f
s
A
c
f
ck
24
It means the connement to the sandwiched concrete
in CFDST columns deriving from both outer and
inner steel tubes. Then the strength of the stub
column can be calculated by
f
ssc
1:212 an
ssc
bn
2
ssc
_ _
f
ck
25
where a, b reect the contributions of steel tube and
concrete respectively. They can be calculated by
a 0:1759f
ss
=235 0:974 26
b 0:1038f
ck
=20 0:0309 27
where f
ss
is the weighted average of both skin tubes,
which is calculated by
f
ss

A
so
f
so
A
si
f
si
A
so
A
si
28
Therefore it is recommended to use the following
formula to compute the bearing capacity of this stub
column
N
y
Af
ssck
29
4 Comparison between theoretical analysis
and experimental results
Calculation of the bearing capacity of the stub
columns is shown in Table 1 including of the test
values deriving from some references. It is veried
feasible by applying the unied theory of CFST into
CFDST column under compression.
The composite strength f
ssc
of the unied section is
larger than the core concretes standard strength f
ck
,
and smaller than weighted average value f
ss
because
the unied body is constituted by outer, inner steel
tube and the core concrete. As is shown in Eq. 25 that
concretes standard strength f
ck
is the basal parameter
to calculate the composite strength derived from the
288 K. H. Tan, Y. F. Zhang
123
T
a
b
l
e
1
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
e
l
a
s
t
i
c
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
a
n
d
u
l
t
i
m
a
t
e
b
e
a
r
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
o
f
C
F
D
S
T
c
o
l
u
m
n
s
S
p
e
c
i
m
e
n
s
f
c
k
(
M
P
a
)
A
c
(
m
m
2
)
f
s
o
(
M
P
a
)
A
s
o
(
m
m
2
)
f
s
i
(
M
P
a
)
A
s
i
(
m
m
2
)
E
c
(
1
0
4
M
P
a
)
E
s
(
1
0
5
M
P
a
)
a
E
s
s
c
(
1
0
4
M
P
a
)
E
s
s
c
/
E
c
E
s
s
c
/
E
s
E
o
(
1
0
4
M
P
a
)
E
s
s
c
/
E
0
f
s
s
(
M
P
a
)
n
s
s
c
f
s
s
c
(
M
P
a
)
N
y
(
k
N
)
N
t
e
s
t
(
k
N
)
N
y
/
N
t
e
s
t
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
A
1
-
1
4
5
.
6
1
3
7
5
.
3
4
8
6
2
4
2
.
0
4
7
0
1
9
4
.
8
3
.
5
9
8
1
.
9
7
0
.
3
1
8
7
.
9
2
0
2
.
2
0
1
0
.
4
0
2
7
.
4
8
0
1
.
0
6
0
4
7
8
.
9
3
.
3
3
6
1
5
3
.
5
2
4
0
.
6
2
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0
.
8
5
0
W
e
i
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t
a
l
.
(
1
9
9
5
)
A
2
-
1
4
5
.
6
1
3
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7
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5
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4
2
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.
8
3
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0
.
6
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B
1
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6
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9
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0
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1
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1
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1
-
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2
9
9
9
.
8
4
2
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8
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9
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0
.
1
4
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1
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3
1
.
7
1
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0
.
3
1
4
5
.
6
6
1
1
.
0
9
2
4
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.
2
1
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4
0
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1
2
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2
3
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3
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D
4
-
1
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.
6
3
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5
3
.
1
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.
9
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1
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4
.
1
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9
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.
9
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0
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0
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2
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8
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5
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1
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2
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4
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9
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2
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7
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E
5
-
1
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5
.
6
5
7
1
2
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4
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8
8
.
9
2
3
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2
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2
.
5
3
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5
9
8
1
.
9
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0
.
1
5
1
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.
2
2
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1
.
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3
1
0
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3
1
6
5
.
7
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1
.
0
9
1
2
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3
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5
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8
3
8
9
3
.
2
5
5
7
.
1
5
5
1
1
.
0
1
1
E
6
-
1
4
5
.
6
4
0
5
3
.
7
2
6
2
5
8
8
.
9
2
8
6
4
3
5
.
7
3
.
5
9
8
1
.
9
7
0
.
2
5
2
7
.
3
1
5
2
.
0
3
3
0
.
3
7
1
6
.
8
4
7
1
.
0
6
8
2
7
2
.
2
1
.
5
0
9
1
1
4
.
9
5
1
5
.
1
5
2
4
0
.
9
8
c
c
2
3
6
.
0
2
4
2
3
6
3
7
.
0
2
7
5
.
9
1
6
9
6
.
5
3
9
6
.
1
4
5
2
.
4
3
.
4
1
0
2
.
0
6
0
.
0
9
1
5
.
3
6
2
1
.
5
7
3
0
.
2
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0
4
.
8
4
2
1
.
1
0
7
3
0
1
.
2
0
.
7
6
0
7
3
.
3
1
7
6
2
.
7
1
7
9
0
.
5
0
.
9
8
4
T
a
o
e
t
a
l
.
2
0
0
4
c
c
3
3
6
.
0
2
4
1
9
3
6
4
.
8
2
7
5
.
9
1
6
9
6
.
5
3
7
0
.
2
8
2
9
.
4
3
.
4
1
0
2
.
0
6
0
.
1
3
0
5
.
8
9
2
1
.
7
2
8
0
.
2
8
6
5
.
3
9
3
1
.
0
9
3
3
0
6
.
9
1
.
1
1
1
8
4
.
9
1
7
1
2
.
1
1
6
4
9
1
.
0
3
8
c
c
4
3
6
.
0
2
4
1
0
0
5
3
.
1
2
7
5
.
9
1
6
9
6
.
5
3
4
2
1
3
1
9
.
5
3
.
4
1
0
2
.
0
6
0
.
3
0
0
7
.
7
9
7
2
.
2
8
7
0
.
3
7
8
7
.
3
7
7
1
.
0
5
7
3
0
4
.
8
2
.
5
3
8
1
1
7
.
4
1
3
3
1
.
4
1
3
9
6
.
5
0
.
9
5
3
c
c
5
3
6
.
0
2
4
7
5
6
5
.
0
2
9
4
.
5
1
0
7
4
.
4
3
7
4
.
5
5
4
6
.
6
3
.
4
1
0
2
.
0
6
0
.
2
1
4
6
.
9
0
0
2
.
0
2
4
0
.
3
3
5
6
.
4
4
3
1
.
0
7
1
3
2
1
.
5
1
.
9
1
2
1
0
6
.
8
8
6
3
.
1
9
0
1
0
.
9
5
8
c
c
6
3
6
.
0
2
4
3
5
0
3
1
.
9
2
7
5
.
9
2
2
6
1
.
9
2
9
4
.
5
1
0
7
4
.
4
3
.
4
1
0
2
.
0
6
0
.
0
9
5
5
.
4
2
2
1
.
5
9
0
0
.
2
6
3
4
.
9
0
4
1
.
1
0
6
2
8
1
.
9
0
.
7
4
5
7
2
.
4
2
6
1
0
.
3
2
4
4
0
1
.
0
7
0
c
c
7
3
6
.
0
2
4
4
9
3
0
3
.
4
2
7
5
.
9
2
8
2
7
.
4
3
2
0
.
5
1
5
5
5
.
1
3
.
4
1
0
2
.
0
6
0
.
0
8
9
5
.
3
3
4
1
.
5
6
5
0
.
2
5
9
4
.
8
1
3
1
.
1
0
8
2
9
1
.
7
0
.
7
2
0
7
1
.
7
3
6
4
2
.
9
3
2
9
8
.
5
1
.
1
0
4
Compressive stiffness and strength of CFDST 289
123
unied method of CFST. Therefore there will be
some deviations when the steel ratio is very large,
such as the specimen A2-1. As the proposition of
concrete decreases, the stub column can be looked as
close to the steel structure. It is recommended to use
another formula based on the strength of steel. And
the critical steel ratio should be studied deeply, while
it is proposed to 40% in this paper.
The calculation of composite elastic modulus E
ssc
of the CFDST column is also listed in Table 1. E
ssc
is
much smaller than E
s
, and much larger than E
c
. E
ssc
is
nearly 1.52.4 times of E
c
. Compared with E
0
derived
from the superposition method without consideration
of the interaction between concrete and steel tubes,
E
ssc
is increased by about 8%, so E
ssc
can reect the
actual composite elastic modulus of the CFDST
column. Figure 3 shows the composite stiffness of
two specimens from the references are changed with
the horizontal deformation coefcient of concrete v
c
when v
s
= 0.283. When v
c
equals to v
s
, it can be
shown that there are no reaction between concrete
and steel, so the composite elastic modulus is just the
superposed value E
0
. When v
c
is smaller than v
s
, the
composite elastic modulus has not been decreased
obviously, can also be considered to equal to E
0
.
After v
c
is larger than v
s
, the composite elastic
modulus will be improved rapidly with the ascending
v
c
. Figure 4 shows the composite stiffness of both
group specimens are changed with the steel ratio
when v
s
= 0.283 and v
c
= 0.4. It can be concluded
that the composite elastic modulus is improved nearly
linearly as steel ratio increases.
5 Conclusion
The following conclusions were derived from the
investigation.
By using of the energy variational method, con-
ning behavior and axial stiffness of the CFDST
column have been analyzed. According to the
formulas, we can see that axial stiffness has core
relation with steel ratio, Poissons ratio of steel and
horizontal deformation coefcient of concrete.
Based on the Unied Theory of CFST, CFDST
was also considered as a unied body. Than the
bearing capacity of the stub column was predicted
successfully by presenting the equivalent conne-
ment coefcient. The formula derived from Unied
Theory of CFST is a simple and unied form to
estimate ultimate strength of CFDST as well. In
comparison with corresponding test value, the com-
posite modulus and ultimate strength of the stub
columns were calculated and there was good agree-
ment between theoretical and experimental results.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge
the support provided by the Chinese National Science
Foundation (Grant No. 51008027).
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40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

E
s
s
c
/
M
p
a
Obtained based on S. Wei's test
Obtained based on Tao's test
Fig. 4 Relationship between E
ssc
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40000
45000
50000
55000
60000
65000
70000
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
v
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E
s
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ssc
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Compressive stiffness and strength of CFDST 291
123