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OUTLINE
Preloading
e
1.0
e
1.0
0.9
Slope Cr
0.9
0.8
Compression line Slope Cc Re-compression or swelling line Slope Cr
1 10
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
o
100
Pressure (kPa)
1000
0.6
e
1.0
e
1.0
Slope Cr
0.9 0.9
0.8
Soil is normally consolidated if the current stress in the soil is the maximum ever experienced by the soil. Soil is over-consolidated if it has been subjected to a larger stress than the current stress.
Normally consolidated (on the line)
0.8
0.7
0.7
Over-consolidated
0.6
o
100
Pressure (kPa)
1000
0.6
Pressure (kPa)
1 10 100 1000
5/19/2010
Consolidation
Example 1 :
84 kPa
2m 4m
Clay Sand
Part a)
84kPa
2m 4m
Clay Sand
Consolidation
Settlement 584 days after loading? t=18 kN/m3 t=16 kN/m3 cv=4m2/year Initial stress: = 218+ 216 = 68 kPa u = 4 9.8 = 39.2 kPa i = 68 -39.2 = 28.8 kPa Normally consolidated: f = 28.8 + 84 = 112.8 kPa Cc=0.2, Cr=0.05, eo=1.1 e=0.2log(112.8/28.8)=0.119 Stf=(0.119/2.1) 4 = 0.227 m
Tv = cv t d p2 = 0.4
a) Calculate the settlement of the clay layer 584 days after application of 84kPa surface loading just before it removal? b) Calculate the long term settlement of the clay layer after removal of 84 kPa load and application of 50kPa surface loading?
Calculation of Settlement
00 20
Part a)
84kPa
2m 4m
Clay Sand
Consolidation
Settlement 584 days after loading? t=18 kN/m3 t=16 kN/m3 cv=4m2/year
Normally consolidated: Cc=0.2, Cr=0.05, eo=1.1
Initial stress: = 218+ 216 = 68 kPa u = 4 9.8 = 39.2 kPa i = 68 -39.2 = 28.8 kPa f = 28.8 + 84 = 112.8 kPa e=0.2log(112.8/28.8)=0.119 Stf=(0.119/2.1) 4 = 0.227 m
Tv = cv t d p2 = 0.4
40
U (%)
60
0.7
80
100
T DP t= v cv
3 4 = = 12 years 4
Dimensionless time, Tv
Part b)
2m 4m
Clay Sand
Consolidation
Long term settlement after reloading? 50 kPa t=18 kN/m3 t=16 kN/m3 cv=4m2/year
Initially over consolidated: Cc=0.2, Cr=0.05, eo=1.1
Preloading (method 1)
Preload soft soil equal to the eventual structural load Wait until primary consolidation is complete how long? Remove the preload, allow soil to swell Construct structure OC consolidation settlement is expected
Initial stress: = 218+ 216 = 68 kPa u = 4 9.8 = 39.2 kPa i = 68 -39.2 = 28.8 kPa f = 28.8 + 50 = 78.8 kPa pc = 28.8+ 0.784=87.6 kPa
1 4 2 e=0.2log(78.8/28.8)=0.087 = = 4 years 4
Stf=(0.022/2.1) 4 = 0.042 m
Stf=(0.087/2.1) 4 = 0.167 m
5/19/2010
Ground Improvement Using Preloading - continued The average effective stress just before unloading in both methods are equal, therefore, the settlement values are the same. Methods 2 is more time effective but more surcharge fill material is required (time-cost analysis).
60kPa
Method 1
Cc=0.3, Cr=0.05, eo=1.0 cv=4 m2/year
t=15 kN/m3
Method 2
Preload and Surcharge - Continued Low bearing capacity Excessive and differential settlements
H
f
Lower Bound
Fill Height
H2 H1
Preloading Technique
H0
d un Bo er pp U
t1
t2
t3
Time
tc
Decrease the length of the drainage path. Horizontal permeability of soil is normally greater than vertical permeability
5/19/2010
Vertical Drains
Shorten the length of the drainage path
(1-Uave)=(1-Uv)(1-Ur)
where, Uave is the average degree of consolidation Uv is the vertical degree of consolidation Ur is the radial degree of consolidation
Sand Drains
Closed Mandrel Method: soil is displaced by pushing a closed
end tube and filling it with sand
Open Mandrel Method: soil is removed after an open end tube is pushed into the ground and then filled with sand Sand Drain
PVD Installation
Drain Delivery Arrangement
5/19/2010
Wick Drain
Settlement
(Equilibrium Equation)
Eq. (3)
Eq. (1)
Drain size
w (mm)
95 98 98 94 93
Drain diameter (mm, dw) Eq. (2) Eq. (3) 50.0 51.0 51.0 51.8 51.5 52.5 49.0 49.8 48.5 49.3
Kh & kv = horizontal and vertical permeability of soil rs = radius of smear zone rm=equivalent radios of mandrel ks= permeability of smear zone
5/19/2010
Surcharge
Berm Berm
20m
Berm
2u 1 u u = ch 2 + r r r t
Uh = 1 e F
where,
Th =
c h .t de
2
2u u = cv z 2 t
According to Hansbo(1979); F = F(n) + Fs + Fr where, F(n) : Due to spacing of drains, n=re/rd Fs : Due to smear effect Fr : due to well resistance There are graphs and equation to calculate F, and Uh
u=u0 at t=0 at all place u=u0 In the drainage boundaries at any tIme
5/19/2010
Vacuum Consolidation
Initial conditions
Geomembrane installation
Sealing Trenches
Membrane Welding
Pumping Stations
4m
Settlement
Classical Surcharge
Vacuum Method
No Failure
Time
5/19/2010
Design of transition zone between different ground improvement areas Transition Zone Design for Bridge Abutments
6.2m for FRB1-2 4.8m for FRB3
1m
(zone 1)
2.5m (Design Height)
H+
No Failure
X? 50m
5/19/2010
Electro-Osmosis
Removal of excess pore pressure from soil through electric currents Cathodes and anodes inserted into soil Pore water attracted to cathodes Electro-osmotic conductivity much greater than hydraulic Preload (surcharge) conductivity
Anodes system in soil
Electro-osmosis cell
Clay layer
Conclusions
Ground improvement techniques allowing previously unworkable sites to be utilised Traditional preloading, preloading with vertical drains and vacuum preloading all viable consolidation techniques. Electro-osmosis still needs further development to be cost effective and viable. Traditional preloading slowest, accurate, less monitoring Preloading with vertical drains faster, more monitoring, research still being conducted Vacuum preloading fastest, constant monitoring, still needs a lot of research Thorough geological and geotechnical investigations needed before making decision.