2010 Q1, 2008 Q1

INTRODUCTION From the information given the Toco/Salybia coastal zone is of great importance to the population of 900 people, 60% of whom are working where 40% have secondary education or higher. In the area, there are a number of resource users, which are the 28 commercial operators for e.g. hoteliers, restaurants, bars, etc, which also promote for recreational users for e.g. swimming, snorkelling, diving, jet skiing and surfing, residents users waste drains into the river that lies between the reef area which contains a wide abundance of fisheries (78) for e.g. fish, couches, lobsters, etc, and recreational area, fishermen where there 32 registered vessels and 80 fishermen and the Seamoss growers which grow there produce on the opposite side of the beach away from the coral reef. Generally the area is managed by two associations, which are the Toco Fishing Association (TFA), and the Toco Sea-moss Growers Association. In order to formulate a coastal zone management plan for the area into a MPA and to deal with the conflicting issues a CZMU will be setup and will liaise with the relevant governmental agencies foe e.g. EMA, CBOs, and stakeholders (resource users) to assess or being degraded. in an EIA form of the coastal resources in the area to determine whether they are being sustainability being used

EVALUATION/STATUS OF THE RESOURCES AT THE TOCO/SALYBIA In other to determine the status of the coral reef resources by stakeholder involvement through land land-based surveys and through waster-based surveys the monitoring the health of the resources by conducting an assessment of the fishstock, coral reef itself and of the Seamoss growing area to determine whether the activities of the commercial operators due to their tourism facilities and recreational activities and the residential discharging their sewage in the river that lies between the reef and recreational areas and Seamoss growers in the area in having a an impact whether positives/negative on the sustainability of the resources and on the carrying capacity at the Toco/Salybia coastal zone , we need

to conduct assessments of the resources in to know how resilience they are to the hazards and if they are being sustainable being utilized. The concept of sustainable development/use is now as much about social equity for current generations as about efficient resource-use and conservation of natural resources for future ones. The concept of carrying capacity is one which exemplifies the need to maintain development and activities at a level that is both ecologically and socially sustainable. A single resource can be shared by multiple users with an optimum socio-economic outcome, which requires all actual and potential uses for resource to be determined to ensure opportunity costs (lost options)is minimal for e.g. freshwater for irrigation or fisheries. Since coastal resources are common public has more or less free access and use, under the responsibility with governmental agencies which can result in conflict in among the different resource users. In the first step we need to identify and the scoping of issues of major stakeholders such as persons who livelihoods depend on the resources in the Toco/Salybia which can be fishermen, tour guide operators, community based organisations (CBOs) The acquisition of land based data can be done by the use of primary data sources (original data/baseline data is basic information gathered before a program begins and it is used later to provide a comparison for assessing program impact) which is collected during the surveys or/both secondary data sources (existing data) from resource databases which contain previous surveys done in the area such as biodiversity reports done by various governmental for e.g. IMA and nongovernmental institutions, inventories and case studies. Generally, secondary data sources (existing data) are most cost effective than primary data sources but they may not provide update to date information but it can be used to compare that data obtained from the primary sources to determine what changes occurred to the resource overtime and what new issues were discovered that can threatened the status of the resources by interfering with the ecological processes that make the reefs resilience in providing vast biological resources in this coastal zone. In order to acquire original data (primary/new data) stakeholder/public participation is a must because issues and problems are mostly discovered when they threaten human well being in that they are easily displaced and disenfranchised by the regional government in the creation of protected areas by being marginalized

(insignificant) in decision-making which is completely wrong which have resulted in the failure of several Marine Protected Areas due to the top-bottom approach by decision makers, where decisions are made on top and the bottom will have to accept it without any say. This can be done by setting up a team such as Mutlidisciplinary team (CZMU) which may include an ecologist, chemist, environmental engineer and representatives fr0m the different stakeholder groups such as community based organisations such as the Fishermen Association etc to conduct interviews with the resource users which can be done by carrying out surveys to determine the socio-economic impacts, physical and biological impacts being experienced in the area and the status of the resources. The type of survey method to be used on the different stakeholder groups is dependent on the level of education where some individuals would have attained up to secondary level education where others may only have minimal schooling where they can barely read and write, but in some cases to accommodate for this short fall interviews which can be one on one interviews where there is the interviewer and the interviewee where by the interviewer documents the information conveyed but generally in most cases checklist questionnaires to target the resource users in the Toco/Salybia coastal zone, which the advantages of checklist questionnaires in that being easy to use/fill out, which contains multiple choices options to select from and it can also reveal indirect impacts which can positive or negative on certain groups. Generally, the questions must be pertaining to the aim the of the survey and a list of possible suitable questions must be put forward by the multidisciplinary after meeting of the major stakeholders for e.g. the environmentalists, community based organisation such as the Fisherman Association and the Seamoss Growers Association, etc. Some possible questions can be how you rate the following resources in the Toco/Salybia coastal zone on a scale of one to four as being most abundant and choices could include: Fish, Turtles, Lobster and Conches. Another question can be which resources here are most threatened on a scale of one to three and choices could include: Coral reefs, Mangroves and Seagrass beds. Another question can be how much are you will to pay on a yearly basis to ensure the protection of the coastal resources for e.g. the coral reefs and choices could include: $10, $20, $50, $100 and greater than (>) $100. Some possible questions

can be how you rate the following recreational activities in the Toco/Salybia area on a scale of one to four as being most abundant and choices could include: SCUBA diving, Jet skiing, Snorkelling and Swimming viewing. Furthermore, other potential questions can be what impacts are the major environmental impacts is being experienced in the area by selecting possible pollution types such as air, water, land, and what types of infrastructure or facilities area need in the Toco/Salybia coastal zone such as setbacks, septic tanks, waste water treatment facilities, etc and what possible measures that can be put in to play to minimize the negative impacts or improve the positive impacts such as growing Seamoss which can contribute organic matter and nutrients to the natural coastal ecosystems such as seagrasses and coral reefs, where coral reefs greatly depend on external sources of organic matter and nutrients to survive because the open marine waters are generally nutrient-poor. Also another question can be does coral reefs increase the number of fisheries in the area that fisherman utilize and responses can include: Yes/ No. Also, in the CZMU the chemist/ecologist will conduct an evaluation and assessment of the water quality (physical indicators) and fish stock (biological indicators) and coral (Formulate the hypothesis: coral reef health will change over time due to human influences). Inorder to collect reef data we need to do three things which are to: (1) Do a simple biodiversity inventory off? Some ambient environmental parameters for e.g. water quality on the reef such as Temperature, Salinity, Turbidity, Light penetration, Cloud cover, wind, etc. (2) In order to detect changes in the status of coastal resources sampling must be collected regularly over extended periods of time. (3) Sampling conducted at many sites, over various spatial scales, allows the assessment of national/regional/global scale changes in ecosystem resources.

We need to determine whether or not their resilience is being compromised or increasing due to activities in the coastal zone due the lack of implementation of a management plan. Such activities which can impact can be the lack of sewage plant for the residents in the area which can lead to all of the household waste possibly being dumped into the coastal waters near to the coral reef which can have a indirect impact on the coral and fisheries and recreational users, where the chemist/ecologist test the physio-chemical parameters such as turbidity by the use of Secchi disk ten sampling stations at the coral reef, because coral growth rates because increasing turbidity which decreases light penetration, also salinity can be tested a by the SCT meter at 1m interval at a depth of 10m at intervals at 10 sampling stations in the coral reef area selected by the CZMU, because corals can be affected by salinity fluctuations which can affect their growth for e.g. calcification rates, etc. Furthermore the chemists/ecologist can also determined whether sewage from the coastal developments analyzing other water quality parameters collected at the ten sampling stations in the coral reef such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) which is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period can aid in determining the degree of organic pollutants and whether the effectiveness of sewer treatment plants operations in the treatment of sewage such as where abnormally high levels of aerobic bacterial activity takes place, the level of dissolved oxygen can drop dramatically for e.g. due to septic leakage which can diminish life in coastal waters.

Also the ecologist the commercial operators and fishers activities such as snorkelling and setting of fish traps is having a direct impact on the coral reef. The survey method which can be used to determine the health of coral reefs and its associated organisms can be a Visual fish census in conjunction with a Line Intercept Transect (LIT). The Line Intercept Transect (LIT) can be used to estimate the quantitative percentage (%) cover of a species in an area which would be in this case the coral reefs, where a line of a known length is laid on the reef which would be 50m in length and be carried out on ten sampling stations, then

divers/snorkelers will swim 2m away and along the transect and record data at set intervals which can be in this case 2m and this data will give percentage cover data, where for Ideally, monitoring should be repeated each year, or at least every 2 years. The disadvantages of the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) data collection limited by expertise of user, which means the data collected is determined how knowledgably the person carrying out the survey is that why it will be carried out by an ecologist. The advantage of the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) is that it can be used to initiate permanent monitoring program which aid in continuous monitoring of the reef over time. Also, since the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) will be done in conjunction with a Visual Census where also reef fish populations will be surveyed along this 500m transect line. The advantages of the Visual Census are that it is qualitative (Compare quantitative involving or relating to distinctions based on quality or qualities) and quantitative (that is or may be estimated by quantity), Rapid, non destructive in expensive, Utilises minimum people/equipment, Can be repeatedly used to resurvey an area and Can produce long-term data. Also can carry out a study to whether the growing of Seamoss for e.g. on the opposite/outside of the coral reef area is having a positive or negative impact on the area by increasing the biodiversity such as acting as nursery or feeding grounds for juveniles and/or adults or even if artificial ecosystems (created by humans) such as Seamosses are contributing their biological material as organic matter (DOC/POC) to the coral reefs which can help in increasing the productivity of reefs when Seamoss matter is recycled by bacterial organisms by increasing nutrient availability and will be determined by testing the organic matter from the coral reef samples to see if the chemical characteristics is similar to the Seamoss/ testing the effects of Seamoss organic matter on coral nutrition in the lab with one treated with Seamoss organic matter and other without. And also to test the relationship between Seamoss and biodiversity, to see if the presence of Seamoss increases biodiversity by randomly sampling the Seamoss area by the use of the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) that is also 50m in length in conjunction with a Visual Fish Census at ten different areas in the coral reef area.

IDENTFICATION OF CONFLICTS THE AMONG DIFFERENT RESOURCE USERS AT THE TOCO/SALYBIA

From the results from the (checklist questionnaires) land-based questionnaires and coral reefs and Seamoss surveys it the CZMU together with other major stakeholders such as the Fisherman Association, Tour Guide Association and Seamoss Growers Association, try to identify the possible conflicts of resource use among the various stakeholders and issues and they will also identify the possible reduce values that occur in certain resources. So from the data analysed which were the original data it was determined that there were several conflicts that existed among the different users due to the lack of Zonation for the different activities/lack of implementation of a Marine Management Plan (MPA) were between the following resource users: Commercial operators vs. Residents, Commercial operators vs. Recreational users, Commercial operators vs. Fishers, Commercial operators vs. Seamoss Growers, Residents vs. Recreational users, Residents vs. Fishers, Residents vs. Seamoss Growers, Recreational users vs. Recreational users, Recreational users vs. Seamoss growers, Fishers vs. Recreational users, Fishers vs. Seamoss Growers . For the Commercial operators vs. Residents there may be a conflict for the limited land available in the coastal zone thus probably creating greater economic returns for commercial operators than the residents, where the commercial operators utilized most of the limited land space. For the Commercial operators vs. Recreational users where the hotels and guesthouses, boats during a tourist boom can released untreated sewage due a lack of sewage treatment plant or inadequate collection systems in ports to deal with solid waste produced by visitors, such as wastes from increased tourist boom which is disposed into the nearby sea which can illness for e.g. due to bathers/swimmers/divers ingesting sewage contaminated water which can cause

ear, eye, and skin infections, cholera, infectious hepatitis, pneumonia, bacterial infections. For the Commercial operators vs. Fishers where the residents released untreated sewage such as from the tourist boom where wastes disposed into the nearby sea which can kill the fisheries or when the fisheries becomes contaminated with bacteria and pathogens and is sold it can cause illness to its consumers, which also causes a lost in fishery resources due to untreated hotel/guesthouse sewage. For the Commercial operators vs. Seamoss Growers where the Seamoss Growers support their livelihoods and sustain their families from the sale of Seamoss to earn an income and is a positive to the environment by providing nurseries and feeding grounds for fisheries and a source of organic matter for adjacent ecosystems such as mangroves, seagrasses and coral reefs, but resource of Seamoss is going to be reduced from obstruction, trampling and destruction due to competition for limited boating areas and untreated sewage from can kill the Seamoss or when the Seamoss becomes contaminated with bacteria and pathogens and is sold it can cause illness to its consumers. For the Residents vs. Recreational users where the residents released untreated sewage such as household wastes into the nearby sea due a lack of sewage treatment plant which can illness for e.g. due to bathers/swimmers/divers ingesting sewage contaminated water which can cause ear, eye, and skin infections, cholera, infectious hepatitis, pneumonia, bacterial infections. For the Residents vs. Fishers where the residents released untreated sewage such as household wastes into the nearby sea which can kill the fisheries or when the fisheries becomes contaminated with bacteria and pathogens and is sold it can cause illness to its consumers, which also causes a lost in fishery resources due to untreated household sewage. For the Residents vs. Seamoss Growers where the Seamoss Growers support their livelihoods and sustain their families from the sale of Seamoss to earn an income and is a positive to the environment by providing nurseries and feeding grounds for fisheries and a source of organic matter for adjacent ecosystems such as mangroves, seagrasses and coral reefs, but resource of Seamoss is going to be reduced from obstruction, trampling and destruction due to competition for limited boating areas and untreated sewage or poorly treated domestic waste can kill the

Seamoss or when the Seamoss becomes contaminated with bacteria and pathogens and is sold it can cause illness to its consumers. For the Recreational users vs. Recreational users such as bathing vs. Jet skiing/surfing which are also two incompatible and dangerous activities can inflict bodily harm to the bathers/swimmers/divers when reduces the recreational value of the resource. Recreational users vs. Seamoss Growers where the Seamoss Growers support their livelihoods and sustain their families from the sale of Seamoss to earn an income and is a positive to the environment by providing nurseries and feeding grounds for fisheries and a source of organic matter for adjacent ecosystems such as mangroves, seagrasses and coral reefs, but resource of Seamoss is going to be reduced from obstruction, trampling and destruction due to competition for limited bathing areas. For the Fishers vs. Seamoss Growers where the recreational users are using the fishing grounds for their recreational activities for e.g. snorkelling/ SCUBA diving where the fishing gear such as hooks and nets can be a threat to the recreational users such as bathers/swimmers/divers by inflicting bodily harm. For the Fishers vs. Seamoss Growers where the fishing gear such as fish pots and fish traps can cause damage to Seamoss gardens by trampling the vegetation when the fishers encroach into to the Seamoss growing area.

COMPARSION OF DATA FROM BOTH LAND AND WATER-BASED SURVEYS This can be done by the use of primary data sources (original data/baseline data is basic information gathered before a program begins and it is used later to provide a comparison for assessing program impact) which is collected during the surveys or/both secondary data sources (existing data) from resource databases which contain previous surveys done in the area such as biodiversity reports done by various governmental for e.g. IMA and non-governmental institutions, inventories and case studies. Generally, secondary data sources (existing data) are most cost effective than primary data sources but they may not provide update to date information but it can be used to compare that data obtained from the primary sources to determine what changes occurred to the resource overtime and what new issues were discovered that can threatened the status of the resources by interfering with the ecological processes that make the reefs resilience in providing vast biological resources in this coastal zone.

MANAGEMENT OPTIONS/SOLUTIONS The management options we are going to use can in order to step up the Toco/Salybia MPA would be:

Protect scenic beauty and open space, maintain open options- permit multiuse. Protect scenic beauty and open space, maintain open options- permit multiuse to assist in biodiversity conservation (Protection) of the coral reef and the other coastal resources the area will become/be designated a MPA where the Toco/Salybia area will be zoned to allow certain activities in particular areas while others will be restricted. But before this can occur there with be a meeting with the CZMU facilitate a meeting stakeholder/public participation in determining the status of the resources in the Toco/Salybia is by participatory approaches which can persuasion (passive participation), which can change attitudes in the decisionmaking process, to move away through final consensus building to resolve issues/problems. Also another participatory approach can be the consultation approach where there is user-group input, but no decision making input and move away. Another participatory approach can be for material incentives where individuals participate for cash or alternative when incentives come to an end-end management. By enabling communities in decision making can aid in defining overall objectives of the management and to determine community boundaries in terms of resources use conflicts. Generally, also inorder to determine the issues affecting persons livelihoods public participation can occur under organised town meetings headed with a panel of stakeholders such as Governmental agencies such as the IMA, EMA and Non-Governmental organisations (NGOs) so that the bottom person can air his/her opinions to the top people which facilitates a two way communication with also possible mitigation measures and feedback for the top agencies. A Marine and Coastal Protected Area (PA) is an area of intertidal or subtidal terrain together with its overlying water and associated flora and fauna, historical and

cultural features which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the (entire) enclosed environment (IUCN 1988). The ten (10) management (overall) objectives of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (PAs) are to: (1) Maintain sample ecosystems in natural state. (2) Maintain ecological diversity and environmental regulation. (3) Conserve genetic resources. (4) Provide education, research and environmental monitoring. (5) Conserve watershed conditions. (6) Control erosion, sediment; protect downstream investments. (7) Provide recreation and tourism services. (8) Protect sites and objects of cultural, historical and archaeological heritage. (9) Protect scenic beauty and open space, maintain open options- permit multiuse. (10) Stimulate rational, sustainable use of marginal areas and rural development.

Zoning Zoning is a management practice, which serves two (2) main coastal conservation purposes which are: (1) Custodial (safeguarding) - for nature reserves, inorder to provide education, research and environmental monitoring for e.g. the coral reefs. (2) Sub-divisions - to allocated activities (multi-purpose), inorder to provide recreation and tourism services and also to protect scenic beauty and open space, maintain open options and permit multi-use for e.g. fishing, recreational, Seamoss growers. Zoning is used for the designations for conflicting activities for e.g. Tourism vs. traditional fisheries and potential conflicts between conservation objectives of the

specific area and other activities, inorder to provide education, research and environmental monitoring and to conserve genetic resources. Zoning safeguards an area from encroachment for e.g. the Aripo Scientific Reserve with its 500m buffer. Zoning is used to protect a unique habitat or cultural feature which requires special management, inorder to protect sites and objects of cultural, historical and archaeological heritage. Zoning also protects damaged areas requiring restoration such as inorder to control erosion, sediment and to protect downstream investments. Zoning is used for selecting ideal areas for specialised quality services for particular groups of park users, inorder to provide recreation and tourism services. Zoning is a method to keep people out of most sensitive areas, ecologically valuable and to limit impact of visitors at the same time not barring residents/users from livelihood practices e.g. the underwater park in Holetown, Barbados, inorder to stimulate rational, sustainable use of marginal areas and rural development. Zoning is use to protect breeding populations of fishes and other organisms for natural replenishment of neighbouring fishing areas and devastated or overfished areas, inorder to conserve genetic resources. Zoning is a cost effective means of managing different uses, manpower and maintenance needs are minimal, inorder to protect scenic beauty and open space, maintain open options and permit multi-use.

The four (4) steps of Zoning methodology are: (1) Define the core zones or sanctuaries-high level of protection within management due to high conservation values. (2) Defining the use zones-sites have different conservation value, suitable for different uses. (3) Defining buffer zones-safeguards the area from encroachment. (4) Information- maps watersheds, rivers, lagoons etc. influencing the MPA. The four (4) specific uses of Zones are:

(1) Permit selective control of activities at different sites; includes strict protection and various levels of use. (2) Establish core conservation areas as sanctuaries where disturbing uses are prohibited. (3) Separate incompatible recreational activities, waterskiing vs. snorkellingincreased enjoyment and safety. (4) Enable damaged areas to be set aside to recover.

Zoning scheme: Recreational zone: On the upper part of the beach recreational activities will only take place there where conflicting/incompatible recreational activities such as swimmers & bathers vs. surfers and jet skiing will be allotted different sections of the designated recreational area to prevent injury to individuals due to pooling all recreational activities in one area without subdivisions. The institutional body responsible for undertaking this action will be the CZMU, Ministry of Tourism, and the Ministry of works and transport to ensure that signs are placed to determine the recreational zone and the different subsections for the various recreational activities and.

Fishermen: On the lowest part of the coastal zone area the fishermen will be able to fish

anytime of the year in this zone which will show signs that this area will only facilitate fishing activities by local fishermen only to ensure that the fishers sufficient area to fish without disturbance for other resource use activities. The institutional body responsible for this can be the CZMU, TFA, IMA and Ministry of works by placing sign s for fishing only will ensure that strategies are in place to secure the fishers rights of the resource in this zoned area and ensure that the practices used by the fishers are sustainable in the long run.

On the lowest part of the area close to the fishers the Seamoss growers will stay in that traditional growing area will become zoned which will restrict other activities in that area such as fishing and recreational users, inorder to promote economic security for the Seamoss growers which transformed the area to continually promote biodiversity. The institutional body responsible will be the CZMU, The Seamoss growers association, IMA, and the Ministry of Works and Transport.

Residents: The Residents will stay in the zone that they are in and only residential land use development will occur in this area with strictly no encroachment from the commercial operators inorder to provide the security of the local residents. But methods to reduce the amount of sewage will be implement such as septic tanks and setbacks. The institutional body responsible for this will be the CZMU, Town and country planning and the land development agency

Coral reef zone : The coral reef zone will be zoned to limit the carry capacity into two sections and protected by a buffer to prevent other activities from spilling in to the coral reef area, which will restrict fishing in the centre of the coral reef but will facilitate traditional and non-destructive fishing practices on the buffer zone. Commercial Operators will be allowed on a certain section to facilitate controlled recreational activities such as snorkelling while on the other section there will be a reserve where no human activities are allowed in order to maintain undamaged wilderness areas for the retention of a gene pool. The institutional body responsible for ensuring this are the CZMU, IMA, TFA, Ministry of Works and Transport.

Maintain sample ecosystems in natural state This will be done by where the coral reef zone to limit the carrying capacity will be zoned into two sections and protected by a buffer to prevent other activities from spilling in to the coral reef area, which will restrict fishing in the centre of the coral reef but will facilitate traditional and non-destructive fishing practices on the buffer zone. Commercial Operators will be allowed on a certain section to facilitate controlled recreational activities such as snorkelling while on the other section there will be a reserve where no human activities are allowed in order to maintain undamaged wilderness areas for the retention of a gene pool. The institutional body responsible for ensuring this are the CZMU, IMA, TFA, Ministry of Works and Transport.

Establishment of educational programmes on the hazards of a lack of wastewater disposal systems (septic tanks) This can help to make people aware of the hazards of untreated sewage in the environment as it relates to the effects of untreated sewage on human health and on wildlife and measures one can take to for the containment of domestic sewage. Institutional body responsible to carry out this objective can be the CZMU, EMA, WASA, MOH, LDA etc.

Establishment of a tree-planting programme to provide clean water for watersheds (Conserve watershed conditions) By establishing a tree planting which can help to trap the overland run off including those from untreated sewage to prevent it from entering the Salybia river which will aid in the rehabilitation of the river and thus providing clean offshore water for recreational users and for coral reefs. Institutional body responsible to carry out this objective can be the CZMU, EMA, Forestry division, WASA, etc.

Establishment of wastewater disposal systems (septic tanks) for residential users: To deal with the problem of sewage runoff into the Salybia River and into the recreation and coral there would be drive to for the placement of septic tanks which can alleviate the problem which can prevent untreated sewage which can affect the quality of water which can make recreational users ill due to the high bacterial content of the seawater and untreated domestic sewage can harm corals by causing bacterial diseases, Also through the establishment of a waste water treatment plant can aid in the containment and treatment of households wastes before it enters the environment. Institutional body responsible to carry out this objective can be the CZMU, EMA, WASA, etc.

Establishment of programme of public participation By enabling communities in decision-making can aid in defining overall objectives of the management and to determine community boundaries in terms of resources use conflicts. Generally, also inorder to determine the issues affecting persons livelihoods public participation can occur under organised town meetings headed with a panel of stakeholders such as Governmental agencies such as the IMA, EMA and Non-Governmental organisations (NGOs) so that the bottom person can air his/her opinions to the top people which facilitates a two way communication with also possible mitigation measures and feedback for the top agencies.

Establishment of prohibition zones along the coastal to reduce the impacts of pollution (Stimulate development). For residents and commercial operators there can be a restriction of construction activity with the establishment of a setback of 60 m, which can be taken from the beach to inland. This is to ensure that recreational users have sufficient area to rational, sustainable use of marginal areas and rural

enjoy themselves. The establishment of setbacks will allow for protection of the beach from erosion due to the construction process and other forces of nature such as wave action, which can cause erosion of the coast and can lead to reduced water quality for recreational activities and coral reefs, which can cause a reduction in these coastal resources and services. Institutional body responsible to carry out this objective can be the CZMU, EMA, WASA, etc.

Promote safe recreational activities in the coral reef zone Creating alternatives to snorkelling and diving such as the glass-bottomed boat rides some of the physical pressure on the reefs. These tours open up the coral reefs to tourists, many of whom may never have seen them before and they can act as educational aids as well as entertainment.

Offer job training and provide job opportunities for the unemployed This can be done by encouraging the unemployed in the in Toco/Salybia area to to entering a job training programme in business skills, after which they gain possible jobs as eco tour guides, security guards, and lifeguards The institutional body responsible for implementing this will be the CZMU, MOT, TDC.

Establishment of fee system for the MPA This will aid in the maintenance of MPA and associated, facilities and payment for the labour force. The institutional body responsible for ensuring this will be CZMU, EMA.

Liaise with the IUCN order to get the area recognised internationally as a MPA (Protected landscape and seascapes V) Inorder to acquire the governmental and other relevant agencies should consult with the IUCN to get area recognised as a Protected landscape and seascapes V

Establishing a field monitoring station in the area. By establishing a field station there can be constant monitoring of the MPA to aid in conducting scientific and promoting education awareness on the benefits of coastal zone resources to opportunities. The institutional body responsible for this can the, CZMU, MOH, UWI, EMA.

CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMEDATIONS: The Government of Trinidad and Tobago the relevant agencies such as the EMA through participatory consultations should try to make it a priority and implement this management plan because as Caribbean people and as SIDS where need manage our resources sustainability because our livelihoods depends on it. Also Trinidad and Tobago do not have a CZMA so I would strongly recommend that the GORTT should make it a priority install an authority to deal with these coastal issues. By setting up a CZMA it will make it easier for the environmental police to deal with such issues of conflicting resource in the Toco/Salybia area in the early stages before it causes irreversible damage to our costal resource base.