Disaster Mitigation in Urban Environment Assignment [1]

Name: Gonzles Trujillo Carlos Eduardo Student ID Code: 12TM0325

Description. Suppose a one-degree of freedom system subject to the ground motion, as shown in the figure below. Obtain the response of the mass due to the ground motion (displacement relative to the ground motion and acceleration) in the form of transfer function with respect to the ground motion. Write a program, or use Excel, to compute amplification factor and phase lag based on the derived equations, and plot the computed results. Compute the transfer functions (amplification factor and phase lag) for the damping factor h of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3m 0.4, 0.5, 0.707 and 1.0.

a. Derivation of equations. Given a one-degree of freedom system:

Mass: m
Inertial Force: -m(u+u0) Damping Force: -cu Restoration Force: -ku

Stiffness: k Damping Factor: h

According to DAlemberts principle, the equation of motion can be written as:

(1)

(2) (3)

where:
(4)

By applying a Fourier Transform to the Eq. (3):

( )

(5)

and using the following expressions,

( ( )) ( ( )) ( ( )) ( ) ( ) ( )

(6)

the Fourier Transform (5) can be represented as follows:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )

(7)

Finally:
( )
( )

( {[ ( ) ]

) ( ) }

( )

The above equation represents the transfer function between the displacement in the ground (U0(w)) and the displacement in the 1-DOF system (U(w)). Since this is a complex number, we can obtain the amplification factor and the phase lag by computing its modulus and argument respectively.

The response of the mass in terms of acceleration is obtained from:

( ( ) )
( )
( )

( )
( )

( )

As we can see from the above expression, the response in terms of acceleration can be computed from the transfer function in terms of displacement (Eq. (8)).

b. Computation of the results. In order to obtain the transfer functions of a one-degree-of-freedom system subject to an arbitrary ground motion, the Analysis Tool Pack of Microsoft Excel was used. Among all the available functions, there are several ones in the category of Engineering Functions which are able to deal with mathematical operations of complex numbers. The following functions were used in the computation of the required expression: COMPLEX(a,b,i) IMABS(a) IMARGUMENT(a) IMSUM(a,b) IMDIV(a,b) which makes a complex number a+bi from the values in two cells. which calculates the magnitude of a complex number a. which calculates the radian angle of a complex number a. which calculates the complex sum of two complex numbers a and b. which calculates the quotient of two complex numbers a and b.

c. Plots (graphical representation of the computed results) Figures 1 and 2 represent the amplification factor and phase lag in terms of displacements, while Figures 3 and 4 in terms of acceleration. In the case of the phase lag, the angle was normalized to the value of .

Amplification Factor (Displacement)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 h=0.01 h=0.05 h=0.10 h=0.20 h=0.30 h=0.40 h=0.50 h=0.707 h=1.0

U/U0

w/w0
Fig. 1. Amplification Factor in terms of displacement.

Phase Lag (Displacement)

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 h=0.01 h=0.05 h=0.10 h=0.20 h=0.30 h=0.40 h=0.50 h=0.707 h=1.0

w/w0
Fig. 2. Phase Lag in terms of displacement.

Amplification Factor (Acceleration)

10 9 8 7 h=0.01 h=0.05 h=0.10 h=0.20 h=0.30 h=0.40 h=0.50 h=0.707 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 h=1.0

(U0+U)/U0

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

w/w0
Fig. 3. Amplification Factor in terms of acceleration.

Phase Lag (Acceleration)

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 h=0.01 h=0.05 h=0.1 h=0.20 h=0.30 h=0.40 h=0.50 h=0.707 h=1.0

w/w0
Fig. 4. Phase Lag in terms of acceleration.