I. A Fragmented World A. Challenges to the Nation-State 1.

Peace of Westphalia formed in 1648 Catholic and Protestant rulers signed treaties to end Europes wars of religion 2. Religious separation around globe Protestant and Catholic, Sunni and Shiite, Hindu and Muslim, and Arabs and Berbers 3. Conflict everywhere - Czechoslovakia divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia (1993) , Mayan uprising in Mexico (1994) , issues in Yugoslavia led to Bosnian independence, sparking more problems 4. Question of interfering with Civil wars. 5. Tension ended in Bosnia, started in Kosovo, Serbian influence B. Problems Of Global Economy 1. Foreign intervention and Sovereignty also Caused issues economically a. Imperialist nations exported raw Materials from colonies, and shipped manufactured goods, destroyed local handicraft industries b. Favored industry in Europe/places of European ancestry and Commodity production everywhere else c . Cold War Conflicts led to economic changes such as economic growth in Japan d. High oil prices changed flow of money e. Rapid economic growth from investment and technical expertise f. 1997 financial crisis in Asia due to fevered pace of economic growth g. Economic issues in Russia and Asia revealed issues with economic interconnection 2. Rich nations could use economic sanctions as a weapon 3. Formed World Trade Organization (WTO) to help reduce problems C. Old Threat, New Dangers 1. Conflict between US and Iraq erupted on 9/11/2001 2. Terrorism was used to make govt do something stupid allowing for take-over 3. George W. Bushs declaration of a War on Terrorism seemed doubtful because of issues with racial profiling, etc. 4. People scared of what would happened if certain people got nukes II. The Struggle for Rights A. Human Rights

1. UN aimed to protect rights of individuals, Universal Declaration of Human Rights set forth common rules 2. Declaration vs. Tradition questions 3. Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) focused on easier questions of human decency 4. Human Rights rose as a global concern B. Womens Rights 1. Feminist movement peaked in the early 20th century 2. Women in West fought for rights of non-western women, while non-western women worried about women in west 3. Fought for equality in school and work, an end to sexual exploitation, end to clothing restrictions, etc III. Elements of a Global Culture A. The Medium and the Message 1. Cultural imperialism western goods an culture was flooding into other areass cultures 2. Hollywood projected images of gangsters and cowboys 3. Television was used for broadcasting news 4. Satellite transmission opened new bridges for expanding markets 5. Computers and internet were also created B. The Spread of Popular Culture 1. Elite groups viewed pop culture as stupid and vulgar 2. Pop culture spread into other things 3. Invention of the phonograph (1878) opened up pop culture to global audiences 4. Consumer products found global market C. Global Connections and Elite Culture 1. Globalization of pop culture led to disputes 2. Former adversaries US and Russia collaborated in many ways 3. English became most common language 4. Postmodernism wanted to abandon rules of architectural modernism and focus more on history 5. Postmodernism also appeared in other ways D. The Endurance of Cultural Diversity 1. Some things remained unchanged 2. Japan transformed from defeated nation to economic power 3. Proved that America and Europe opinions were not only right ones