Subm

Mr. M
(Proje





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Submitted
mitted to:
Mukesh Yad
ect Guide)
Depar
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OFDM S
d in partial f
BA
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rtment of
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PRO
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nics & Com
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EPORT
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and Tech
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MATLA
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akansha Du
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by:
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Certificate


Certified that this project entitled OFDM simulation using MATLAB submitted by
Aakansha Dugar(08EBNEC300), Milan Mandoth(08EBNEC027), Prerna
Singh(08EBNEC041), Sagar Bhargava(08EBNEC043) students of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Department, Bansal School of Engineering & Technology,
Jaipur in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Technology
(Electronics & Communication Engineering) Degree of Rajasthan Technical University,
Kota, is a record of students own study carried under my supervision & guidance.
This report has not been submitted to any other university or institution for the award of any
degree.




Mr. Mukesh Yadav
Project Guide

Mr. Sanjay Gupta
Project Co-ordinator






Mr. R.K. Jain
(HOD of ECE Dept.)

BSET }aipui Page iii
Acknowledgement
A completion of any project is not only the work of a student but include the precision words
of advice, encouragement, guidance and support of all associated persons.
We are very grateful to the esteemed professors of BANSAL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR, who have given the best critics and inspired us to work hard for
the project entitled OFDM SIMULATION USING MATLAB.
We take this opportunity to thank Mr. MUKESH YADAV under whose guidance the project
was completed.
We are extremely thankful to our parents and our dear friends who supported us in
completing this project.
Aakansha Dugar
(08EBNEC300)
Milan Mandoth
(08EBNEC027)
Prerna Singh
(08EBNEC041)
Sagar Bhargava
(08EBNEC043)
BSET }aipui Page iv
Abstract
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is becoming the chosen
modulation technique for wireless communications. OFDM can provide large data rates with
sufficient robustness to radio channel impairments. Many research centers in the world have
specialized teams working in the optimization of OFDM for countless applications.
In an OFDM scheme, a large number of orthogonal, overlapping, narrow band sub-
channels or subcarriers, transmitted in parallel, divide the available transmission bandwidth.
The separation of the subcarriers is theoretically minimal such that there is a very compact
spectral utilization. The attraction of OFDM is mainly due to how the system handles the
multipath interference at the receiver. Multipath generates two effects: frequency selective
fading and intersymbol interference (ISI). The "flatness" perceived by a narrow-band channel
overcomes the former, and modulating at a very low symbol rate, which makes the symbols
much longer than the channel impulse response, diminishes the latter. Using powerful error
correcting codes together with time and frequency interleaving yields even more robustness
against frequency selective fading, and the insertion of an extra guard interval between
consecutive OFDM symbols can reduce the effects of ISI even more.
BSET }aipui Page v
Contents
Certificate ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
List of figures vi
List of photos vii
Chapter 1 Problem analysis 1
1.1 Multipath propogation 2
1.2 Intersymbol interference 3
Chapter 2 Introduction 6
2.1 Multi-carrier system 7
2.2 What is OFDM? 7
2.3 Orthogonality 8
2.4 Guard interval for elimination of ISI 9
2.5 Advantages 10
2.6 Applications 10
Chapter 3 OFDM Generation 12
3.1 Transmission 13
3.2 FFT Implementation 15
3.3 OFDM Reception 22
Chapter 5 Conclusion and future scope 27
Chapter 6 References 29
Appendix A 31
Appendix B 33
Appendix C 36
BSET }aipui Page vi
List of Figures
Figure 3.1 OFDM symbol generation simulation 15
Figure 3.2 Time response of signal carriers at (B) 16
Figure 3.3 Frequency response of signal carriers at (B) 16
Figure 3.4 Pulse shape g(t) 17
Figure 3.5 D/A filter response 17
Figure 3.6 Time response of signal U at (C) 18
Figure 3.7 Frequency response of signal U at (C) 18
Figure 3.8 Time response of signal UOFT at (D) 19
Figure 3.9 Frequency response of signal UOFT at (D) 19
Figure 3.10 uoft

t cos f

t frequency response 20
Figure 3.11 uoft

t sin f

t frequency response 20
Figure 3.12 Time response of signal s(t) at (E) 21
Figure 3.13 Frequency response of signal s(t) at (E) 21
Figure 3.14 Time response of direct simulation of (3.3) 22
Figure 3.15 Frequency response of direct simulation of (3.3) and IFFT 22
Figure 3.16 OFDM reception simulation 23
Figure 3.17 Time response of signal r_tilde at (F) 23
Figure 3.18 Frequency response of signal r_tilde at (F) 24
Figure 3.19 Time response of signal r_info at (G) 24
Figure 3.20 Frequency response of signal r_info at (G) 24
Figure 3.21 Time response of signal r_data at (H) 25
Figure 3.22 Frequency response of signal r_data at (H) 25
Figure 3.23 info_h constellation 25
Figure 3.24 a_hat constellation 26
BSET }aipui Page vii
List of Photos
Photo 1.1 Multipath propogation 2
Photo 1.2 ISI at higher symbol rates 4
Photo 1.3 Reduced ISI with low symbol rate (OFDM) 4

BSET,}aipui Page 1

Chapter No. 1



Problem Analysis








BSET,}aipui

PROBLE
1.1 MULT
In wirel
results in ra
of multipa
and reflecti
buildings.
The ef
and phase
magnitudes
the Rayleig
(often, bu
distribution
In facsi
as a faded
transmissio
antenna by
by a delay.
In r
radar receiv
like the no
i
EM ANA
TIPATH PR
less telecom
adio signals
ath include
ion from w
ffects of m
shifting of
s of the sign
gh distributi
ut not nec
n provides a
imile and te
d duplicate
ons bounce
a shorter, d
adar proces
ver. These g
ormal targe
ALYSIS
ROPOGAT
mmunication
s reaching t
e atmosph
water bodie
multipath
the signal.
nals arrivin
ion, this is
cessarily,
a more accur
levision tran
image to
off a moun
direct route
Photo
ssing, multi
ghosts are p
ets (which
TION
ns, multipa
the receivin
heric ductin
s and terr
include co
Destructiv
ng by the va
known as
a line of
rate model,
nsmission,
the right o
ntain or othe
e, with the r
1.1 multipa

ipath cause
particularly
they echo)
ath is the p
ng antenna b
ng, ionosph
restrial obje
onstructive
ve interferen
arious paths
Rayleigh f
sight comp
and this is
multipath c
of the main
er large obj
receiver pic
ath propogat
s ghost tar
bothersome
), and so t
propagation
by two or m
heric reflec
ects such
and destr
nce causes
s have a dis
fading. Whe
ponent) do
known as R
causes jitter
n image. G
ject, while
cking up tw
tion
rgets to app
e since they
the receive
n phenomen
more paths.
ction and ref
as mounta
ructive inter
fading. Wh
stribution kn
ere one com
ominates,
Rician fadin
r and ghostin
Ghosts occu
also arrivin
wo signals se

pear, deceiv
y move and
er has diffi
Page 2
non that
Causes
fraction,
ains and
rference,
here the
nown as
mponent
a Rician
ng.
ng, seen
ur when
ng at the
eparated
ving the
d behave
culty in
BSET,}aipui Page S

isolating the correct target echo. These problems can be overcome by incorporating a
ground map of the radar's surroundings and eliminating all echoes which appear to
originate below ground or above a certain height.
In digital radio communications (such as GSM) multipath can cause errors and
affect the quality of communications. The errors are due to intersymbol
interference (ISI). Equalisers are often used to correct the ISI. Alternatively,
techniques such as orthogonal frequency division modulation and rake receivers may
be used.
In a Global Positioning System receiver, Multipath Effect can cause a
stationary receiver's output to indicate as if it were randomly jumping about or
creeping. When the unit is moving the jumping or creeping is hidden, but it still
degrades the displayed accuracy.

1.2 INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE
Intersymbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which
one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. This is an unwanted phenomenon as
the previous symbols have similar effect as noise, thus making the communication
less reliable. ISI is usually caused by multipath propagation or the inherent non-linear
frequency response of a channel causing successive symbols to "blur" together. The
presence of ISI in the system introduces errors in the decision device at the receiver
output. Therefore, in the design of the transmitting and receiving filters, the objective
is to minimize the effects of ISI, and thereby deliver the digital data to its destination
with the smallest error rate possible. Ways to fight intersymbol interference
include adaptive equalization and error correcting codes.
In mono-carrier systems, intersymbol interference is often caused through the
multi-path characteristics of a wireless communications channel. Note that when
transmitting an electromagnetic wave over a long distance, the signal passes through a
variety of physical mediums. As a result, the actual received signal contains the direct
path signal overlaid with signal reflections of smaller amplitudes. The diagram below
illustrates how, at high symbol rates, reflected signals can interfere with subsequent
symbols. In wireless systems, this creates difficulty because the received signal can be
slightly distorted. In this scenario, the direct path signal arrives as expected, but
BSET,}aipui

slightly atte
because the
These signa
attenuates b
figure abov
rates. Beca
ISI will also

OFD
symbol per
multiple su
symbols.
i
enuated refl
ey interfere
al reflection
both the star
ve illustrate
ause the refl
o be substan
DM system
riod. In add
ub-carriers p
Ph
lections arri
e with subs
ns are typic
rting and en
s, this prob
lections mak
ntial.
Photo 1.
ms mitigate
dition, they
per channe
hoto 1.3 red
ive later in
sequent sym
cally mitiga
nding sectio
blem becom
ke up a sign
2 ISI at hig
e this prob
do this wi
el. Below, w
duced ISI w
time. These
mbols trans
ated through
ons of the sy
mes much m
nificant per
her symbol
blem by ut
ithout sacri
we illustrate
ith low sym
e reflections
smitted alon
h a pulse-sh
ymbol perio
more signific
rcentage of
rates
tilizing a c
ficing throu
e the time
mbol rate (O
s create a ch
ng the dire
haping filter
od. Howeve
cant at high
the symbol
comparative
ughput by u
domain of
OFDM)
Page 4
hallenge
ect path.
r, which
er, as the
h symbol
l period,

ely long
utilizing
f OFDM

BSET,}aipui Page S

In an OFDM system, the symbol rate can be reduced while still achieving
similar or even higher throughput. The time required for the reflections to fully
attenuate is the same as before. However, by utilizing a smaller symbol rate, the
signal reflections make up only a small percentage of the total symbol period. Thus, it
is possible to simply add a guard interval to remove interference from reflections
without significantly decreasing system throughput using OFDM technique.

BSET,}aipui Page 6

Chapter No. 2


Introduction

BSET,}aipui Page 7

INTRODUCTION
2.1 MULTI-CARRIER SYSTEM
Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is a multiple
access scheme used in OFDM-based telecommunication systems, allowing the system
to support multiple users at the same time.
MC-CDMA spreads each user symbol in the frequency domain. That is, each
user symbol is carried over multiple parallel subcarriers, but it is phase shifted
(typically 0 or 180 degrees) according to a code value. The code values differ per
subcarrier and per user. The receiver combines all subcarrier signals, by weighing
these to compensate varying signal strengths and undo the code shift. The receiver can
separate signals of different users, because these have different (e.g. orthogonal) code
values.
Since each data symbol occupies a much wider bandwidth (in hertz) than the
data rate (in bit/s), a signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (if defined as signal power
divided by total noise plus interference power in the entire transmission band) of less
than 0 dB is feasible.
One way of interpreting MC-CDMA is to regard it as a direct-sequence
CDMA signal (DS-CDMA) which is transmitted after it has been fed through an
inverse FFT (Fast Fourier Transform).

2.2 WHAT IS OFDM?
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of encoding
digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. OFDM has developed into a popular
scheme for wideband digital communication, whether wireless or over copper wires,
used in applications such as digital television and audio broadcasting, DSL broadband
internet access, wireless networks, and 4G mobile communications.
OFDM is essentially identical to coded OFDM (COFDM) and discrete multi-tone
modulation (DMT), and is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a
digital multi-carrier modulation method. A large number of closely
spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals are used to carry data. The data is divided into
BSET,}aipui Page 8

several parallel data streams or channels, one for each sub-carrier. Each sub-carrier is
modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude
modulation or phase-shift keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates
similar to conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.
The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope
with severe channel conditions (for example, attenuation of high frequencies in a long
copper wire, narrowband interference and frequency-selective fading due
to multipath) without complex equalization filters. Channel equalization is simplified
because OFDM may be viewed as using many slowly modulated narrowband signals
rather than one rapidly modulated wideband signal. The low symbol rate makes the
use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it possible to
eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) and utilize echoes and time-spreading (that
shows up as ghosting on analogue TV) to achieve a diversity gain, i.e. a signal-to-
noise ratio improvement. This mechanism also facilitates the design of single
frequency networks (SFNs), where several adjacent transmitters send the same signal
simultaneously at the same frequency, as the signals from multiple distant transmitters
may be combined constructively, rather than interfering as would typically occur in a
traditional single-carrier system.

2.3 ORTHOGONALITY
Conceptually, OFDM is a specialized FDM, the additional constraint being: all the
carrier signals are orthogonal to each other.
In OFDM, the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen so that the sub-carriers
are orthogonal to each other, meaning that cross-talk between the sub-channels is
eliminated and inter-carrier guard bands are not required. This greatly simplifies the
design of both the transmitter and the receiver; unlike conventional FDM, a separate
filter for each sub-channel is not required.
The orthogonality requires that the sub-carrier spacing is f =k/T
U
Hertz,
where T
U
seconds is the useful symbol duration (the receiver side window size),
and k is a positive integer, typically equal to 1. Therefore, with N sub-carriers, the
total passband bandwidth will be B Nf (Hz).
BSET,}aipui Page 9

The orthogonality also allows high spectral efficiency, with a total symbol rate
near the Nyquist rate for the equivalent baseband signal (i.e. near half the Nyquist rate
for the double-side band physical passband signal). Almost the whole available
frequency band can be utilized. OFDM generally has a nearly 'white' spectrum, giving
it benign electromagnetic interference properties with respect to other co-channel
users.
OFDM requires very accurate frequency synchronization between the receiver and
the transmitter; with frequency deviation the sub-carriers will no longer be
orthogonal, causing inter-carrier interference (ICI) (i.e., cross-talk between the sub-
carriers). Frequency offsets are typically caused by mismatched transmitter and
receiver oscillators, or by Doppler shift due to movement. While Doppler shift alone
may be compensated for by the receiver, the situation is worsened when combined
with multipath, as reflections will appear at various frequency offsets, which is much
harder to correct. This effect typically worsens as speed increases, and is an important
factor limiting the use of OFDM in high-speed vehicles. Several techniques for ICI
suppression are suggested, but they may increase the receiver complexity.

2.4 GUARD INTERVAL FOR ELIMINATION OF ISI
One key principle of OFDM is that since low symbol rate modulation schemes
(i.e., where the symbols are relatively long compared to the channel time
characteristics) suffer less from intersymbol interference caused by multipath
propagation, it is advantageous to transmit a number of low-rate streams in parallel
instead of a single high-rate stream. Since the duration of each symbol is long, it is
feasible to insert a guard interval between the OFDM symbols, thus eliminating the
intersymbol interference.
The guard interval also eliminates the need for a pulse-shaping filter, and it
reduces the sensitivity to time synchronization problems.
A simple example: If one sends a million symbols per second using conventional
single-carrier modulation over a wireless channel, then the duration of each symbol
would be one microsecond or less. This imposes severe constraints on
synchronization and necessitates the removal of multipath interference. If the same
million symbols per second are spread among one thousand sub-channels, the
BSET,}aipui Page 1u

duration of each symbol can be longer by a factor of a thousand (i.e., one millisecond)
for orthogonality with approximately the same bandwidth. Assume that a guard
interval of 1/8 of the symbol length is inserted between each symbol. Intersymbol
interference can be avoided if the multipath time-spreading (the time between the
reception of the first and the last echo) is shorter than the guard interval (i.e., 125
microseconds). This corresponds to a maximum difference of 37.5 kilometers
between the lengths of the paths.
The cyclic prefix, which is transmitted during the guard interval, consists of the
end of the OFDM symbol copied into the guard interval, and the guard interval is
transmitted followed by the OFDM symbol. The reason that the guard interval
consists of a copy of the end of the OFDM symbol is so that the receiver will integrate
over an integer number of sinusoid cycles for each of the multipaths when it performs
OFDM demodulation with the FFT.

2.5 ADVANTAGES
1. OFDM is spectrally efficient. IFFT/FFT operation ensures that sub-carriers do
not interfere with each other.
2. OFDM has an inherent robustness against narrowband interference:
Narrowband interference will affect at most a couple of sub-channels.
Information from the affected sub-channels can be erased and recovered
via the forward error correction (FEC) codes.
3. Equalization is very simple compared to Single-Carrier systems
4. OFDM has excellent robustness in multi-path environments:
Cyclic prefix preserves orthogonality between sub-carriers.
Cyclic prefix allows the receiver to capture multi-path energy more
efficiently.
5. Coexistence with current and future systems.

2.6 APPLICATIONS
1. Digital Television
European and Australian standard
2. Wireless Local Area Networks (LANs)
BSET,}aipui Page 11

Hiperlan 2
3. ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber loop)
High speed data transmitted along existing telephone lines
4. Future mobile telephony

BSET,}aipui Page 12

Chapter No. 3

OFDM Generation

BSET,}aipui Page 1S

OFDM GENERATION
3.1 TRANSMISSION
The basic principle of OFDM is to split a high-rate data stream into a number
of lower rate streams that are transmitted simultaneously over a number of
subcarriers. The relative amount of dispersion in time caused by multipath delay
spread is decreased because the symbol duration increases for lower rate parallel
subcarriers. The other problem to solve is the intersymbol interference, which is
eliminated almost completely by introducing a guard time in every OFDM symbol.
This means that in the guard time, the OFDM symbol is cyclically extended to avoid
intercarrier interference. An OFDM signal is a sum of subcarriers that are individually
modulated by using phase shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation
(QAM). The symbol can be written as:

s(t) = Rc{ J
+Ns2
exp (]2n(
c
Ns
2
-1
=-Ns2
-
+0.5
1
)(t - t
s
)} , t
s
t t
s
+ T (3.1)
s(t) = u, t < t
s
onJ t > t
s
+ I

where
N
s
is the number of subcarriers
T is the symbol duration
f
c
is the carrier frequency
d
i
are complex modulation symbols

A particular version of (3.1) is given in the DVB-T standard as the emitted signal. The
expression is

s(t) = Rc{c
]2n]
c
t
C
m,I,k
.
m.I.k
(t)]
k
mcx
k=k
min
67
I=0

m=0
(3.2)
Where

m,I,k
(t) = _c
]2n
k
|
T
U
(t-I1
S
-68m1
S
)
u
(l +68m). I
S
t (l + 68m+ 1)I
S

Where
k denotes the carrier number;
BSET,}aipui Page 14

l denotes the OFDM symbol number;

m denotes the transmission frame number;
k is the number of transmitted carriers;
T
S
is the symbol duration;
T
U
is the inverse of the carrier spacing;
is the duration of the guard interval;
f
c
is the central frequency of the radio frequency (RF) signal;
k is the carrier index relative to the center frequency, k=k (k
max
+k
min
) /2;
C
m,o,k
complex symbol for carrier k of the Data symbol no.1 in frame number m;
C
m,1,k
complex symbol for carrier k of the Data symbol no.2 in frame number m;
.
.
C
m,67,k
complex symbol for carrier k of the Data symbol no.68 in frame number m;

Our simulations will focus in the 2k mode of the DVB-T standard. This
particular mode is intended for mobile reception of standard definition DTV. The
transmitted OFDM signal is organized in frames. Each frame has a duration of T
F
, and
consists of 68 OFDM symbols. Four frames constitute one super-frame. Each symbol
is constituted by a set of k=1,705 carriers in the 2k mode and transmitted with a
duration T
S
. A useful part with duration T
U
and a guard interval with a duration
compose T
S
.
OFDM practical implementation became a reality in the 1990.s due to the
availability of DSPs that made the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) affordable.
Therefore, we shall focus the rest of the report to this implementation using the values
and references of the DVB-T example. If we consider (3.2) for the period from t=0 to
t=T
S
we obtain:

s(t) = Rc ]c
]2n]
c
t
C
0,0,k
c
]2nk
|
(t-)1
U
k
mcx
k=k
min
(3.3)

There is a clear resemblance between (3.3) and the Inverse Discrete Fourier
Transform (IDFT):

X
n
=
1
N
X
q
c
]2n
nq
N
N-1
q=0
(3.4)
BSET,}aipui

Sinc
inverse, it
correspond
by taking c
subsequent

3.2 FFT IM
The
subcarrier
MHz to the
T/2 as the
considering
diagram of
the variable
simulation
since we ar
that consid
relation, R
S
the range o

i
ce various
is a conv
ding to the u
copies of th
up-convers
MPLEMEN
e first task t
1 is 7.61/2
e right. One
e elementa
g a 2,048-IF
f the generat
es used in
period. T i
re simulatin
ders at least
S
=40/T. Thi
f a VHF ch
Fi
efficient F
venient form
useful part, T
he last N/T
sion then gi
NTATION
to consider
MHz to th
e simple wa
ary period.
FFT (N=2,0
tion of one
the Matlab
is defined a
ng a passban
twice the
s relation g
annel five,
ig 3.1 OFDM
FFT algorit
m of impl
T
U
long, of
T
U
of these
ves the real
is that the
he left of th
ay to achiev
The OFD
048); theref
OFDM sym
b code. The
as the elem
nd signal, w
carrier freq
ives a carrie
a common T
M symbol g

thms exist
lementation
each symbo
samples an
l signal s(t)
OFDM spe
he carrier a
ve the cente
DM symbo
fore, we sha
mbol is show
e next task
mentary peri
we have to r
quency. For
er frequency
TV channel
generation s
to perform
n to genera
ol. The gua
nd appendin
centered on
ectrum is c
and subcarr
ering is to u
ol duration,
all use a 4,
wn in where
to consider
iod for a ba
relate it to a
simplicity,
y close to 9
l in any city
simulation
m the DFT
ate N sam
ard interval i
ng them in
n the freque
centered on
rier 1,705 i
use a 2N-IF
, T
U
, is s
096-IFFT.
e we have in
r is the app
aseband sig
a time-perio
, we use an
90 MHz, wh
y.
Page 1S
and its
mples X
n

is added
front. A
ency f
c
.
f
c
; i.e.,
s 7.61/2
FFT and
specified
A block
ndicated
propriate
gnal, but
od, 1/R
S
,
n integer
hich is in

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As
achieve ove
we can obs
time period
could use th
that the ma
must provid
time signal
impulse res
i
Fi
Fig 3
suggested,
er-sampling
serve the re
d. We can a
his signal in
ain OFDM
de a simula
l is to app
sponse, or p
g 3.2 Time
3.3 Frequen
we add 4,0
g, 2X, and t
sult of this
also notice t
n baseband
drawbacks
ation tool fo
ly a transm
pulse shape,
response of

cy response

096-1,705=
to center the
operation a
that carriers
discrete-tim
occur in th
or the latter
mit filter, g
of g(t) is sh
f signal carr
e of signal c
=2,391 zero
e spectrum.
and that the
s is the disc
me domain s
he continuou
r. The first
g(t), to the
hown in Fig

riers at (B)
carriers at (B
s to the sig
. In Figure
e signal carr
crete time ba
simulations,
us time dom
step to pro
complex s
gure 3.4.

B)
gnal info a
3.2 and Fig
riers uses T
aseband sig
, but we mu
main; theref
oduce a con
ignal carrie
Page 16
at (A) to
gure 3.3,
T/2 as its
gnal. We
ust recall
fore, we
ntinuous-
ers. The
BSET,}aipui

The
in Figure 3
periodic as
bandwidth
and we h
reconstruct
7.61=1.533
roll-off, he
proposed r
Butterworth
i
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3.7 in the
s required o
of the spec
have (2/T=
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18.286)-7.6
f we were t
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he frequenc
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Figure 3.5.
ely 1/T. The
Page 17
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and the
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Page 18
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Page 19
sideband
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s(t)
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Page 21
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ig 3.15 Freq
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Page 22
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Page 2S
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Page 24
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Fig 3

3.24 a_hat c

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Page 26
BSET,}aipui Page 27

Chapter No. 4


Conclusion
And
Future scope



BSET,}aipui Page 28

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

There is some debate as to whether multicarrier or single carrier modulation is
better for ISI channels with delay spreads on the order of the symbol time. It is
claimed in that for some mobile radio applications, single carrier with equalization
has roughly the same performance as multicarrier modulation with channel coding,
frequency-domain interleaving, and weighted maximum-likelihood decoding.
Adaptive loading was not taken into account, which has the potential to significantly
improve multicarrier. But there are other problems with multicarrier modulation that
impair its performance, most significantly frequency offset and timing jitter, which
degrade the orthogonality of the subchannels. In addition, the peak-to-average power
ratio of multi carrier is significantly higher than that of single carrier systems, which
is a serious problem when nonlinear amplifiers are used. Tradeoffs between
multicarrier and single carrier block transmission systems with respect to these
impairments are discussed. Despite these challenges, multicarrier techniques are
common in high data rate wireless systems with moderate to large delay spread, as
they have significant advantages over time-domain equalization. In particular, the
number of taps required for an equalizer with good performance in a high data rate
system is typically large, thus, these equalizers are highly complex. Weights for a
large number of equalizer taps in a rapidly varying channel. For these reasons, most
emerging high rate wireless systems use either multicarrier modulation or spread
spectrum to eliminate ISI.










BSET,}aipui Page 29

Chapter No. 5





References
BSET,}aipui Page Su

REFERENCES

[1] Chang R. W., Synthesis of Band Limited Orthogonal Signals for Multichannel
Data Transmission, Bell Syst. Tech. J., Vol. 45, pp. 1775-1796, Dec. 1996.

[2] Salzberg, B. R., Performance of an efficient parallel data transmission system,
IEEE Trans. Comm., Vol. COM- 15, pp. 805 - 813, Dec. 1967.

[3] Mosier, R. R., and Clabaugh, R.G., A Bandwidth Efficient Binary Transmission
System, IEEE Trans., Vol. 76, pp. 723 - 728, Jan. 1958.

[4] Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, U.S. Patent No. 3, 488,4555, filed
November 14, 1966, issued Jan. 6, 1970.

[5] Rappaport, T.S., Wireless Communications Principles and Practice, IEEE Press,
New York, Prentice Hall, pp. 169-177, 1996.

[6] Van Nee, R., Prasad R., OFDM for wireless Multimedia Communications,
Artech House, Boston, pp 80-81, 2000.

[7] Schmidl, T. M., and Cox, D.C., Robust Frequency and timing Synchronization on
OFDM, IEEE Trans. on Comm., Vol. 45, No. 12, pp. 1613-1621, Dec.1997.

BSET,}aipui Page S1

APPENDIX A

Signal_generation.m
%DVB-T 2K signal generation

clear all;
close all;

Tu=224e-6; %useful OFDM symbol period
T=Tu/2048; %baseband elementary period
G=0; %choice of 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32
delta=G*Tu; %guard band duration
Ts=delta+Tu; %total OFDM symbol period
Kmax=1705; %number of subcarriers
Kmin=0;
FS=4096; %IFFT/FFT length
q=10; %carrier period to elementary period ratio
fc=q*1/T; %carrier frequency
Rs=4*fc; %simulation period

a=-1+2*round(rand(M,1)).'+i*(-1+2*round(rand(M,1))).';
A=length(a);
info=[a.'];
tt=0:1/Rs:Ts;
TT=length(tt);
k=Kmin:Kmax;
for t=0:(TT-1); %Eq. (2.1.4)
phi=a(k+1).*exp((1j*2*(((t*(1/Rs))-delta))*pi/Tu).*((k-(kmax-kmin)/2)));
s(t+1)=real(exp(1j*2*pi*fc*(t*(1/Rs))).*sum(phi));
end
infof=zeros(FS,1);
infof(1:(A/2))=[a(1:(A/2)).'];
infof((FS-((A/2)-1)):FS)=[a(((A/2)+1):A).'];
BSET,}aipui Page S2

carriers=FS.*ifft(infof,FS); %IFFT

%Upconverter
L=length(carriers);
chips=[carriers.';zeros((2*q)-1,L)];
p=1/Rs:1/Rs:T/2;
g=ones(length(p),1);
dummy=conv(g,chips(:));
u=[dummy(1:TT)];
[b,a]=butter(13,1/20);
uoft=filter(b,a,u);
s_tilde=(uoft.').*exp(1i*2*pi*fc*tt);
sf=real(s_tilde);
figure(1);
plot(tt,s,'b',tt,sf,'g');
figure(2);
pwelch(s,[],[],[],Rs);
hold on;
pwelch(sf,[],[],[],Rs);
hold off;


BSET,}aipui Page SS

APPENDIX B

Transmission.m
%DVB-T 2K Transmission
%The available bandwidth is 8MHz
%2K is intended for mobile services
clear all;
close all;
%DVB-T Parameters
Tu=224e-6; %useful OFDM symbol period
T=Tu/2048; %baseband elementary period
G=0; %choice of 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32
delta=G*Tu; %guard band duration
Ts=delta+Tu; %total OFDM period
Kmax=1705; %number of subcarriers
Kmin=0;
FS=4096; %IFFT/FFT length
q=10; %carriers period to elementary period ratio
fc=q*1/T; %carriers frequency
Rs=4*fc; %simulation period
t=0:1/Rs:Tu;

%Data generator (A)

M=Kmax+1;
rand('state',0);
a=-1+2*round(rand(M,1)).'+i*(-1+2*round(rand(M,1))).';
A=length(a);
info=zeros(FS,1);
info(1:(A/2))=[a(1:(A/2)).']; %zero padding
info((FS-((A/2)-1)):FS)=[a((A/2)+1):A).'];

%Subcarriers generation (B)
BSET,}aipui Page S4

carriers=FS.*ifft(info,FS);
tt=0:T/2:Tu;
figure(1);
subplot(211);
stem(tt(1:20),real(carriers(1:20)));
subplot(212);
stem(tt(1:20),imag(carriers(1:20)));
figure(2);
f=(2/T)*(1:(FS))/(FS);
subplot(211);
plot(f,abs(fft(carriers,FS))/FS);
subplot(212);
pwelch(carriers,[],[],[],2/T);

%D/A simulation

L=length(carriers);
chips=[carriers.';zeros((2*q)-1,L)];
p=1/Rs:1/Rs:T/2;
g=ones(length(p),1); %pulse shape
figure(3);
stem(p,g);
dummy=conv(g,chips(:));
u=[dummy(1:lengtrh(t))]; %(C)
figure(4);
subplot(211);
plot(t(1:400),real(u(1:400)));
subplot(212);
plot(t(1:400),imag(u(1:400)));
figure(5);
ff=(Rs)*(1:(q*FS))/(q*FS);
subplot(211);
plot(ff,abs(fft(u,q*FS))/FS);
BSET,}aipui Page SS

subplot(212);
pwelch(u,[],[],[],Rs);
[b,a]=butter(13,1/20); %reconstruction filter
[H,F]=FREQZ(b,a,FS,RS);
figure(6);
plot(F,20*log10(abs(H)));
uoft=filter(b,a,u); %baseband signal(D)
figure(7);
subplot(211);
plot(t(80:480),real(uoft(80:480)));
subplot(212);
plot(t(80:480),imag(uoft(80:480)));
figure(8);
subplot(211);
plot(ff,abs(fft(uoft,q*FS))/FS);
subplot(212);
pwelch(uoft,[],[],[],Rs);

%upconverter

s_tilde=(uoft.').*exp(1i*2*pi*fc*t);
s=real(s-tilde); %passband signal (E)
figure(9);
plot(t(80:480),s(80:480));
figure(10);
subplot(211);
%plot(ff,abs(fft(((real(uoft).').*cos(2*pi*gc*t)),q*FS))/FS);
%plot(ff,abs(fft(((imag(uoft).').*sin(2*pi*gc*t)),q*FS))/FS);
plot(ff,abs(fft(s,q*FS))/FS);
subplot(212);
%plot(ff,abs(fft(((real(uoft).').*cos(2*pi*gc*t)),q*FS))/FS);
%plot(ff,abs(fft(((imag(uoft).').*sin(2*pi*gc*t)),q*FS))/FS);
pwelch(s,[],[],[],Rs);

BSET,}aipui Page S6

APPENDIX C

Reception.m
%DVB-T 2K Reception

clear all;
close all;

Tu=224e-6; %useful OFDM symbol period
T=Tu/2048; %baseband elementary period
G=0; %choice of 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32
delta=G*Tu; %guard band duration
Ts=delta+Tu; %total OFDM symbol period
Kmax=1705; %number of subcarriers
Kmin=0;
FS=4096; %IFFT/FFT length
q=10; %carrier period to elementary period ratio
fc=q*1/T; %carrier frequency
Rs=4*fc; %simulation period
t=0:1/Rs:Tu;
tt=0:t/2:Tu;
%Data generator
sM=2;
[x,y]=meshgrid((-sM+1):2:(sM-1),(-sM+1):2:(sM-1));
alphabet=x(:)+1i*y(:);
N=Kmax+1;
rand('state',0);
a=-1+2*round(rand(N,1)).'+i*(-1+2*round(rand(N,1))).';
A=length(a);
info=zeros(FS,1);
info(1:(A/2))=[a(1:(A/2)+1):A).'];
carriers=FS.*ifft(info, FS);

BSET,}aipui Page S7

%Upconverter

L=length(carriers);
chips=[carriers.';zeros((2*q)-1,L)];
p=1/Rs:1/Rs:T/2;
g=ones(length(p),1);
dummy=conv(g,chips(:));
u=[dummy; zeros(46,1)];
[b,aa]=butter(13,1/20);
uoft=filter(b,aa,u);
delay=64;
s_tilde=(uoft(delay+(1:length(t))).').*exp(1i*2*pi*fc*t);
s=real(s_tilde);

%OFDM Reception

%Down Coversion

r_tilde=exp(-1i*2*pi*fc*t).*s; %(F)
figure(1);
subplot(211);
plot(t,real(r_tilde));
axis([0e-7 12e-7 -60 60]);
grid on;
figure(1);
subplot(212);
plot(t,imag(r_tilde));
axis([0e-7 12e-7 -100 150]);
grid on;
figure(2);
ff=(Rs)*(1:(q*FS))/(q*FS);
subplot(211);
plot(ff,abs(fft(r_tilde,q*FS))/FS);
grid on;
BSET,}aipui Page S8

figure(2);
subplot(212);
pwelch(r_tilde,[],[],[],Rs);

%Carrier suppression

[B,AA]=butter(3,1/2);
r_info=2*filter(B,AA,r_tilde); %Baseband signal continuous-time (G)
figure(3);
subplot(211);
plot(t,real(r_info));
axis([o 12e-7 -60 60]);
grid on;
figure(3);
subplot(212);
plot(t,imag(r_info));
axis([0 12e-7 -100 150]);
grid on;
figure(4);
f=(2/T)*(1:(FS))/(FS);
subplot(211);
plot(ff,abs(fft(r_info,q*FS))/FS);
grid on;
subplot(212);
pwelch(r_info,[],[],[],Rs);

%Sampling

r_data=real(r_info(1:(2*q):length(t)))... %Baseband signal, discrete-time
+1i*imag(r_info(1:(2*q):length(t))); %(H)
figure(5);
subplot(211);
stem(tt(1:20),(real(r_data(1:20))));
axis([0 12e-7 -60 60]);
BSET,}aipui Page S9

grid on;
figure(5);
subplot(212);
stem(tt(1:20),(imag(r_data(1:20))));
axis([0 12e-7 -100 150]);
grid on;
figure(6);
f=(2/T)*(1:(FS))/(FS);
subplot(211);
plot(f,abs(fft(r_data,FS))/FS);
grid on;
subplot(212);
pwelch(r_data,[],[],[],2/T);

%FFT

info_2N=(1/FS).*fft(r_data,FS);
info_h=[info_2N(1:A/2) info_2N((FS-((A/2)-1)):FS)];

%Slicing

for k=1:N, a_hat(k)=alphabet((info_h(k)-alphabet)==min(info_h(k)-alphabet));
%(J)
end;
figure(7)
plot(info_h((1:A)),'.k');
title('info-h Received Constellation')
axis square;
axis equal;
figure(8);
plot(a_hat((1:A)),'or');
title('a_hat 4-QAM')
axis square;
axis equal;
BSET,}aipui Page 4u

grid on;
axis([-1.5 1.5 -1.5 1.5]);