Solution to Electrical Materials Tutorial 9

1. Dot convention is used in order to indicate the phase relationship of the coils. Dots are placed beside each coil so that if currents are entering both dotted terminals or leaving both dotted terminals, the mutual fluxes produced by these currents will reinforce (add) with each other. To determine the correct signs (dot notation) of the transformer, the following rule is being applied:i. Arbitrarily select one terminal of either coil and place a dot there, ii. Use the right hand rule to determine the direction of flux produced by this coil current when entering the dotted terminal iii. Similarly, arbitrarily select one terminal on the other coil and determine the direction of the flux in this coil using the right hand rule. iv. If the flux produce by the other coil would be in the same direction as the flux produced by the first coil then these two terminals will be of the same dot sign, otherwise they will be of the opposite sign.
+
a

eP
b

eS
d

Figure 1(a) (a) We arbitrary choose terminal a and c at the primary and secondary sides respectively, let the current to be flow into these two coils as shown in the figure above. Applied right hand rule to these two coils, the flux direction at the lefthand side is upward and the right-hand side is downward. Thus, they are in aid of one another, this implies terminal a and c are of the same dot notation (sign) with respect to the other terminal of the coil. For those terminals with the same dot notation, they should be in phase with respect to each other at any time instant, thus, their output waveforms are as shown above.
+
a

+
c

eP
b

eS

Figure 1(b) 1

(b) Same as previously, if we arbitrary choose terminal a and c this time, applied right hand rule to these two coils, the flux direction at the left-hand side is upward and the right-hand side is also upward. Thus, they are in opposite to one another, this implies terminal a and c are of the opposite dot notation (sign) with respect to the other terminal of the coil. For those terminals with the opposite dot notation, they should be out of phase with respect to each other at any time instant, thus, their output waveforms are as shown above.

2. (a) The four things that we neglect when idealize an iron-core transformer are (i) winding resistance, (ii) leakage flux, (iii) core loss, and (iv) magnetizing current I N (b) The turn ratio = P = S . For a step down transformer, we have turn ratio = 3 NS IP I 6 and hence we have I P = S = = 2 A NP 3 NS

3. (a) (i) Hookup wire - Generally consists of a multistrand single conductor surrounded by PVC or polyethylene. Used for connecting elements in ordinary lowfrequency circuits. (ii) Test-Prod Wire - Very flexible wire surrounded by rubber insulation. Used in test leads of measuring instruments. Rubber insulation provides high insulationresistance as well as flexibility. (b) The three jointing methods: mechanical joint; soldering; and welding. (c) The properties of a good cable joint are: A joint which is mechanically sound must not be pulled out under the normal strains to which it may be subject during installation or its working life. To be electrically sound, the joint must have at least as low a resistance as an equal length of the conductor itself, nor must it overheat when carrying current.

4. The steps of soldering method:(a) Before soldering, the metal surfaces of conductors should be thoroughly cleaned up. (b) The wire to be soldered should be heated up to such a temperature that it will melt solder put into contact with it. (c) Soldering cannot be satisfactory accomplished by simply dropping blobs of melted solder on the cold wire.

5. The different classes of insulating material are as shown in the table below:Class Y A E B F H C Limiting temperature in C 90 105 120 130 155 180 Above 180 Materials Cotton, silk paper and similar organic materials neither impregnated nor immersed in any oil, rubber, PVC. Impregnated paper, silk, cotton, polymide resins Enameled wire insulations on base of polyvinyl formal, polyurethane and epoxy resins, moldings, powder plastics, etc. Inorganic materials (Mica, fibber glass, asbestos) Impregnated with varnish and other compounds. Mica, polyester, epoxide varnishes and other varnished with a high heat resistance. Composite materials on mica, fibber glass and asbestos bases, impregnated with silicon rubber except for rubber compounds. Mica, ceramics, glass, Teflon, quartz.