CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Figure: GSM in World

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a set of standards specifying the infrastructure for a digital cellular service. The standard is used in approx. 85 countries in the world including such locations as Europe, Japan and Australia. GSM is worldwide standard that allows users of different operators to connect and to shares the services simultaneously. GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal success in mobile telecommunication over the last decade. Cellular radio provides mobile telephone service by employing a network of cell sites distributed over a wide range. A cell site contains a radio transceiver and a base station controller, which manages, sends, and receives traffic from the mobiles in its geographical area to a cellular phone switch. It also employs a tower and its antennas, and provides a link to the distant cellular switch called a mobile telecommunication switching office. GSM calls are either based on data or voice. Voice calls use audio codes called half-rate, fullrate and enhanced full-rate. Data calls can turn the cell phone into a modem operating at 9600 bps. It uses digital technology and time division multiple access transmission methods. Voice is digitally encoded via a unique encoder, which emulates the characteristics of human speech. This method of transmission permits a very efficient data rate/information content ratio. One of its great strength is the international roaming capability that gives consumers seamless and same standardized same number contact ability in more than 180 countries. GSM satellite roaming has extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage is not available. GSM technology is continually evolving. Having made great leaps forward in the past 10 years. It is facing an even greater evolution in the years ahead. GSM is a standard for a Global System for Mobile communications. Global System for Mobile communications, a mobile phone system based on multiple radio cells (cellular mobile phone network). It has been agreed upon and is completed by ETSI, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute.

1.1 History of GSM FIG: Pics of GSM Technologien

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a set of ETSI standards specifying the infrastructure for a digital cellular service. The standard is used in approx. 85 countries in the world including such locations as Europe, Japan and Australia. GSM is worldwide standard that allows users of different operators to connect and to shares the services simultaneously. GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal success in mobile telecommunication over the last decade. Now, at the dawn of the era of true broadband services, GSM continues to evolve to meet new demands. One of GSM's great strengths is its international roaming capability, giving consumers a seamless service in about 160 countries. 1.1.1 The Beginning of GSM

1980: In the early 1980s, as business was becoming increasingly international, the communications industry focused exclusively on local cellular solutions, with very few compatible systems. Nevertheless, it was clear there would be an escalating demand for a technology that facilitated flexible and reliable mobile communications. The problem was lack of capacity. By the early 1990s, it was clear that analog technology would not be able to keep up with demand. 1.1.2 Groupe Speciale Mobile 1982: Conference Europeenne des Postes et Telecommunications began specifying a European digital telecommunications standard; in the 900MHz frequency band. The CEPT was formed in 1982 by the Conference Des Administrations Europeans Des Posts et Telecommunications. In turn, the CEPT established the Groupe Speciale Mobile (GSM) to develop the specification for a pan-European mobile communications network capable of supporting the many millions of subscribers likely to turn to mobile communications in the years ahead.These standards later become known as Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). 1985: West Germany, France and Italy signed an agreement for the development of GSM. such a system would allow the development of advanced features like speech security and data communications. Digital also was compatible with Integrated Services Digital Network

(ISDN) technology, which was being developed by land-based. telecommunications systems throughout the world, and which would be necessary for GSM to be successful 1986: the GSM Permanent Nucleus (headquartered in Paris) was formed to assume overall responsibility for coordinating the development of GSM. 1986: the GSM Permanent Nucleus held a series of validation trials in Paris. They tested eight or nine different designs in the quest for an appropriate radio path, because at the heart of developing a new digital standard was the resolution of questions relating to reliability and error correction. One of the most important conclusions from the early tests of the new GSM technology was that the new standard should employ Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technology. The choice was TDMA or FDMA. 1988: CEPT began producing GSM specifications for a phased implementation. 1.1.3 The European Telecommunication Standards Institute

1990: GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. Phase I specifications were frozen to allow manufacturers to develop network equipments. 1991: The GSM 1800 standard was released. Commercial service was started in mid1991. 1993: Australia becomes the first non-European country to sign the MoU. First commercial DCS 1800 system was launched in United Kingdom(UK).there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries, with 25 additional countries having already selected or considering GSM. This is not only a European standard South Africa, Australia, and many Middle and Far East countries have chosen GSM. 1994: By the beginning of 1994, there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide.The acronym GSM now (aptly) stands for Global System for Mobile telecommunications.

1995: The specification for the Personal Communication Services (PCS) was developed in the USA. This version of GSM operates at 1900MHz 1996: The first GSM 1900 systems become available. Those comply with the PCS 1900 standard

1.1.4 Criteria of the proposed GSM system

Good subjective speech quality Low terminal and service cost Support for international roaming Ability to support handheld terminals Support for range of new services and facilities Spectral efficiency ISDN compatibility

1.1.5 Table : Most important events in the development of GSM system Year Milestone CEPT establishes a GSM group in order to develop the standards for a pan- European Cellular Mobile System. Adoption of a list of recommendations to be generated by the group. Field tests were performed in order to test the different radio techniques proposed for the air interface. TDMA is chosen as access method (in fact, it will be used with FDMA) Initial Memorandum of understanding (MoU) signed by telecommunication operators (representing 12 countries). Validation of GSM system. The responsibility of the GSM specifications is passed to the ETSI. Appearance of Phase-I of the GSM specifications. Commercial system start-up of the GSM service. Enlargement of the countries that signed the GSM-MoU-Coverage of

1982 1985 1986

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

larger cities/airports. 1993 1995 Coverage of main roads, GSM service starts outside Europe. Phase -2 of the GSM specifications -Coverage of rural areas

1.1.6 Table : Mobile Cellular System

Year

Mobile System

1981 1983 1985 1986 1991 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996

Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 450 American Mobile Phone System (AMPS) Total Access Communication System (TACS) Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) 900 North American Digital Cellular (NADC) Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Digital Cellular System (DCS) 1800 Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) or Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) Personal Communications Systems (PCS) 1900-Canada PCS-United States Of America

1.2 Objectives of GSM system One of the important objectives of GSM group is to evolve a unified standard to provide seamless roaming across Europe. Another landmark decision taken by the group is to standardize a digital radio interface for the communication between the mobile handset and the radio transmitter / receiver. The design objectives of the GSM system can be briefly states as below:

Excellent speech quality High security and privacy Low module terminal cost Low service and facilities cost Design of sleek and handled mobile terminals International roaming

Wide range of services and facilities Ability to adopt to new and innovative features Narrowband ISDN compatibility Digital Radio High Spectral efficiency

1.3 Features of GSM Standard Fully digital system using 900, 1800 MHz frequency band. TDMA over radio carriers (200 KHz carrier spacing). 8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier. User/terminal authentication for fraud control. Encryption of speech and data transmission over the radio path. Full international roaming capability. Low speed data services (up to 9.6 Kb/s). Compatibility with ISDN. Support of Short Message Service (SMS).

1.4 GSM requirements The quality of voice in the GSM system must be better than that achieved by the 900 MHz analogue systems over all the operating components. The system must offer encryption of user information. The system must operate in the entire frequency band 890-915 MHz and 935-960 MHz. An international standardized signaling system must be used to allow the interconnection of mobile switching centers and location registers. Minimize modifications to the existing fixed public network. Design the system, so handset costs are minimized. Handsets must be able to be used in all participating countries. Maximum flexibility for other services like ISDN. System should maximize the functions and services available to cater for the special nature of mobile communications.

1.5 GSM Specifications

bandwidththe range of a channel's limits; the broader the bandwidth, the faster data can be sent bits per second (bps)a single on-off pulse of data; eight bits are equivalent to one byte frequencythe number of cycles per unit of time; frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) kilo (k)kilo is the designation for 1,000; kbps represents 1,000 bits per second megahertz (MHz)1,000,000 hertz (cycles per second) milliseconds (ms)one-thousandth of a second watt (W)a measure of power of a transmitter

1.6 Specifications and Characteristics for GSM

Frequency bandthe frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile station to base station). Duplex distancethe duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distance is the distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart.

Channel separationthe separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz. ModulationModulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK).

Transmission rateGSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps. Access methodGSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept. TDMA is a technique in which several different calls may share the same carrier. Each call is assigned a particular time slot.

Speech coderGSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract. The signal passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps.

1.7

Advantages of GSM GSM is mature; this maturity means a more stable network with robust features. Less signal deterioration inside buildings. Ability to use repeaters. Talk-time is generally higher in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of transmission. The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets at will. GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem. The subscriber can enjoy the broadest international coverage. It is possible with the GSM roaming service. Good coverage indoors on 850/900 MHz. Repeaters possible. 35 km hard limit.

1.8 Disadvantages of GSM Pulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with some electronics, especially certain audio amplifiers. 3G uses W-CDMA now. Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industry participants, creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limiting competition among phone manufacturers. GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of 35 km, which is imposed by technical limitations. No full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbps to the user. Reduced concentration while driving. Electromagnetic radiation. Abuse of private data possible. High complexity of the system. Several incompatibilities within the GSM standards.

1.9 Two Main Standards Of GSM Two main standards are followed: 1. GSM 900 (global system for mobile communications in the 900 MHz band) 2. DCS 1800 (digital cellular system for the 1800 MHz band) GSM 900 is a designed for extensive radio coverage even in rural areas. DCS 1800 is designed for radio coverage in areas with very high subscriber density. GSM is a global standard, GSM 900 being used in most European, Asian and pacific countries, GSM 1800 being used in the same place to increase the capacity of the system, and GSM 1900 being used primarily in the US. In its simplest form, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a set of ETSI standards specifying the infrastructure for a digital cellular service. The standard is used in approx. 85 countries in the world including such locations as Europe, Japan and Australia. The international designation of a public mobile radio network is PLMN (public land mobile network), as opposed to the PSTN (public switched telephone network). Several PLMN, which are designed on the basis of same standards, are compatible to each other. Therefore, a mobile subscriber can use the GSM/DCS specific mobile equipment and services in these compatible networks. Frequency bands: o GSM 900: 890 915 MHz: Uplink (MS transmit) 935 - 960 MHz: Downlink (MS receive) duplex interval: 45MHz bandwidth: 25MHz

o GSM 1800: 1710 - 1885 MHz: Uplink 1805 - 1880 MHz: Downlink

duplex interval: 95MHz bandwidth: 75MHz 200 kHz 8 TDMA / FDMA 270,833 kbps GMSK 1.35 bps/Hz

Carrier bandwidth: Channels / carrier: Multiple access: Gross bit rate pr carrier: Modulation: Spectrum efficiency:

GSM uses paired radio channels

IN K UPL

K LIN WN DO
890M Hz

915M Hz

935MH z

960MHz

124

124

Fig: uplink & downlink

1.9.1 Fig: Channels in GSM 900

25 MHz
8 8 7 7 6 6 45 45 23 23 4 4 1 123 1241

1 2

12 12 3 4

200 kHz

890 MHz MS transmit

915 MHz

935 MHz MS receive

960 MHz

CHAPTER 2: MULTIPLEXING IN GSM

In communication, many users access simultaneously a finite amount of radio spectrum that is known as Multiple Access Communication. The terms multiple access and multiplexing are used interchangeably. Multiple access mainly used in situations where the users are not in grouped & operate independently and multiplexing is used in situations where the users are in grouped and operate combindly GSM combines FDM and TDM: bandwidth is subdivided into channels of 200 kHz, shared by up to eight stations, assigning slots for transmission on demand. 2.1 FDMA

In Frequency Division Multiple Access, the available total spectrum is divided in different frequency bands and each user assigns a different carrier frequency so that the resulting spectrum do not overlap.

k1 c

k2

k3

k4

k5

k6

Fig: Frequency Division Multiple Access 2.1.1 Frequency multiplex Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands. A channel gets a certain band of the Spectrum for the whole time. Advantages: o No dynamic coordination necessary. o Works also for analog signals. o FDMA systems are less complex circuit structure. Disadvantages: o Waste of bandwidth if the traffic is distributed unevenly. o Inflexible. o Guard spaces. 2.2 TDMA

In TDMA i.e. Time Division Multiple Access, the total radio spectrum or bandwidth is partitioned into time slots and each time slot assigned to each user for communication purpose.

k1 c

k2

k3

k4

k5

k6

t
Fig: Time Division Multiple Access

2.2.1 Time multiplex A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount of time. Advantages: o Only one carrier in the medium at any time. o Throughput high even for many users. o TDMA systems are digital so costs of equipments are less. Disadvantages: o Precise synchronization necessary. o TDMA systems have high data rates because of less time required for one slot (user). 2.3 Time and Frequency Multiplex

Combination of both methods. A channel gets a certain frequency band for a certain amount of time. But: precise co-ordination required. Example: GSM Advantages: o o o Protection against frequency selective interference. Better protection against tapping. Higher data rates compared to code multiplex.

k1 c

k2

k3

k4

k5

k6

t
Fig: Time and Frequency Division Multiple Access

2.4 GSM Channel Structure Logical channels built up of physical channels. o Control channels. o Traffic channels. Logical channels divided between: o Dedicated channels. o Common channels.

25 MHz 124 carriers

Burst period Time slot 1 Time slot 2 ..

577 s
=Physical channel

TDMA frame

= 4.615 ms
Time slot 8

Figure: TDMA frame

CHAPTER 3: GSM NETWORK STRUCTURE

The GSM network is made up of geographic areas. As shown in Figure, these areas include cells, location areas (LAs), MSC/VLR service areas, and public land mobile network (PLMN) areas. 3.1 GSM Network Areas The GSM network is made up of geographic areas. As shown in Figure, these areas include cells, location areas (LAs), MSC/VLR service areas, and public land mobile network (PLMN) areas.

Fig: GSM Network Areas

3.1.1 Cell

Fig: Cell

Cell is the basic service area. The cell is the area given radio coverage by one base transceiver station. The GSM network identifies each cell via the cell global identity (CGI) number assigned to each cell. 3.1.1.1 Cellular Concept The cellular concept was developed and introduced by BELL Laboratories in early 1970s. One of the most successful initial implementations of the cellular concept was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), has been available in USA since 1983. A cellular system is generally characterized as: A high capacity land mobile system in which available frequency spectrum is partitioned into discrete channels which are assigned in groups to geographic cells covering a cellular Geographic Service Area (GSA). The discrete channels are capable of being reused in different cells within the service area. 3.1.1.2 Cell Characteristics The basic union in the system

o Defined as the area where radio coverage is given by one base station. Addressed by Cell Global Identity (CGI) A cell has one or several frequencies, depending on traffic load. o Frequencies are reused, but not used in neighboring cells due to interference.

3.1.1.3 Cell Size and Capacity Cell size determines number of cells available to cover geographic area and (with frequency reuse) the total capacity available to all users. Capacity within cell limited by available bandwidth and operational requirements. Each network operator has to size cells to handle expected traffic demand.

3.1.1.4 Optimum Use of Frequency Spectrum Operator bandwidth of 7.2 MHz (36 freq of 200 kHz). TDMA 8 traffic channels per carrier. K factor = 12. What are the numbers of traffic channels available within its area for these three cases. o Without cell splitting. o With 72 cells. o With 216 cells.

3.1.1.5 The Cellular Structure Implements space division multiplex: base station covers a certain transmission area (cell). Mobile stations communicate only via the base station. Advantages of cell structures: o Higher capacity, higher number of users. o Less transmission power needed. o More robust, decentralized. o Base station deals with interference, transmission area etc. locally. Problems: o Fixed network needed for the base stations. o Handover (changing from one cell to another) necessary. o Interference with other cells.

Cell sizes from some 100 m in cities to, e.g., 35 km on the country side (GSM) - even less for higher frequencies.

In a cellular system, the covering area of an operator is divided into cells. A cell corresponds to the covering area of one transmitter or a small collection of transmitters. The size of a cell is determined by the transmitters power. The concept of cellular systems is the use of low power transmitters in order to enable the efficient use of the frequencies. In fact, if the transmitters used are very powerful, the frequencies cannot be reused for hundred of kilometers as they are limited to the covering area of the transmitter. The frequency allocated to a cellular mobile radio system is distributed over a group of cells and this distribution is repeated in all the covering area of an operator. The whole number of radio channels available can then be used in each group of cells that form the covering area of the operator. Frequency used in a cell will be reused cells away. The distance between the cells using the same frequency must be sufficient to avoid interference. The frequency reuse will increase considerably the capacity in number of users. In order to work properly, a cellular must verify the following two main conditions: The power level of the transmitter within the single cell must be limited in order to reduce the interference with the transmitters of the neighboring cells. The distance of about 2.5 times the diameter of a cell must be maintained between transmitters of the neighboring cells to avoid any damage to the system. The receiver filters must also be high performance. Neighboring cells can not share the same channels. In order to reduce the interference, the frequencies must be reused only within a certain pattern. In order to exchange the information needed to maintain the communication links within the cellular network, several radio channels are reserved for the signaling information.

3.1.1.6 Clusters The cells are grouped into clusters. The number of cells in a cluster must be determined so that the cluster can be repeated continuously within the covering area of an operator. The typical cluster contains 4,7,12 or 21 cells. The number of cells in each cluster is very important. The smaller the number of cells per cluster is, the bigger the number of channels per cell will be. The capacity of each cell will be therefore increased. However the balanced must be found in order to avoid the interference that could occur between neighboring clusters. This interference is produced by the small size of the clusters (the small size of the cluster is defined by the number of cells per cluster). 3.1.1.7 Why Hexagonal Shaped Cells are better? Cells are drawn in hexagonal shape because the hexagonal shaped cells have no gaps or overlaps between them. It causes no interruption to the communication of a mobile subscriber moving from one cell to another. It is obvious from the figure that other shapes of the cells are leaving gaps where no coverage is provided to the mobile users. On the other hand, there is no such problem in hexagonal cells.

Fig: type of cells on the basis of shape.

3.1.1.8 Types of Cells Due to the uneven changes in the population density of different countries and regions in the world, there are different types of cells used according to the best results in uninterruptible communication. These are listed as: a) Macro Cells. Micro Cells. Pico Cells. Umbrella Cells. Selective Cells. Macro Cells

Fig: Typical macro cell

The macro cells are large cells for remote and sparsely populated areas. A macro cell is a cell in a mobile phone network that provides radio coverage served by a power cellular base station (tower). Generally, macro cells provide coverage larger than micro cell such as rural areas or along highways. The antennas for macro cells are mounted on ground-based masts, rooftops and the other existing structures, at a height that provides a clear view over the surrounding buildings and terrain.

Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or larger building structures that are taller than an average roof-top level. b) Micro Cells

Fig: Typical micro cell

These cells are used for densely populated areas. By splitting the existing areas into smaller cells, the number of channels available is increased as well as the capacity of the cells. A micro cell is a cell in a mobile phone network served by a low power cellular base station (tower), covering a limited area such as a mall, a hotel, or a transportation hub. A micro cell is usually larger than a Pico cell, though the distinction is not always clear. Typically the range of a micro cell is less than a mile wide. The antennas for micro cells are mounted at street level. Micro cell antennas are smaller than macro cell antennas and when mounted on existing structures can often be disguised as building features. Micro cells provide radio coverage over distances up to, typically, between 300m and 1000m. c) Pico Cells

Pico cells are small cells whose diameter is only few dozen meters; they are used mainly in indoor applications. It can cover e.g. a floor of a building or an entire building, or for example in shopping centres or airports. Pico cells

provide more localized coverage than micro cells, inside buildings where coverage is poor or there are high numbers of users.

d)

Umbrella Cells

A layer with micro cells is covered by at least one macro cell, and a micro cell can in turn cover several Pico cells, the covering cell is called an umbrella cell. A freeway crossing very small cells produces an important number of handovers among the different small neighbouring cells. In order to solve this problem, the concept of umbrella cells is introduced. An umbrella cell covers several micro cells. The power level inside an umbrella cell is increased comparing to the power levels used in the micro cells that form the umbrella cell. The mobile will then stay in the same cell (in this case the umbrella cell). This will reduce the number of handovers and the work of the network. A too important number of handovers demands and the propagation characteristics of a mobile can help to detect its speed. e) Selective Cells

It is not always useful to define a cell with a full coverage of 360 degrees. In some cases, cells with a particular shape and coverage are needed. These cells are called Selective cells. A typical example of selective cells is the cells that may be located at the entrances of the tunnels where a coverage of 360 degrees is not needed. In this case, a selective cell with coverage of 120 degrees is used.

fig: Hierarchical cell structures

3.1.1.9 Coverage limited and capacity limited A network can be either o Coverage limited: The radio coverage decides the BTS density Typically rural areas, large cells, high masts Macro cells o Capacity limited: The traffic decides the BTS density Typically urban areas, small cells, low BTS position Micro cells

fig: Coverage of Macro & Micro cells

3.1.1.10 FIG: Cell Distribution in a Network

3.1.2 Location Areas The location area is a group of cells. It is the area in which the subscriber is paged. Each LA is served by one or more base station controllers, yet only by a single MSC. Each LA is assigned a location area identity (LAI) number. (See Figure)

3.1.3 MSC/VLR Service Areas An MSC/VLR service area represents the part of the GSM network that is covered by on MSC and which is reachable, as it is registered in the VLR of the MSC (See Figure)

3.1.4 PLMN Service Area The area covered by one network operator is called PLMN. A PLMN can contain one or more MSCs. Every telephone network needs a well designed structure in order to route incoming called to the correct exchange and finally to the called subscriber. In a mobile network, this structure is of great importance because of the mobility of all its subscribers. In GSM system, network is divided into following partitioned areas: GSM service area: It is the total area served by the combination of all member countries where a mobile can be serviced.

PLMN service area: Based on its size these can be several within a country. All incoming calls for a GSM/PLMN network will be routed to a gateway MSC which works as an incoming transit exchange. The gateway MSC consists the inter working functions to make these connections.

MSC service area: There can be several MSC/VLR in one PLMN. To route a call to a mobile subscriber, the path through links to MSC in the MSC area where the subscriber is currently located. The mobile location can be uniquely identified since the MS is registered in a VLR, which is generally associated with an MSC.

Location areas: LAs are several within a MSC/VLR combination. A LA is a part of the MSC/VLR service area in which a MS may move freely without updating location information to the MSC/VLR exchange that control the LA. In a LA a paging message is broadcast to find the called mobile subscriber. LA can be identified by using the location area identity. LA is used to search for the subscriber in an active state.

Cells: It is an identity served by one BTS, the MS differentiate between cells using BSIC (Base Station Identification Code) that the cell site broadcast over the air.

CHAPTER 4: GSM ARCHITECTURE

Fig: GSM Architecture Block Diagram 4.1 Mobile station (MS)

The mobile station (MS) includes radio equipment and the man machine interface that a subscriber needs in order to access the service provided by the GSM PLMN. The MS may include provisions for the data communication as well as voice. A mobile transmits and receives message to and from the GSM system over the air interface to establish and continue connections through the system. Each MS is identified by an IMEI that is permanently stored in a mobile unit. Upon request, the MS sends this number over he signaling channel to the MSC. The IMEI can be used to identify mobile units that are reported stolen or operating incorrectly. The mobile subscriber ISDN number (MS ISDN) is the number that the calling party dials in order to reach the subscriber. It is used by the land network to route calls towards an appropriate MSC. The international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) is permanently assigned to him. Temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI) is also assigned by the GSM system which can be periodically changed and protect the subscriber from being identified by those attempting to monitor the radio channel. A mobile station is typically made up of: An antenna. An amplifier. A receiver. A transmitter and Similar hardware and software for sending and receiving signals and converting between RF waves and audio signals. 4.1.1 Functions of Mobile Station

The primary functions of MS are to transmit and receive voice and data over the Air interface of the GSM system. MS performs the signal processing function of digiting,

encoding, error protecting, encrypting, and modulating the transmitted signals. It also performs the inverse functions on the received signals from BS.

In order to transmit voice and data signals, the mobile must be in synchronization with the system. To achieve this, the MS automatically tunes and synchronizes to the frequency and TDMA timeslot specified by the BSC. The MS monitors the power level and signal quality, determined by the BER for known receiver bit sequences from both its current BTS and up to six surrounding BTSs. This data is received on the downlink broadcast control channel. The system then uses this list for best cell handover decisions.

MS keeps the GSM network informed of its location during both national and international roaming, even when it is inactive. MS includes an equalizer that compensates for multi path distortion on the received signal The MS can store and display short received alphanumeric messages on the LCD. These messages are limited to 160 characters in length.

4.1.2 Mobile Station, consists of two distinct entities:

Mobile Terminal or Equipment (ME). Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Card.

Fig: Components of MS

4.1.2.1 Mobile Equipment (ME)

Fig: Mobile equipment The mobile equipment is also called the terminal and is responsible for communication with the GSM system and converting the radio signals in to human voice and reverse is also true. Major characteristics of Mobile Equipment are: Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device. Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity).

 Voice and data transmission. Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cells for optimum handover. Power level: 0.8W 20 W. 160 character long SMS. According to the power and applications of it, ME is divided into different types: a) b) Fixed Terminals

Portable Terminals Handheld terminals Fixed Terminals Portable Terminals

These MEs are the ones installed in cars having the maximum power output of 20 W. The GSM Portable terminals are also installed in the vehicles. Their maximum allowed output power is 8 W. c) Handheld terminals The handheld terminals are most popular because of their smaller size and weight, which are decreasing continuously. These terminals can emit up to 2 W of power. With evolution in technology, the maximum allowed power is reduced to 0.8 W. 4.1.2.2 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Fig: Ideal SIM GSM subscribers are provided with a SIM (subscriber identity module) card with its unique identification at the very beginning of the service. By divorcing the subscriber ID from the equipment ID, the subscriber may never own the GSM mobile equipment set. The subscriber is identified in the system when he inserts the SIM card in the mobile equipment. This provides an enormous amount of flexibility to the subscribers since they can now use any GSM-specified mobile equipment. The SIM is a removable, the size of a credit card, and contains an integrated circuit chip with a microprocessor, random access memory (RAM), and read only memory (ROM). The subscriber inserts it in the MS unit when he or she wants to use the MS to make or receive a call. As stated, a SIM also comes in a modular from that can be mounted in the subscribers equipment. When a mobile subscriber wants to use the system, he or she mounts their SIM card and provide their four-digit Personal Identification Number (PIN), which is compared with a PIN stored within the SIM. If the user enters three incorrect PIN codes, the SIM is disabled. The service provider if requested by the subscriber can also permanently bypass the PIN. Disabling the PIN code simplifies the call setup but reduces the protection of the users account in the event of a stolen SIM. 4.1.2.2.1 Advantages in a SIM

The SIM card is protected by a four-digit PIN number. In order to identify the subscriber to the system, the SIM contain some parameters pf the user such as International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), etc. Another advantage of the SIM card is the mobility of the users. In fact, the only element that personalizes a terminal is the SIM card. Therefore, the user can have access to its subscribed services in any terminal using its SIM card.

4.1.2.2.2 Functions of a SIM The functions of the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) are: Authentication of the validity of the MS when accessing the network User authentication Storage of subscriber-related information, which can be: data fixed during administrative phase (e.g., subscriber identification), and temporary network data (e.g., cell location identity). 4.1.3 Mobile subscriber identities in GSM It would be better to discuss some of the important subscriber identities in the GSM, which make the use of this technology safer for every person whether he/she is a subscriber of GSM or not. a) International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

An IMSI is assigned to each authorized GSM user. It consists of a mobile country code (MCC), mobile network code (MNC) (to identify the PLMN), and a PLMN unique mobile subscriber identification number (MSIN). The IMSI is the only absolute identity that a subscriber has within the GSM system. The IMSI consists of the MCC followed by the MNC and MSIN and shall not exceed 15 digits. It is used in the case of system-internal signaling transactions in order to identify a subscriber. The first two digits of the MSIN identify the HLR where the mobile subscriber is administrated. It identifies a unique international universal number of a mobile subscriber, which consists of IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN

= Mobile Country Code + Mobile Network Code + Mobile Identification Number [3 digit] [2 digit] [11 digit] a) MCC: country code, 460 b) MNC: network code, 00 or 01 c) MSIN: subscriber identification, H1H2H3H4 9XXXXXX, H1H2H3H4: subscriber registering place. H1H2: assigned by the P&T Administrative Bureau (operator) to different provinces, to each province. H3H4: assigned by each province/city. The IMSI of user will be written into the SIM card by specific device and software and be stored into the HLR with other user information. b) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) A TMSI is a MSC-VLR specific alias that is designed to maintain user confidentiality. It is assigned only after successful subscriber authentication. The correlation of a TMSI to an IMSI only occurs during a mobile subscribers initial transaction with an MSC (for example, location updating). Under certain condition (such as traffic system disruption and malfunctioning of the system), the MSC can direct individual TMSIs to provide the MSC with their IMSI.

c)

Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSIN) The MS international number must be dialed after the international prefix in order to obtain a mobile subscriber in another country. The MSISDN numbers is composed of the country code (CC) followed by the National Destination Code (NDC), Subscriber Number (SN), which shall not exceed 15 digits. Here too the first two digits of the SN identify the HLR where the mobile subscriber is administrated. MSIN= CC+NDC+ H1H2H3H4 +ABC = Country Code + National Destination Code + Subscriber number a) CC: country code, 86

b) NDC: network code, 135139, 130 c) H1H2H3H4: HLR identification code d) ABC: mobile subscriber number inside each HLR Ex: 63 + 0918 + 8889999 Maximum length is 15 digits

d) The Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) The MSRN is allocated on temporary basis when the MS roams into another numbering area. The MSRN number is used by the HLR for rerouting calls to the MS. It is assigned upon demand by the HLR on a per-call basis. The MSRN for PSTN/ISDN routing shall have the same structure as international ISDN numbers in the area in which the MSRN is allocated. The HLR knows in what MSC/VLR service area the subscriber is located. At the reception of the MSRN, HLR sends it to the GMSC, which can now route the call to the MSC/VLR exchange where the called subscriber is currently registered. The MSRN is temporarily distributed to the subscriber by the VLR according to the request by the HLR when this subscriber is called. The MSRN is released and can be assigned to other subscriber later. MSRN= CC + NDC + 00 + M1M2M3 + ABC a) CC: country code, 86 b) NDC: mobile network code, 135139, 130 c) M1M2: same as the H2H3 of MSISDN d) ABC: 000 -- 999 e) International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

The IMEI is the unique identity of the equipment used by a subscriber by each PLMN and is used to determine authorized (white), unauthorized (black), and malfunctioning (gray) GSM hardware. In conjunction with the IMSI, it is used to ensure that only authorized users are granted access to the system. It will uniquely identify a mobile station. It is a decimal number of 15 digits. Its structure is: IMEI= TAC+FAC+SNR+SP a) TAC=model ratification code, 6 digits

b) FAC=factory assembling code, 2 digits c) SNR=sequence code, 6 digits d) SP=reserved, 1 digit

4.2

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Fig: diagram of BTS The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the network. A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC. A BTS is a network component that serves one cell and is controlled by a BSC. BTS is typically able to handle three to five radio carries, carrying between 24 and 40 simultaneous communication. Reducing the BTS volume is important to keeping down the cost of the cell sites. A BTS compares radio transmission and reception devices, up to and including the antennas, and also all the signal processing specific to the radio interface. A single transceiver within BTS supports eight basic radio channels of the same TDM frame. There are two categorize in which, BTS may be arranged in the cells depending upon the circumstances of the region in which they are to be us. 4.2.1 Functions of BTS

Fig: BTS with its antennae The primary responsibility of the BTS is to transmit and receive radio signals from a mobile unit over an air interface. To perform this function completely, the signals are encoded, encrypted, multiplexed, modulated, and then fed to the antenna system at the cell site. Transcoding to bring 13-kbps speech to a standard data rate of 16 kbps and then combining four of these signals to 64 kbps is essentially a part of BTS, though; it can be done at BSC or at MSC. The voice communication can be either at a full or half rate over logical speech channel. In order to keep the mobile synchronized, BTS transmits frequency and time synchronization signals over frequency correction channel (FCCH and BCCH logical channels. The received signal from the mobile is decoded, decrypted, and equalized for channel impairments.

The channel subsequent assignment is made by BSC. Timing advance is determined by BTS. BTS signals the mobile for proper timing adjustment. Uplink radio channel measurement corresponding to the downlink measurements made by MS has to be made by BTS.

4.2.2 BTS-BSC Configurations

Fig: BTS-BSC configurations There are several BTS-BSC configurations: single site, single cell; single site, multicell; and multisite, multicell. These configurations are chosen based on the rural or urban application. These configurations make the GSM system economical since the operation has options to adapt the best layout based on the traffic requirement. Thus, in some sense, system optimization is possible by the proper choice of the configuration. These include omnidirectional rural configuration where the BSC and BTS are on the same site; chain and multidrop loop configuration in which several BTSs are controlled by a single remote BSC with a chain or ring connection topology; rural star configuration in which several BTSs are connected by individual lines to the same BSC; and sectorized urban configuration in which

three BTSs share the same site and are controlled by either a collocated or remote BSC. In rural areas, most BTSs are installed to provide maximum coverage rather then maximum capacity.

4.3

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Fig: BTS- BSC Connections

A BSC is a network component in the PLMN that function for control of one or more BTS. It is a functional entity that handles common control functions within a BTS. BSC within a mobile network is a key component for handling and routing information. The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of BSCs are served by an MSC. The BSC is connected to the MSC on one side and to the BTS on the other. The BSC performs the Radio Resource (RR) management for the cells under its control. It assigns and releases frequencies and timeslots for all MSs in its own area. The BSC performs the intercell handover for MSs moving between:

BTS in its control. It also reallocates frequencies to the BTSs in its area to meet locally heavy demands during peak hours or on special events. The BSC controls the power transmission of both BSSs and MSs in its area. The minimum power level for a mobile unit is broadcast over the BCCH. The BSC provides the time and frequency synchronization reference signals broadcast by its BTSs. The BSC also measures the time delay of received MS signals relative to the BTS clock. If the received MS signal is not centered in its assigned timeslot at the BTS, The BSC can direct the BTS to notify the MS to advance the timing such that proper synchronization takes place. The BSC may also perform traffic concentration to reduce the number of transmission lines from the BSC to its BTSs. 4.3.1 Fig: Some base station equipment

4.4 Transcoder and Rate Adaptation Unit (TRAU) An important component of the BSS that is considered in the GSM architecture as a part of the BTS is the Transcoder/Rate Adaptation Unit (TRAU). The TRAU is the equipment in which coding and decoding is carried out as well as rate adaptation in case of data. Although the specifications consider the TRAU as a subpart of the BTS, it can be sited away from the BTS (at MSC), and even between the BSC and the MSC. The TRAU adapts the 64 Kbps from the MSC to the comparatively low transmission rate of the radio interface of 16 Kbps. The interface between the MSC and the BSS is a standardized SS7 interface (A-interface) that, as stated before, is fully defined in the GSM recommendations. This allows the system operator to purchase switching equipment from one supplier and radio equipment and the controller from another. The interface between the BSC and a remote BTS likewise is a standard the Abis. In splitting the BSS functions between BTS and BSC, the main principle was that only such functions that had to reside close to the radio transmitters/receivers should be placed in BTS. This will also help reduce the complexity of the BTS. 4.4.1 Transcoder (XCDR) Depending on the relative costs of a transmission plant for a particular cellular operator, there may be some benefit, for larger cells and certain network topologies, in having the transcoder either at the BTS, BSC or MSC location. If the transcoder is located at MSC, they are still considered functionally a part of the BSS. This approach allows for the maximum of flexibility and innovation in optimizing the transmission between MSC and BTS.

Fig: Transcoder Interfacing The transcoder is the device that takes 13-Kbps speech or 3.6/6/12-Kbps data multiplexes and four of them to convert into standard 64-Kbps data. First, the 13 Kbps or the data at 3.6/6/12 Kbps are brought up to the level of 16 Kbps by inserting additional synchronizing data to make up the difference between a 13-Kbps speech or lower rate data, and then four of them are combined in the transcoder to provide 64 Kbps channel within the BSS. Four traffic channels can then be multiplexed on one 64-Kbps circuit. Thus, the TRAU output data rate is 64 Kbps. Then, up to 30 such 64-Kbps channels are multiplexed onto a 2.048 Mbps if a CEPT1 channel is provided on the Abis interface. This channel can carry up to 120-(16x 120) traffic and control signals. Since the data rate to the PSTN is normally at 2 Mbps, which is the result of combining 30-Kbps by 64-Kbps channels, or 120- Kbps by 16-Kbps channels. 4.5 Mobile Switching Center (MSC) An MSC is the point of connection to the network for mobile subscribers of a wireless telephone network. It connects to the subscribers through base stations and radio transmission equipment that control the air interface, and to the network of other MSCs and wireless infrastructure through voice trunks and SS7. An MSC includes the procedures for mobile registration and is generally co-sited with a visitor location register (VLR) that is used to temporarily store information relating to the mobile subscribers temporarily connected to that MSC. The MSC performs the telephony

switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems. It also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel signaling, and others.

4.5.1

Other GSM core network elements connected to MSC

Fig: for Encryption in GSM The MSC connects to the following elements: The Home location register (HLR) for obtaining data about the SIM and mobile services ISDN number (MSISDN; i.e., the telephone number).

The UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) which handles the radio communication with 3G mobile phones. The visitor location register (VLR) for determining where other mobile subscribers are located. Other MSCs for procedures such as handover. Other network elements of MSC

4.5.2

a) Billing Center: Each MSC writes call accounting records to local disk memory. Billing Center periodically polls the disk records of each MSC to collect the billing data for the PLMN. b) Service Center: The Service Center interfaces with the MSCs to provide special services, such as the Short Message Service (SMS), to mobile subscribers in the PLMN. The Billing Center and Service Center are not a basic part of the GSM system. c) Tasks of the MSC: The main tasks of the MSC include:

Delivering calls to subscribers as they arrive based on information from the VLR. Connecting outgoing calls to other mobile subscribers or the PSTN. Delivering SMSs from subscribers to the short message service centre (SMSC) and vice versa. Arranging handovers from BSC to BSC. Carrying out handovers from this MSC to another. Supporting supplementary services such as conference calls or call hold. Generating billing information. Functions-based Types

4.5.3

There are various different names for MSCs in different contexts which reflects their complex role in the network, all of these terms though could refer to the same MSC, but doing different things at different times.

a) Gateway MSC (G-MSC): The gateway MSC (G-MSC) is the MSC that determines which visited MSC the subscriber who is being called is currently located. It also interfaces with the PSTN. All mobile to mobile calls and PSTN to mobile calls are routed through a G-MSC. The term is only valid in the context of one call since any MSC may provide both the gateway function and the Visited MSC function; however, some manufacturers design dedicated high capacity MSCs which do not have any BSSs connected to them. These MSCs will then be the Gateway MSC for many of the calls they handle. b) Visited MSC (V-MSC): The visited MSC (V-MSC) is the MSC where a customer is currently located. The VLR associated with this MSC will have the subscriber's data in it. c) Short Message Service Center (SMSC): Finally, the MSC serves as a SMS gateway to forward SMS messages from Short Message Service Centers (SMSC) to the subscribers and from the subscribers to the SMSCs. It thus acts as a message mailbox and delivery system.The SMSC is a store-and-forward device used to provide peer-to-peer text messaging services in mobile networks. Any text message issued from a mobile handset is forwarded to the SMSC, where the location of the called subscriber is determined by consulting the appropriate HLR. If the subscriber is currently connected to a reachable network, the location is determined and the text message is transmitted. If not, the message is stored for later transmission once the subscriber becomes available. The SMSC also includes back-end interfaces for the connection of enhanced service platforms that can be used to implement a variety of SMS services such as televoting and premium rate data services (e.g., weather, traffic, sports, and news). 4.6 Home location register (HLR) 'Home Location Register' The home location register (HLR) is a central database that contains details of each mobile phone subscriber that is authorized to use the GSM core network. There can be several logical, and physical, HLRs per public land mobile network (PLMN), though one
international mobile subscriber identity

(IMSI)/MSISDN pair can be associated with only one

logical HLR (which can span several physical nodes) at a time.

The HLR stores details of every SIM card issued by the mobile phone operator. Each SIM has a unique identifier called an IMSI which is the primary key to each HLR record. The next important items of data associated with the SIM are the MSISDNs, which are the telephone numbers used by mobile phones to make and receive calls. The primary MSISDN is the number used for making and receiving voice calls and SMS, but it is possible for a SIM to have other secondary MSISDNs associated with it for fax and data calls. Each MSISDN is also a primary key to the HLR record. The HLR data is stored for as long as a subscriber remains with the mobile phone operator.

4.6.1 Data stored in the HLR GSM services that the subscriber has requested or been given.
GPRS settings

to allow the subscriber to access packet services.

Current location of subscriber (VLR and serving GPRS support node/SGSN). Call diverts settings applicable for each associated MSISDN.

The HLR is a system which directly receives and processes MAP transactions and messages from elements in the GSM network, for example, the location update messages received as mobile phones roam around. 4.6.2 Other GSM core network elements connected to HLR The HLR connects to the following elements. The G-MSC for handling incoming calls . The SMSC for handling incoming SMS . The VLR for handling requests from mobile phones to attach to the network. The voice mail system for delivering notifications to the mobile phone that a message is waiting. The AUC for authentication and ciphering and exchange of data (triplets).

4.6.3

Functions of HLR The main function of the HLR is to manage the fact that SIMs and phones move around a lot. The following procedures are implemented to deal with this: Manage the mobility of subscribers by means of updating their position in administrative areas called 'location areas', which are identified with a LAC. The action of a user of moving from one LA to another is followed by the HLR with a Location area update while retrieving information from BSS as base station identity code (BSIC).

Send the subscriber data to a VLR or SGSN when a subscriber first roams there. Broker between the G-MSC or SMSC and the subscriber's current VLR in order to allow incoming calls or text messages to be delivered. Remove subscriber data from the previous VLR when a subscriber has roamed away from it.

4.7 Visitor location register (VLR) The visitor location register is a temporary database of the subscribers who have roamed into the particular area which it serves. Each base station in the network is served by exactly one VLR, hence a subscriber cannot be present in more than one VLR at a time. The data stored in the VLR has either been received from the HLR, or collected from the MS. In practice, for performance reasons, most vendors integrate the VLR directly to the V-MSC and, where this is not done, the VLR is very tightly linked with the MSC via a proprietary interface. 4.7.1

Data stored in VLR (the subscriber's identity number).

IMSI

Authentication data. MSISDN (the subscriber's phone number). GSM services that the subscriber is allowed to access.
access point (GPRS) subscribed.

The HLR address of the subscriber.

4.7.2 Other GSM core network elements connected to VLR The VLR connects to the following elements:

The V-MSC to pass needed data for its procedures; e.g., authentication or call setup. The HLR to request data for mobile phones attached to its serving area. Other VLRs to transfer temporary data concerning the mobile when they roam into new VLR areas. For example, the temporal mobile subscriber identity (TMSI).

4.7.3 Functions of VLR The primary functions of the VLR are:

To inform the HLR that a subscriber has arrived in the particular area covered by the VLR. To track where the subscriber is within the VLR area (location area) when no call is ongoing. To allow or disallow which services the subscriber may use. To allocate roaming numbers during the processing of incoming calls. To purge the subscriber record if a subscriber becomes inactive whilst in the area of a VLR. The VLR deletes the subscriber's data after a fixed time period of inactivity and informs the HLR (e.g., when the phone has been switched off

and left off or when the subscriber has moved to an area with no coverage for a long time). To delete the subscriber record when a subscriber explicitly moves to another, as instructed by the HLR.

4.8 Authentication centre (AUC)

Fig: Authentication in GSM The authentication centre (AUC) is a function to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to connect to the GSM core network (typically when the phone is powered on). Once the authentication is successful, the HLR is allowed to manage the SIM and services described above. An encryption key is also generated that is subsequently used to encrypt all wireless communications (voice, SMS, etc.) between the mobile phone and the GSM core network. If the authentication fails, then no services are possible from that particular combination of SIM card and mobile phone operator attempted. There is an additional form of identification check performed on the serial number of the mobile phone described in the EIR section below, but this is not relevant to the AUC processing. Proper implementation of security in and around the AUC is a key part of an operator's strategy to avoid SIM cloning. The AUC does not engage directly in the authentication process, but instead generates data known as triplets for the MSC to use during the procedure. The security of the process depends upon a shared secret between the AUC and the SIM called the Ki. The Ki is securely burned into the SIM during manufacture and is also securely replicated onto the AUC. This Ki is never transmitted between the AUC and SIM, but is combined with the IMSI to produce a challenge/response for identification purposes and an encryption key called Kc for use in over the air communications. 4.9 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

The EIR is a database that contains information about the identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective mobile stations. The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone nodes or as a combined AUC/EIR node. EIR is a database that stores the IMEI numbers for all registered ME units. The IMEI uniquely identifies all registered ME. There is generally one EIR per PLMN. It interfaces to the various HLR in the PLMN. The EIR keeps track of all ME units in the PLMN. It maintains various lists of message. The database stores the ME identification and has nothing do with subscriber who is receiving or originating call. There are three classes of ME that are stored in the database, and each group has different characteristics: White List: contains those IMEIs that are known to have been assigned to valid MSs. This is the category of genuine equipment. Black List: contains IMEIs of mobiles that have been reported stolen. Gray List: contains IMEIs of mobiles that have problems (for example, faulty software, and wrong make of the equipment). This list contains all MEs with faults not important enough for barring. 4.10 Overview of the GSM interface

Figure: Simple description of Interfaces

For connection of the different nodes in GSM network, different interface are defined in GSM specifications which are discussed as below: a) Air Interface Or U m Interface: This interface is between the BTS (Base Transceiver Station) and the MS (Mobile Station). To achieve a high spectral efficiency in a cellular network a combination of : a. FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) b. TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

b) A Bis Interface: The A Bis interface is the interface between the BSC (Base Station Controller) and the BTS. The interface companies traffic and control channels. c) A Interface: The A Interface is the interface between the BSC and the MSC. 4.11 Call setup Call Originating from MS Call termination to MS

4.11.1 Outgoing Call

Fig: block diagram of outgoing calls

1-MS sends dialled number to BSS. 2-BSS sends dialled number to MSC. 3,4-MSC checks VLR if MS is allowed the requested service. If so, MSC asks BSS to allocate resources for call. 5-MSC routes the call to GMSC. 6-GMSC routes the call to local exchange of called user. 7,8,9,10-Answer back(ring back) tone is routed from called user to MS via GMSC,MSC,BSS. 4.11.2 Incoming Call

Fig: block diagram of Incoming calls

1-Calling a GSM subscribers. 2-Forwarding call to GSMC. 3-Signal Setup to HLR. 4,5-Request MSRN from VLR. 6-Forward responsible MSC to GMSC. 7-Forward Call to current MSC. 8,9-Get current status of MS. 10,11-Paging of MS. 12,13-MS answers. 14,15-Security checks. 16,17-Set up connection.

CHAPTER 5: CELL PLANNING GSM working constitutes various processes and components. Following is the classification: 5.1 Network Planning

Fig: components of network planning

5.1.1 Site building

Fig: components of site Building

5.1.2 Site Selection

Table: Various criterion for Site Selection

5.1.3 Site Surveying Tools

5.2 Frequency hopping The mobile station already has to be frequency agile, meaning it can move between a transmit, receive, and monitor time slot within one TDMA frame, which may be on different frequencies. GSM makes use of this inherent frequency agility to implement slow frequency hopping, where the mobile and BTS transmit each TDMA frame on a different carrier frequency. The frequency-hopping algorithm is broadcast on the Broadcast Control Channel. Since multipath fading is (mildly) dependent on carrier frequency, slow frequency hopping helps alleviate the problem. In addition, cochannel interference is in effect randomized. FH may be classified as fast or slow. Fast FH occurs if there is frequency hop for each transmitted symbol. Thus, fast FH implies hat the hopping rate equals or exceeds the information symbol rate. Slow FH occurs if two or more symbols are transmitted in the time interval between frequency hops. FH allows communicators to hop out of frequency channels with interference or to hop out of fades. To exploit this capability, error-correcting codes, appropriate interleaving, and disjointed frequency channels are nearly always used. 5.3 Handover Handover, or handoff as it is called in North America, is the switching of an ongoing call to a different channel or cell. There are four different types of handover in the GSM system, which involve transferring a call between

Channels (time slots) in the same cell, Cells (Base Transceiver Stations) under the control of the same Base Station Controller (BSC), Cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the same Mobile services Switching Center (MSC), and Cells under the control of different MSCs.

The first two types of handover, called internal handovers, involve only one Base Station Controller (BSC). To save signaling bandwidth, they are managed by the BSC without involving the Mobile service Switching Center (MSC), except to notify it at the completion of the handover. The last two types of handover, called external handovers, are handled by the MSCs involved. Note that call control, such as provision of supplementary services and requests for further handoffs, is handled by the original MSC. Handovers can be initiated by either the mobile or the MSC (as a means of traffic load balancing). During its idle time slots, the mobile scans the Broadcast Control Channel of up to 16 neighboring cells, and forms a list of the six best candidates for possible handover, based on the received signal strength. This information is passed to the BSC and MSC, and is used by the handover algorithm. The algorithm for when a handover decision should be taken is not specified in the GSM recommendations. There are two basic algorithms used, both closely tied in with power control. This is because the BSC usually does not know whether the poor signal quality is due to multipath fading or to the mobile having moved to another cell. This is especially true in small urban cells. The 'minimum acceptable performance' algorithm [Bal91] gives precedence to power control over handover, so that when the signal degrades beyond a certain point, the power level of the mobile is increased. If further power increases do not improve the signal, then a handover is considered. This is the simpler and more common method, but it creates 'smeared' cell boundaries when a mobile transmitting at peak power goes some distance beyond its original cell boundaries into another cell. The 'power budget' method [Bal91] uses handover to try to maintain or improve a certain level of signal quality at the same or lower power level. It thus gives precedence to handover over power control. It avoids the 'smeared' cell boundary problem and reduces co-channel interference, but it is quite complicated. `

Fig: Handovers 5.3.1 Intra MSC Handover The MS determines that a handover is required, it sends the Measurement Report message to the serving BSS. This message contains the signal strength measurements. The serving BSS sends a Handover Request message to the MSC. This message contains a rank-ordered list of the target BSSs that are qualified to receive the call. The MSC reviews the global cell identity associated with the best candidate to determine if one of the BSSs that it controls is responsible for the cell area. In this scenario the MSC determines that the cell area is associated with the target BSS. To perform an intra-MSC handover, two resources are required: a trunk between the MSC and the target BSS and a radio TCH in the new cell area. The MSC reserves a rank and sends a Handover Request message to the target BSS. This message includes the desired cell area for handover, the identity of the MSC-BSS trunk that was reserved, and the encryption key ( ). The target BSS selects and reserves the appropriate resources to support the handover pending the connection execution. The target BSS sends a Handover Request Acknowledgment to the MSC. The message contains the new radio channel identification. The MSC sends the Handover Command message to the serving BSS. In this message the new radio channel identification supplied by the target BSS is included. The serving BSS forwards the Handover Command message t o the MS. The MS retunes to the new radio channel and sends the Handover Access message to the target BSS on the new radio channel. The target BSS sends the Physical Information message to the MS. The target BSS informs the MSC when it begins detecting the MS handing over with the Handover Detected message. The target BSS and the MS exchange messages to synchronize/align the Mss transmission in the proper time slot. On the completion, the MS sends the Handover Completed message to the target BSS. The MSC sends a Release message to other serving BSS to release the old radio TCH. At this point, the serving BSS releases all resources with the MS and sends the Release Complete message to the MSC.

5.3.2 Inter-MSC Handover In this scenario we assume that a call has already been established. The serving BSS is connected to the serving MSC and the target BSS to the target MSC. Same as step 1 in the intra-MSC handover. Same as step 2 in the intra-MSC handover.

When a call is handed over from the serving MSC to the target MSC via PSTN, the serving MSC sets up an inter-MSC voice connection by placing a call to the directory number that belongs to the target MSC. When the serving MSC places this call, the PSTN is unaware that the call is a handover and follows the normal call routing procedures, delivering the call to the target MSC. The serving MSC sends a Prepare Handover message to the target MSC. The target MSC sends an Allocate Handover message to its VLR to assign the TMSI. The target VLR sends the TMSI in the Send Handover Report message. Same as step 3 in the intra-MSC handover. Same as step 4 in the intra-MSC handover. The target MSC sends the Prepare Handover (acknowledge) message to the serving MSC indicating that is ready for the handover. The serving MSC sends the Send Handover (acknowledge) message to the target MSC. The target MSC sends a Send Handover Request (acknowledge) message to the target VLR. Same as step 5 in the intra-MSC handover. Same as step 6 in the intra-MSC handover. Same as step 7 in the intra-MSC handover. Same as step 8 in the intra-MSC handover. Same as step 9 in the intra-MSC handover. Same as step 10 in the intra-MSC handover. Same as step 11 in the intra-MSC handover. The target MSC sends a Process Access Signaling message to the serving MSC. At this point the handover has been completed, and the target MSC sends a Send End Signal message to the serving MSC. Same as step 12 in the intra-MSC handover. Same as step 13 in the intra-MSC handover. The serving MSC sends a Send End Signal (acknowledge) message to the target MSC.

5.4 Transmission Transmission is an important element in any mobile network, affecting the services and service quality offered, as well as the costs of the mobile operator. Optimization of transmission solutions is thus certainly worthwhile from the operators business point of view. In current mobile networks, transmission has been optimized for the narrow-band circuit switched traffic. This type of traffic will continue to dominate for some years: trying to optimize a network without taking it into consideration is totally out of question.

However, as stated above, packet based information over the mobile network will show rapid growth and any reasonable network development plans have to take this into account and plan for a smooth and economic transition and evolution path for the transmission network. So, in broad terms, the transmission network must continue to provide well engineered and economically optimized solutions for the growing volumes of circuit based traffic, while at the same time develop the readiness to cope with the even faster growing data traffic of the future. This type of transmission solution is needed in all parts of the mobile network, both in access networks with many points and low-capacity links, as well as in core networks with high traffic volumes. This means for example that in a GSM network, a transmission solution is needed which provides for efficient transport of large number of 16 kbit/s channels and which can evolve to also carry packet based traffic, either ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) or IP (Internet Protocol) or both. The solutions might be similar or different in different parts of the network: even the role and share of the different traffic types (TDM, ATM, IP) might be different, but the transmission network must support them all in a planned and managed way. 5.4.1 Network topologies In the GSM hierarchy, the logical network is tree-like in structure. The logical connections are based on TRXs connected from the BTS to the BSC, and then straight trunk connections from the BSC to the MSC. The practical implementation, however, has various forms. Network topology is a critical issue for any operator. Topology and capacity should be planned together with the Q1 management network in a proper way from the very beginning. Thus, it is very important that transmission is flexible to cope with future expansion needs. The topologies which must be supported include star, chain/multidrop, and loop topologies. These typical topologies are usually combined in different ways, producing a vast array of topologies in actual networks. The transmission units integrated in the Nokia BTSs allow a wide array of transmission topologies. (a) Star topology (hub-and-spoke)

In the simplest topology, BTSs are at the end of a point-to-point link. There is simply a straight connection from the BSC or a transmission hub to each BTS. This is known as star, or hub-and-spoke, topology. Only one transmission interface is needed at the BTS. If the BTS is less than 12 TRX in capacity, some transmission capacity remains unused. This does, however, allow room for future growth, either at the same BTS or as new BTSs are added nearby. A star centre, or hub, requires as many transmission interfaces as there are spokes. This poses a challenge if the medium is microwave: radio hops must have sufficient frequency separation. Additionally, in a star topology, the only transmission protection possible is redundant links. This doubles the investment in transmission, and, depending on the protection used, doubles the number of microwave frequencies needed.

Fig : Star Topology (b) Chain/multidrop topology and branching Using two interfaces in a BTS allows the chaining of BTSs one after the other. A transmission link enters a BTS, where traffic from that BTS is added (this is one form of grooming), and exits from another transmission interface to continue to the next site. A chain topology is needed, for example, along highways. The chain length is typically five to ten BTSs. Chain topology is also known as multidrop, as the transmission node is considered an add-drop multiplexer. Once a BTS has more than two interfaces, many new topologies are enabled: at

each BTS, the traffic can be branched. This is especially useful for combining the capacity of several BTSs into fewer transmission links. The BTS not only performs the function of squeezing its own required capacity into a bypassing transmission link, but it can also add that of remote BTSs. The additional interface(s) can be used for other purposes as well, including multiservice sites, microcellular hub sites, and even for providing access for fixed services. This is a major benefit of branching capability, as it allows future growth, either in BTS density, or in business scope (service offering).

Fig: Chain/Multi drop Topology (c) Loop topology A loop is the most cost-effective investment in transmission protection, as only one "extra" link is required, compared to redundant links, where every single hop has duplicated equipment. When applied in microwave radio transmission, loops remarkably increase the reliability of connections. For example, the effects of outages due to rain are minimized. Alternatively, the availability increase can be converted into longer hop lengths. Additionally, connecting a set of BTSs in a loop, rather than as a star, dramatically reduces the number of microwave radio frequencies needed.

Fig: Loop Topology

CHAPTER 6: GSM COMMUNICATION SERVICES

From the beginning of GSM and till now there is always a focus provided on the GSM communication services, today various types of services provided by various GSM service providers. 6.1 Value added services 6.1.1 Call waiting With Call Waiting on a Hutch phone, you can receive and hold an incoming call when you are already talking to another person. When this service is activated, the network notifies you of a new incoming call while you have a call in progress, which means that if another person tries calling you midway through a conversation, he/she will hear a message informing him/her that your line is busy, while you will hear beeps at intervals. 6.1.2 Call Divert In case you are busy in a meeting, or if your cell phone is switched off, you can forward incoming calls to a landline or another mobile phone - where someone can receive messages on your behalf. You can also forward an incoming call while speaking to someone.

6.1.3 Voice response services By using these services one can access information, download ringtones and logos, and more. For this one has to just dial and speak on a no. for the desired service. With Hutch World, one can enjoy a host of GPRS-based services exclusively on Hutch GPRS phone. From astrology to photo messaging, gaming, chat, news and even internet access.

6.1.4 Mail One can now send an SMS - without even using a mobile phone, from wherever they are. All they need to do is type in their message and send it as e-mail.

6.1.5 Roaming Roaming is defined as the ability for a cellular customer to automatically make & receive voice calls, send & receive data, or access other services when traveling outside the geographical coverage area of the home network, by means of using a visited network. If the visited network is in the same country as the home network, this is known as National Roaming. If the visited network is outside the home country, this is known as International Roaming (the term Global Roaming has also been used). If the visited network operates on a different technical standard than the home network, this is known as Inter-standard roaming. GSM Roaming, which involves roaming between GSM networks, offers the convenience of a single number, a single bill and a single phone with worldwide access to over 205 countries. The convenience of GSM Roaming has been a key driver behind the global success of the GSM Platform. GSM Coverage Maps is a unique resource containing information supplied and approved by the members of the GSM Association. Network, Services and Roaming information are continually updated to reflect the evolving situation worldwide. Interactive coverage maps, updated quarterly, allow you to navigate to see where exactly you can use your phone. 6.1.6 SMS The Short Message Service (SMS) is the ability to send and receive text messages to and from mobile telephones. The text can comprise of words or numbers or an alphanumeric combination. SMS was created as part of the GSM Phase 1 standard. The first short message is believed to have been sent in December 1992 from a Personal Computer (PC) to a mobile phone on the Vodafone GSM network in the UK. Each short message is up to 160 characters is length when Latin alphabets are used, and 70 characters in length when non-Latin alphabets such as Arabic and Chinese are used. Consumer Applications using SMS

The vast majority of SMS usage is accounted for by consumer applications. The main consumer applications based on SMS are: SIMPLE PERSON-TO-PERSON MESSAGING VOICE AND FAX MAIL NOTIFICATIONS UNIFIED MESSAGING INTERNET EMAIL ALERTS RINGTONES CHAT INFORMATION SERVICES

Corporate Applications using SMS Corporate applications that use the Short Message Service are currently few and far between. Most of the SMS messaging volumes are generated by consumer applications. The main corporate applications based on SMS are: CORPORATE EMAIL AFFINITY PROGRAMS MOBILE BANKING ELECTRONIC COMMERCE CUSTOMER SERVICE VEHICLE POSITIONING JOB DISPATCH REMOTE POINT OF SALE OVER THE AIR REMOTE MONITORING

6.1.7 MMS Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) is a store and forward messaging service that allows mobile subscribers to exchange multimedia messages with other mobile subscribers. As such it can be seen as an evolution of SMS, with MMS supporting the transmission of additional media types: Text Picture Audio Video

Combinations of the above

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) is an important emerging service, which allows the sending of multiple media in a single message, and the ability to send a message to multiple recipients. The originator can easily create a Multimedia Message, either using a built-in or accessory camera, or can use images and sounds stored previously in the phone (and possibly downloaded from a web site). Even if the recipient phone is not switched on, the Multimedia Message will be stored and sent to the recipient as soon as they switch on their phone. In a non-roaming case, it is expected that the subscriber will allow a Multimedia Message to be downloaded automatically to their phone and then they would be notified and could see the Multimedia Message immediately. A number of Multimedia Messages can be stored in the users handset and reviewed or forwarded at a later date. Each Multimedia Message contains a number of pages. On each page, there can be one image and one set of text. An audio file can also be attached. The time that each page is displayed can be specified, so the user experience is somewhat like a slide show. 6.2 GSM communication Services The ETSI Standards define the telecommunication services. With D900/D1800 the GSM telecommunication services offered to the GSM subscriber are subdivided as follows: Bearer services (for data only) Tele-services (for voice and data) Supplementary services

Bearer services and tele-services are also called basic telecommunication services. The use of GSM telecommunication services is subject to subscription. A basic subscription permits participation in those GSM telecommunication services that are generally available. If a GSM subscriber roams out of the entitled area there is no possibility of establishing communication (roaming not allowed), except the use of the tele-service emergency call. 6.2.1 Bearer Services

Bearer services are telecommunication services providing the capability of transmission of signals between access points. The bearer services describe what the network can offer (e.g. speech, data and fax).

The bearer services are pure transport services for data. Some of the transmission modes and rates already used in modern data networks are implemented; others are planned. The following, already implemented, bearer services provide unrestricted information transfer between the reference points in the mobile stations.

6.2.2

Data CDA (circuit duplex asynchronous) + basic PAD (packet assembler Disassembler) access Data CDS (circuit duplex synchronous) PAD CDA (dedicated PAD access) Alternate speech/data CDA (circuit duplex asynchronous) Speech followed by data CDA (circuit duplex asynchronous) Data compression on the GSM radio interface Teleservices

Teleservices are telecommunication services including terminal equipment functions, which provide communication between users according to protocols established by agreement between network operators. The teleservices are user end-to-end services (e.g. emergency call and short message service). Tele-services use both low layer and high layer functions for the control of communication from terminal to terminal. The following tele-services have already been realized: Telephony Emergency call Short message service (SMS) Short message cell broadcast Automatic facsimile (group 3) Alternative speech and facsimile (group 3)

6.2.3

Supplementary Services

Supplementary Services modify or supplement a basic telecommunication service. Consequently, they cannot be offered to a customer as a stand-alone service. They must be offered together or in association with a basic telecommunication service. The same supplementary service may be applicable to a number of telecommunication services. Most supplementary services are directly inherited from a fixed network, with minor modifications (when needed) to adapt to mobility. Examples of supplementary services are calling line identification and call waiting. Supplementary services extend beyond the normal bearer services and teleservices (basic telecommunication services) and can be subscribed to separately. In the following a supplementary service is called simply service, in contrast to basic telecommunication service. Number Identification Services o Calling line identification presentation (CLIP) o Calling line identification restriction (CLIR) Call Offering Services o Call forwarding unconditional (CFU) o Call forwarding on mobile subscriber busy (CFB) o Call forwarding on no reply (CFNRy) o Call forwarding on mobile subscriber not reachable (CFNRc) Call Completion Services o Call hold o Call waiting (CW) Multi-Party Service Charging Services o Advice of charge (AOC) Call Restriction Services Barring of all outgoing calls (BAOC) o Barring of all outgoing international calls (BOIC) o Barring of all outgoing international calls except to home PLMN country (BOICexHC) o Barring of all incoming calls (BAIC)

o Barring of all incoming calls when roaming outside home PLMN country (BIC Roam) Closed User Group (CUG)

6.3 Smart and Secure GSM is so secure and flexible with its functionalities and so easy to manipulate that there are all sorts of uses for it that we havent even thought of yet. One of the most attractive features of GSM is that it is a very secure network. All communications, both speech and data, are encrypted to prevent eavesdropping. In fact, in the early stages of its development it was found that the encryption algorithm was too powerful for certain technology export regulators. This could have had serious implications for the global spread of GSM by limiting the number of countries to which it could be sold. Fortunately, the MoU reacted promptly to this threat. Alternative algorithms were developed that enabled the free dissemination of the technology worldwide. GSM subscribers are identified by their Subscriber Identity; Module (SIM) card. This holds their identity number and authentication key and algorithm. While the choice of algorithm is the responsibility off individual GSM operators, they all work closely together through the MoU to ensure security of authentication.

6.4 Todays GSM Todays GSM platform is a hugely successful wireless technology and an unprecedented story of global achievement. In less than ten years since the first GSM network was commercially launched, it became the worlds leading and fastest growing mobile standard, spanning over 200 countries. Today, GSM technology is in use by more than one in six of the worlds population and it is estimated that at the end of Jan 2004 there were over 1billion GSM subscribers across more than 200 countries of the world. The growth of GSM continues unabated with more than 160 million new customers in the last 12 months. Since 1997, the number of GSM subscribers has increased by a staggering 10 fold. The progress hasnt stopped there. Todays GSM platform is living, growing and evolving and already offers and expanded and feature-rich family of voice and data enabling services.

CHAPTER7: CONCLUSION

From our discussion on the GSM technology in this report, it may be concluded that GSM is a very complex standard for the telecommunications. it may be considered as the first attempt to create a global and universal communication system involving all the countries of the world. Then the GSM technology was used as the basis for developing the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). Today, 160 different countries are using the GSM, and the growth is much rapid with increase in the GSM subscriber in millions a year. The GSM provides continuous and uninterruptible communication to all its subscribers with strong signal quality. The marvelous and awe-inspiring feature of roaming in GSM increases the attraction of this technology, making it more popular among people than any other technology. Actually, GSM has many features for its users which require much space to cover in depth.

The GSM architecture is quite amazing as it employs the modular structure. The advantage associated with this type of modular structure is that it becomes easy to work with and understand each of the modules separately without causing the functionality of remaining modules to be interrupted. The main three parts involved are; Radio subsystem (RSS), Network (switching) subsystem (SSS), and Operation and maintenance subsystem (OMS). The RSS consists of; Mobile Equipment (ME), Base Station (BS), and Radio Interface (Um). The SSS has five main parts; Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC), Home Location Register (HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR), Authentication Centre (AuC), Equipment Identification Register (EIR). Finally, an OMS, the heart of the BSS, consists of one or more Operation & Maintenance Centre (OMC). Overall, GSM is really a great and efficient technology bringing world together and making every place as our homes due to a communication with people anywhere anytime.

REFERENCES:

BOOKS: Title: Author(s): GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance: Evolution Towards 3G/UMTS Timo Halonen (Editor), Javier Romero (Editor), Juan Melero (Editor

WEBSITES: 1: http://pt.com/page/tutorials/gsm-tutorial 2: http://www.palowireless.com/gsm/tutorials.asp 3: http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~jutta/gsm/js-intro.html 4: www.hutchison-whampoa.com/eng/telecom/htil/htil.htm - 67k

5: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_ranges 6: www.hutchison-whampoa.com/eng/telecom/htil/htil.htm - 67k