Granular flows : dry versus wet...

Olivier Pouliquen IUSTI-CNRS Aix Marseille universit

Examples of granular slurries

Contact interactions + hydrodynamic interactions

Granular medium or dense suspension ???

-Dry granular flows -Wet granular flows -Link with suspensions rheology... -beyond the bulk rheology : two phase flow equations

Preambule -Rigid and non Brownian particles (no kT, no G => no stress scale) -Focus on the macroscopic level -controlled pressure versus controlled volume fraction

Dry granular flows

Gas Liquid

Solid

Plasticity: 1) sand heap

2) shear cell
Loose material

(Wroth 1958)

large deformations => critical state

zero order : friction Mohr Coulomb model Loose material

order one :Taking into account dilatancy

dilatancy

contractancy

From Brown and Richards 70

Reynolds dilatancy

Microscopic view

solid friction tan !

FT=T cos"-N sin" FN=N cos"+T sin" FT = FN tan ! => T=tan(!+") N inter-particle friction geometrical entanglement

2) shear cell
Loose material

A simple relaxation model for taking into account dilatancy:

Roux, Radjai , ICTAM 2000

More complex when reversing the flow: How to taken into account the microstructure (texture) ?

Radjai and Roux 2004

be careful => tensors...

Mohr circle, drucker-prager criterium, Cam-clay model ...

Different flow configurations studied both experimentally and numerically

GDR Midi, Eur. Phys. J 04

plane shear under controlled normal stress P U

Lois et al 2005 Da Cruz et al, PRE 05 GdR Midi, Eur. Phys. J 04

h P

One imposes P and Shear stress #? Volume fraction %?

A single dimensionless number (inertial number)

(Savage 84, Ancey et al 99)

Inertial number

* ratio between 2 times : : time scale of the mean shear : microscopic time for rearrangement

!quasi-static! 0

0.01

liquid

0.1

!gas!

Da Cruz et al, PRE 05 GdR Midi Eur. Phys. J 04

h P

One imposes P and Shear stress #? Volume fraction %?

2D Numerical simulations

Da Cruz et al, PRE 05

Forterre, Pouliquen ARFM 08

For spheres

Data from Inclined plane exp. (Pouliquen 99) Inclined plane simulations (Baran et al 2006) Annular shear cell exp. (Sayed, Savage JFM, 84)

3D generalisation: a visco-plastic model (Jop et al Nature 06) assumptions : 1) P isotropic 2) and are colinear

(Savage 83, Goddard 86, Schaeffer 87,)

Effective viscosity

Inclined plane :

Baran et al PRE 2006

Long wave instability in granular flows (Y. Forterre, JFM 06 )

Analysis stabilit linraire:

Instability threshold Forterre, JFM 06

Dispersion relation

flows on a heap : a full 3D problem

(P. Jop et al Nature 06)

Q W

z/d

L = 1.5 m

V(y,z)

y/d

Flow between rough lateral walls:

Jop et al , Nature 2006

7 6

-10 0 10

Vsurf gd

5 4 3 2 1 0 -0,2 0 0,2

h/d

20 30 40 50

y/W

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,2

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

y/W

Granular slumping
(Lacaze and Kerswell 08)

Lajeunesse et al Phys. Fluids 2004,2005 Lube et al JFM 2004, Larrieu et al JFM 2006, Staron & Hinch JFM 2005, Lacaze et al Phys. Fluids 2008

Lajeunesse et al 05

(Lacaze and Kerswell PRL 09)

And shear at constant volume fraction???

h P

Constant pressure % I

& Constant volume fraction f1

Bagnold Proc. R. Soc 54 Lois et al PRE 07 Lemaitre PRE 05 Da Cruz et al PRE 05

f2

Relative Success of the visco-plastic description. A starting point to adress other configurations (simulating the pressure dependent visco-plastic rheology is non trivial)

But there are problems when approaching the gas... the solid

Limits of the viscoplastic approach:

1) transition to the collisional regime?

Lois et al PRE 2006

2) Quasistatic flows (shear band, finite size effect.) A need for non local approach

Velocity profile

Exponential tail Not predicted..

Shear bands in quasi-static flow

(Forterre & Pouliquen ARFM 08, Jop PRE 08)

V/Vw
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

y/d
Howell et al PRL 99 Mueth et al Nature 00 Bocquet et al PRE 02

Not captured by the viscoplastic approach

Flow threshold
hysteresis Finite size effects

Not captured by the viscoplastic approach

Limit of a local rheology ?

to go further? Role of the fluctuations ?

Aranson and Tsimring PRE,01, Louge Phys. Fluids 03, Josserand et al 06 Lemaitre 02 Bazant 07 Nott 08
Radjai and Roux PRL 02
30

Role of the correlations ?

Pouliquen et al 01, Ertas and Halsey 03, Mills et al 08 Jenkins and Chevoir 01, Jenkins Phys. Fluids 06,

25

20

15

10

10

15

20

25

30

Pouliquen PRL 04

by a t the r the ch a mmed ow a t, , se to

strongly on lling height, location, and mass of the probesthe rheology of the material is highly nonlinear. Moreover, theEvidence for non-local effects observed relation between applied stress and strain rate in one location depends on the strain rate in

mbirium on of ondwing ound g and rring rst arly-

(a) (b)

0s position sensor air bearing

5s

10 s
Nichol et al. PRL 2010 (c)

1 mm glass beads

probe

z H

suggests that mechanical noise (stress fluctuations) RC RS induced by flow may trigger flow at long distance...

Experimental set-up (Katha et al in preparation)

constant torque rheometer

u(r)/V0
0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

5 10

r
h

r/d

15 20 25 30 35

10-6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

10-4

10-2

100

- glass beads d=0.5 mm - inner cylinder radius R=30 mm - rod diameter D=1 mm

Probing the pile outside the shear band

F < Fc = 0

F/Fc = 0.75 r = 24 d

Flow induces flow !

Changing distance r with the rotating cylinder

100 10 1
0 5 10 15 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Vcreep V0 0.01
0.001 0.0001 0.3

0.1

r = 18 d

20 25 30 35

r = 24 d
r = 34 d
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

r = 42 d
0.8 0.9 1

F/Fc
rapid decay of the creep velocity with distance

Vcreep
0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1

F Fc = AV0 exp Fc G(r/d)

G (r/d) 0.08
0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

G (r/d) (r/d)1.55

r/d
long range interactions: non locality

 Dry granular flows

-Dry granular flows -Wet granular flows -Link with suspensions rheology... -beyond the bulk rheology : two phase flow equations

evidence for immersed granular flows

(Divoux & Geminard, PRL 2007)

(Cassar et al POF 2005)

A naive idea : fluid only plays a role by changing the time scale of rearrangements

One imposes P and Shear stress #? Volume fraction %?

Changing time scales by putting the granular material in water (Cassar et al, Phys. Fluids 06)

DV recorder

Laser d=112 m glass beads

P.C

!P

0.62

0.60 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0 1 2 I 3 4x10

-3

Ivisc Inclined plane Cassar et al. Pof 05

Pailha and Pouliquen JFM 2009

Lespiat et al PRL 2010 Peyneau & Roux 2010

Index matching avalanches

(Phd M. Paihla 2009)

Submarine flows on heap

Doppler et al, JFM 07

Flow rate

Velocity profile

-Dry granular flows -Wet granular flows -Link with the suspension rheology... -beyond the bulk rheology : two phase flow equations

Link with dense suspensions??

An effective viscosity :

" = f1 (#)$%

(Bonnoit et al JOR 2009)

Link with dense suspensions??

Osmotic pressure : Particles push on the wall

the wall pulls on water

Deboeuf et al PRL 2010...

pressure versus volume fraction controlled rheology

# = P (I)
" = "(I)
Or Similar to the rheology of dense suspensions. ! (Morris and Boulay 99) Role of contacts close to

" = f1 (#)$%

??

ps: also non local effect in dense suspensions !! Bonnoit et al (poster) goyon et al nature 2007

controlled pressure

Controlled volume fraction

=
M. Pailha 2009 C. Bonnoit et al 2009

-Dry granular flows -Wet granular flows -Link with suspensions rheology... -beyond the bulk rheology : two phase flow equations

When relative motion exists between grains and fluid

fluidized bed Sediment transport...

consolidation

two phase flow equations (Jackson 1997, 2000)

mass conservation

momentum conservation granular phase

fluid phase

granular phase

particle stress

inter-phase force

fluid phase

particle stress Constitutive equations for origin of the different terms ?? and ??

Lhuillier Pof 2009

Example 1 : stress induced migration

(Nott, Brady 1995 Morris and Boulay 1999) see poster F. Boyer

Example 2 : viscous sediment transport

(Ouriemi et al JFM 2009)

example 3: Soil liquefaction induced by vibrations

Maxime Nicolas

Soil liquefaction induced by waves

P+ PP+

(Pascale Aussillous in preparation)

How to explain the variety of landslides observed in nature ? Iverson et al , (2000) Science

Large scale experiments in the USGS facility

Dense preparation

Courtesy of Dick Iverson

Loose preparation

Courtesy of Dick Iverson

Pore Pressure feedback argument

(Iverson Rev. Geo. 97, JGR 05)

Loose case

Dense case

'! ( Fluid expelled ( Pfluid ! ( Pgrain " ( Friction " ( Less friction between grains

'" ( Fluid sucked ( Pfluid " ( Pgrain ! ( Friction ! ( higher friction between grains

A simple experiment (Mickal Paihla)

Dense sample

Loose sample

Experimental setup
(Pailha et al 08) Glass beads : 160m Liquid: mixture of water and Ucon oil: )=9.8 10-3 kg/m.s )=96 10-3 kg/m.s

20cm

7cm

1m

0.6

Surface velocity (mm/s)

Pore pressure (Pa)

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

Velocity of the free surface

*=25 h=5mm )=96 10-3 kg/m.s

4 2 0 -2 -4 0 100 200 Time (s) 300 400 500

Pressure under the avalanche

(Pailha et al Pof 08)

Two phase flow model

Coupling with the liquid:

Two phase equations

2 3
Dilatancy model of relaxation with the dilatancy angle

Rheology of the granular phase

The final model :

with

=>3 equations for up(t), uf(t) and ' (t)

Velocity
0.7 0.6

Predictions :
4

Pressure

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

Pore pressure (Pa)

0 100 200 t (s) 300 400

0.5

2 0 -2 -4 0 100 200 t (s) 300 400 500

u (mm.s-1)

0.7 0.6

4
Pore pressure (Pa)
0 100 200 t (s) 300 400

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

2 0 -2 -4 0 100 200 300 400 500

u (mm.s-1)

t (s)

Scaling of the triggering time

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.580 0.585 0.590 0.595 0.600 0.605

towards geophysical configurations dense (see L. Rondon poster)

loose

conclusions Frictional visco-plastic approach: a zero order description of granular flows pressure controlled " volume fraction controlled two phase flow framework open questions: transition between regimes? plasticity and non local effects ?(link with jamming transition) role of contacts in dense suspensions ? more complex material (shape, cohesion, polydispersity...)

Merci Mickael Pailha Pierre Jop Cyril Cassar Anky Reddy Katha Franois Boyer Loic Rondon Yol Forterre Maxime Nicolas Pascale Aussillous

Prabhu Nott Jeff Morris Neil Balmforth G.D.R Midi Francois Chevoir Bruno Andreotti Laurent Lacaze Rich Kerswell

Towards more complex granular media:

Polydispersed :
Felix et Thomas PRE 04 Rognon et al 06

Cohesive granular matter:

Rognon et al 08 Halsey et al 06 Richefeu et al 06

granular matter with fluid interactions