2nd International Conference on Construction Industry-ICCI 2006 Construction Boom in Pakistan: Present & Future SESSION-IV: QUALITY ASSURANCE

& TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION AUGUST 29, 2006

Alternate and Low Cost Construction Materials & Techniques Developed Through R & D Efforts at Council for Works and Housing Research

Presented by ENGR. RUKHSANA RAHOOJA Principal Research Officer Council For Works and Housing Research

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The presenter acknowledges the R & D contribution of all the researchers at the Council For Works and Housing Research

INTRODUCTION
The Council for Works and Housing (CWHR) is an R & D organization under the aegis of the Ministry of Science and Technology. The main function of this council is to promote scientific research on problems related to different types of civil engineering structures such as buildings, roads, bridges, dams, harbors, treatment plants etc. The CWHR has endeavored in R & D work for the development of durable, economical and innovative materials for the construction industry with focus on the utilization of local/ indigenous techniques and materials for import substitution of construction inputs.

SYNOPSIS

Environmentby CWHRlow cost demonstration model houses and rooms friendly constructed Ferrocement products developed at CWHR as replacement of RCC, timber etc Mechanized pre-cast concrete water course lining units and construction of model channels Production of fiber cement sheets as replacement to asbestos cement at CWHR Common defects of clayimproving the qualitybrick moulding systems bricks and different developed at CWHR for of clay bricks Some innovative building products developed at CWHR Some tips for earthquake resistant construction for traditional houses of northern areas

ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY LOW COST DEMONSTRATION MODEL HOUSES AND ROOMS CONSTRUCTED BY CWHR (1980-2006)

Low cost model houses/rooms were constructed at different locations in Sindh and Balochistan by using: rice husk ash, lime and ground granulated blast furnace slag as partial replacement of cement and by incorporating low cost construction techniques. The cost of construction was reduced by 25% to 30% as compared to cost of construction by conventional methods.

CONSTRUCTION OF A LOW COST HOUSE USING RICE HUSK ASH AND LIME AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT

For utilization of agro-wastes a house was constructed for the first time, using rice husk ash and lime as partial replacement of cement in construction. Location Covered Area Year of Construction Overall Saving : CWHR Premises : 678SFT : 1882 : 37%

CONSTRUCTION OF A LOW COST HOUSE USING RICE HUSK ASH AND LIME AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT

Rice Husk Ash and Lime has been used as cement in the fabrication of hollow, load bearing blocks and for mortar in plaster.

The roof is prefabricated and consists of battens tiles; here too portland cement has been replaced by Rice Husk Ash to the extent of 30%.

The foundation and base course are made up with soil stabilized with cement.

CONSTRUCTION OF A ROOM USING GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNANCE SLAG AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT

For utilization of industrial waste material, a room was constructed, using ground granulated blast furnace slag, (a waste product of Pakistan Steel Mills,) as partial replacement of cement in construction. Location Year of Construction Covered Area Overall Savings :CWHR Premises :1982 : 132 SFT : 43%

CONSTRUCTION OF A ROOM USING GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNANCE SLAG AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT

Load bearing walls are made of lime-slag-soil stabilized blocks. The lime-slag mixture consists of 30% lime and 70% slag. The blocks contain 10% of this mixture and 90% of soil by weight. The roof is prefabricated and consists of battens and tiles. 30% Portland Cement has been saved in the tiles by replacing with it with slag. The mosaic floor constitutes the mixture of slag, lime, cement and marble chips.

CONSTRUCTION OF A LOW COST SCHOOL USING SOIL CEMENT STABILIZED BLOCKS FOR MASONRY WALLS AND PRE-FABRICATED ROOF WITH SLAG CEMENT

For utilization of industrial wastes, a five room school was constructed using Soil-Cement Stabilized blocks for masonry walls and pre-fabricated roof using slag (a waste product of Pakistan Steel Mills,) as partial replacement of cement in construction. Location : Hub, Balochistan Year of Construction : 1984 Covered Area :1,433 SFT Overall Saving : 37%

CONSTRUCTION OF A LOW COST SCHOOL USING SOIL CEMENT STABILIZED BLOCKS FOR MASONRY WALLS AND PRE-FABRICATED ROOF WITH SLAG CEMENT

The foundation and base course of the floor is made of soil cement stabilized material.

The load bearing walls have been constructed using soil cement stabilized blocks.

The roof is constructed with precast batten tiles wherein 30% Portland cement has been replaced with finely ground granular slag.

CONSTRUCTION OF THREE ADDITIONAL ROOMS IN AN EXISTING SCHOOL BUILDING USING LOAD BEARING HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS

For utilization of industrial wastes, three additional class rooms were constructed, using air cooled slag as coarse aggregate and ground granulated blast furnace slag, (both waste products of Pakistan Steel Mills,) as substitute of conventional coarse aggregate and partial replacement of cement in construction. Location Year of Construction: Covered Area Overall Saving : Gharo, Sindh 1985 :1,780 SFT : 43 %

CONSTRUCTION OF THREE ADDITIONAL ROOMS IN AN EXISTING SCHOOL BUILDING USING LOAD BEARING HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS

The load bearing walls are constructed with hollow concrete blocks having 32% hollowness. The roof is constructed with precast reinforced concrete beams, precast concrete tiles with nominal wire reinforcement. Air cooled slag was used in all the roofing elements as coarse aggregate. 30% Portland cement was replaced with finely ground granulated slag.

TWO EXPERIMENTAL MODEL ROOMS USING SOIL STABILIZED FOUNDATION / BLOCKS FOR MASONRY WALLS AND PRE-FABRICATED ROOFING ELEMENTS

Location Year of Construction Covered Area Overall Savings

: CWHR Premises :1980 : 387SFT : 30%

TWO EXPERIMENTAL MODEL ROOMS USING SOIL STABILIZED FOUNDATION / BLOCKS FOR MASONRY WALLS AND PREFABRICATED ROOFING ELEMENTS

Foundations and base of the floor are soil stabilized.

Load bearing walls are made of soil cement stabilized blocks.

Roofing system comprises of tiles and batten construction.

LOW COST HOUSING UNIT AT OLD THANO VILLAGE, MALIR, KARACHI

A demonstration and experimental low cost housing unit was constructed by utilization of alternative low cost construction materials and techniques including wastes. The house has two rooms with kitchen and bathroom. Location Year of Construction Covered Area Overall Savings : Old Thano Village,Malir,Karachi :1993 : 466 SFT : 24%

LOW COST HOUSING UNIT AT OLD THANO VILLAGE, MALIR, KARACHI

Masonry walls have been constructed using irregular stone pieces, cast in low grade concrete to obtain shape of regular block masonry. Saving in the cost of shuttering has been achieved by using pre-cast U Shaped Channel Blocks as lintels. The hollow spaces are filled with concrete with reinforcement bars. Arches have been constructed by using old truck tyres to save shuttering and labour cost. Cost of doors, windows, and their frames has been reduced by casting them with ferrocement. Innovative roofing was provided by using the following configurations: ?Reinforced burnt clay pot slab tiles, ?Reinforced burnt clay brick slab tile, ?Precast RCC battens and ferrocement barrel shell planks. A cylindrical ferrocement water tank having capacity of 450 liters.

Some building components used in the construction Low Cost Housing Unit At Old Thano Village, Malir, Karachi

FERROCEMENT BARREL SHELL ROOFING SYSTEM

PRE-CAST REINFORCEMENTVBURNT CLAY BRICK WAFFLE SLAB TILES FOR ROOFING

PRE-CAST CONCRETE STONE MASONRY BLOCKS

U-SHAPED CHANNEL BLOCKS FOR LINTELS

A Model Room Built With Wheat Straw Concrete Block Masonry Walls And Precast RCC Batten Tile Roof(2001)

A model room is constructed by using wheat straw concrete block masonry for load bearing walls with lightweight R.C.C. Tile Batten-Roofing system. This type of construction is economical and thermally comfortable for rural houses. The construction is simple, low cost and can be constructed on selfhelp basis.

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Salient Features
FOUNDATION : 1- 1/2 thick cement concrete having ratio of 1 : 4 :8 on compacted natural ground. Concrete blocks for foundation masonry made from Hub River sand. PLINTH WALL : Concrete blocks for masonry made from Hub Rover sand for with cement: sand mortar of ratio 1 : 6 : 6 thick wheat straw concrete block masonry with laid in cement: sand mortar having ratio of 1 : 6. : Earth filling within the plinth area and compacted. Floor topping 2 thick made of Cement Concrete of ratio 1 : 2 : 4 LINTEL ROOFING ECONOMIC FACTOR : Pre-cast RCC lintel over Door & windows. : Pre-cast RCC tile and batten on load bearing walls as roofing. : 30% economical as compared to conventional construction.

FLOORING

Model Room Built With Cement Surkhi Brick Masonry Walls & Ferrocement Clay Tiles (FTC) Hollow Roof Deck Slab (2001)

A model room is constructed by using masonry made with Surkhi Lime and Portland Cement. Surkhi- Cement has been used as a binding material and as replacement of Portland Cement in load bearing masonry walls. The roof of this room is constructed with Ferrocement Clay Tile Roofing System. T his type of construction is economical for areas where cement is costly. The construction techniques are simple and can be constructed on self-help basis.

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Salient Features
FOUNDATION : 3 thick earth filling on compacted natural ground and made of Cement: Surkhi: Sand mixed in a ratio1: 1: 6. Block Masonry in foundation is made of Cement: Surkhi: Sand having ratio of 1:1:2 Cement: Sand having ratio of 1:6 Block Masonry in plinth is made of cement: surkhi : Sand mixed in a ratio of 1:1:2 joined with a mortar made of Cement: Surkhi : Sand having ratio 1:1: 6. 6 thick Block Masonry in wall is made of Cement Lime Surkhi Sand mixed in a ratio of : : 1: 2 joined with a mortar made of Cement : Lime : Surkhi : Sand having ratio : : 1: 6 3 thick compacted earth filling and made of Cement: Lime: Surkhi : Sand mixed in a ratio : : 1: 2 Pre-cast RCC lintel over Door & windows. Pre-cast Ferrocement Burnt Clay Tile Roofing Deck on load bearing walls. Roofing joints filled with screeding. 20% economical as compared to conventional construction.

PLINTH

WALL

FLOORING

LINTEL ROOFING ECONOMIC FACTOR

: : :

Model Room Built With Soil Stabilized Block Masonry Walls and Pre-Cast RCC Hollow Roof (2001)

A model room is constructed using stabilized soil in foundations, base of floor and in load bearing masonry wall. The roof of this room is constructed with Precast RCC hollow roofing system. This type of construction is economical for construction of thermally comfortable housing in tropical climates.

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Salient Features
FOUNDATION : 2 thick soil stabilized foundation laid in three equal layers having 3% cement and compacted up to 95% of M.D.D. PLINTH WALL FLOORING : 12 thick soil stabilized block masonry with cement : sand mortar mixed in a ratio of 1:6. : 6 thick soi l stabilized block masonry with cement: sand mortar mixed in a ratio of 1:6 : Base of floor is 4 thick with earth filling and compacted with 3% cement-soil mixture up to 95% Modified Dried Density. Topping of floor is 2 thick, made of Cement Concrete having a ratio of 1: 2 : 4, laid over a bed of cement concrete having ratio of 1: 4: 8 LINTEL ROOFING : Pre-cast R.C.C. lintel over Door & Windows. : Pre-cast RCC hollow panels on load bearing walls. Joints are filled with cement sand mortar having ratio of 1 : 6. Roof is covered with 2 thick screeding. : 25% cheaper than conventional construction.

ECONOMIC FACTOR

Model Room Built With Soil-Sandwiched Block Masonry Walls And Precast RCC T-beam & Tile Roof (2001)

A model room is constructed by using soil stabilized sandwiched blocks for load bearing masonry wall with precast T-Beam and tile roofing system. The T -Beam is placed inverted to obtain a leveled ceiling. This type o f construction is economical for rural housing.

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Salient Features
FOUNDATION : 3 thick soil cement mixture stabilized with 2% cement laid in three layers and compacted upto 90% Modified Dried Density. Soil stabilized block masonry with 1 : 6 cement : sand mortar. PLINTH WALL FLOORING : : : Soil stabilized block masonry with 1 : 6 cement : sand mortar. 4 thick soil stabilized sandwiched block masonry with 1 : 6 cement : sand mortar. Earth filling within the plinth area and compacted. 2 thick topping of cement concrete having ratio of 1 : 2 : 4 LINTEL ROOFING ECONOMIC FACTOR : : : Pre-cast RCC lintel over windows. Pre-cast Reinforced Cement Concrete Tiles are laid on inverted T-Beam made of Reinforced Cement Concrete. 30% economical as compared to conventional construction.

Model Room Built With Stone-concrete Block Masonry Walls And Ferrocement Barrel Shell Roof (2001)

A model room has been designed and constructed by using stone concrete masonry both in foundation and for load bearing walls with ferrocement barrel shell roofing system. This type of construction is economical for rural housing and where low-grade stones are available in abundance. The construction techniques are simple and can be constructed on self-help basis.

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Salient Features
FOUNDATION : 4 thick foundation made of cement concrete having ratio of 1: 4: 8 laid on compacted natural ground. Stone-concrete block masonry used in foundation laid in cement: sand mortar having ratio of 1: 6 PLINTH WALL FLOORING : Stone-concrete block masonry foundation laid in cement: sand mortar 1 : 6. : 6 stone-concrete block masonry cement: sand mortar having ratio of 1 : 6. : Earth filling within the plinth area and compacted. 4 thick topping of cement concrete having ratio of 1 : 2 : 4 LINTEL ROOFING ECONOMIC FACTOR : Pre-cast RCC lintel over Door & windows. : Pre-cast ferrocement barrel shells on load bearing walls. Joints are filled with screeding. : 25% economical as compared to conventional construction.

Thermally Comfortable Model Room Built With Hollow Cavity Walls (2001)

A model room is constructed with hollow cavity walls and roof to save energy for cooling and heating the house in extreme climates. The thickness of load bearing wall varies from 13 to 18 This type of construction is economical and improves the thermal performance of the indoor conditions.

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Salient Features
FOUNDATION : 6 thick cement concrete base having ratio of 1 : 4 : 8. Cement soil stabilized brick masonry laid in cement : sand mortar having ratio of 1:6. Base of RCC column is filled cement concrete having ratio of 1 : 2 : 4 PLINTH
: Cement soil stabilized brick masonry laid in cement : sand mortar having ratio of

1:6. WALL
: Cement soil stabilized brick masonry with RCC columns prepared using cement

concrete having ratio of 1:2:4 FLOORING

: Compacted earth filling within the plinth area.

Cement soil surkhi stabilized flooring tiles over cement concrete base having ratio of 1:4:8. LINTEL ROOFING
: RCC roof beam also acts as lintel. : Pre-cast hollow frame slab tiles covered with cement : soil surkhi stabilized brick

tiles. Roof Beam is of RCC batten ECONOMIC FACTOR

: 15% economical than conventional construction.

FERROCEMENT PRODUCTS DEVELOPED AT CWHR AS REPLACEMENT OF RCC, TIMBER ETC. (2000-2001)

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Ferrocement benches developed by CWHR

Ferrocement Boat

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Ferrocement Dust Bin

Ferrocement Manhole Covers

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Ferrocement Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Ferrocement Office Table

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Ferrocement Canopies

Ferrocement Foldable Room

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Ferrocement Bio Gas Plant

FERROCEMENT ROOFING TILES

24 x 24 x 0.75th. Precast FC L -shaped (LS) tiles supported on rectangular beams of size 2.5 x7.0. The roof is constructed by fixing the FC beams at a distance of 24 c/c over load bearing walls The LS tiles are placed on the beams, tied together by anchoring wires. 1.5 thick (1:5 cement: sand) mortar is laid over roof covering. The combination of tiles and beams form the shape of ribbed slab type of roofing. 40% Reduction in cementing material 30% Reduction in reinforcing material 50% Reduction in Dead Weight Can be constructed on self help basis.

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Mechanized Pre-Cast Concrete Water Course Lining Units and Construction of Model Channels

Casting of Precast Lining Units at CWHR Yards

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Transportation of Lining Units for Construction of Model Channels at different Sites in Sindh & Punjab

Horticulture Research Farm, Mirpurkhas, Sindh

Cattle Research Farm, Tando Muhammad Khan, Sindh

Date & Palm Research Farm, Kotdiji , Sindh

Adaptive Research Farm Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab

Model Channels constructed at various locations with Precast Lining Unit

Adaptive Research Farm Vehari , Punjab

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Pilot Plant For Production of Fiber Cement Sheets as Replacement to Asbestos Cement at CWHR
Use of paper pulp and natural fiber as substitute of hazardous asbestos fiber, in corrugated and plain cement sheets for roofing and partition boards. (1997-2004)

Manual Pressing of Fiber Cement Tile Samples at Small Scale

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Solar Curing of Real Size Fiber Cement Products in a Solar Curing Chamber

All Electric Mechanical Pressing of Real Size(2x1meters) Fiber Cement Corrugated Sheets

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Motor Driven Gantry For Handling the Moulds for Fiber Cement Corrugated Sheets (both during production and after production)

Use of Gantry During Casting of Corrugated Sheets

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Pulper-Shredder- Mixer for mixing fiber, cement and water to form a uniform slurry

Centrifugal Separator for De-Watering Cement Fiber Slurry into a thick cement mortar like paste

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COMMON DEFECTS IN BRICKS

Rounded corner Slumping

Lip on bed face

DEFECTS IN SHAPE
Raised corners Contaminated Under Surface Stacking Defects

Banana Shape

Multiple Distortions

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DIFFERENT BRICK MOULDING SYSTEMS DEVELOPED AT CWHR Manual Brick Production System Semi Mechanized Brick Production System Fully Mechanized Brick Production System
11 number low cost devices/machines were locally designed and fabricated for improving the quality and production capacity of clay bricks in Pakistan. (2003-04)

MANUAL SYSTEM OF BRICK MOULDING

WOODEN OR METALLIC TABLE WITH MULTIPLE BRICK MOULDS

CINVA RAM SINGLE MOULD

CINVA RAM TRIPPLE MOULD

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SEMI MECHANIZED SYSTEM OF BRICK MOULDING

CRUSHER MACHINE FOR CRUSHING CLAY LUMPS

PUG MILL FOR KNEADING CLAY

FULLY MECHANIZED SYSTEM OF BRICK MOULDING

EXTRUSION MACHINE FOR MULTIPLE BRICK MOULDING

BELT DRIVEN PRESS MACHINE

ROTARY PRESS MACHINE FOR MULTIPLE BRICK MOULDING

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DIFFERENT BRICK MOULDING DEVICES AT CWHR

MANUAL SYSTEM OF BRICK MOULDING SEMI MECHANIZED SYSTEM OF BRICK MOULDING

WOODEN OR METALLIC TABLE AND MODIFIED CINVARAM WITH MULTIPLE BRICK MOULDS

CRUSHER MACHINE FOR CRUSHING CLAY LUMPS

PUG MILL FOR KNEADING CLAY

FULLY MECHANIZED SYSTEM OF BRICK MOULDING

EXTRUSION MACHINE FOR MULTIPLE BRICK MOULDING

BELT DRIVEN PRESS MACHINE

ROTARY PRESS MACHINE FOR MULTIPLE BRICK MOULDING

Comparison of C Type Commercial Clay brick and

Clay Brick prepared at same cost using devices developed by CWHR and having B Type Characteristics

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Comparison Of Density And Production Capacities Of Green Bricks Prepared By Manual Brick Moulding Devices
S.No. 1. MOULDING DEVICE Single Mould Metallic Table. (CWHR) 2.. Double Mould Metallic Table (CWHR) 3. Cinva Ram Single Mould 90.5 73 bricks/hr 87.8 78 bricks/hr DENSITY 3 Lb/ft 86.3 PRODUCTION RATE (With Single Labour) 80 bricks/hr

(CWHR) 4. Cinva Ram Triple Mould 88.3 75 bricks/hr

(CWHR) 5. *Conventional Wooden Box Single Mould 83.8 60 to 65 bricks/hr

Characteristics Of Fired Bricks Prepared By Manual Production System Developed At CWHR

1. Average Strength Crushing 2,620 psi Better than Bricks 20% Class B

2. Average Absorption

Equivalent to Class C Bricks Allowable linear shrinkage is 6% to 7%

3. Average Shrinkage

Linear

1.5 %

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SOME INNOVATIVE BUILDING PRODUCTS DEVELOPED AT CWHR

Low Cost Masonry Products developed by CWHR

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Thermally comfortable mosaic floor tiles developed for open courtyards of mosques to reduce the temperature gained under radiation from sunlight. (1983-84)

Interlocking Blocks

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Cement Fiber Sheet prepared by Using Paper Pulp

Ferrocement Corrugated Roofing Sheet

SALIENT FEATURES Durable as compared to the conventional corrugated sheets. Possesses high rate of fire resistance as compared to conventional corrugated sheets. No health hazards as compared to the asbestos corrugated sheets. Easy to handle and install because of its lightweight property. Economical as compared to conventional corrugated sheets.

40% ECONOMICAL AS COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL ASBESTOS CORRUGATED SHEET

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Agrowaste Ferrocement Slab

SALIENT FEATURES Thermally efficient and about 33% lighter than conventional slab. Inflammable and can be used as roof slab, floor slab or in partition wall. Cheaper alternative to conventional R.C.C. slabs. The load bearing capacity of the roofing panels are checked and found fit as per design code. 30-35% ECONOMICAL AS COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL RCC SLAB

Agrowaste Ferrocement Slab

Agrowaste Ferrocement Slab

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Condition Survey BY CWHR Of Traditional House Construction In Earthquake Affected Areas Of NWFP
From November 15 To 16, 2005

Condition survey was conducted for the earthquakeaffected areas to assess damage patterns in different types of non-engineered construction. Common tips were prepared for new and safe construction practices by incorporating economical/ modified designs and use of composite building materials.

Deficiencies In Walls, Roofs And Their Connections

Failure Of Box Action At Corners

Unstable Stones Stones Not Laid In Equilibrium Weak Joints

Typical Examples Of Total Collapse Of House Due To Failure Of Walls. Mud Mortar Ruptured Which Results In Unequilibrium of Stones.

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Two storied Poultry Farm constructed with RCC Framework and Brick Columns, collapsed to ground level LOCATION: SHINKIARI MANSEHRA

Another view of the same poultry farm showing failure of roof beams and column beam joint LOCATION: SHINKIARI MANSEHRA

A typical cross-section of a brick column with a central core of RCC having steel in the middle. The RCC portion is 4 square whereas overall size of column is about 18 square LOCATION: SHINKIARI MANSEHRA

No horizontal steel bars/links provided in the column. The pattern of failed column shows the absence oflinks that should be provided as per minimum requirements. LOCATION: DISTRICT POLICE STATION BATAL MANSEHRA

COMMON DEFFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION OF TRADITIONAL LOW COST HOUSES

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Graphic Summary of Causes of Failure and Defects in Traditional Houses Constructed with Load Bearing Stone/Adobe Masonry Walls

WEAKNESSES IN STONE MASONRY WALLS AND MUD ROOFS IN TRADITIONALLY CONSTRUCTED LOW COST HOUSES

1. Small wall plate often decayed 2. Infill panel stops ventilation 3. Decayed beam bearing becomes structurally unstable 4. Sagging beams cause roof depression. 5. Water penetration separates wall skins. 6. Wall movements and water seepage break up roof fabric. 7. Unstable outer skin bulges outwards. 8. Soil mortar washed out by water penetration. 9. Unstable stones trigger earthquake damage

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Typical Damages and Collapse of Earthen Buildings , Corner Failure and Out of Plane Collapse of Walls

Typical Damages and Collapse of Earthen Buildings , Gables

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Typical Damages and Collapse of Earthen Buildings Two Storey House

Typical Damages and Collapse of Earthen Buildings, Split Level Roof

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Typical damages and collapse of earthen buildings, L shaped buildings

Typical damages and collapse of earthen buildings, High walled houses

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Typical damages and collapse of earthen buildings;AWNING

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION FOR TRADITIONAL HOUSES

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Horizontal Bands In Masonry Building Improve EarthquakeResistance

Horizontal Bands in Masonry Buildings

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Wall Section of Traditional Stone Masonry Showing thick walls without stones that go across split into 2 vertical layers

Use of Through Stones or Bond Stones in stone masonry wall is vital in Preventing the wall from separating.

For More Information Please Contact

Council For Works and Housing Research

F-40, Hub River Road, SITE, Karachi 75730
E-mail: cwhr@khi.comsats.net.pk

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