8-Load Pull Characterization

UniversityofColoradoatBoulder
9/30/2009
EfficientandLinearMicrowavePowerAmplifiers:
MicrowaveDesignTools
Sparameters
Only linear operation modeled Onlylinearoperationmodeled
8:LoadPullCharacterization
Nonlinearmodels
Fit toanarrowcharacterization region Weaknonlinearitymodeled
Vgg
Vdd
Prof.Zoya Popovic JohnHoversten Contributingauthors: Dr.NestorLopez Dr.Srdjan Pajic MikeRoberg LukeSankey
Load pull characterization Loadpullcharacterization

Empiricalmodel Measuredeviceresponseto largesignalconditions
Slide1 October2009
Zin @F0 @F2 @F3
Zout @F0 @F2 @F3
October2009
EfficientandLinearMicrowavePowerAmplifiers UniversityofColoradoatBoulder
Slide2
LoadPullVariablesandMeasurements
Variables Impedance
Inputandoutputimpedance Fundamentalandharmonics
MechanicalTuners
Mechanicallyactuatedtuning network
Verywellcharacterized using VNA Mechanicallystableand repeatable Extremelylowloss
Measurements Input/outputpower
Fundamentalandharmonics Linearity
Biaspoint(gate/drain) Inputpowerdrivelevel
DCpower
Drainvoltageandcurrent Drainefficiency
Power Meter
Manufacturers:Maury,Focus Microwave
Power Meter Bandpass Filter Input Tuner Input Prematch Output Output Prematch Tuner Power Meter Bandpass Filter
Power Meter Bandpass Filter Input Tuner Input Prematch Output Output Prematch Tuner
Bandpass Filter
DUT
DUT
October2009
Slide3
October2009
Slide4
LinearandEfficientMicrowavePowerAmplifiers:LoadPull Characterization
9/30/2009
SingleStubTuner
SlugmovementinYprimarilychangesmagnitudeofgamma SlugmovementinXchangesphaseofgamma
TunerPowerLimitations
Averagepower
Resistivelossesincenter conductorcauseheating Expansion of metal damage to Expansionofmetal,damageto dielectricinconnectors
(focusmicrowaves.com)
Peakpower
Maximumstandingwave voltageisafunctionofpower andVSWR Highvoltagecancause breakdownbetweenslugand centerconductor LimitVSWRtoincreasepower
10 Breakdown Power [W W]
Power Required to Achieve Specified Field in a 5mil Gap
Pulsedmeasurement
10usec/100usecpulsekeeps averagepower10dBlower thanpeakpower
October2009 EfficientandLinearMicrowavePowerAmplifiers UniversityofColoradoatBoulder Slide5 October2009
10
10 0.6
25kV/cm 30kV/cm 35kV/cm 40kV/cm 45kV/cm 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 Gamma 0.9 0.95 1
Slide6
TunerNotes
Frequencylimitation
xrangeandprecisionis relatedtophase Limitsperformanceover frequency
HighPowerMicrowaveDevices
Parallelizedunitcells
Capacitanceadds Increasedcurrent,same voltage Drivesoptimaloutput impedancelower
Lossreducestuningrange
LossbetweentunerandDUT limitsmaxVSWR
Harmonictuning
Multislug,multicarriage tunerdesigns Harmonicwaveinjection Triplexers
Technologyvariationand internalmatching
MOScap/wirebond LCL networks t k
Typical100W/2GHz/32Vdd deviceshave~1ohmoutput impedance
October2009
Slide7
October2009
Slide8
9/30/2009
PackageEffects
Analyticalderivedoptimalimpedanceisdefinedatthe devicecurrentsource(onthedie)
Package transformation is significant Packagetransformationissignificant
Width,height,substratediscontinuities;bondwires
Input/Output PreMatch
50to15ohmtransformerconcentratestunerconstellation Lengthoflinerotatesconstellation
Loadpullandcircuitdesignreferenceplaneistypicallyat packageedge Packagecanbedeembeddedfromresults
Fullwavesimulationrecommended
S11 S22
Port2
S12 S21
Power Meter Bandpass Filter Input Tuner Input Prematch Output Output Prematch Tuner Power Meter Bandpass Filter
Port1
DUT
October2009
Slide9
October2009
Slide10
HarmonicPreMatch
Singleslugtunersproducearbitrary2F impedance
Highefficiency modes are critically High efficiencymodesarecritically dependentuponharmonictermination Forceharmonicimpedanceswithprematch
OriginalConstellation
IncorporateBiasintoPreMatch
Biascanbesuppliedexternally(A) Stabilitymayrequireabiasteecloseto thedevice(B)
Highpowerdevicescommonlyoscillate around100MHzduetobiasteelocation anddesign Biasteeinprematchwilladdloss
Packagetransformationhasalargeeffect onterminationsat2F,3F,etc
Open 90 at2F DUT Openat2F Parallelcombination: 2F:Short F0:j*Zo,stub*w
October2009 EfficientandLinearMicrowavePowerAmplifiers UniversityofColoradoatBoulder Slide11
Prematched Constellation F0 2F
Desiretransistorcharacterization independentofbiasnetworkdesign
Input Tuner Input Prematch Output Output Prematch Tuner
DUT
A
October2009
A
Slide12
9/30/2009
PreMatchCalibration
Input Prematch
Output Prematch
DUT
ReferenceplaneisattheDUT,notthefixture MustdetermineSparametersofprematch p p
Simulationisnotaccurateenough Variationofpassivecomponents Measurementofactualhardwareisrequired
Impedance Verification
TRL:ReflectStandard (Ver.Block+Open) TRL:ThruStandard (Ver.Block+Ver.Block)
Verification Verification Block Block
TRL:Line1Standard (Ver.Block +Line1 +Ver.Block) TRL:Line2Standard (Ver.Block+Line2 +Ver.Block)
Impedanceverificationtechnique
Solvethesparametersofaverificationblock usingThru Reflect Line(TRL)algorithm using ThruReflectLine (TRL) algorithm Measuresparametersoftheverificationblock cascadedwiththeprematch Deembedverificationblockfromthecascade toobtainprematchonly
Input Prematch
Verification Block
InputPrematch +Ver.Block OutputPre match+Ver.Block Output Prematch + Ver Block
Verification Block
Output Prematch
OutputPrematch +DUT+ InputPrematch

Slide13 October2009 EfficientandLinearMicrowavePowerAmplifiers UniversityofColoradoatBoulder Slide14
October2009
TRLBlockDesign
Continuousmicrostrip transition betweenverificationblockandpre match
Identicalwidthandsubstrate
TRLBandwidth
Operationfrom220GHz
Linesmustbe30150 degrees Foreffectivedielectric constant3.25 Twolinesarerequired (2GHz7GHz,7GHz20GHz)
Electrical Degrees of TRL Line Standards over Frequency 200
TRLequationsfailwhenthrustandard hasverylowtransmission
AvoidresonanceinTRLblocks Tapersachievebroadband transformations
150 Degrees [deg]
TRLstandards
Reflectmaybeopenorshort,quality notcritical Line must be between 30 and 150 Linemustbebetween30and150 degreesoverfrequencyofinterest Multiplelinestandardscanextend range Characteristicimpedancemustbewell known(relatedtomicrostrip transition width)
100 6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 14mm 0 5 10 15 Frequency [GHz] 20
References
A il AgilentAN12879In AN 1287 9 I FixtureMeasurements UsingVectorNetwork Analyzers Engen andHoer,MTT1979
Slide15 October2009
50
Importanceofverification
October2009 EfficientandLinearMicrowavePowerAmplifiers UniversityofColoradoatBoulder EfficientandLinearMicrowavePowerAmplifiers UniversityofColoradoatBoulder Slide16
9/30/2009
BreakApartFixture
Repeatability
Considerbreakapartfixturedesign Onlyonecopyoftheprematch y py p eliminatesvariationduetopassives, soldering,andmanufacturing
InputBlock
Preamp/Source
Needsignificantoutput powermargintoovercome 3dBpadandtunermismatch 3dB pad and tuner mismatch loss Lowharmoniclevelsrequired
Attenuator
3dBattenuatorprovides minimum6dBreturnlossout of band ofband Preventsoscillation
Heattransfer
Someimpedanceregionsproduce highheatdissipation
Circulator
Isolatepowermeasurement andpreampfromtuner variation IsolateDUTfrompreamp outputimpedancevariation p p
Power Meter Bandpass Filter Input Tuner Input Prematch
Coupler/Bandpassfilter
Measureinbandforward power
Inputblockmismatchwillimpact p constellationandpowermeasurements!
Power Meter Output Output Prematch Tuner Bandpass Filter
Flexibility
Accommodateavarietyof transistordimensions i di i
DUT
October2009
Slide17
October2009
Slide18
ReflectionLossandInputPower
Mismatchbetweenblocks
Reflectionlossateachblock varieswithtunerposition varies with tuner position Correctpowermeasurement requirespreciseknowledgeof allSparm Sparm errorscauseDUT impedanceerrorsandpower measurementerrorsatinput andoutput
VNACalibration
SOLTforhighaccuracynear50 ohms
Most commonly used VNA MostcommonlyusedVNA calibrationmethod
PoweravailabletoDUT
Whatwecallinputpoweris actuallythepowerthatwould bedeliveredtotheDUTifno powerwerereflected (conjugatematch) Reflectedpowerisunknown, becauseDUTinput impedanceisunknown
TRLcalibrationforhighVSWR measurements
Commerciallyavailable Highprecision,otherwiseidentical toverificationkitTRLstandards
TransducerGain: Pdelivered,load / Pavailable,input /P

Input Prematch
Input Block
Power Meter
Input Tuner
DUT Available Reflected Delivered
Always verify VNA calibration AlwaysverifyVNAcalibration beforemeasuringloadpullblocks PoorVNAcalibrationor measurementpracticeistypically thecauseofloadpullerrors
October2009
Slide19
October2009
Slide20
9/30/2009
OutputBlock
OutputAttenuatorChain
DissipateDUTpeakand averageoutputpower Si t Sizetoprotectequipment t t i t frommaximumpossible powerlevel($$$) Sizetoavoidvariationwith temperature Todissipate30dB/150W:
10dB/200W+20dB/50W 30dB/150W
CalibrationandConfidenceCheck
SParametermeasurements
Input/outputblock Tuners,atmanyxy positions Prematch Pre match
Coupler/Bandpassfilter
Measureinbandforward power
S Spectrumanalyzer l
Watchforoscillation Measureharmoniclevels Measurelinearity
Errorsources
Calibrationmeasurements Mechanicalinstability Powernonlinearity,thermalinteraction Voltage/currentmeasurement
Highefficiency DCpowermeasurement
Sparametererrorscausepowermeasurementerrorswhichvarywithimpedance!
MeasuresystemwithnoDUTtoverifyconsistentoffsetvs.impedance. Measure system with no DUT to verify consistent offset vs impedance
Power Meter Bandpass Filter Power Meter Bandpass Filter
Power Meter Bandpass Filter
Outputblockmismatchwill impactconstellationandpower measurements!

Input Tuner Input Prematch Output Output Prematch Tuner
InputOffset
Input Tuner Input Prematch
OutputOffset
Output Output Prematch Tuner
Power Meter Bandpass Filter
DUT
DUT
October2009
Slide21
October2009
Slide22
LoadPullProcedure
Smallsignal
Setreasonableloadimpedance Sourcepullforpeakgain Load pull for gain (with constant Loadpullforgain(withconstant inputpower) MatchSSperformancewith datasheet,Sparms,orNLmodelif possible
Stability
Oscillation
Candamagedevices Addserroneousdata C id Considermonitoringspectrum it i t toflagdatapoints with oscillation
Measurementsateachpoint
Input,outputpower Vdd,Idd
Testconstellationsize
Constraintoaninteresting region Closecontours,retuneprematch ifrequired Avoidextremetunermismatch (VSWR>10:1)
NITX050 - 28V
Largesignal,constantinput power
Slowly increaseinputpower Repeatloadpullforoutputpower andefficiency Unstableregions Highpowerdissipationregions
Unstableimpedanceregions
Identifyaspossibleinsmall signal Tunerpassesthroughwide impedancerange ConsiderreducingDC/RF g / powerwhiletuning
j10 j5 j20
Pout [W] D [%]
Powersweepateachimpedance point Terminatesuponreachingdesired gaincompression

October2009
33
j2
56 73
Largesignal,gaincompression
33 65
DrainDCsupplycurrentlimit
82
73
3 23 28
48
38
65
82
10
20
Slide23
Cancause lowfrequency oscillation Considersettingcurrentlimit wellaboveexpectedcurrent

October2009 EfficientandLinearMicrowavePowerAmplifiers UniversityofColoradoatBoulder Slide24
43 43
5 65 483 438 48 48 3 39 2839 31 31 23
13 13 8 18
9/30/2009
LoadPullLinearity
Twotone
M MeasureIMD3andIMD5 IMD3 d IMD5 Varyingtoneoffset Linearityandoutputpower areopposed
PrototypeDesignVerification
Selectimpedanceto satisfypower,efficiency, gain,linearity gain linearity requirements Buildprototypefor desiredimpedances Useimpedance verificationtoconfirm desiredimpedances Useloadpulltoverify thatprototypeisoptimal solution
Complexmodulation
E g WCDMA E.g.W CDMA MeasureEVMandACP Realworldperformanceof thedevice
October2009 EfficientandLinearMicrowavePowerAmplifiers UniversityofColoradoatBoulder
ManualXBandHarmonicLoadPull
ExampleProcedure
1. Gatherdeviceinformation 2. 3dpackagemodelingif required 3. Approximateexpected loadimpedanceforpre matchdesign 4. Designprematchcircuits withharmonictermination andbiasnetworks 5. DesignTRLverificationkit 6. Prematchcalibration 7. Loadpullcomponent calibration 8. Loadpullsystem verificationand confidencechecks 9. Small andlargesignal sourceandloadpullover desiredconditions 10. Prototypedesignand verification
Loadpullcharacterizationisachallengingprocessrequiring carefulplanning,calibration,andmeasurement!
October2009 EfficientandLinearMicrowavePowerAmplifiers UniversityofColoradoatBoulder Slide27 October2009 EfficientandLinearMicrowavePowerAmplifiers UniversityofColoradoatBoulder Slide28
9/30/2009
DiscussionPoints
Howlongdoesittake? Typesofmeasurements includedinloadpull Howtodefinethebest impedance? Willtheprototypeexhibit thesameperformanceas thetransistorunderload pull?
October2009
Loadpullexamples
RFMDFPD3000inSOT89Package(1W)
Discretedeviceloadpull,notcloseto50
Setup,calibration, instrumentcontrol,and verification Power,efficiency,? Tradeoffsindevice performance Loadpullreferenceplane atdie,package,or prototypeterminals

Slide29
TIPALNAforISMbandwirelesstransceiver rangeincrease(200mW)
Verifyimpedancethatwasexpectedtobearound50
Diodesourcepullforwirelesspowering p p g rectifierantennadesign(100W)
SpecializedmeasurementwithDCload
October2009
Slide30
PackagedRFMDFPD3000
TRLcalibrationstandardsanddeviceinfixture;noteharmonicstubs incalibrationstandards Mr.MichaelRobert,UCBoulder
PackagedRFMDFPD3000:SourcePull
First,sourcepullisperformedtodeterminetheoptimalimpedancetopresentto thepackagegate Wanttomaximizethepowerdeliveredtothedevice Sourcepullwasperformedwithanarbitraryloadimpedanceof15.00+j1.43 Peaktransducergainoccurswhen8.42+j5.57 ispresentedtothepackagegate
DeliveredOutputPower
TransducerGain
Slide32
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PackagedRFMDFPD3000:LoadPull
Loadpullisperformedtodetermineoptimalimpedanceatthedrainofthepackage Wanttomaximizethepowerdeliveredfromthedevice,transducergain,etc Loadpullwasperformedwiththeoptimalsourceimpedanceof8.42+5.57 Peakoutputpowerandtransducergainoccurwhen9.35 j3.67 ispresentedto thepackagegate
IMSbandTIPALNAloadpull
CC2591isaPALNA(switched)used toboostrangeforaChipcon TI 2.4GHzwireless transceiver/microcontroler t i / i t l Impedanceforoptimalpowerand gainquotedat50 butneedstobe verified 200 differentialoutputbalun LDB182G4520C110(Murata)used todriveinput(shouldhavebeen 100 ) Balun has1.4dBinsertionloss Themeasurementisaccurateto betterthan+/ .5dB,andpreciseto lessthan.1dB. Mr.LukeSankey andMr.Steve Dunbar(TI)
Balun R LoadpullTRLcalibrationstnadards TICC2591PALNA
L T
DeliveredOutputPower
October2009
TransducerGain
Load/sourcepullresultsforTICC2591
Optimaloutputimpedance14.56j6.36 (3.6Vbiasand10dBm inputpower). Optimalinputimpedance~55.
Schottky dioderectifiersourcepull
Nonlinearimpedanceofdioderectifierdependsoninputpower, DCload,RFmatch,frequency Neededforoptimizingwirelesspoweringcircuitsandrectennas Mr.Erez Falkenstein,UCBoulder
Pmax=12.94dBm,Gmax=22.83dB 1st contour(12dBm,22dB)

October2009
Pmax=12.91dBm,Gmax=22.78dB 1st contour(12.5dBm,22.5dB)

9/30/2009
TRLcalibrationandtestcircuitsusedinthesourcepull.Thetest circuitisnarrowbandanddesignedtomovetheimpedanceofthe diodetowardsthemiddleoftheSmithchartatthedesignfrequency.
VNA/PNAmeasurementinadequateforrectifierdesign:
thediodeimpedancecanbefoundonlyforaspecificRFprematching conditionatthediodeterminals; rectifiedpowertrendsforvaryingRFloadconditionscannotbe obtained; fordifferentincidentpowerlevels,thematchtothediodevaries,andso theexactpoweracrossthediodeisnotknown; itisnotstraightforwardtoincludeapoweramplifierandavariableDC load.
Z diode =
RF DC =
Harmonicbalancesimulationcircuit
VRF = Z ( f , PRF ,in ) I RF
PDC = ( f , PRF ,in , RL , DC ) PRF ,in
Slide38
ConstantPDC rectifiedplotted(contours)fortwodifferentDCloads, ataconstantinputpower(5dBm)andf=1.96GHz. Red:loadpull;Blue:Harmonicbalance(ADS)
Otherfrequencies:900MHz,2.4GHz,5.8GHz Otherdiodeconfigurations
Singlediode
50 DCload,Pin=5dBm
October2009
500 DCload,Pin=5dBm
Slide39 October2009
5.8GHz Pin= 5dBm R=25 Idc=450mA Zopt=28j25
5.8GHz Pin=0dBm R=75 Idc=705mA Zopt=38j29

Slide40
10
9/30/2009
Schottky dioderectifiersourcepull andrectenna design

Nowwecandesignoptimalantennaimpedancefora rectenna (e.g.foracoffeecupthatcanbepagedinthedark) Examples:dipoleat900MHzwithinductivediode matching;patchwithtwoports(dualpol) matching; patch with two ports (dual pol)
SMS7630079LF,915MHz Zopt=200+j100 Voc=0.69Vjustdiode Voc=0 69V just diode Voc=1.1Vwithinductor
October2009
Slide41
11

8-Load Pull Characterization

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UniversityofColoradoatBoulder

Prof.Zoya Popovic JohnHoversten Contributingauthors: Dr.NestorLopez Dr.Srdjan Pajic MikeRoberg LukeSankey

Load pull characterization Loadpullcharacterization

Zin @F0 @F2 @F3

Zout @F0 @F2 @F3

Power Required to Achieve Specified Field in a 5mil Gap

Typical100W/2GHz/32Vdd deviceshave~1ohmoutput impedance

Loadpullandcircuitdesignreferenceplaneistypicallyat packageedge Packagecanbedeembeddedfromresults

TRL:ReflectStandard (Ver.Block+Open) TRL:ThruStandard (Ver.Block+Ver.Block)

Verification Verification Block Block

TRL:Line1Standard (Ver.Block +Line1 +Ver.Block) TRL:Line2Standard (Ver.Block+Line2 +Ver.Block)

InputPrematch +Ver.Block OutputPre match+Ver.Block Output Prematch + Ver Block

OutputPrematch +DUT+ InputPrematch

150 Degrees [deg]

100 6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 14mm 0 5 10 15 Frequency [GHz] 20

TransducerGain: Pdelivered,load / Pavailable,input /P

DUT Available Reflected Delivered

Always verify VNA calibration AlwaysverifyVNAcalibration beforemeasuringloadpullblocks PoorVNAcalibrationor measurementpracticeistypically thecauseofloadpullerrors

Power Meter Bandpass Filter

Outputblockmismatchwill impactconstellationandpower measurements!

Power Meter Bandpass Filter

Pout [W] D [%]

Powersweepateachimpedance point Terminatesuponreachingdesired gaincompression

Cancause lowfrequency oscillation Considersettingcurrentlimit wellaboveexpectedcurrent

5 65 483 438 48 48 3 39 2839 31 31 23

Setup,calibration, instrumentcontrol,and verification Power,efficiency,? Tradeoffsindevice performance Loadpullreferenceplane atdie,package,or prototypeterminals

Pmax=12.94dBm,Gmax=22.83dB 1st contour(12dBm,22dB)

Pmax=12.91dBm,Gmax=22.78dB 1st contour(12.5dBm,22.5dB)

VRF = Z ( f , PRF ,in ) I RF

PDC = ( f , PRF ,in , RL , DC ) PRF ,in

5.8GHz Pin= 5dBm R=25 Idc=450mA Zopt=28j25

5.8GHz Pin=0dBm R=75 Idc=705mA Zopt=38j29

Schottky dioderectifiersourcepull andrectenna design

SMS7630079LF,915MHz Zopt=200+j100 Voc=0.69Vjustdiode Voc=0 69V just diode Voc=1.1Vwithinductor

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