CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the writer presents the content of introduction. Those are : background of the problem, objective of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation and definition of key term. 1.1 Background of the problem People in the world have ambition in their lives and want to be successful. People who able to make his desire come true will be satisfied. An ambitious people always do their demand without thinking somebody else around them, they only think how the way to get money and power to make their life better. It can happen to every one and every class of society. According to Gilbert (1972:400) sociology is meat to be the science of society which consists of the web of social relationship with the combinations and complexities arising from them as group associations, institution, system, etc. It means that sociology is a concerning society as group, institution and associations. Ambitions usually eager desire for honor, rank, position. Ambition also can motivate people to get what he want and need in their life. As long as ambition brings good effect and happiness for someones life, it can be maintained. Great Expectation is written by Charles Dickens with the main character Pirrip. He also called as Christian name, he never saw his father and his mother, and never saw any likeness of either of them (for their days were long before the days of photograph). He live with his sister-Mrs Joe Gargery, who married the blacksmith. Two people haunt orphan Pips childhood: Magwitch, an escaped convict he meets and helps, and Estella, the beautiful charge of spiteful miss Haversham. When pip is given the means to become

gentleman, he has Great Expectations. But his past is not easily left behind. In this study the writer wants to analyze Pips ambition to be gentleman and what is to reach in his life. The writer chooses a novel is one of the literary works that conveys the imaginative exploration of human experience through characters in action and setting. The writer chooses this novel because interested in the topic of Pips ambition. Besides, the author remaining the most widely read of the Victorian novelist, he is interested in his creation of distinctively cruel, comic and repugnant characters.

1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 What are Pips ambitions found in Great Expectations? How are the causes of Pips ambition? What is the effect in his life?

1.3 Objective of the Study Through this proposal, the writer wants to find out what are Pips ambitions and how are the causes and what the effects in his life are.

1.4 Significance of the Study By analyzing Pips ambition, the writer can enlarge his knowledge about human ambition especially a person who has strong desire, the writer also expects the readers that results of his study will not only give contribution in appreciating and understanding literary work but it can be used as knowledge about bad and good human ambition and its resolution.

1.5 Scope and Limitation The scope of this study is literary appreciation and the limitation of the study is the Pips ambition found in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens.

1.6 Definition of key Term Ambition is a success that accomplishment of an aim, a favorite out come the attainment of wealth, fame or position (spoilt by success) a things or person that turn out well.(Tulloch,1993:34)

CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature

In this chapter, the writer presents two sub-division, review of previous study. Review of the related theories consists of sociology of literature, psychological approach, definition of ambition, definition of conflict. While review of previous includes of the similarities and differences between the writer work and the previous students. 2.1 Review of Related Theories 2.1.1 Sociology of Literature Literature represents life. Sociology of literature is on the branches of literary appreciation. Elizabeth and Burn (1973:37) state: sociology literature can be visualized as the sector of overlap common to variety of approach to the study of literature, of social institution, of the social defined but individual vision of the world and the individual action its most individual action its most individual and articulated form. From the statement above, the writer concludes that people define overlap sector as a social study that is dealing with human and their society. As a done based on the backgrounds, which cover the study of literature and the social study such as; sociology, psychology, religion, and others. It means that the critics should do his based on he literary appreciations theory and then evaluated the facts found in the work by the referring to the related theory suitable in the topic, which is analyzed. In line with the definition above, Theodorson (1969:405) also states sociology of literature of writers concerning society or to relate literature to the structure of society. Based on two statements above, the writer concludes that they have some opinion that is

sociology of literary is literary works that reflect the structure of society. In other words it can be said that sociology of literature is a study about the relationship between individual society and the environment. Thus, the writer uses sociological approach to know how someone has the problem in his individual and social life that arises when he wants to get ambitions. 2.1.2 Psychological Approach Psychological approach is also one of the sciences that can be used to study literary works. Mohan (1986:211) states that psychology is defined as the scientific study of human behavior clearly. In conclusion the writer tries to adopt psychological approach to find out the main character behavior psychological when he achieves his ambition. 2.1.3 Definition of Ambition In this part, the writer explains about ambition. He thinks that it is important to know what is ambition, because he finds out that the main character in the novel posses an ambition. When someone has a strong desire to achieve something in his life, or getting something for certain reasons, he is then called as a man who has an ambition. Usually someone has strong desire to reach success, power, fame luxury, honor or any other satisfaction in their life or in other word a better life. Mans ambition involves some feeling of the satisfaction and frustration (Bahm, 1995:136). It is believed that an ambitious person will strive to achieve his desired goals. If his goal can be fulfilled, he will be satisfied. However, if he cannot reach his goal he will be frustrated. The feeling frustration and anger is caused by unsatisfied need or thwarted desire is generally followed by arising some aggressions. The aggressions can be boasting, arrogance, bad manners, and even upon antisocial and criminal acts.(Garret,1950:69)

Apparently, ambition is a natural desire of every person. According to Alfred Alder, an Austrian psychiatrist, ambition is a natural desire to reach higher level of completeness and fulfillment (Tatenhove,1942:21). Pip, the main character in Dickens Great Expectations has an ambition to achieve both wealth and higher social status in the society. It seems that Pip also wants to reach higher levels of completeness and fulfillment. In this case, Pip is an orphan who comes from lower class. Thus , he wants to complete and fulfill something that he thinks is the best for him.

2.1.3.1 The Cause of Ambition There are some causes of ambition, related to Abraham Maslows hierarchy of human needs theory is the most widely discussed theory of motivation. The theory can be summarized as thus: Human beings have wants and desires which influence their behavior, only unsatisfied needs can influence behavior, satisfied needs cannot. Since needs are many, they are arranged in order of importance, from the basic to the complex. The person advances to the next level of needs only after the lower level need is at least minimally satisfied. The further the progress up the hierarchy, the more individuality, humanness and psychological health a person will show. The needs, listed from basic (lowest, earliest) to most complex (highest, latest) are as follows: Physiological

 Safety and Security Social Self esteem Self actualization According to Widarso (1992:17), there are some causes which make the humans ambition become strong. The first is unpleasant condition that appears in both someone environment of family or society. This unpleasant condition can be a challenge for people to change or make it better. To change or make the unpleasant condition better here can be individual, which means the focus is o someones self, or communal, which means the focus is on the society. The second condition that arouses ambition is pleasant condition can stimulate someone to improve him or her self to be better than, as perfect as they can be. From the statement above the writer conclude that having ambition is good for human. If the human can control his/her ambition, it will come to good a goal, but if he/she cannot control, the ambition can lead him/her to his/her failure. 2.1.4 Definition of Conflict In the relationship with other people, one may have conflict. Every person usually has his /her own idea in facing problem. Perrine (1970:43) states that conflict is a major part to attract the readers attention and interest. It is also conflict that makes the readers keep on reading a story till the end, as they are curious to know what will happen to the character next. To achieve this situation in which the readers want to know the story further, an author may put the protagonist in a dilemma which forces him to choose between two difficult options. Next, according to Cohen(1963:119), A conflict may not

always be an opposition between two people or forces; it can be clash of ideologies and concept or values. Referring to Holman (1986:56) in A handbook to literature, a conflict is the struggle that grows out the interplay of two opposing forces in a plot. The term conflict does not only imply the struggle of a protagonist against someone or something, but it also implies the existence of some motivation for the conflict or some goal to be achieved by it. Furthermore, he gives more details about conflict. According to him conflict is divided into two, the first is internal conflict and the second is external conflict.(1986:57-60) The internal conflict is the struggle of man against himself. It is struggle within individuals mind. It means that internal conflict is the conflict against one self. A character usually has a struggle with other characters but it does not mean that he or she does not have inner conflict of character. Meanwhile, the external conflict usually deals with the nature, person, or society. So, there are three kinds of external conflict, that is: 1. The struggle of man against nature. It represent man versus forces of nature, such as the difficulties and the dangers, for example, faced by explorers, navigators or astronauts. Rain, cold, heat, wild beast in the jungle are constant obstacles to mankind. 2. The struggle of man against another person. This kind of struggle is between one person and another. Many popular fictions are based on this conflict. The examples are two men trying to win the love a girl, the competition of businessmen, a girl having difficulties with her parents over her conducts.

3. The conflict of man against society. It is struggle between man and social values in his society. In this kind of conflict the character can come into conflict with the moral principles of society such as, tradition, customs, laws, moral codes, and accepted beliefs.(Holman,1972:57-60) In the Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, Pip, as the main character of this novel, has a conflict against another person. It happens when Pip tries to win Estellas love. He has conflict against Drummle because he loves Estella and wants to marry her. Pip also has a conflict with the society. In his childhood, he lives in poor condition and is mal treated by his society. 2.1.5 Relation between Ambition and Conflict Conflict and dispute are part of life. There is no society, community, organization or interpersonal relationship which does not experience conflict at some time or another as part of daily interaction. Conflict arises when people or groups are engaged in competition to meet goals or to reach his/her ambition which are perceived to be, or are in fact incompatible. Conflict can become physically and emotionally damaging or it can lead to growth and productivity for all parties. It all depends on how conflict is managed and resolved. Thus the writer can conclude that conflict always appear when somebody reach his /her ambition in their life.

2.2 Review of the Previous Study The writer takes the previous study from the student of UK PETRA, Diana Heny S, and NRP: 11498063. The title is THE CAUSES AND EFFECT OF PIPS AMBITION TO BE A GENTLEMAN AS SEEN IN CHARLES DICKENS GREAT EXPECTATIONS, the

problem are what is the cause and effect of pips ambition found in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. The method which is applied in this thesis is descriptive. It means that the result is a description based on confirmation of the theories and the data performed in the novel. The method used to analyze this novel is the description of character through direct explanation, the indirect presentation or usually also known as the dramatic method shows the qualities of the character indirectly, and the inner presentation of the character. The writer takes the previous study from the student of UK PETRA in order to know how she analyzed the novel and what is the method and technique that she used.