Module PMR

CHAPTER 7 : ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

A. Unknown *An unknown is a quantity whose value has not been determined. *Letters can be used to represent unknowns or objects. Example 1. The teacher gives some pencils to the students Solution : The unknown is the number of pencils Exercise 1. I bought some books Solution : 2. There are many monkeys in the garden. Solution : .

2. There are x students in m class Solution : x is unknown 3. Azman bought y durian in z shop m is object yesterday. Solution : unknown.. object . 4. Mr a sold his car for k ringgit Solution : unknown .. object :.. B Algebraic Terms i) Algebraic Term with one unknown - is the product of an unknown and a number. Example : 4y is called an algebraic term 4y Number unknown

4y = 4 x y = y + y + y + y

* Identify coefficients in given algebraic term - Coefficient is the number that multiply the unknown Example 1) 7m : coefficient of m is 7 2)
r 1 : coefficient of r is 4 4

Exercise 1) -3z : coefficient of z is 2)

2 x : coefficient of x is .. 5

3) y : coefficient of y is -1

3) 0.7 h : coefficient of h is 4) p : coefficient of p is ..

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(ii) Like and Unlike Algebraic Terms * Like term : terms with the same unknowns * Unlike terms : terms with different unknowns. Example 1. 3m and -4m 2. 4x and x 3. 0.9z and 5z 1. 2w and 8h 2, -5f and g 3. 1.2q and 3.5g Like term (same unknown) Exercise Determine whether each of the following pairs of algebraic terms are like term / unlike term 1. 6s , - t : y 2. , 8y : .. 4 3. 19 d , 19e : 2 4. , 4e : .. e

unlike term ( different unknown)

C Algebraic Expressions An algebraic expression is a combination of two or more algebraic terms by addition, subtraction or both Examples : 2x + 4y , 6r 3s + 6z (i) Number of terms in a given algebraic expression Exercise Determine the number of terms in the algebraic expressions below : 1. 6m + 8n 9 : .. 2. 3b + 2e 10b -5e : . 3. 2s 4s + 5s + 3 w :.

Example Determine the number of terms in the algebraic expressions below : 1. 3x + 6y : 2 terms 2. 7p + 5q 9 : 3 terms 3. w 2z 8y + 1 : 4 terms

(ii) Simplifying Algebraic Expressions - Group all the like terms together - Add / subtract the coefficient of the terms - unlike terms cannot be simplified

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Examples 1. 6m 2n + 4m 5n = 6m + 4m -2n -5n (group like terms) = 10m 7n 2. -7x + 4y + 3y + 2x = -7x + 2x + 4y + 3y = -5x + 7y 3. ( 12a 4b) + ( 5a + 7b) = 12a+ 5a 4b + 7b = 17a + 3b 4. ( 9q + 2p) ( 4q 6p) = 9q + 2p 4q + 6p = 9q 4q + 2p + 6p = 5q + 8p 5. 8x ( - 4x) + x = 8x + 4x + x = 13x 6. -3c (- d) +(-2d) = -3c +d 2d =-3d -d

Exercise .1. 2x 7y + 5x y =

2. 11z -3w - 8z- 8w =

3. ( 6r + 9s) + ( 3r 2s) =

4. ( 5k -3) ( 7k + 2) =

5. (2t +4s) (7t 3s) =

6. 3s (- 5s + 1) =

7. -14w (-3w) -7w =

D. Algebraic Terms in two or more unknowns Is the multiplying factors of the term Examples : 3xy , abc, 0.8 def * Identifying the coefficient of an unknown Example In the term 8xy2 * 8y(xy) the coefficient of xy is 8y * 8x(y2) the coefficient of y2 is 8x * 8y2 (x) the coefficient of x is 8y2 * 8(xy2) the coefficient of xy2 is 8 Exercise 1. in the term -3ab2c * the coefficient of abc =.. * the coefficient of ab2 = .. * the coefficient of ab2c =.. * the coefficient of ac = .

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E. Multiplication & Division of 2 or more terms (i) Finding the product of 2 algebraic terms - collect all numbers and similar unknowns together - then multiply the numbers and the unknown separately. Example 1. 2ab x 4b2c =2xaxbx4xbxbxc =2x4xaxbxbxbxc = 8 x a x b2 x c = 8ab3c Exercise 1. ab x a2b =

2. 3xy x (-2 yz) 2. 4m2 x mn 2 =4xxmxmxmxnxn = 2 x m 3 x n2 = 2 m 3 n2 =

3.. 6ab2c x ( bc 3) Exercise 4 1 6. pqr ( pqr ) 5 2 = =

7. (-3m2hk3)x (-7m2hk2) =

4. (-8p3qr) x ( -7pqr2) =

5. =

2 2 w z (9 wz 3 ) 3

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(ii) Finding the quotient of two algebraic terms - Express the division in fraction form - cancel similar unknowns that are found in both numerator and denominator Example 14 xyz 1. 7 xz 14 2 x y z = 7 x z = 2y 2. 12m2n 3mn 12 4 m m n = 3 m n = 4m 3. -5cd2e 15c2de (5) c d d e = 3 15 c c d e d = 3c Exercise 1. 24pq2z 8qr =

2.

16 x 3 y 2 4x 2 y 3 =

3. 12abc (-18cd) =

4. (- 18sr3t2) 6sr2t =

iii) Multiplication and Division involving algebraic terms Example 1. 4p x 6q2 3pq 4 p 62 q q = 3 p q = 8q 2.
4c 2 de 9cde 2 6ce 2 4 2 c c d e 93 c d e e = 6 31 c e e

Exercise 1. 6p2qr 3pq x 8pr =

2.

12 gh (9kh) 6 gh 2 =

= -2 x c x d x 3 x c x d x e = -2 x 3 x c x c x d x d x e = -6c2d2e

3. 10a2b3 x (-2b2c) 5abc

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F) Computations involving Algebraic Expressions * In Multiplication / division of algebraic expressions by a number, every term In the expression is multiply/ divide by the same number Example Exercise 1. 3 ( 2a b) 1. 8 ( 5m -2) = 3 x 2a 3 x b = = 6a 3b
1 2 (5t + 10 s ) 5 1 1 = 5t 10 2 s 5 5 = t 2s

2. - ( 4a + 12b) =

3. p 7 ( p -3 ) =

3. h 9(h 2) = h 9h + 18 = -8h +18

4. 5 ( t -2) + 8t =

4. 2 (4e +y) 5( 2e 3y) = 2 x 4e + 2 x y 5 x 2e + 5 x 3y = 8e + 2y 10e + 15y = 8e -10e +2y + 15y = -2e + 17y 5. (6ab 4bc) 2b = 6ab 2b 4bc 2b = 3a 2c
6

5. 3 ( 2s -7) 4( s + 3) =

6. . ( -12pq + 8qr 4pqr) 4 =

3x 9 5y 3 =

7.
1 3 (4 p 2 8 pq ) (4 p 2 12 pq ) 2 4 2 = 2 p 4 pq 3 p 2 + 9 pq

= 2 p 2 3 p 2 4 pq + 9 pq = p 2 + 5 pq 7. 5(2x 1) 12 x 4 4 = 10x -5 (3x - 1) = 10x -5 -3x + 1 = 10x -3x -5 + 1 = 7x -4

8.

1 2 (5 p 2 10 pq ) (6 p 2 3 pq ) 5 3 = 18 24u 2 + 5(2u 2 3) 6 =

9.

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Common Errors Errors 1. 7pq x 3pq = 21 pq Correct Steps 1. 7pq x 3pq =7x3xpxpxqxq = 21 p2q2

2. 2 ( 4e 3 d) = 8e 3d

2. 2( 4e 3d) = 2 x 4e 2 x 3d = 8e 6d 3. (6de2 4ef) 2e = 6de2 2e 4ef 2e = 3de 2f 4. (x 4y) ( 2x + y) = x 4y 2x - y = x -2y -4y - y = - x - 5y

3. (6de2 4ef) 2e = 3de 4ef

4. (x 4y) ( 2x + y) = x 4y 2x + y = x -2x -4y + y = -x-3y

5. -2p ( pq 3) = - 2pq 6p

5. -2p ( pq 3) = - 2p2q + 6p

6. 10abc 4 abc =6

6. 10abc 4 abc = 6abc

7. 3a +6b 8a 3b = 3a + 8a - 6b -3b = 11a 9b 8. ( - 4rs2t) x 5r3st2 = (-4) x 5 x r x r3 x s2 x s x t x t2 = 20r3s2t2 9. -5s - ( 3t 2) = +15st -10s

7. 3a +6b 8a 3b = 3a - 8a + 6b -3b = -5a +3b 8. ( - 4rs2t) x 5r3st2 = (-4) x 5 x r x r3 x s2 x s x t x t2 = -20r4s3t3 9. -5s - ( 3t 2) = -5s -3t +2

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(G) Expanding single Brackets * Expanding algebraic expressions by multiplying each term inside the bracket by the number or term outside * p(q + r)= p q + p r = pq + pr Example 1. 2p (p 3q) = 2p x p 2p x 3q = 2p2 6pq 2. -4b(2a + b) = -4b x 2a -4b x b = -8ab 4b2 3.
2 b (6a 9c) 3 3 2 2 = b x 6 2a - b x 9c 3 3 = 4ab -6bc

Exercise 1. y ( w + y) =

2. -5e ( 3f + 2g) =

3.

r (12 9 s + 3t ) 3 =

4. xy ( 4z 2w + xy) =

5.

2 x( xy 5 yz 2 + 10 z ) 5 =

6. - 7ab(2a 4b + c) =

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(H) Expanding double brackets * Expanding algebraic Expressions by multiplying each term within the first pair of brackets by every term within the second pair of brackets ( a + b)(x + y) = a( x +y) + b( x+y) = ax + ay + bx + by Example 1. (x -3)(y+5) = x (y + 5) 3(y + 5) = xy + 5x 3y 15 2. (2k -1)(k 3) = 2k(k -3) 1(k -3) = 2k2- 6k k + 3 = 2k2 -7k + 3 3. (p 3q)2 = (p 3q)(p -3q) = p(p-3q) 3q (p-3q) = p2 3pq 3pq + 9q2 = p2 6pq + 9q2 4. (2a +b)2 = (2a+b)(2a+b) = 2a(2a+b) + b(2a+b) = 4a2 +2ab +2ab + b2 = 4a2 +4ab +b2 Exercise 1. (a -2)(b +1) =

2. (m +3)( 3m n) =

3. (-2s -5)( 3t + 4) =

4. ( a -3)2 =

5. (3m n)2 =

6. ( 5x +2)2 =

7. (y + 4d)2 =

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Common Errors Errors 1. 2x(x-3) = 2x2 -3 2. (a+b)2 = a2 + b2 3. ( a b)2 = a2 b2 2m2(3m2n 4 mn3) = 6m4n 4m2n3 5. -4 ( 3de 2rst2) = - 12de 2rst2 6. ( x -3)2 = x2 9 7. 4a2 (a + b)2 = 4a 2 a2 + b2 = 3a2 + b2 Correct Steps 1. 2x(x-3) = 2x2 6 2. (a+b)2 = a2 +2ab + b2 3.. ( a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 2m2(3m2n 4 mn3) = 6m4n 8m3n3 5. -4 ( 3de 2rst2) = - 12de + 8rst2 6. ( x -3)2 = x2 6x + 9 7. 4a2 (a + b)2 = 4a 2 ( a2 +2ab + b2 ) = 4a2 a2 - 2ab - b2 = 3a2 -2ab b2

4.

8. (2x -3)(x + 4) = 2x( x+4) 3 (x + 4) = 2x2 + 8x 3x + 12 = 2x2 +5x + 12

8. (2x -3)(x + 4) = 2x( x+4) 3 (x + 4) = 2x2 + 8x 3x - 12 = 2x2 +5x 12

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(I ) Factorization * Process of writing an expression as a product of two or more factors. List out common factors for each alg. term , determine the HCF of the terms . Write as the product of 2 factors ab ac = a ( b c) a = common factor

Example 1. st sr = s( t r )

Exercise 1. 6a 24c =

2. 4m + 12mn 16m2 2. 4m3 6m2 = 4 xm + 4 x 3x mxn- 4 x 4 x m x m = = 4m ( 1 + 3n 4m) 3. 6d2 3d = 3 x 2 x d xd 3 x d = 3d ( 2d 1) 4. 10mn 15m2 =5x2xmxn5x3xmxm = 5m ( 2n 3m )

3. 8ax + 4bx 2cx =

4. x2yz xy2z =

5. 3st2 15 stw =

6. 2yz 4yz2 + 6xyz =

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*Factorize an expression by using the difference between 2 squares i) expressions which consist of 2 terms : a2 b2 = ( a b)( a + b) Example 1 9 a2 = 32 a2 = ( 3-a)(3+a) Exercise 1. w2 25 =

2. 4x2 25y2 = 22 x2 52 y2 = ( 2x)2 (5y)2 = ( 2x 5y)( 2x + 5y) 3. 8g2 18h2 = 2 ( 4g2 9h2 ) = 2 [ ( 2g)2 ( 3h)2 ] = 2 (2g -3h) (2g + 3h)

2. 5x2 -5 =

3. 12d2 75 =

4. 36c2 -100e2 =

ii) expressions which consist of 3 terms a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a - b)2 Example 1. 9x2 + 6xy + y2 = (3x2) + 2 (3x)(y) + y2 = ( 3x + y)2 2. p2 4pq + q2 = p2 2(p)(q) + q2 = (p q)2 3. 16p2 24pq + 9q2 = (4p)2 2(4p)(3q) +(3q)2 = (4p 3q)2 Exercise 1. a2 + 4ab + b2 =

2. 4x2- 20x + 25 =

3. 9e2 12 ef + 4f2 =

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iii) expressions which consist of 4 terms ax + ay + bx + by = (ax + ay) + (bx + by) = a( x+y) + b(x+y) = (a+b)(x+y) ax + ay - bx - by = (ax + ay) -(bx + by) = a( x+y) - b(x+ y) = (a -b)(x + y)

Example 1. w2 + wz + 6w + 6z = (w2 + wz) +( 6w + 6z) = w(w+z) + 6(w+z) = (w + 6)(w+z) 2. a2b2 + a2b + b+1 = (a2b2 + a2b) + (b+1) = a b (b + 1) + 1(b+1) = (a2b +1)(b+1) 3. 2x2 - 4xy + 6y 3x =(2x2 - 4xy) + (6y 3x) = 2x (x -2y) + 3 (2y- x) = 2x(x 2y) 3(x - 2y) = (2x - 3)( x - 2y)
2

Exercise 1. pq + qr + ps + rs =

2. 2ab + bc + 6ad + 3cd =

3. de de2 + 7de 7d =

4. ab + bc ad dc = (ab + bc) (ad + dc) = b(a+c) d(a+c) = (b d)(a+c)

4. 10 + 3ab 15a 2b =

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Common Errors Errors 2m 2 1. 6m 2 =

m2 3m 2

Correct Steps 2m 2 1. 6m 2 = =
2(m 1) 2 3 m2

m 1 3m 2

2.

x2 9 x3 =
( x 3)( x 3) ( x 3)

2. =

x2 9 x3
( x 3)( x + 3) ( x 3)

= x3 3. x2 9 = (x + 9 ) ( x 9) 3.

=x+3 x2 9 = x2 - 32 = (x + 3 ) ( x 3) 4. y2 - 62 = ( y 6 )( y + 6)

4. y2 - 62 = ( y 6 )2

J) Factorizing & Simplifying Algebraic Expressions * Algebraic Fractions are fractions with either its numerator or denominator or both having algebraic expressions Examples : x p q 2a , , y + 1 x 2 4 3b

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I) Simplifying algebraic Expressions

* divide the numerator and denominator by their common factors. * factorizing the numerator or denominator or both and then divide the numerator and denominator by their common factors. Example 4a 2 b 1. 2ab 2 4 a ab = 2 a bb 2 a 2a = = b b 12m n 20m 2 n 2 4 3 m m m n = 5 4 m m n n 3 m 3m = = 5 n 5n
3

Exercise 5rs 1. 10r 2 s =

2.

2.

21c 2 de 3 14cde 2 =

3.

b+c b2 c2 (b + c) 1 = = (b c)(b + c) b c

3.

3d 9d2 =

x2 9 4. 2x 2 6x x 2 32 = 2 x x 2 3 x ( x 3)( x + 3) = 2 x( x 3) x+3 = 2x

e2 f 2 4. 3e 3 f =

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ii) Addition & Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions a) Algebraic Fractions with same denominator Example Exercise rt 5s 2x 4 1. 1. y y 9k 9k = 2x 4 = y 2.
2m 1 m + 4 3n 3n (2m 1) (m + 4) = 3n 2m 1 m 4 = 3n 2m m 1 4 = 3n m5 = 3n x 4 3x + 2 6 xy 6 xy =

2.

b) Algebraic Fractions with different denominator Example Exercise 1 2 4x y 1 1. + (LCM = 5b) + b 5b 2 5 = 1 b 2 = + 5b 5b b+2 = 5b 2.
5y 3 ( LCM =4x2y) 2 2 xy 4x 5 y y 3 2x = 4x 2 y 4x2 y

2.

4q 5q 2 a b 2ab 2 =

5 y 2 6x 4x 2 y

3.

2 d 3 5d + 1 (LCM = 6ab) 2a 3b 3b (2d 3) 2a (5d + 1) = 6ab 6ab 6bd 9b 10ad + 2a = 6ab 6ab 6bd 9b (10ad + 2a ) = 6ab 6bd 9b 10ad 2a = 6ab
92

3.

ab + 1 2 a 4r 18rs =

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iii)Multiplication and Division of Algebraic Expressions a) Multiplication 2 algebraic fractions involving 2 types : * Denominator with one term Example 1. 2 p 3q 7 5a 2 p 3q = 7 5a 6 pq = 35a 2. 6m 2 4 n 2 2n 3m 2 3 m m 2 2 n n = 2 n 3 m 2 m 2 n = 1 = 4mn Exercise 7 2 1. 3r 9 y =

2.

3x 18 y 2 6 yz 15 x 2 =

3.

p+r 3 12 x q

* denominator with two terms Example 2 2 x 1. x y 2x x y ( x y )( x + y ) x . = 2x ( x y) x+ y = 2 Exercise 3x x3 1. 2 x 9 6x 2 =

2.

2x 2 + x x 2 y 2 x+ y 2 xy + y x(2 x + 1) ( x y )( x + y ) = x+ y y (2 x + 1) x( x y ) = y

2.

2x 2 x + 3 x 2 9 4x 4 =

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Division of Algebraic Fractions * Denominator with one term Example a 2c a e ae 1. = = d e d 2c 2cd

m n 2( m n ) 4c 2c ( m n) 2c = 2( m n ) 2 4c 1 = 4

Exercise 5 10 z 1. 2 x x =

2.

2.

a + b 2a + 2b cd 3c 2 d =

3.

x 2 16 y 2 x + 4 y xy 2x 2 2 2 x (4 y ) x + 4y = 2 xy 2x ( x 4 y )( x + 4 y ) x y = 2 x x ( x + 4 y) y( x 4 y) = 2x
.

3.

3b 3a a 2 b 2 2d 4d 2 =

4.

m 5 m 2 25 4 pq 6q

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*Denominator with 2 terms Example 1 2p p . q + 2 q2 4

= 2 p q 2 22 q+2 p 2p (q 2)(q + 2) = ( q + 2) p = 2( q 2)

Exercise 5 10m 1. n 3 3n 9 =

2. 2. ab 2 2a 2 ( a b) ( a b 2 ) = = =

3g 2 27 gh 2 2 yx y x =

ab 2 2a (a b) (a b)(a + b) ab 2 (a b)(a + b) ( a b) 2a
b ( a + b) 2
2

3.

s 2 + st rs + rt 2 w 3 12 8w =

3,

7 x 2 14 x 2 x 4 2x + 2 x +1 1 7 x ( x 2) ( x + 1)1 = 2( x + 1)1 2( x 2)1 7 x 1 = 2 2 7x = 4

4.

d 2 e 2 (d e) 2 12b 6a 3a 6b =

5.

ab 2 2a 2 ( a b) ( a b 2 ) =

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Common Errors Errors 3b + 6 1. 9b 3b1 + 6 = 9b3 1+ 6 7 = = 3 3 2.

1 2 + x 3x 1+ 2 = x + 3x 3 = 4x 2 p 3q 9q 6 p

Correct Steps 3b + 6 1. 9b 3(b + 2) = 9b3b b+2 = 3b 2.

1 2 + x 3x 1 3 2 = + 3x 3x 3+ 2 5 = = 3x 3x 2 p 3q 9q 6 p

3.

3.

(2 p 3q )1 1 = 3(3q 2 p )1 3

(2 p 3q )1 3(2 p 3q )1

=-

1 3

4.

1 h 1 hk h 1 (h 1)(k ) = hk h(k ) 1 kh k = hk

4.

1 h 1 hk h 1 (h 1)(k ) = hk h(k ) 1 kh + k = hk 2x xy y 2x 1 2 = = 2 y xy y

2x xy y 2x = xy y = 2x 2

6 m + 4 2x m m . 4 2x = m m 4 2x 2x = = m m

m + 4 2x m m m + 4 2x = m

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Questions based on PMR Format (A) Simplify each of the following expressions : 1) 4a (a 5) 11. (a 3)2

2) 10q + ( -6q) -5

12 ( 3x + 2)2

3) 6p ( -3p) 2p

13. (5d t)2

4) 4a a( b+4)

14. (x 2)2 x( x -6)

5) -5m 4(m 2)

15. ( 2y + 3)2 ( 5y - 2)

6) 6b (b +3)

16. ( 3w z)2 + z(2w z)

7) 5x 3(2 - x)

17) (k-2)2- 8 + 3k

8) 4k(k 3m) 3m(m 4k)

18) ( 6s -1)2 ( 4s + 1)

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9) 3(x y ) 2 ( y x)

19) 2 ( 3y- 4) + ( y -5)2

10) -3 ( c d) + 2 ( 4c -2d)

20) (2p +q)2 - q(4p 2q)

(B) Factorise completely each of the following expressions : 1. 12xy 4x2 11. 4x -3y xy 12

2. 6e 18ef

12, a2 b2 + a2b + b + 1

3. 4x2 -100

13. 2m2 m + 2mn

4, 75 3m2

14 9c2 100d2

5. 3y + 12

15 uv + wv ux wx

6. 20 5x2

16 ab+ bc ad-cd

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7. 3st 15st2u

17. k2-14k + 49

8. 36x2 81y2

18. g2 -12g + 36

9. m3 9m

19. 3x-4y-6wx+8wy

10. 4p2 -1

20. 2pq- 6pz 3rq + 9rz

(C) Express each of the following expressions as a single fraction in its simplest form 2 x p 1 p 1. 9. 3 x 12 3m m

2.

4q 3 p pq

10

2m 3 m + 2 4 6

3.

4 1 s s 2s 2

11

2 m 3 3m 12m 2

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4.

5 x 1 2w t

12.

8 1 4w 5n 10n

5.

x+3 2 y 2e 4

13.

3( p + 1) 6 n 3np n

6.

p 1 p + 3f f

14.

7 m4 12m 4m 2

1 2z 1 4 n 8n 2

15.

9 y y ( y + 3) y + 3

5 p p2 + 6 8. 6q 12 pq

16.

2 4n 3n 9n 2

(D) Expand each of the following expressions 1. 2 (m+1) 10. (p + 2z )( p x)

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2. 3b (b 3)

11 (n -7)2

3 -2a ( x 4)

12. ( r t)2 -4rt

4. 2k2 ( k 7)

13 (4m -2)2 + 7m

5. 5x ( x 2y)

14 (a+ 2d)( a+ 2d)

6. 2e( 4e f + 7)

15 (3 +b)(2a- 2c)

2 s (6 x 12 y + 9) 3

16

( x 3y)( x + 3y)

8. -6pq(2pq + 4p 3q)

17 . (2a + 1)( b- 3)

9 4 ( - 3s + 5h)

18. (x -2)( y + 3)

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PMR past year questions 2004 1. Simplify (3x-1)2 (7x + 4) (2 marks)

2. Factorise completely a) 9xy -3x2 marks)

b) p2 6(p+1) (8 p) (3

1 1 p 3 2 as a single fraction in its simplest form 3. Express 2m mp ( 3 marks)

2005 4. Simplify (2p- q)2 + q(4p q) ( 2marks)

5.

Factorise completely each of the following expressions : (a) 4e 12ef b) 3x 2 - 48 ( 3 marks)

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5. Express

1 m+2 as a single fraction in its simplest form. 2 m 6m 2 ( 3 marks)

2006 6. Factorise completely 50 2m2 (2 marks)

7. Simplify 3 (2p -5) + (p 3)2

( 2 marks)

8. Express

1 5 2v as a single fraction in its simplest form 5m 15mv (3 marks)

2007 9. Factorise completely each of the following expressions : a) 2y + 6 b) 12 3x2 ( 3 marks)

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10. Expand each of the following expressions : (a) q(2 + p) (b) ( 3m n)2 ( 3 marks)

11. Express

5 2 3w + as a single fraction in its simplest form 3n 6n (3 marks)

2008 12. Simplify 2p 3q (p + 5q) ( 2 marks)

13. Expand each of the following expressions : (a) 2g ( 5 k) (b) ( h 5)(3h + 2) ( 3 marks)

14. Express

1 n4 as a single fraction in its simplest form n 3n ( 3marks)

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CHAPTER 7 : ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS ANSWERS A unknown 1. Number of books 2. number of monkeys 3. unknown : y Object : z 4. unknown : k Object : a B Algebraic terms (i) 1) -3 2 2) 5 3) 0.7 4) 1 (ii) 1) unlike term 2) like term 3) unlike term 4) unlike term C) Algebraic Expressions i) Number of term 1) 3 2) 4 3) 5 ii) simplify Algebraic Exp. 1) 7x 8y 2) 3z 11w 3) 9r + 7s 4) -2k-5 5) -5t+7s 6) 2s -1 7) -18w D) Alg Terms in two or more terms * Identify coefficient of unknown -3b , -3c, -3, -3b2 E) Multiplication & division of alg terms i) find product of 2 alg terms 1) a3b2 2) -6xy2z 3) 3ab3c4 4) 56p4q2r3 5) 6w3z4 2 6) - p 2 q 2 r 2 5 7) 21m 4 h 2 k 5
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ii) find quotient of 2 alg. Terms 2ab 3 pqz 1) 3) r 3d 4x 2) 4) -3rt y iii) Multiplication &Division of alg terms 1. 16p2r2 2 18k 3. -4ab4 F. Computation involve Alg Exp. 1. 40m 16 2. -2a 6b 3. -8p + 21 4 10 + 3t 5 2s - 33 6 -3pq+2qr pqr 7 x 3 5y 8. -3p2 9. 6u2-12 G. Expanding single Brackets 1. wy + y2 2. -15ef 10eg 3 4r 3rs + rt 4 4xyz 2xyw + x2y2 H. Expanding double brackets 1. ab + a -2b -1 2. 3m2-mn + 9m -3n 3. -6st 8s 15t -20 4. a2 -6a + 9 5. 9m2 -6mn +n2 6. 25x2+20x + 4 7. y2+8dy+16d2 I. Factorization 1. 6( a 4c) 2. 2m2( 2m -3) 3. 2x ( 4a + 2b c) 4. xyz( x -y) 5. 3st (t-5w) 6. 2yz( 1- 2z +3x)

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3. i) expressions which consist of 2 terms 1) (w 5)(w + 5) 2) 5(x 1)(x + 1) 3) 3(2d-5)(2d +5) 4) (6c -10e)(6c +10e)

9abs + 9b 4 + 2a 36rs

ii) expressions which consist of 3 terms 1) (a + b)2 2) (2x 5)2 3) ( 3e 2f)2 iii) expressions which consist of 4 terms 1) (q +s)(p + r) 2) (b+ 3d)(2a+c) 3) (de 7e)(1- e) 4) (5 b)(2 3a ) J) Factorising & simplifying Alg Expressions. i) Simplifying alg Expressions 1 1. 2r 3ce 2 2 1 3. 3+ d e+ f 4 3 ii) Addition & Subtraction of alg Exp. a) Alg Fraction with same denominator rt 5s 1. 9k 3 x 2 3 xy b)Alg Fraction with different denominator 10 x + y 1. 5 8bq 5aq 2. 2a 2 b 2
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iii) Mul & division of Alg Exp a) Multiplication of 2 alg fractions * Denominator with one term 14 1. 27 ry 3 2. 5 xz 2 p+r 3. 4 xq

* denominator with 2 terms 1 1. 2 x( x + 3) 1 2 2( x + 3) b) Division of Alg Fractions * Denominator with one term x 1. 2z 3c 2. 2 3 3. 2d ( a + b) 3 4. 2 p (m + 5)

* Denominator with 2 terms 3 1. 2m g 2. 9 h( y + x ) 4s 3. r d +e 4 d e b 2 ( a + b) 5. 2

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Questions based on PMR Format A. Simplify expressions 1. 3a+ 5 2. 4q -5 3. 7p 4. ab 5. -9m+8 6. 5b -3 7. 8x 6 8. 4k2 - 3m2 9. 5x 5y 10. 5c d 11 a2 - 6a + 9 12 9x2+ 12x +4 13 25d2 -10dt + t2 14 2x + 4 15 4y2 + 7y + 11 16 9w2 - 4wz 17 k3 k -4 18 36s2 16s 19 y2 -4y + 17 20 4p2 + 3q2 B. Factorise Expressions 1 4x( 3y x) 2. 6e( 1 3f) 3 (2x 10)( 2x + 10) 4. 3 (5 m)(5+m) 5. 3( y + 4) 6. 5(2-x)(2+x) 7. 3st(1 5tu) 8 9(2x -3y)(2x+3y) 9 m(m-3)(m+3) 10 (2p-1)(2p+1) 11 (x+3)(4-y) 12 (a2b+1)(b+1) 13 m(2m-1+2n) 14 (3c-10d)(3c+10d) 15 (v-x)(u+w) 16 (b-d)(a+c) 17 (k -7)2 18 (g 6)2 19 (3x -4y)( 1-2w) 20 (2p-3r)(q-2)

C) Express expressions as a single fraction in its simplest form 8 x2 1. . 12 x 4q 2 3 2. pq 9s 1 3. 2s 2 5t 2 wx + 2 w 4. 2 wt 2 x + 6 2e + ey 5. 4e p + 3 3p 6. 3f 2n 2 x + 1 7. 8n 2 9 p2 6 8. 12 pq 4p 3 9. m 4m 13 10. 12 7m + 3 11. 12m 2 15 + 4 w 12. 10n 3 15 p + 3 pn 13 3np m+3 14. 3m 2 3 y 15. y 7n 4 16. 9n 2 D Expand expressions 1. 2m+2 2. 3b2 -9b 3. -2ax+ 8x 4.. 2k3 14k2 5. -5x2+ 10xy 6. 8e2 -2ef +14e 7. 4sx -8sy +6s 8. -12p2q2 -24p2q +18pq2 9. -12s +20h 10. p2 px + 2pz 2zx
107

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11. n2 -14x +49 12. r2 -6rt +t2 13. 16m2 -9m + 4 14, a2 +4ad + 4d2 15. 6a2 -6ac+2ab-2bc PMR Past Year Questions 2004 1. 9x2 -13x -3 2. a) 3x(3y-x) b) p2- 7p -14 2 p 1 3. mp 2005 4. 4p2 5. a) 4e(1-3f) 6. m 1 7. 3m 2 2006 6. 2(5 m)(5 +m) 7. p2 6 v 1 8. 3mv 2007 9. a) 2(y+3) 10. a) 2q+pq 4w 11. 2n 2008 12. p -8q 13. a) 10g -2gh b) 3h2 -12h -10 7n 14. 3n b) 3(2-x)(2+x) b) 9m2- 6mn +n2

16. 17. 18.

x2 + 9y2 2ab- 6 + b -3 xy +3x -2y -6

b) 3(x-4)(x+4)

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Algebraic Expressions

109