1) Heat flow in welding 2) Solidification of weld metal 3) Gas metal reaction 4) Slag metal reaction 5) Solid state reaction

Heat flow:
In welding heat got from the arc or flame .in arc and flame the temperature is high at origin and arc and flame low spread and length is small the heat loss is low. So, during work it is necessary to control metallurgical effect necessary t get weld and it heat flow surround. the main two factors are as under. 1. 2. 3. 4. Maximum temperature distribution in weld heat affected zone. It s temperature time. Cooling rate in weld and heat affected zone. Solidification of weld.

Solidification of weld metal:

Solidification of weld metal commonly process of nucleation and growth. So metal convert liquid to solid by nucleation and growth process. This type of process due to nuclease. It is produce by metal which is filled in near wall or its own inside particles or due to weldmetel causes. The cooling is necessary for this process. In welding solid metal is around the liquid weld. Then during welding weld boundary by solid and liquid form metal. The heat is flow towards boundary because of light heated metal around it in weld. Then columer structure is produce. Grains is long and parallel to heat flow direction . structure seluler due to fast process of solidification. One example. The figure shows that by pure metal example. Or solidification effect in three part. 1. Contraction 2. Residual stresses. 3. Metallurgical changes. Its affect on weld quality.

Contraction:
Contraction is produce by directed cooling and compression of weld during solidification. Its shown in fig. Residual stresses: Weld pull compress when it cooled. Other part of job is against it. Tensile stresses and compressive stresses. As shown in fig. this type of residual stresses produce cracks in metal and less effected minimum in ductile metal.

Metallurgical changes: This change due to HAZ cooling and heating. It is based on below. 1. Attitude of behavior. 2. Behavior of heat treatment of first. 3. Behavior of first Cold work.

Gas metal reaction:

There are show important metallurgical changes In gas and metal reaction and due to suck in metal of gases. Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are in this gases. And source of this type of gases are atmosphere and electrode. andothermical and exothermic reaction become between gas and metal. In weld hole, piping, cracks and oxide impurities become due to mixed gas in metal. In liquis steel yhere is 0.2% oxygen but when the metal is becoming solid decrease in . so it make ferrous oxide due to process with metal ferrous which metal is stiff.

Slag-metal reaction:
Flux which is used in arc, submerged arc, flux cord arc, and electro slag process it convert in to liquid slag due to arc. Many chemical reactions become with this weld metal and slag. When metal is produce that time slag reaction are same in this reaction. Slag character is important in flux shielded process. Slag removes nonmetallic parts from weld metal. Differentdifferent compound made in slag are same as electrode for welding. Example the aluminum silicate, manganese, and iron silicate which are come up side in weld metal and become part of slag. These type impurities more when oxidizing arc used. But it decrease when use of reducing arc. Sulfur and phosphorus rate controlled in weld metal with slag.Hot cracking effect due to non metal and slag metal reaction. It becomes in last stage of solidification.

Solid state reaction:

This reaction produces by welding of steel metal. Weld metal fastly freeze and become hard particle as marten site. but real become is ferrite and carbon. Weld become crack by this hard particles in present of hydrogen. There are lots of cracks when weld is more freezes. Weld metal ductile and tuff for maintain critical condition it comes from decrease in carbon rate in steel, decrease in cooling rate.