Thu Nov 17 4:17:58 EST 2011 CSA Marked Records Last Search Query: (ti=((Collective action* or right* or mobili*

or protest* or empower* or communit* or resilience or collaborative or conflict* or advoc* or participatory or empower* or equit* or inequit* or disput* or discord* or diverse interest* or uneven power or disagree* or oppos* or struggl* or revolution* or war or wars or law* or enforcement* or court* or tribunal* or reform* or concession* or Governance or decision mak* or institution* or decentrali* or transbound* or organization* or organisation* or agenc* or bureau* or commit* or gender* or woman or women or femin* or electricity or electrical power or electrical energy) and water) or ab=((Collective action* or right* or mobili* or protest* or empower* or communit* or resilience or collaborative or right* or conflict* or advoc* or participatory or empower* or equit* or inequit* or disput* or discord* or diverse interest* or uneven power or disagree* or oppos* or struggl* or revolution* or war or wars or law* or enforcement* or court* or tribunal* or reform* or concession* or organi*ation* or Governance or decision mak* or institution* or decentrali* or transbound* or organization* or organisation* or agenc* or bureau* or commit* or gender* or woman or women or female lab* or femin* or electric power or electricity or electric* energy) near water)) and de=(Bangladesh) Record 1 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Sustaining the In-stream Flow of Rivers: Comparative Case Study of Germany and Bangladesh AU: Author Shoaib, Syed Abu; Baur, Rolf; Sultana, Nahid; Haque, MAminul; Hossain, Md Jahid SO: Source Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution [Asian J. Water Environ. Pollut.]. Vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-7. 2011. AB: Abstract Life of the river sustains on its flow. River systems provide many beneficial values and services, including flood mitigation, groundwater recharge, navigation, water supplies, pollution attenuation, nutrient transport and recycling, biological productivity, aesthetic values, and recreational opportunities such as fishing, boating, swimming and wildlife viewing. In-stream flow is necessary to sustain these and other utilitarian and intrinsic values. For Bangladesh being located downstream of many rivers, it is very important to care about the quantity and chemical as well as ecological quality of its river water. Germany's river Elbe originates in Czech Republic, thus the situation is comparable to the transboundary water problems Bangladesh faces. The comparative analysis of water framework directives and policy, plan of Germany and Bangladesh on maintaining the in-stream flow of rivers (Surma and Teesta rivers of Bangladesh and Elbe river of Germany) is the main focus of this paper. The study puts forward key information and recommendations to maintain the in-stream flow of river. Record 2 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts

TI: Title Hydrology, management and rising water vulnerability in the Ganges--Brahmaputra--Meghna River basin AU: Author Babel, Mukand S; Wahid*, Shahriar M SO: Source Water International [Water Int.]. Vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 340-356. 2011. AB: Abstract A water vulnerability analysis is made of how sensitivity characteristics of the Ganges--Brahmaputra--Meghna (GBM) River basin may affect adaptive capacity. A co-riparian 'country perspective' highlights the importance of local level management actions. Results reveal that vulnerabilities in India and Bangladesh stem from hydrological and ecological factors, but are more linked to poverty and underdevelopment in Nepal. Poor political governance and underinvestment in the water sector add to vulnerability in Bangladesh and Nepal. Overall, Bangladesh is the most sensitive country while Nepal has the least capacity to adapt. Record 3 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Subsurface iron and arsenic removal: low-cost technology for community-based water supply in Bangladesh AU: Author Van Halem, D; Heijman, SGJ; Johnston, R; Huq, IM; Ghosh, SK; Verberk, JQJC; Amy, GL; Van Dijk, JC SO: Source Water Science & Technology [Water Sci. Technol.]. Vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 2702-2709. 1 Dec 2010. AB: Abstract The principle of subsurface or in situ iron and arsenic removal is that aerated water is periodically injected into an anoxic aquifer through a tube well, displacing groundwater containing Fe(II). An oxidation zone is created around the tube well where Fe(II) is oxidised. The freshly formed iron hydroxide surfaces provide new sorption sites for soluble Fe(II) and arsenic. The system's efficiency is determined based on the ratio between abstracted volume with reduced iron/arsenic concentrations (V) and the injected volume (V sub(i). In the field study presented in this paper, the small-scale application of this technology was investigated in rural Bangladesh. It was found that at small injection volumes (1 m) super(3) iron removal was successful and became more effective with every successive cycle. For arsenic, however, the system did not prove to be very effective yet. Arsenic retardation was only limited and breakthrough of 10 mg/L (WHO guideline) was observed before V/V sub(i=1, which corresponds to arrival of groundwater at the well. Possible explanations for insufficient arsenic adsorption are the short contact times within the oxidation zone, and the presence of competing anions, like phosphate.) Record 4 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Subsurface iron and arsenic removal for shallow tube well drinking water supply in rural Bangladesh

AU: Author van Halem, D; Olivero, S; de Vet, WWJM; Verberk, JQJC; Amy, GL; van Dijk, JC SO: Source Water Research [Water Res.]. Vol. 44, no. 19, pp. 5761-5769. Nov 2010. AB: Abstract Subsurface iron and arsenic removal has the potential to be a cost-effective technology to provide safe drinking water in rural decentralized applications, using existing shallow tube wells. A community-scale test facility in Bangladesh was constructed for injection of aerated water (-1m super(3)) into an anoxic aquifer with elevated iron (0.27mmolL super(-1)) and arsenic (0.27 mu molL super(-1)) concentrations. The injection (oxidation) and abstraction (adsorption) cycles were monitored at the test facility and simultaneously simulated in the laboratory with anoxic column experiments. Dimensionless retardation factors (R) were determined to represent the delayed arrival of iron or arsenic in the well compared to the original groundwater. At the test facility the iron removal efficacies increased after every injection-abstraction cycle, with retardation factors (RFe) up to 17. These high removal efficacies could not be explained by the theory of adsorptive-catalytic oxidation, and therefore other ((a)biotic or transport) processes have contributed to the system's efficacy. This finding was confirmed in the anoxic column experiments, since the mechanism of adsorptive-catalytic oxidation dominated in the columns and iron removal efficacies did not increase with every cycle (stable at RFe=-8). RAs did not increase after multiple cycles, it remained stable around 2, illustrating that the process which is responsible for the effective iron removal did not promote the co-removal of arsenic. The columns showed that subsurface arsenic removal was an adsorptive process and only the freshly oxidized adsorbed iron was available for the co-adsorption of arsenic. This indicates that arsenic adsorption during subsurface treatment is controlled by the amount of adsorbed iron that is oxidized, and not by the amount of removed iron. For operational purposes this is an important finding, since apparently the oxygen concentration of the injection water does not control the subsurface arsenic removal, but rather the injection volume. Additionally, no relation has been observed in this study between the amount of removed arsenic at different molar Fe:As ratios (28, 63, and 103) of the groundwater. It is proposed that the removal of arsenic was limited by the presence of other anions, such as phosphate, competing for the same adsorption sites. Record 5 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Status of groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh: A 14-year study report AU: Author Chakraborti, Dipankar; Rahman, Mohammad Mahmudur; Das, Bhaskar; Murrill, Matthew; Dey, Sankar; Chandra Mukherjee, Subhas; Dhar, Ratan Kumar; Biswas, Bhajan Kumar; Chowdhury, Uttam Kumar; Roy*, Shibtosh; Sorif*, Shahariar; Selim*, Mohammad; Rahman*, Mahmuder; Quamruzzaman*, Quazi SO: Source Water Research [Water Res.]. Vol. 44, no. 19, pp. 5789-5802. Nov 2010.

AB: Abstract Since 1996, 52,202 water samples from hand tubewells were analyzed for arsenic (As) by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HG-AAS) from all 64 districts of Bangladesh; 27.2% and 42.1% of the tubewells had As above 50 and 10aaI14g/l, respectively; 7.5% contained As above 300aaI14g/l, the concentration predicting overt arsenical skin lesions. The groundwater of 50 districts contained As above the Bangladesh standard for As in drinking water (50aaI14g/l), and 59 districts had As above the WHO guideline value (10aaI14g/l). Water analyses from the four principal geomorphological regions of Bangladesh showed that hand tubewells of the Tableland and Hill tract regions are primarily free from As contamination, while the Flood plain and Deltaic region, including the Coastal region, are highly As-contaminated. Arsenic concentration was usually observed to decrease with increasing tubewell depth; however, 16% of tubewells deeper than 100aam, which is often considered to be a safe depth, contained As above 50aaI14g/l. In tubewells deeper than 350aam, As >50aaI14g/l has not been found. The estimated number of tubewells in 50 As-affected districts was 4.3 million. Based on the analysis of 52,202 hand tubewell water samples during the last 14 years, we estimate that around 36 million and 22 million people could be drinking As-contaminated water above 10 and 50aaI14g/l, respectively. However for roughly the last 5 years due to mitigation efforts by the government, non-governmental organizations and international aid agencies, many individuals living in these contaminated areas have been drinking As-safe water. From 50 contaminated districts with tubewell As concentrations >50aaI14g/l, 52% of sampled hand tubewells contained As <10aaI14g/l, and these tubewells could be utilized immediately as a source of safe water in these affected regions provided regular monitoring for temporal variation in As concentration. Even in the As-affected Flood plain, sampled tubewells from 22 thanas in 4 districts were almost entirely As-safe. In Bangladesh and West Bengal, India the crisis is not having too little water to satisfy our needs, it is the challenge of managing available water resources. The development of community-specific safe water sources coupled with local participation and education are required to slow the current effects of widespread As poisoning and to prevent this disaster from continuing to plague individuals in the future. Record 6 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Farmers' perceptions and knowledge in using wastewater for irrigation at twelve peri-urban areas and two sugar mill areas in Bangladesh AU: Author Mojid, MA; Wyseure, GCL; Biswas, SK; Hossain, ABMZ SO: Source Agricultural Water Management [Agric. Water Manage.]. Vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 79-86. 1 Dec 2010. AB: Abstract a- Farmers recognized fertility, reliability and low cost of wastewater as an advantage. a- Farmers viewed solid wastes, fecal matter and oily products in wastewater as negative elements. aFarmers did not perceive any problem with the quality of the yield produced by wastewater. a- Farmers lack knowledge on the impact of wastewater on health and fertilizer contribution. By interviewing farmers in twelve peri-urban and two sugar mill areas information was

collected on the use of urban wastewater. In all cases, untreated sewage water was used without primary treatment. The domestic polluted water originated from household kitchen, cloth wash, bathroom shower, and other municipal sources (e.g., supermarkets, restaurants, offices). Moreover it was often diluted by urban storm-water drainage. Major quality parameters of the wastewater were determined. The boron, iron, sodium, nitrogen, phosphate and zinc content along with the electrical conductivity and pH of the wastewater, with few exceptions, were lower than their safe limits for irrigation. The manganese content always exceeded the recommended threshold limit. Most farmers irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.), and, in few locations, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), wheat (Triticum aestium L.) and vegetables (e.g., tomato; Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with wastewater. At one peri-urban area, farmers stopped irrigating with wastewater after having (free) access to freshwater. The farmers at another area were very concerned of its negative impact on human and soil health. Because of high temperature and impurities, only few farmers used wastewater for irrigating sugarcane (Saccharum sp. L.) and rice by diluting it during the scarcity of freshwater at one sugar mill area, and only some tail-end farmers directly used it for irrigating rice at the other area. In this manuscript, the word 'wastewater' refers to 'untreated sewage water'. In Bangladesh, water treatment is rare. Farmers articulated two opposing attitudes for irrigating with wastewater. They recognized fertility, reliability and low cost of wastewater in one extent, and viewed, as negative elements, the presence of solid wastes, fecal matter, engine oil, grease, diesel, molasses, and harmful chemicals in the other extent. Also the social acceptability of wastewater was low. While working with wastewater, farmers faced multi-facet problems of blistering, skin infection, injury to hands and lower legs, bad smell, mosquito nuisance and damage to low-lift pumps due to solid wastes. Important considerations for preferring wastewater were to avoid high cost of pumping groundwater and to save on chemical fertilizers. Also, farmers did not perceive any problem with the quality of the yield. The farmers strongly felt a necessity of primary treatment of wastewater to remove solid wastes, heavy ones by settling and suspended ones by separation, before irrigation. Although aware of the fertility value of wastewater, most farmers lacked knowledge on how to adjust its doses. All these demonstrated a necessity of proper policy, training, and more information on health precautions as well as on food safety in using urban wastewater. Record 7 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Arsenic remediation of drinking water using iron-oxide coated coal bottom ash AU: Author Mathieu, Johanna L; Gadgil, Ashok J; Addy, Susan EA; Kowolik, Kristin SO: Source Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering [J. Environ. Sci. Health, Pt. A: Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng.]. Vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 1446-1460. Sep 2010. AB: Abstract We describe laboratory and field results of a novel arsenic removal adsorbent called 'Arsenic Removal Using Bottom Ash' (ARUBA). ARUBA is prepared by coating particles of coal bottom ash, a waste material

from coal fired power plants, with iron (hydr)oxide. The coating process is simple and conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Material costs for ARUBA are estimated to be low (6 $0.08 per kg) and arsenic remediation with ARUBA has the potential to be affordable to resource-constrained communities. ARUBA is used for removing arsenic via a dispersal-and-removal process, and we envision that ARUBA would be used in community-scale water treatment centers. We show that ARUBA is able to reduce arsenic concentrations in contaminated Bangladesh groundwater to below the Bangladesh standard of 50 ppb. Using the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.77) ARUBA's adsorption capacity in treating real groundwater is 2.6 10- 6mol/g (0.20 mg/g). Time-to-90% (defined as the time interval for ARUBA to remove 90% of the total amount of arsenic that is removed at equilibrium) is less than 1 hour. Reaction rates (pseudo-second-order kinetic model, R2 . 0.99) increase from 2.4 105 to 7.2 105 g mol- 1min- 1 as the groundwater arsenic concentration decreases from 560 to 170 ppb. We show that ARUBA's arsenic adsorption density (AAD), defined as the milligrams of arsenic removed at equilibrium per gram of ARUBA added, is linearly dependent on the initial arsenic concentration of the groundwater sample, for initial arsenic concentrations of up to 1600 ppb and an ARUBA dose of 4.0 g/L. This makes it easy to determine the amount of ARUBA required to treat a groundwater source when its arsenic concentration is known and less than 1600 ppb. Storing contaminated groundwater for two to three days before treatment is seen to significantly increase ARUBA's AAD. ARUBA can be separated from treated water by coagulation and clarification, which is expected to be less expensive than filtration of micron-scale particles, further contributing to the affordability of a community-scale water treatment center. Record 8 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Social-epidemiological study for evaluation of water supply and sanitation systems of low-income urban community in Dhaka, Bangladesh AU: Author Mollah, KA; Aramaki, T SO: Source Journal of Water and Health [J. Water Health]. Vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 184-191. Mar 2010. AB: Abstract This study aims at quantification of health losses, considering social and environmental factors. Morbidity and mortality cases of diarrhoea for children under five years old were used to estimate the disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost for the target households in low-income communities in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Water supply facilities and sanitation systems, along with hygiene practices and their health outcomes, were studied at community level. Demographic, socio-economic and socio-cultural aspects were also studied to support the research findings and give a better understanding of the local conditions. The four selected communities, Ward 60 (W60), Ward 61 (W61), Ward 62 (W62) and Ward 65 (W65), all had different existing urban services such as water supply, sanitation, garbage management and drainage facilities. All of these services existed in W62, but W60 did not have any of the services; W61 had sanitation and drainage coverage, whereas W65 had only a water supply facility. The results conclusively showed that, compared with the null (absence of services) scenario (W60), the other three scenarios (W61, W62 and W65) showed a substantial decrease of

diarrhoea (1.219, 1.284 and 2.052 DALYs/household/year, respectively) reported for children under five years old. Besides urban services, other socio-economic characteristics might also influence the prevalence of diseases. Record 9 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Arsenic Catastrophe in Bangladesh: Mitigation Perspective and Implementation Challenges AU: Author Rahman, MHabibur; Al-Muyeed, A; Ahmed, A SO: Source Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution [Asian J. Water Environ. Pollut.]. Vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 45-54. 2010. AB: Abstract One of the worst health hazards in Bangladesh is arsenic contamination of drinking water, which demands immediate and urgent remedial measures. About 29 percent of the tested tubewells in the shallow aquifers are contaminated with arsenic beyond safe limit of Bangladesh standards and about 81 percent of the villagers are now affected with this poison where 27 percent of those are beyond Bangladesh standard. This study identifies treatment technologies and alternative water supply options presently available in Bangladesh for minimizing this catastrophe. The paper reveals that deep tubewells, well accepted by the communities during the past few decades, emerge to be a more suitable alternate option to mitigate this crisis in Bangladesh. Finally the paper identifies the challenges for institutionalizing these treatment technologies or alternative water supply options in arsenic problem areas. Record 10 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Impact and adaptation to flood. A focus on water supply, sanitation and health problems of rural community in Bangladesh AU: Author Shimi, Annya Chanda; Parvin, Gulsan Ara; Biswas, Chaitee; Shaw, Rajib SO: Source Disaster Prevention and Management [Disaster Prev. Manage.]. Vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 298-313. 2010. AB: Abstract Purpose - This paper intends to examine the impacts of flood on water supply and sanitation condition along with flood induced health problems in a rural community of Bangladesh. It also aims to explore a rural community's adaptation approaches to flood. Design/methodology/approach - This research relied on intensive field investigation where 120 households from different villages were selected randomly for questionnaire survey. Sampling was taken from different villages which were the most badly flood affected areas during all previous floods of Bangladesh. Field investigation was conducted in January 2007. Findings - Flood is a common feature of the study area. Water supply and sanitation condition become severely disrupted during flood when it embraces various water borne diseases. During every flood about two-thirds of the tube-wells and all toilets become unusable. As an adaptation approach tube-wells have been either

placed on an elevated base or raised with an extra pipe. But owing to using hanging latrines or a boat and defecating directly into water bodies most people pollute those water bodies. Although majority of the people suffer from different water borne diseases no remarkable adaptation approach is followed. Few people store any emergency medicine before a flood and sometimes take treatment from local rural doctors. Practical implications - By highlighting the nature and extent of impacts of flood on water supply, sanitation and health condition along with the adaptation this study urges the need for special attention and improvement of these sectors of rural Bangladesh under flood management programs of government and non-government organizations. Originality/value - This paper facilitates the understanding of the impact of floods on water supply, sanitation and health condition of rural people, which are not well addressed. At the same time its helps to learn lessons from their adaptation to flood. Record 11 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Water management in Bangladesh: an analytical review AU: Author Chowdhury, NT SO: Source Water Policy [Water Policy]. Vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 32-51. 2010. AB: Abstract Water management in Bangladesh is a critical issue owing to growing demand and increasing conflict between alternative uses. Demand for water is growing rapidly in agriculture mainly from irrigation for cereal production, the urban and industrial sector, fishery, inland navigation and salinity control. The supply of clean and uncontaminated water has fallen far short of demand owing to inadequate flows in the Ganges, pollution caused by the disposal of effluents and chemicals, salinity intrusion in the coastal area and arsenic contamination. Further, the availability of freshwater is highly seasonal depending on the presence and duration of the monsoon. The incidence of both flood and drought in a yearly cycle profoundly affects river morphology. This paper identifies various geographic, socioeconomic and environmental factors that shape the water management issues of Bangladesh. The paper mainly concerns the status and trend of these issues. Record 12 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Integrated approaches to promoting sanitation: A case study of Faridpur, Bangladesh AU: Author Ali, M; Stevens, L SO: Source Desalination [Desalination]. Vol. 248, no. 1-3, pp. 1-7. 15 Nov 2009. AB: Abstract This paper summarises the experience of Practical Action in promoting water, sanitation, waste and hygiene-related infrastructure and services in the town of Faridpur, Bangladesh. In addition to the improvement in health and local environment, the project attempted to increase income and employment through the provision and operation of

services. Practical Action and its partners have organized community groups and developed participatory slum improvement plans. This then leads to the prioritisation of immediate needs and agreeing roles and responsibilities in the delivery. To address other needs identified in the plans, slum dwellers were encouraged to develop partnerships with the municipality and other service providers. The involvement of people and their empowerment has lead to better use and maintenance of water and sanitation-related infrastructure and services. Community members, once organized have also negotiated better deals with the municipality. However, income and employment from the services, appears to be a more complicated issue in practice as compared to what was planned in the project. This is because of social structures in the slum areas and community expectations. Overall, the Faridpur model appears as a potential model to improve access to services in urban slums of Asia to achieve health, environment and well-being outcomes. Record 13 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Selection of the optimal alternative: rehabilitation of a regional drainage channel in Bangladesh AU: Author Chowdhury, RK; Zaman, AU SO: Source Urban Water Journal [Urban Water J.]. Vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 395-405. Nov 2009. AB: Abstract Due to the dynamic inter-relationship between human society and water resources, decision-making is a tricky task in water management sectors. In this study, multi-criteria analysis has been used as a decision support tool for the selection of a sustainable option in a regional channel improvement in Bangladesh. The Malnichara channel flows across the north-eastern divisional city of the country, and is responsible for storm water conveyance to the downstream Surma River. The channel was observed to be at risk due to anthropogenic activities such as encroachment, sewage and solid waste disposal and the filling up of natural depression basins. Using the multi-criteria analysis, three alternatives for channel improvement (sodding natural channel, lined natural channel and concrete box culvert) were evaluated with respect to ten indicators, grouped into four sustainability criteria (technical, economic, environmental and social). Sodding natural channel was found to be the optimal alternative, though the selection was sensitive to social criteria. Such a straightforward tool can efficiently be used to ensure sustainability of the channel through stakeholders' involvement in decision-making. Record 14 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Community and participation in water resources management: gendering and naturing development debates from Bangladesh AU: Author Sultana, Farhana SO: Source Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. Vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 346-363. Jul 2009.

AB: Abstract Community and participation have become popular in development discourse and practice, particularly in the global South and in relation to water resources management. Greater involvement of people in decisionmaking, implementation and evaluation of water management practices is expected to increase efficiency and equity in water projects. However, scholars have pointed out that such discourses are often problematically used and idealised, leading to the exacerbation of gender, class and other social differentiations. Drawing from a case study of drinking water contamination by arsenic in Bangladesh, this article examines the mobilisation and outcomes of participation and community in water provision and arsenic mitigation. Water hardship, conflicts and marginalisations are found to be products of social processes (that are gendered, classed and spatialised) as well as natural processes (local geohydrology, depth of arsenic sediments), in addition to the very ways that community and participation are conceptualised and practised. Nature-water comes to play a critical role in the ways that development interventions play out, thereby complicating the general debates around community and participation. This article seeks to problematise the ways that considerations of both the roles of nature and gender power relations can be more critically and productively engaged in development geography. As such, the article brings together debates in nature-society geography and development geography to argue that scholars studying community and participation need to pay greater attention not only to gender and spatial power relations, but also to the importance of geographical locations and the agency of heterogeneous nature in the ways water management and development interventions fail and succeed, and are thereby critiqued. More adaptive, reflexive and inclusive development realities that are simultaneously embedded in society and nature may then be envisioned, and more nuanced understandings of nature-in-development enabled. Record 15 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Impacts of arsenic contamination in groundwater: case study of some villages in Bangladesh AU: Author Nahar, Nurun SO: Source Environment, Development and Sustainability [Environ. Dev. Sustainability]. Vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 571-588. Jun 2009. AB: Abstract The contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh by arsenic is a widespread and serious environmental problem, affecting mainly the rural population who rely extensively on groundwater for drinking and cooking. The study conducted survey work in a few affected villages of the Northwest region in Bangladesh. The household survey gathered information on the respondents (affected by arsenic) water usage and sources, knowledge of the arsenic problem, changes in the source of water for drinking and cooking, arsenic mitigation technologies and socio-economic information on the households. The survey work shows that percentage of male patient is higher than female patient among the same level of household income in each study villages. Prevalence of arsenicosis is more among poorer sections and it is directly related to the poverty situation of the community. People know more about the health problems caused by arsenicosis but lack knowledge

about mitigation aspects. In one of the study areas, every year an extra 4% tubewell is getting contaminated by arsenic. Arsenic contamination in groundwater also affects the environment and the ecology negatively. The NGOs have been found contributing to a knowledge creation process in the village community as the villagers are showing marked behavioral changes in water-use practice. Record 16 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Integration of GIS and multicriteria decision analysis for urban aquaculture development in Bangladesh AU: Author Hossain, MS; Chowdhury, SR; Das, NG; Sharifuzzaman, SM; Sultana, A SO: Source Landscape and Urban Planning [Landscape Urban Plann.]. Vol. 90, no. 3-4, pp. 119-133. 30 Apr 2009. AB: Abstract Site selection is a key factor in any aquaculture operation, affecting both success and sustainability as well as solving land or water use conflicts. This study was conducted to identify suitable sites for carp farming development in urban water bodies (UWBs) of Chittagong, Bangladesh using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) based MultiCriteria Evaluation (MCE) of water, soil and infrastructure database. ASTER imagery and 14 thematic layers were analyzed with ENVI and GIS capabilities, and developed a series of GIS models to identify and prioritize the appropriate UWBs for carp farming. The study identified 487 UWBs occupying 362ha and revealed 280ha (77%) is the most suitable, 36ha (10%) is moderately suitable and 46ha (13%) is not suitable which was consistent with field verification. The results are encouraging for extension of carp culture and diversify the economic activities of the urban dwellers. Record 17 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Gender dimensions of differential health effects of climate change induced water-logging: A case study from coastal Bangladesh AU: Author Neelormi, Sharmind; adri, N; Ahmed, A U SO: Source IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 6, 1 pp. 9 Mar 2009. AB: Abstract This article was submitted without an abstract, please refer to the full-text PDF file. Record 18 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Principles of Transboundary Water Resources Management and Ganges Treaties: An Analysis AU: Author Rahaman, MM

SO: Source International Journal of Water Resources Development [Int. J. Water Resour. Dev.]. Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 159-173. Mar 2009. AB: Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyse the coverage of the principles of transboundary water resources management in two key bilateral treaties in the Ganges Basin. The treaties are the 1996 Mahakali Treaty between Nepal and India and the 1996 Ganges Water Treaty between India and Bangladesh. The study reveals that both treaties incorporate several internationally recognized transboundary water resources management principles, e.g. the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization, an obligation not to cause significant harm, principles of cooperation, information exchange, notification, consultation and the peaceful settlement of disputes. The presence of these internationally accepted principles in these two treaties offer plenty of common ground, which could serve as guidelines to promote sustainable water resources management throughout the region. Record 19 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title A comparative study of two seasonal floodplain aquaculture systems in Bangladesh AU: Author Mustafa, MG; Brooks, AC SO: Source Water Policy [Water Policy]. Vol. 11, no. 1, suppl. 1, pp. 69-79. 2009. AB: Abstract This paper presents a comparative analysis of the technical and economic parameters of two community led approaches: the semi-closed water bodies and the floodplain water bodies based systems in Bangladesh. The two approaches differ in management, fish production, impact on biodiversity, capital investment and annual variable costs, share of profits and proportional benefits for the poor, and impact on allied businesses--the so-called backward and forward linkages. For the semi-closed water bodies (beels) the fish harvest increased from an annual average of 380 kg ha super(-1) in 2002 to 921 kg ha super(-1) by 2005. During the same period, the biodiversity measured for self-recruiting indigenous species, using the Shannon-Weiner Index (H'), increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 2.24 in 2002 to 2.56 in 2005. For the floodplain aquaculture system (Pankowri or Daudkandi model) annual fish production ranged from 1.5 to 1.81 ha super(-1). Annual net economic benefit per hectare was found to be Taka 37,710 plus or minus 24,600 and 26,819 plus or minus 10,780 for semi-closed and floodplain systems respectively. The net income per kg of product was found to be Taka 44.0 plus or minus 9.0 and 13.0 plus or minus 3.0 for semi-closed and floodplain systems, respectively. The floodplain system tends to use comparatively more feed and fertilizers per unit area that pond-based aquaculture. Record 20 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Children's Health Deficits due to Diarrhoea: Effects of Water Supply and Sanitation Systems in Slums with Different Water Logging

Conditions AU: Author Mollah, Kabirul Ahsan; Nishida, Kei; Kondo, Naoki; Yamagata, Zentaro SO: Source Journal of Water and Environment Technology [J. Water Environ. Technol.]. Vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 277-291. 2009. AB: Abstract This population-based epidemiologic study investigated the associations of individuals' socio-demographic statuses, sanitary systems and habits, water supply and drainage conditions with diarrhoea incidences among 707 children younger than 5 years who were living in slum communities with various water logging patterns in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We conducted a home-visiting survey during the pre-monsoon period from December 2006 to April 2007. Nine slum communities were selected that had been experiencing five different water logging conditions. One non-water logging community was selected as a control. The Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) were calculated using data on diarrhoea morbidity and mortality. Although DALYs lost because of diarrhoea were very small in a non-inundation type community, but were the highest in persistent drainage inundation type communities. Among the factors correlated with DALYs, control variables for mother's illiteracy and household income strongly attenuated most of these correlations to statistical null, except for mother's age (less than 15 years-old), using hanging latrine and not washing hands before eating, and after defecation. In conclusion, water logging conditions and socio-economic statuses may strongly contribute to diarrhoea incidence in the city's slum communities. In such communities, interventions to address both water logging and socio-economic conditions may be critical for reducing diarrhoea incidences. Record 21 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Options of sustainable groundwater supply from safe aquifers in areas with elevated arsenic a case study from Bangladesh AU: Author Jakariya, M; Bhattacharya, P; Bromssen, M v SO: Source Proceedings of the American Geophysical Union Joint Assembly. [np]. 2008. AB: Abstract Access to safe drinking water is a basic human right. Several millions of people, mainly in developing countriesare affected by arsenic in drinking water and the global impact now makes it a top priority water quality issue. Awide gap between the number of exposed people and the pace of mitigation programmes in rural areas ofdeveloping countries is the main problem in providing safe drinking water. The main challenge is to develop asustainable mitigation option that rural and disadvantaged people can adopt and implement themselves toovercome possible public heath hazards. During the recent years, new approaches have emerged inBangladesh, primarily emerging out of people's own initiative. The local drillers target presumed safe aquifers on the basis of colour and texture of the sediments. A recent study by our research group revealed a distinctcorrelation between the colour characteristics of the sediments and the groundwater redox conditions. Thecoupling between the colour of sediments and the redox characteristics of groundwater may thus be used as atool to assess the

risk for As mobilization from the aquifers. The study showed that it is possible to assess therelative risk of high concentrations of As in aquifers if the colour characteristics of the sediments are known andthus, local drillers may target safe aquifers. For validating the sustainability of this mitigation option geological,hydrogeological and microbiological investigations are needed. The sustainability of the aquifers needs to beassessed by combining results from various field and laboratory investigations and by running predictive models. There is also a need to raise the awareness and thereby create a platform for motivating the local drillers to beeducated in installing safe tubewells. Awareness raising and community mobilisation are two top priorities forimplementing a sustainable safe water project in rural village areas. Significant preparation, attention, and focusmust be given to the human resource development stage of any project implementation. Local drillers need to betrained on how to handle and disseminate the invented method of installing safe tube wells. Capacity of the locallevel stakeholders and end users must be improved by providing training and conducting awareness campaigns. Based on the experiences and multidisciplinary research, Water Safety Plans needs to be formulated as well asadopted for long term monitoring and management of implemented mitigation options. Record 22 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Introducing Water Safety Plans in Community Based Low-cost Water Supply Systems AU: Author Shamsuddin, AJ SO: Source Water Practice and Technology [Water Practice Technol.]. Vol. 3, no. 4, [np]. 2008. AB: Abstract This paper discusses the process of introducing Water Safety Plans (WSP) in Bangladesh with focus on community based low-cost water supply systems. In line with the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) to introduce Water Safety Plans in all water supplies as a key component of water safety management the water supply sector in Bangladesh has taken this up for implementation. The process involves a series of sequential steps to get WSP gradually introduced conducive to local context. Record 23 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Development and implementation of water safety plans for small water supplies in Bangladesh: benefits and lessons learned AU: Author Mahmud, SG; Shamsuddin, SAJ; Ahmed, MF; Davison, A; Deere, D; Howard, G SO: Source Journal of Water and Health [J. Water Health]. Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 585-597. Dec 2007. AB: Abstract Water safety plans (WSPs) are promoted by the WHO as the most effective means of securing drinking water safety. To date most

experience with WSPs has been within utility supplies, primarily in developed countries. There has been little documented experience of applying WSPs to small community-managed systems, particularly in developing countries. This paper presents a case study from Bangladesh describing how WSPs can be developed and implemented for small systems. Model WSPs were developed through consultation with key water sector practitioners in the country. Simplified tools were developed to translate the formal WSPs into a format that was meaningful and accessible for communities to use. A series of pilot projects were implemented by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) across the country covering all major water supplies. The results show that WSPs can be developed and implemented for small community managed water supplies and improve the sanitary condition and water quality of water sources. Hygiene behaviour improved and household water quality showed a significant reduction in contamination. Chlorination was found to be important for some technologies, thus increasing the costs of water supply and raising important problems with respect to transfer to the communities. Simple tools for community monitoring were found to be effective in supporting better water safety management. Record 24 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Use of GIS in local level participatory planning for arsenic mitigation: A case study from Matlab Upazila, Bangladesh AU: Author Jakariya, M D; Bhattacharya, Prosun SO: Source Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering [J. Environ. Sci. Health, Pt. A: Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng.]. Vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 1933-1944. Oct 2007. AB: Abstract A Participatory Geographical Information System (PGIS) has been developed recently to design and adapt Geographic Information System (GIS) that draws on the diversity of experiences associated with 'participatory development' and involves communities in the production of GIS data and spatial decision-making tools. Participatory approach in the development of GIS helps to develop local knowledge processes. This knowledge process creates a channel of coordination between local people and the experts. The paper deals with the possibility of using spatial maps in consultation with local communities to develop an effective and sustainable distribution planning to maximize as well as ensure safe water coverage for the arsenic (As) exposed population in Matlab Upazila in southeastern Bangladesh. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods along with GIS were used to obtain relevant information from the field. Participants from different focus-groups were asked to determine their 'own priorities' for spatial planning of alternative As-safe drinking water options. The study reveals that about 70% of the alternative safe water options were distributed after consultation with people. These distributed options were found to be superimposed within the existing safe water buffer zones which otherwise could have been avoided and thus increased the safe water coverage if the spatial maps were also consulted before selection of final installation sites. The study based on the community perspectives on demand-based safe water options thus reveals the suitability of using PGIS techniques for rational distribution of safe water options. The process of participatory mapping within

focus-groups further makes a platform to enhance information about community needs of suitable safe water options in the study area. Record 25 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Sociocultural aspects of arsenicosis in Bangladesh: Community perspective AU: Author Ahmad, Sheikh A; Sayed, Muhammad H S; Khan, Manzurul H; Karim, Muhammad N; Haque, Muhammad A; Bhuiyan, Mohammad S A; Rahman, Muhammad S; Faruquee, Mahmud H SO: Source Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering [J. Environ. Sci. Health, Pt. A: Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng.]. Vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 1945-1958. Oct 2007. AB: Abstract This was a cross-sectional study under taken to explore the socioeconomic perspective of the arsenicosis problem, carried out in arsenic contaminated Upazillas where at least 100 arsenicosis patients had been identified. Two of the Upazillas with significant arsenic mitigation intervention and three of the Upazillas with limited interventions were selected for the study. Seven hundred fifty respondents were included in the study from 25 villages of the 5 Upazillas. Arsenicosis became a serious problem for the affected communities. Majority (71.31%) of respondents obtained their drinking water from tubewells, almost one third (29%) of the respondents still knowingly using arsenic contaminated water. Primary reason identified for this practice was distance of safe water source. Majority (58.6%) of the respondents said to face economic and 17.9% said to face social problem of varied range. Patients of lower income group were particularly more likely to face economic problems (P < .001) as well as social problem (P < .01). About half (50.7%) of the arsenicosis patients faced difficulty whilst receiving treatment, particularly female patients were more likely to face problem than male (P < .05). Several concerns also were surfaced regarding the heath care service provider particularly to the women patients, some of which are: long waiting time for receiving treatment (15%), discrimination in service delivery (10.7%) and inadequate separate facility for female patients (14.3%). Moreover the issues of financial burden raised by the respondents seem to have emerged as significant in terms of health care access. Access to Health service was particularly difficult for poor patients, as they often had to face problems associated with accessing service like, non availability of medicines in the hospitals (50.7%), traveling long distance (26.7%), purchasing medicine in most cases (32.4%) etc. Their dissatisfaction was compounded by negligent behavior of health care staff and nature of treatment provided. Furthermore length of time needed for reversal of symptoms led to loosing faith on efficacy of treatment, which cascades to negligence of patient's part in seeking health care. Women are less likely to get treatment for arsenicosis than men (P < .01). As there appear to be specific difficulties for women particularly for poor women in accessing health care, social and cultural values make it difficult for them to attend to their own health needs and to travel to service providers. Study findings suggest that a significant proportion (79.9%) of arsenicosis patient was found to access alternative health care. This includes; Homeopath,

village doctors, Kabiraj and local pharmacists. Respondents in high intervention Upazillas were significantly more likely to get treatment (P < .05), to face fewer problems and to be satisfied with the facility (P < .001). Provision of safe water options, periodic screening of water source for arsenic, availability of trained doctor, regular availability of medicine, doorstep treatment, follow up on severe patients were the suggestions came from community for improvement. Record 26 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Arsenic intake via water and food by a population living in an arsenic-affected area of Bangladesh AU: Author Ohno, K; Yanase, T; Matsuo, Y; Kimura, T; Hamidur Rahman, M; Magara, Y; Matsui, Y SO: Source Science of the Total Environment [Sci. Total Environ.]. Vol. 381, no. 1-3, pp. 68-76. 1 Aug 2007. AB: Abstract More and more people in Bangladesh have recently become aware of the risk of drinking arsenic-contaminated groundwater, and have been trying to obtain drinking water from less arsenic-contaminated sources. In this study, arsenic intakes of 18 families living in one block of a rural village in an arsenic-affected district of Bangladesh were evaluated to investigate their actual arsenic intake via food, including from cooking water, and to estimate the contribution of each food category and of drinking water to the total arsenic intake. Water consumption rates were estimated by the self-reporting method. The mean drinking water intake was estimated as about 3 L/d without gender difference. Arsenic intakes from food were evaluated by the duplicate portion sampling method. The duplicated foods from each family were divided into four categories (cooked rice, solid food, cereals for breakfast, and liquid food), and the arsenic concentrations of each food category and of the drinking water were measured. The mean arsenic intake from water and food by all 18 respondents was 0.15+/-0.11 mg/d (range, 0.043-0.49), that by male subjects was 0.18+/-0.13 mg/d (n=12) and that by female subjects was 0.096+/-0.007 mg/d (n=6). The average contributions to the total arsenic intake were, from drinking water, 13%; liquid food, 4.4%; cooked rice, 56%; solid food, 11%; and cereals, 16%. Arsenic intake via drinking water was not high despite the highly contaminated groundwater in the survey area because many families had changed their drinking water sources to less-contaminated ones. Instead, cooked rice contributed most to the daily arsenic intake. Use of contaminated water for cooking by several families was suspected based on comparisons of arsenic concentrations between drinking water and liquid food, and between rice before and after cooking. Detailed investigation suggested that six households used contaminated water for cooking but not drinking, leading to an increase of arsenic intake via arsenic-contaminated cooking water. Record 27 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Direct and indirect benefits and potential disbenefits of irrigation:

evidence and lessons AU: Author Hussain, Intizar SO: Source Irrigation and Drainage [Irrig. Drain.]. Vol. 56, no. 2-3, pp. 179-194. Apr-Jul 2007. AB: Abstract This paper is a part of the multi-country study carried out by the author at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in collaboration with national partners in six Asian countries (Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Vietnam) during 2001-2002. Based mainly on primary data collected from 5400 households in 26 irrigation systems, the study examines in detail the benefits and potential disbenefits of irrigation. The results indicate that irrigation benefits vary widely across systems, and depend on a range of factors including local conditions, system management, irrigation policy, and broader economic and political factors. The study suggests that indirect irrigation benefits could be larger than direct benefits through the multiplier effect. The distribution of irrigation benefits also varies widely by type of the benefit and the socio-economic status of the beneficiaries. The direct benefits generally accrue to landholders while a significant part of the indirect benefits accrue to the landless and small farmers, positively contributing to their livelihoods. Further, the overall benefits of irrigation are large when irrigation- improving interventions, investments in infrastructure, improvements in system management and service delivery to farmers, are implemented in an integrated manner. On the other hand, the paper also suggests that irrigation can also lead to some negative or adverse social, health and environmental impacts. Such potential disbenefits of irrigation include displacement of people as a result of new irrigation development, public health risks from water-related diseases, irrigation-induced land and water degradation, loss of biodiversity and river health risks from increased river water withdrawals for irrigation. Often, negative social and environmental consequences adversely affect the poor more than the non-poor people. Most potential adverse impacts of irrigation are not due to irrigation water per se, but due to inadequacies and ineffectiveness of institutions and management to address them. Moreover, many of the potential adverse impacts can be avoided or minimized with effective planning, design and management of the projects. This paper develops and offers a generic typology of direct and indirect benefits and potential disbenefits of irrigation that can be used to identify and influence different types of irrigation benefits and disbenefits for enhancing net benefits to the poor. Record 28 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Understanding gender and diversity dimensions of irrigation management for pro-poor interventions AU: Author Hussain, Intizar SO: Source Irrigation and Drainage [Irrig. Drain.]. Vol. 56, no. 2-3, pp. 299-305. Apr-Jul 2007. AB: Abstract This paper offers a critical review and synthesis of key issues and lessons on gender and diversity dimensions of irrigation in the

context of poverty alleviation interventions. The paper is a part of the multi-country study carried out by the author at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in collaboration with national partners in six Asian countries (Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Vietnam) during 2001-2002. The paper suggests that, while making large contributions to irrigated agriculture, women depend on, and benefit from, irrigation water in a variety of ways including water uses for domestic and livelihood purposes. Gender and diversity aspects are critical in irrigation management that aims to address poverty issues. An understanding of these aspects is important for designing pro-poor interventions in irrigated agriculture. Women and low socio-economic groups have benefited where gender and diversity issues have been incorporated in policy formulation, project design and implementation. Designing the irrigation infrastructure such that the irrigation systems become multiple use systems can enhance the benefits of investments in irrigation for the poor women. Finally, the paper suggests that policy and project level interventions that aim to address gender and diversity issues need to focus not only on areas predominantly inhabited by the poor belonging to low castes, clans, tribes and ethnic minorities, but also in areas where such groups are in minorities. Record 29 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Sustainability of arsenic mitigation in Bangladesh: Results of a functionality survey AU: Author Kabir, A; Howard, G SO: Source International Journal of Environmental Health Research [Int. J. Environ. Health Res.]. Vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 207-218. Jun 2007. AB: Abstract Arsenic contamination of shallow groundwater in Bangladesh is a major public health problem; the main response to date has been installing alternative water supplies. A survey of the functional status of a statistically representative sample of water supplies was undertaken in 2005 to assess whether these provide a sustainable water supply to arsenic-affected communities. A questionnaire was administered in communities containing a total 1060 water supplies. Eight percent of water supplies could not be located and only 64% of those located were working at the time of the survey. When weighted for the numbers of different technologies across the country, the results indicate 76% of alternative water supplies would be working. Water supplies working at the time of the survey often broke down. Community contributions were found to be important in determining whether a water supply would be functional. Recommendations are made for revisions of the current mitigation strategy. Record 30 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Disease burden estimation to support policy decision-making and research prioritization for arsenic mitigation AU: Author Howard, G; Ahmed, MF; Teunis, P; Mahmud, SG; Davison, A; Deere, D

SO: Source Journal of Water and Health [J. Water Health]. Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 67. Mar 2007. AB: Abstract The main response to arsenic contamination of shallow tubewells in Bangladesh is the provision of alternative water supplies. To support decision-making in relation to alternative water supply selection, the Arsenic Policy Support Unit commissioned the development of a tool for estimating disease burdens for specific options using disability-adjusted life years as the metric. This paper describes the assumptions in dose-responses, relationships between microbial indicators and pathogens, water consumed and population characteristics used, and presents a case study of how the tool was applied. Water quality data and dose-response models were used to predict disease burdens due to microbial pathogens and arsenic. Disease burden estimates predicted by the tool were based on evidence in the published literature. There were uncertainties in key assumptions of water consumed and the ratio of microbial indicators and pathogens, which led to broad confidence intervals and the need to consider the results in a wider context and further research needs. Deep tubewells and rainwater harvesting had the lowest disease burden estimates, while pond sand filters and dug wells had much higher predicted disease burden due to frequent microbial contamination. The need for rigorous water supply protection through water safety plans was highlighted. At present, the risk assessment is useful for informing judgement by experienced water and health professionals and identifying key research questions. Improved arsenic dose-response models and a better understanding of the relationship between microbial indicators and pathogens in tropical settings are required. Record 31 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Rural communities' preferences for arsenic mitigation options in Bangladesh AU: Author Ahmad, J; Goldar, B; Misra, S SO: Source Journal of Water and Health [J. Water Health]. Vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 463-478. Dec 2006. AB: Abstract In the context of arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh, this paper analyses rural people's preferences for arsenic-free drinking water options. A particular focus is on rural households' willingness to pay for piped water supply which can provide a sustainable solution to the arsenic problem, and how the preference for piped water supply compares with that for various other household/community-based arsenic mitigation technologies. The analysis is based on data collected in a survey of over 2700 households in rural Bangladesh. Six arsenic mitigation technologies were selected for the study: three-kolshi (pitcher) method, activated alumina method (household-based and community-based), dugwell, pond sand filter and deep tubewell (handpump). The survey results indicate that, after taking into consideration the initial and recurring costs, convenience, associated risks and the advantages and disadvantages of each selected technology, the preference of the rural people is overwhelmingly in favor of deep tubewells, followed by the three-kolshi method. The analysis reveals a strong demand for piped

water in both arsenic-affected and arsenic-free rural areas, and scope of adequate cost recovery. Between piped water and other arsenic mitigation technologies, the preference of the rural people is found to be predominantly in favor of the former. Record 32 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title One Solution to the Arsenic Problem: A Return to Surface (Improved Dug) Wells AU: Author Joya, SA; Mostofa, G; Yousuf, J; Islam, A; Elahi, A; Mahiuddin, G; Rahman, M; Quamruzzaman, Q; Wilson, R SO: Source Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition [J. Health, Popul. Nutr.]. Vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 363-375. Sep 2006. AB: Abstract Arsenic contamination in drinking-water in Bangladesh is a major catastrophe, the consequences of which exceed most other man-made disasters. The national policy encourages the use of surface water as much as possible without encountering the problems of sanitation that led to the use of groundwater in the first place. This paper describes the success of the Dhaka Community Hospital (DCH) team and the procedure in implementing sanitary, arsenic-free, dugwells. The capital cost for running water is US$ 5-6 per person. Sixty-six sanitary dugwells were installed in phases between 2000 and 2004 in Pabna district of Bangladesh where there was a great need of safe water because, in some villages, 90% of tubewells were highly contaminated with arsenic. In total, 1,549 families now have access to safe arsenic-free dugwell water. Some of them have a water-pipe up to their kitchen. All of these were implemented with active participation of community members. They also pay for water-use and are themselves responsible for the maintenance and water quality. The DCH helped the community with installation and maintenance protocol and also with monitoring water quality. The bacteria levels are low but not always zero, and studies are in progress to reduce bacteria by chlorination. Record 33 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Water Management in Dhaka AU: Author Haq, KA SO: Source International Journal of Water Resources Development [Int. J. Water Resour. Dev.]. Vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 291-311. Jun 2006. AB: Abstract Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, has become a megacity with a population of nearly 12.5 million, which is increasing at an annual rate of over 5%. Industrial, domestic and commercial wastes are polluting surface water, and ground-water in certain areas of the city also shows signs of both organic and inorganic contamination. Laws to prevent environmental pollution are rarely enforced. Overall service delivery is considered to be poor due to an inadequate tariff structure, high non-revenue water, lack of authority and commitment, inadequate management capacity, lack of sector coordination,

inadequate investment, absence of effective decentralization, etc. The situation can be improved by higher investment, effective private sector participation, improved billing and revenue collection, structural reforms, establishing a regulatory body and finally converting Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority into a truly service oriented commercial organization. If steps are not taken immediately to improve performance of DWASA, the millennium development goals of reducing the population without access to water supply and sanitation services by 50% by the year 2015 will not be achieved. Record 34 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Gendered Social Institutions and the Management of Underground Irrigation Water Resources in a Bangladeshi Village AU: Author Karim, KMRabiul SO: Source Gender, Technology and Development. Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 13-36. Mar 2006. AB: Abstract This study examines the influences of gendered social institutions on the formational, organizational, operational and rule making processes of irrigation water user groups (WUGs) in Dharmahata, an agrarian village in northwest Bangladesh. It argues that irrigation management builds on and, in turn, through the interplay of class and purdah norms, reinforces existing gendered institutions in households and communities. The article shows that irrigation governance in Dharmahata is exclusively a domain of men, and in particular of rich men farmers. Gender norms constrain women from joining field-based agricultural/irrigation activities, although a few poor women are able to transgress such traditional gender norms by working on the fields. Poor women are also being mobilized for irrigation canal cleaning and maintenance operations as informal laborers. Despite this, they are not members of WUGs. Gender norms constrain women from their rights to irrigation institutions' memberships as well as their active participation in the decision making processes of WUGs. Record 35 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Implementation of the Ganges water sharing treaty 1996: Barriers and the way forward AU: Author Begum, MN; Saha, NK SO: Source Journal of Water Law [J. Water Law]. Vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 157-164. 2006. AB: Abstract Conflict over utilisation of an international watercourse is not a recent phenomenon. It may arise from denial of historical use, inequitable allocation or the unilateral diversion of water by an upper riparian State from a lower one. In this regard, the Ganges river dispute between Bangladesh and India constitutes an important example of the sort of contentious issues involved in the use of an

international river. The dispute arose out of the construction by India of a barrage in the upstream of the Ganges in its territory in order to divert the waters of the river during the dry season to Calcutta, the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal, to flush out the silt in the Hooghly river. The construction led to the unilateral withdrawal by India of water from the Ganges, depriving Bangladesh of its legitimate share of water. Record 36 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Statistical characterization of arsenic contamination in shallow tube wells of western Bangladesh AU: Author Hossain, Faisal; Bagtzoglou, Amvrossios C; Nahar, Nurun; Hossain, MDelawer SO: Source Hydrological Processes [Hydrol. Process.]. Vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 1497-1510. 2006. AB: Abstract A regional assessment of the arsenic (As) contamination scenario in shallow tube wells (depth < 150 m) of western Bangladesh is presented. Comparisons are made in light of bulk geological differences (Pleistocene versus Holocene deposits/northwest versus southwest) and As measurement protocols (field kit (FK) versus atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)). Our As database comprised the following: (1) the nationwide As survey completed in 1999 by the British Geological Survey in collaboration with the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE); and (2) a regional As survey conducted in southwest Bangladesh by the Japan International Cooperation Agency in collaboration with DPHE in 2002. First, we characterize the error structure of the semi- quantitative FK As measurements using collocated AAS As measurements as reference from a set of 307 wells located in southwest Bangladesh. The depth distribution of As is identified using a very dense cluster of 2963 wells over a 560 km super(2) domain. The probability of the FK method for successful detection of a well sample as unsafe (safe) was found to be 96DT9% (34DT1%) and 95DT2% (80DT3%) for the World Health Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh safe limits, respectively. Similarly, the probability of false alarms and false hopes for WHO (Bangladesh) safe limits were found to be 3DT1% (4DT8%) and 87DT5% (19DT7%), respectively. The depth at which the highest fraction of wells exceeding a given safe limit occurred could still be inferred correctly by FK measurements. A simple bias adjustment procedure on FK As data did not result in a more accurate characterization of depth distribution of As. This indicated that simple error statistics are inadequate for advancing the utility of FKs; rather, an understanding of the complex and multidimensional error structure is required. Regional anisotropy in the spatial dependence of As for the northwest was found to be stronger than the southwest. The correlation length for As concentration in the east-west direction of northwest Bangladesh (i.e. across major river floodplains) was found to be almost twice (158DT80 km) that of the north-south direction (along the major axis of Pleistocene deposits) (78DT21 km). For the southwest region, the ratio of east-west to north-south correlation lengths ranged from 1DT40 to 1DT51. For the northwest region, because it is well known to have the lowest concentrations of As countrywide, knowledge of this anisotropy appears to suggest the need for drilling

twice as many remediation deep wells in the proximity of an unsafe shallow well in the north-south direction than in the east-west direction. Findings from this study are potentially useful in setting priority areas for emergency testing, distributing remediation resources equitably and formulating a regional water resources strategy for western Bangladesh. Record 37 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Sustainable Development through Groundwater Management: A Case Study on the Barind Tract AU: Author Faisal, IM; Parveen, S; Kabir, MR SO: Source International Journal of Water Resources Development [Int. J. Water Resour. Dev.]. Vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 425-435. Sep 2005. AB: Abstract Since its birth in 1985, the Barind Multi-purpose Development Project (BMDP) has become a model of a sustainable rural development project in Bangladesh. The project maintains technical soundness by ensuring a high level of water use efficiency and a minimum well spacing. The project runs on full operating and maintenance cost recovery basis, which is achieved through an innovative prepaid water coupon system and the associated command area development scheme. Its governance structure is democratic and participatory. The project has several environmental enhancement programmes such as water conservation, homestead and social forestry, promotion of integrated pest control, and farmers' training. In addition, it has adopted an integrated planning approach that incorporates extending rural electrification, building rural infrastructure and an array of other support programmes. As a result, the BMDP has emerged as a model of sustainable groundwater-based rural development initiative in Bangladesh. Record 38 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title A Study on Social Conflict Management in a Water Resources Development-A Case of the Conflict between India and Bangladesh over Regulation of the Ganges River AU: Author Sakamoto, Maiko; Hagihara, Yoshimi SO: Source Journal of the Japan Society of Hydrology & Water Resources [J. Japan Soc. Hydrol. Water Resour.]. Vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 11-21. 2005. AB: Abstract The Gages River is important water resources for Bangladesh and India from the old ages, and they have been conflicting over the Ganges water resources. The distribution of water resource from the Ganges is generally advantageous to India which is placed on the upstream of the river. The conflict between Bangladesh and India has been stagnant since they have negotiated only by themselves. In such a case, participation of third party is considered.In this study, Conflict Analysis is used for modeling. Conflict Analysis is built based on the game theory and it provides algorism to analyze equilibriums among

players who have different payoff matrix. Upon this framework of Conflict Analysis, roles of third party are classified and defined into 3 types, Donor, Coordinator, and Arbiter, which are called Complement on the whole. This model is applied to the conflict between Bangladesh and India. First, the actual situation is described by using conflict analysis. Second, the condition which is necessary to improve circumstance of current conflict is analyzed, and the role of third party which realizes this condition is considered. Third, one role of complement, Coordinator, is focused on here in particular, and it is analyzed what condition is necessary so that Coordinator improves circumstance of conflict. Record 39 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title The Bangladesh floodplain fisheries AU: Author Craig, JF; Halls, AS; Barr, JJF; Bean, CW SO: Source Fisheries Research (Amsterdam) [Fish. Res.]. Vol. 66, no. 2-3, pp. 271-286. Feb 2004. AB: Abstract During the monsoon the Bangladesh floodplain becomes integrated into a single biological productive system. A conservative estimate of the number of freshwater bony fish species present in the system is 273 of which 13 are exotics. Cyprinids, catfishes and hilsa shad Tenualosa ilisha, a clupeid, predominate. About 20-30 fishes, mostly blackfishes, which are resident in the floodplain and tolerant of low levels of oxygen provide the majority of the national freshwater fish production. Most of the rural population fish professionally, seasonally or for subsistence. In addition to the harvesters, a further two million people are involved in activities related to the fisheries sector. The yield in the floodplain may vary from 50 to 400 kg ha super(-1) per year and the majority of the fishes is eaten fresh. For full-time fishers, conflict over water resources can be intense during the dry season when water is required for irrigation. Flood control, drainage and irrigation schemes may obstruct the lateral migrations of rheophilic whitefish species and the passive drift of larvae from the main channel to the modified floodplains. Existing modifications to the hydrological regimes may cause reductions in catch per unit area and fish biodiversity. The area under flood control is expected to be 5.74x10 super(6) ha in 2010 resulting in a loss of ca. 151, 300 t of fishes. There has been a move away from the leasing of water estates ('jalmohals') to the promotion of co- management. The open access policy, which has led to severe competition for the resources, has reduced the effectiveness of co-management. The future aim is to shift the benefits to the fishers and to ensure the long-term sustainability of the resources. Both habitat restoration and fish enhancement are important in sustaining the floodplain fisheries. Record 40 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Upstream Water Diversion Constructions on Transboundary Rivers AU: Author

Adel, MM SO: Source Water Rights and Related Water Supply Issues. p. 547. 2004. AB: Abstract The largest one among the ring of water diversion constructions that surrounds the Bangladesh delta is the Farakka Barrage on the Ganges. Meetings after meetings are held between India and Bangladesh without any permanent settlement of water sharing of any of the transboundary rivers. In case of the Farakka Barrage, what are achieved are occasional short-term water-sharing treaties with the succeeding one less favorable for Bangladesh than the preceding one because of the absence of arbitration and a guaranteed minimum flow at the Farakka point. Some of the other transboundary rivers with water diversion constructions are the Mahananda, the Tista, the Khukshi, the Talma, the Bhairab, the Kodla, the Madhumati, theJinjiran, the Korotoa, the Gomti, the Khowai, the Manu, the Dhali, the Pyan, the Punarbhaba, etc. Further, one dam is under construction at Tipaimukh on the headstream of the Meghna river that washes the northeast part of Bangladesh. Furthermore, India is working on a river networking plan for bringing water to south India's Cauvery river from the Brahmaputra that washes the northern part of Bangladesh. Water diversion constructions have led to severe flood seasons and hard-hit dry seasons for the downstream country. World nations should formulate international water rights laws and the UN should supervise fair sharing of water from international rivers. Record 41 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Impacts From Transboundary Water Rights Violations in South Asia AU: Author Adel, MM SO: Source Water Rights and Related Water Supply Issues. p. 205. 2004. AB: Abstract Indian operations of upstream water diversion constructions on transboundary rivers caused sedimentation in river beds and drops in river flows to no flows destroying the aquatic habitats for Gangetic fishes and dolphins, and shortage of irrigation water in Bangladesh. In the Ganges basin alone, floodplains and ponds face a water shortage by 50% causing destruction to the natural breeding grounds of 103 Gangetic fishes. Further consequences have been extinction and endangerment of aquatic species, malnutrition among people, loss of skilled professionals, a shift in agricultural practices, obstruction to pastimes, water sports, and religious observances, closure of irrigation and industries, over-dependence on groundwater, inland intrusion of saline water and damage to Sundarbans, climate change and outbreaks of environmental diseases, arsenic contamination of groundwater, the problem of rehabilitation of arsenic patients, and occurrences of devastating floods. Additionally, the upstream country has planned to divert water from the Brahmaputra, the Meghna, and the Tista, signaling the same series of effects for the remaining two-thirds of Bangladesh. To protect the riparian civilization and international water rights, the UN should play the key role to establish fair-sharing of water among the riparaian nations instead of leaving the issue with them. Record 42 of 80

DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Demand-based water options for arsenic mitigation: an experience from rural Bangladesh AU: Author Hoque, BA; Hoque, MM; Ahmed, T; Islam, S; Azad, AK; Ali, N; Hossain, M; Hossain, MS SO: Source Public Health [Public Health]. Vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 70-77. Jan 2004. AB: Abstract A supply of safe drinking water is a recognized global concern. The arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh and other countries has furthered this concern. Lack of appropriate water options is one of the main barriers to the supply of safe drinking water for 30-60 million people who are exposed to the risk of drinking arsenic-contaminated water in Bangladesh. This paper describes the experience from a water supply programme for arsenic mitigation based on demand and participation of 30,000 rural people in Srinagar, a subdistrict of Bangladesh. About 85% of the 912 tubewell water samples tested had an arsenic content higher than 0.05 mg/l. The project promoted 11 options including groundwater, surface-water and rainwater-harvesting household-based options as well as community managed technologies. Most people, particularly women, wanted piped water, and hand-operated deep tubewells were also requested. Four cluster-based motorized piped water systems, 20 home-based arsenic-removal options (two types) and an arsenic-removal filter plant were installed. The public contributed about 49, 25 and 20% of the installation costs of piped water, home-based options and filter options, respectively, and 100% of all operation and maintenance costs. The household options and filter plant were abandoned within a few weeks. Reportedly, those options required too much attention, discharged small volumes of water at low rates, were difficult to maintain, and discharged poor-quality water. The proportion of families (54%) that drank arsenic-contaminated water during the final survey was significantly lower than in the baseline survey (87%). For arsenic-affected areas, it is recommended that a cluster-based piped water system be given proper consideration when selecting appropriate water options rather than household-based options or the development of new low-cost options. Record 43 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Environmental impact assessment of water resource projects with matrix and multi-criteria decision-making methods: A case study AU: Author Joshi, H; Latif, MA SO: Source Journal of Environmental Systems [J. Environ. Syst.]. Vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 207-231. 2003 - 2004. AB: Abstract The importance of environmental evaluation of water resources projects has been realized world over in view of their long-term consequences and large investment requirements. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) can be defined as the systematic identification and evaluation of the potential impacts of proposed projects, plans, programs, or

legislative actions relative to the physical, chemical, biological, cultural, and socioeconomic components of the total environment. The primary purpose of the EIA process is to encourage the consideration of the environment in planning and decision-making and to ultimately arrive at actions which are more environmentally compatible. The objective of the present study was to assess the environmental impacts of the Kalni-Kushiyara River Management Project (KKRMP) in Bangladesh. The KKRMP covers a gross area of 335,600 ha between latitude 24 degree 56' and 24 degree 15' N and longitude 92 degree 05' and 90 degree 55'E. It extends over the districts of Sylhet, Sumanganj, Moulvibazar, Habiganj, and Kishoreganj. The project is bounded by Kushiyara-Bijna-Rama River system on the south, the old Surma-Dahuka River system and Jagannathpur-Sylhet road on the north, the old Surma-Baulai River system on the west, and the Sylhet-Kaktai village road on the east. Some of the major problems faced in the project area are river erosion, damage to boro crops by flash floods in pre-monsoon season and to aman crops during the monsoon, and the silting of beels, ponds, and channels. The overall goal of the project is to enhance economic activity and the quality of life on the Kalni-Kushiyara flood plain. Record 44 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Community wells to mitigate the arsenic crisis in Bangladesh AU: Author van Geen, A; Ahmed, KM; Seddique, AA; Shamsudduha, M SO: Source Bulletin of The World Health Organization [Bull. W.H.O.]. Vol. 81, no. 9, pp. 632-638. Sep 2003. AB: Abstract To monitor the effectiveness of deep community wells in reducing exposure to elevated levels of arsenic in groundwater pumped from shallower aquifers. Six community wells ranging in depth from 60 m to 140 m were installed in villages where very few of the wells already present produced safe water. By means of flow meters and interviews with villagers carrying water from the community wells, a study was made of the extent to which these were used during one year. The results were compared with household and well data obtained during a previous survey in the same area. The mean arsenic concentration in water pumped from wells already in use in the villages where the community wells, were installed was 180 plus or minus 140 mu g/l (n=956). Monthly sampling for 4-11 months showed that arsenic levels in groundwater from five of the six newly installed wells were consistently within the WHO guideline value of 10 mu g/l for drinking-water. One of these wells met the Bangladesh standard of 50 mu g/l arsenic but failed to meet the WHO guideline values for manganese and uranium in drinking-water. The community wells were very popular. Many women walked hundreds of metres each day to fetch water from them. On average, 2200 litres were hand-pumped daily from each community well, regardless of the season. A single community well can meet the needs of some 500 people residing within a radius of 150 m of it in a densely populated village. Properly monitored community wells should become more prominent in campaigns to reduce arsenic exposure in Bangladesh. Between 8000 and 10 000 deep community wells are needed to provide safe water for the four to five million people living in the most severely affected parts of the country.

Record 45 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Sustainable community-based safe water options to mitigate the Bangladesh arsenic catastrophe - An experience from two upazilas AU: Author Jakariya, M; Chowdhury, AMR; Hossain, Z; Rahman, M; Sarker, Q; Khan, RI; Rahman, M SO: Source Current Science [Curr. Sci.]. Vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 141-146. 25 Jul 2003. AB: Abstract Sustainable community-based safe water options have been successfully operating in two upazilas involving 531 villages and encompassing a population of 497,488. Testing of tubewells for arsenic was carried out on a census basis by trained village health workers (VHWs) using the Merck field-testing kit. A total of 51,685 tubewells were tested and further verified both in the field and laboratory. VHWs initially identified suspected arsenicosis patients who were later confirmed by physicians. A total of 403 patients were identified. The prevalence rates of arsenicosis were 106/10,000 in Sonargoan and 57/19,000 in Jhikargachha upazilas. The average age of the patients was 36 and 30 years respectively and the majority belong to the 15-45 years age group. There has been close community involvement at all stages of implementation of the arsenic-free safe water options adapted from various sources, giving preference to the community-based options to ensure local participation and utilize knowledge. Potential sources of arsenic-free drinking water were identified. To ensure sustainable use provided options were assessed based on community acceptability, technical viability, and financial viability. The key to the success of the project has been the combination of close integration with the community at all stages and appropriate technical solutions. Record 46 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Towards Poverty Alleviation: The Water Sector Perspectives AU: Author Ahmad, QK SO: Source International Journal of Water Resources Development [Int. J. Water Resour. Dev.]. Vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 263-277. Jun 2003. AB: Abstract Given the context of diminishing water availability as a result of water pollution and inadequate development of water resources on the supply side and increasing population and expanding economic activity on the demand side, this paper reviews water-poverty interfaces and suggests ways of contributing to poverty alleviation through water sector interventions. The unequal distribution of the available water within communities and among various water users in the same country and across countries is discussed as a key issue in this context. The paper examines the causes of poverty with particular reference to the pattern of access to water supply as well as to water for various economic activities. It also considers water-related disasters such as flood, cyclone and riverbank erosion and their adverse human and natural consequences. Water deprivation is seen as both a state and a

process--the former being the situation prevailing at a particular point of time and the later implying how that state has been reached and how may it evolve in future. The paper argues that the water crisis is primarily one of management, given the persisting traditional--sectorally focused and fragmented--approach. The appropriate alternative, it is argued, is integrated water resource management (IWRM), which is holistic in approach and focuses on the various uses of water and different categories of its users. It suggests ways of moving forward in terms of improved and participatory water development and management, which can contribute significantly to poverty alleviation. The second part of the paper highlights the National Water Policy of Bangladesh as a case study. The policy, adopted in 1999, broadly encompasses the various elements of IWRM. It enunciates principles and directions for water planning and utilization towards fulfilling the national goals of economic development, poverty alleviation, food security, public health and safety, decent standard of living of the people and protection of the natural environment. The policy has adopted a holistic approach and provided guidelines for participatory water management. The paper points out that a Bangladesh National Water Management Plan has been drafted within the framework of the National Water Policy with a view to improving water development and management so as to address human, economic and environmental needs of water, with special emphasis on the water needs of the poorer segments of society. Record 47 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Evaluation of some deep and shallow tubewell irrigated schemes in Bangladesh using performance indicators AU: Author Mondal, MS; Saleh, AFM* SO: Source Agricultural Water Management [Agric. Water Manage.]. Vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 193-207. 26 Feb 2003. AB: Abstract Performances of five deep tubewell (DTW) and ten shallow tubewell (STW) projects of the Rajbari district of central Bangladesh have been evaluated using some selected standard indicators, broadly classified into three groups: hydraulic, agricultural and socio-economic. For the quantitative and qualitative assessments of the indicators, field measurements and questionnaire survey of farmers and tubewell owners were made during the 1998-99 dry season. Analyses of hydraulic indicators showed that the performances of both the projects (DTWs and STWs) in terms of discharge and water delivery were better than those in the past. Equity in water delivery was not ensured in both the projects mainly because of low canal density. Agricultural performance, evaluated in terms of irrigated area, yield and production performance, was almost the same for both the projects and was greater than the respective national averages. Socio-economic indicators showed that both the projects were financially viable and sustainable. Hydraulic, agricultural and socio-economic indicators used in this study are recommended for evaluation of performances of irrigation projects and also for comparative analysis of performances of similar irrigation projects. Record 48 of 80

DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Social Conflicts Arising in Water Sector Projects in Bangladesh AU: Author Karim, N SO: Source Water for a Sustainable World - Limited Supplies and Expanding Demand. p. 293. 2003. AB: Abstract Social conflicts can be exacerbated by water sector interventions, pitching paddy farmers against shrimp farmers and fisher folk, and insiders against outsiders. Water management structures allow human control over the physical environment, but the power to control tends to be concentrated in the hands of a few individuals rather than devolved to the entire affected community, As a consequence, they can produce negative social impacts with loss of livelihood and benefits that are favorably biased towards large landowners instead of the majority of small and medium landowners. Flood Control & Drainage (FCD) projects produce winners and losers, usually from different occupational groups, and hence many such projects fail on income distribution and equity grounds. The theme of this paper is whether projects can be designed to minimize and resolve such conflicts. Record 49 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Bangladesh and Its Remedial Measures AU: Author Rahman, MH; Rahman, MM; Watanabe, C; Yamamoto, K SO: Source Proceedings of the UNU-NIES International Workshop on Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater - Tecnical and Policy Dimensions. pp. 9-21. 2003. AB: Abstract Presently groundwater contamination by arsenic (As) is a major concern in Bangladesh where about 97% of the total rural population depend on tube-wells for drinking water, which is bacteriologically safe to drink. Arsenic was first detected in groundwater in the west of Bangladesh in 1993 following reports of extensive contamination of water supplies in the adjoining areas of India and of many people suffering from arsenic related diseases that had been treated medically in India. At present several thousands of people are suffering from arsenic related diseases and millions are at risk of arsenic poisoning from drinking groundwater with arsenic in excess of acceptable limit. But the total dimension of the arsenic occurrence problem in groundwater in Bangladesh is yet to be fully identified. Several methods for of treating water for arsenic reduction are available. The most commonly used methods mostly utilized principles of oxidation, precipitation/co-precipitation, adsorption onto sorptive media, ion exchange and physical separation by synthetic membranes (Cheng et al, 1999, 1994; Cliford, 1999; Emett and Khoe, 2001; Hering et al, 1996; Kartinen and Martin, 1995; Kim and Nriagu, 2000, and Oh et al, 2000a, 2000b). In consideration of lowering drinking water standards by United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), a review of arsenic removal technologies was made to consider the economic factors involved in implementing lower drinking water

standards for arsenic (Chen et al, 1999). A comprehensive review of low-cost well-water treatment technologies for arsenic removal with the list of companies and organizations involved in arsenic removal technologies is available in Murcott (2000). Most of the documented experiences of arsenic removal technologies include large-scale application. In the context of prevalence of high concentration of arsenic in groundwater in Bangladesh, several methods/ technologies of treating water for arsenic reduction from drinking water have been tried. In many cases conventional technologies have been scaled down to suit them for the rural isolated households and communities to choose safe sources of water for drinking purpose. This paper is aimed at identifying the arsenic contamination problems in Bangladesh and then an overview of technologies used for arsenic removal will be presented. The use of alternate source of water as substitute to groundwater sources will also be presented. Record 50 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Community Participation and Water Supply in Arsenic Affected Areas: A Case Study from Rural Bangladesh AU: Author Hoque, BA; Hoque, MM; Collard, HR; Ahmed, T; Islam, S; Azad, A; Mahboob, A; Haq, A SO: Source Proceedings of the UNU-NIES International Workshop on Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater - Tecnical and Policy Dimensions. pp. 33-34. 2003. AB: Abstract Drinking safe water is a basic need and is a right of all the people. Since the International Conference on Primary Health Care in 1977 the United Nations Organizations and the international organizations are undertaking noticeable global and local efforts to make safe water accessible to the people. Bangladesh showed remarkable results in access to safe water during the last 2 decades; more than 90% of its people changed drinking water practice from heavily contaminated surface water to tube wells. There are millions of tube wells in Bangladesh. Almost all the tubewells are maintained by the people and more than two-third of those were installed through private and/or non-government initiatives. So the people/community have appreciably participated in the drinking water system. Unfortunately, the contamination of groundwater by arsenic has challenged millions of the people once again. Although extensive national and international initiatives are addressing arsenic mitigation, very limited achievement has been made in supply of safe water. Here we present the results from a preliminary action research project which indicates that there is a scope for effective community participation development in sustainable safe water supply. About 12,000 people out of approximately 30,000 rural people of Srinagar were supplied with safe water during a 14-month action research project (October!999 to November 2000) of Rotary International and Environment and Population Research Center. The purpose of this project was to supply safe water based on community capacity building, people's choice and community participation in addressing their problem. Record 51 of 80 DN: Database Name

Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Chlorination and safe storage of household drinking water in developing countries to reduce waterborne disease AU: Author Sobsey, MD; Handzel, T; Venczel, L SO: Source Health-related Water Microbiology. pp. 221-228. Water Science & Technology [Water Sci. Technol.]. Vol. 47, no. 3. AB: Abstract Simple, effective and affordable methods are needed to treat and safely store non-piped, gathered household water. This study evaluated point-of-use chlorination and storage in special plastic containers of gathered household water for improving microbial quality and reducing diarrhoeal illness of consumers living under conditions of poor sanitation and hygiene. Community families were recruited and randomly divided into intervention (household water chlorination and storage in a special container) and control (no intervention) households. Microbes in stored household water were extensively inactivated by 1-5-mg/L doses of hypochlorite. Escherichia coli levels in stored household waters were <1/100 mL in most intervention households but readily detectable at high levels in control households. Stored water of intervention households was also lower in Clostridium perfringens and heterotrophic plate count bacteria than in control households. The intervention reduced household diarrhoeal illness. In Bolivia, monthly episodes of household diarrhoeal illness were 1.25 and 2.2 in intervention and control families, respectively (P = <0.002) indicating that 43% of community diarrhoea was preventable by using the intervention. In Bangladesh, mean episodes of child diarrhoea/1,000 d were 19.6 and 24.8 in intervention and control groups respectively (P = <0.03) indicating that about 24% of observed diarrhoea was preventable by using the intervention. Chlorine disinfection and storage in an appropriate container significantly improved the microbiological quality of non-piped household drinking water and reduced community diarrhoeal disease. Widespread use of this simple treatment and storage system for non-piped domestic water has the potential to dramatically reduce the global burden of waterborne diarrhoeal disease. Record 52 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Man-made climatic changes in the Ganges Basin AU: Author Adel, MM SO: Source International Journal of Climatology [Int. J. Climatol.]. Vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 993-1016. 30 Jun 2002. AB: Abstract Climate data pertaining to the Ganges basin in Bangladesh were analysed to find any climatic changes in the wake of the upstream water diversion by the Farakka Barrage. Whereas the diversions have been continuing from at least 30 international rivers upstream of Bangladesh, the diversion from the Ganges is the best known and has a wider coverage than all other diversions. The diversion reduced the Ganges' discharge through the delta by about 60% from a prediversion average value of 1932 m super(3) s super(-1), decreased water availability in flood plains, ponds, canals, and ditches by about 50%,

dropped the groundwater table, and caused changes in surface features. It took about 5 years of diversions beyond the test run year of 1975 for the environment to react to set 1981 as the baseline year. During the post-baseline era: (1) heating degree days and cooling degree days were respectively 1.33 and 1.44 times more than their counterparts during the pre-baseline era; (2) the summertime and wintertime average temperatures were respectively 1 degree C more and 0.5 degree C less than the corresponding values during the pre-baseline era; (3) the mode 32 degree C of summertime maximum temperatures was 1 degree C higher and occurred 414 times more, and the mode 25 degree C of wintertime temperature was 1 degree C less and occurred 17 times less than the corresponding quantities during the pre-baseline era; (4) the average value of maximum relative humidity has increased by more than 2% and that of minimum relative humidity has dropped by the same amount; (5) the mode 95% and 70% of maximum and minimum relative humidity values have occurred 1322 times and 84 times more respectively than their pre-baseline counterparts; and (6) the frequency for 100 mm or more rainfall and the monthly average rainfalls have dropped by about 50% and 30% respectively. The solution to the climatic changes lies in the restoration of the virgin Ganges flow, dredging of the Ganges and its distributaries to remove shoals and siltation, and re-excavation of canals for water discharge to depleted surface water bodies to re-establish the lost wetland ecosystems. The findings are useful for climate modellers to predict the climatic changes due to changes in surface features, for policy makers of governments of riparian countries constructing dams/barrages on international rivers for unilateral diversion of water, and for donor agencies who finance such projects. Record 53 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Bank robbery: The real losers in the 1998 Bangladesh flood AU: Author Chadwick, MT; Soussan, JG; Martin, TC; Mallick, D; Alam, SS SO: Source Land Degradation & Development [Land Degrad. Dev.]. Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 251-260. May-Jun 2001. AB: Abstract During July, August and September 1998, Bangladesh was subjected to the most extensive flood in living memory. At peak flood, approximately two-thirds of the country was under water. The media showed submerged houses, drowned livestock, and women and children wading neck deep in water carrying water jars or food on their heads. Such images reinforce many people's perceptions of Bangladesh as a country incessantly subjected to devastating floods that destroy crops and cause untold misery to the nation's people. Yet, beyond this media-generated view, there is a country where agricultural production is still the mainstay of the rural population's livelihood system. The nation's water resources, both above and below ground, provide a multitude of services to the population: water to drink and in which to bathe, fish to eat and water to irrigate crops. This paper outlines the local-level research indicating that most rural Bangladeshis living on the central Bangladesh floodplain, view the annual monsoon flood season not as an inconvenience but as a necessity. It suggests that many people in the research areas recognize the benefits associated with extreme flood events. The 1998 flood provided plentiful amounts of fish, a staple diet and labouring work in the

form of building up flood defences. It also flushed out stagnant water in ponds and pagars (open system ponds), and in time, led to a bumper harvest of rice. The research highlights the lives of those whose livelihoods are devastated by such events, describes the nature of the monsoon of 1998, analyses the effects on the community's livelihood systems and describes the nature of their coping strategies. It also suggests ways in which the government and aid agencies could better assist those whose livelihoods are most vulnerable. Record 54 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Recommendations for water supply in arsenic mitigation: a case study from Bangladesh AU: Author Hoque, BA; Mahmood, AA; Quadiruzzaman, M; Khan, F; Ahmed, SA; Shafique, SAKAM; Rahman, M; Morshed, G; Chowdhury, T; Rahman, MM; Khan, FH; Shahjahan, M; Begum, M; Hoque, MM SO: Source Public Health (Stockton) [Public Health (Stockton)]. Vol. 114, no. 6, pp. 488-494. Nov 2000. AB: Abstract Arsenic problems have been observed in several countries around the world. The challenges of arsenic mitigation are more difficult for developing and poor countries due to resource and other limitations. Bangladesh is experiencing the worst arsenic problem in the world, as about 30 million people are possibly drinking arsenic contaminated water. Lack of knowledge has hampered the mitigation initiatives. This paper presents experience gained during an action research on water supply in arsenic mitigation in rural Singair, Bangladesh. The mitigation has been implemented there through integrated research and development of appropriate water supply options and its use through community participation. Political leaders and women played key roles in the success of the mitigation. More than one option for safe water has been developed and/or identified. The main recommendations include: integration of screening of tubewells and supply of safe water, research on technological and social aspects, community, women and local government participation, education and training of all stakeholders, immediate and appropriate use of the available knowledge, links between intermediate/immediate and long term investment, effective coordination and immediate attention by health, nutrition, agriculture, education, and other programs to this arsenic issue. Record 55 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Unaccounted-for water management states in Bangladesh AU: Author Chowdhury, MAI; Ahmed, MF; Bhuiyan, MA; Rahman, MH SO: Source AQUA J. WATER SUPPLY TECHNOL. Vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 235-241. Oct 1997. AB: Abstract Recent national and international publications have identified the problem of unaccounted-for water (UFW), but little has been done to relate it to the conditions of developing countries. Nor have efforts

been made to show how action can best be taken by management in logical steps to achieve effective control, even when operational problems appear insurmountable. On the other hand, efforts to reduce excessive unaccounted-for water in developing countries may be hampered by several factors such as lack of timely leakage control, streamlining management function, effective water audit and leakage survey, consumer survey, enforcement of by-laws and good public relations. The case is the same for Bangladesh. Unaccounted-for water has become a major issue of concern in Bangladesh in recent times. This paper will focus on the currently deteriorating status of UFW including the currently adopted methods and approaches to mitigate UFW and remedial measures to reduce UFW to an acceptable level in Bangladesh. Record 56 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Bridge over troubled waters AU: Author Patel, T SO: Source New Scientist. Vol. 152, no. 2058, pp. 12-13. Nov 1996. AB: Abstract It is a grim irony that the highest concentration of poor people live on the fertile plains of one of the world's largest river basins. The Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers feed rich lands in Bangladesh, Bhutan, northwest India, Nepal and Tibet, yet most of the region's 550 million inhabitants suffer from poor health, are illiterate and exert extreme pressure on the farmland. Although the basin takes up just 0.12 per cent of the world's landmass, it is home to 10 per cent of its population. The area is prone to floods, drought and cyclones, but most development officials agree that living conditions could be vastly improved if the countries cooperated to develop their water resources. For more than two decades, India and Bangladesh have quarrelled over rights to extract water from the Ganges during the dry season. While the two sides have tried many times to reach a lasting agreement, their failure has hindered badly needed irrigation projects and created huge environmental problems in parts of Bangladesh. Record 57 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Community fisheries management of freshwater lakes in Bangladesh AU: Author Middendorp, HAJ; Hasan, R; Apu, NA SO: Source Naga. Vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 4-8. Apr 1996. AB: Abstract The Oxbow Lakes Small Scale Fishermen Project in western Bangladesh is primarily a "Social Fisheries Project". The project aims at self-management of the oxbow lakes for fishing and fish farming by members of the local communities and the sharing of the benefits in an equitable manner. Project emphasis is on social and institutional aspects of community water resource management and on improving the fish yields through better fisheries practices.

Record 58 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Can pay, will pay - Securing a slum water supply for squatters AU: Author Singha, D SO: Source Waterlines. Vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 4-6. 1996. AB: Abstract Habitat II reaffirmed that water is a human right. But how do people without economic or political muscle secure this right against a background of institutional, legal and financial obstacles? This is the story of one NGO's attempt to act as intermediary between the dispossessed and the authorities - could it disprove the myth that the poor can't pay and won't pay? Record 59 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Not just a good idea - Marketing Bangladesh's rower pump AU: Author Harder, HJ SO: Source Waterlines. Vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 28-30. 1995. AB: Abstract Many attempts to introduce improved technology into rural areas focus squarely on community organization. In Bangladesh, a handpump which provides water for both irrigation and household purposes, has also proved to be a commercially viable product. How did its NGO developers market this appropriate bestseller? Record 60 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Water Resources Planning in a Strategic Context: Linking the Water Sector to the National Economy AU: Author Rogers, P; Hurst, C; Harshadeep, N SO: Source Water Resources Research WRERAQ, Vol. 29, No. 7, p 1895-1906, July 1993. 5 fig, 7 tab, 23 ref. AB: Abstract In many parts of the developing world investment in water resources takes a large proportion of the available public investment funds. As the conflicts for funds between the water and other sectors become more severe, the traditional method of analyzing and planning water investments has to move away from project-by-project (or even a river basin-by-river basin) approaches to include the relationships of water investments to other sectors and to overall national development policies. Current approaches to water resources investments are too narrow. There is a need for ways to expand the strategic thinking of water sector managers. The paper develops a water resources planning methodology with the primary objective of giving insights into the linking of water sector investments and macroeconomic policies. The

model optimizes the present value of investments for water resources development, while embedding a macroeconomic model into the framework to allow for an examination of the interactions between water investments, the growth in the agricultural sector, and the performance of the overall economy. A case study of Bangladesh is presented which shows how strategic thinking could lead to widely differing implications for water investments than would conventional water resources systems planning models. (See W9308802) (Author's abstract) 35 004185161 Record 61 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Groundwater irrigation and the rural poor options for development in the Gangetic basin SO: Source WORLD BANK, WASHINGTON, D.C. (USA). 238 pp. 1993. AB: Abstract This book reports on the findings of a colloquium on the potential for groundwater irrigation to help solve the problem of persistent rural poverty in Bangladesh, Nepal, and eastern India. Groundwater is the largest natural resource not being used to its full potential in the region, populated by what might be the largest concentration of rural poor in the world. The editors and the other participants in the conference believe that efficient use of groundwater for irrigation can be of great benefit to farming in the region. The editors reflect the consensus of the participants when they recommend that action to use groundwater for irrigation should not wait for more study of the surface and groundwater systems or for the sorting out of riparian rights issues. The work identifies a number of policy, technical, and managerial options that should be taken now. The recommendations range from easing regulations on the spacing of wells to ending subsidies that distort prices. They also recommend fair competition for water and for the electricity for well pumps. The book is organized into overview and summary chapters, and sections relating to each of the three countries of the area. In compiling this volume, the written contributions of the colloquium participants and their discussions were complemented by a thorough review of the relevant literature. Record 62 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Surrounding the Consequences of Watershed Disasters in the Periphery of the Indian Triangle AU: Author Ekanayake, R SO: Source IN: Proceedings of the IUFRO Technical Session on Geomorphic Hazards in Managed Forests. General Technical Report No. PSW-130, December 1991. p 28-32, 9 ref. AB: Abstract The watershed of the 'Indian Triangle' is formed by the flow of two large rivers which emanate from the Himalaya Mountains. The Ganges and Brahmaputra flow through Nepal, India and Bangladesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. A recent monsoon submerged two-thirds of the low lying Bangladesh, rendering 25 million people homeless. The

sustainable development and ecological stability in these watershed regions is considered. A majority of the environmental problems in the region's watersheds in the past have occurred mainly due to undesirable human interference in regional environmental flows and vegetation resources. Plausible solutions to ongoing and future environmental crises will largely depend on how broad the regional consensus is surrounding the conflicting water resource issues. Depending on how the dominant rural social base adjusts to important dynamics of the problem, sustainability will be an issue vulnerable to political interpretation. (See also W93-01023) (Author's abstract) Record 63 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Maintaining Village Water Pumps by Women Volunteers in Bangladesh AU: Author Hoque, BA; Aziz, K; Hasan, Z; Patwary, MK SO: Source Health Policy and Planning HPOPEV, Vol. 6, No. 2, p 176-184, June 1991. 1 tab, 12 ref. AB: Abstract Sixty-three women in the district of Mirzapur, Bangladesh, were trained as voluntary pump caretakers using 21 Tara handpumps. Since the pumps were indoors, the women working on the pumps did not violate the cultural custom of purdah, and the pump maintenance program was accepted by the whole community. The women received 6 hr of classroom training and 2 hr of practical training. When evaluated over a 15-month period, the pumps maintained by the women volunteers functioned as well as those maintained by trained pump mechanics. When women worked on pump maintenance, this allowed more free time from maintenance work for wage-earning males of the community. These findings are significant as an indication of how rural water supplies that are integral to public health can be sustained and integrated with local labor within the customs of a developing country. (Geiger-PTT) 35 087766000 Record 64 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Tubewell Water Consumption and Its Determinants in a Rural Area of Bangladesh AU: Author Hoque, BA; Huttly, SRA; Aziz, KMA; Patwary, MY; Feachem, RG SO: Source Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene JTMHA9 Vol. 92, No. 3, p 197-202, 1989. 1 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref. AB: Abstract As part of the evaluation of a water supply, sanitation, and hygiene education project in rural Bangladesh, the consumption of water from the improved supplies was estimated from an observational study. Women volunteers observed and recorded all water collection activities of each group of households using a handpump over a 2-day period. Data from questionnaire surveys on household characteristics were related to per capita use of water. The mean household water consumption rate was 43 L per capita per day. Univariate analyses showed that several factors were significantly associated with water consumption,

including family size and age structure, occupation, distance from the house to the handpump, the number of people served by a handpump , and possession of luxury items. Multiple regression analysis showed that several factors remained associated with per capita consumption, although their predictive value was low. This method of data collection enabled the quantitative study of a variable which water-supply projects strive to increase--the volume of water used per capita per day. The project was clearly successful in achieving high rates of water consumption. However , despite a high handpump to population ratio, consumption, did vary widely between households according to several factors. Consideration of these factors is of importance in the planning and siting of handpumps in similar water-supply projects, and in defining those households which are to be the main targets of associated health and hygiene education. (Shidler-PTT) Record 65 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Application of Hydrologic Models for Flood Forecasting and Flood Control in India and Bangladesh AU: Author Refsgaard, JC; Havno, K; Ammentorp, HC; Verwey, A SO: Source Advances in Water Resources AWREDI Vol. 11, No. 2, p 101-105, June 1988. 9 fig, 8 ref. AB: Abstract A general mathematical modeling system for real-time flood forecasting and flood control planning is described. The system comprises a lumped conceptual rainfall-runoff model, a hydrodynamic model for river routing, reservoir and flood plain simulation, an updating procedure for real-time operation and a comprehensive data management system. The system is presently applied for real-time forecasting of the two 20,000 sq km (Yamuna and Damodar) catchments in India as well as for flood control modeling at the same two catchments in India. In another project, the system is being established for the entire Bangladesh with a coarse descretization and for the Southeast region of Bangladesh with a fine model discretization. The objectives of the modeling application in Bangladesh are to enable predictions of the effects of alternative river regulation structures in terms of changes in water levels, inundations, siltration and salinity. The modeling system has been transferred to the Central Water Commission of India and the Master Plan Organization of Bangladesh in connection with comprehensive training programs. The models are presently being operated by Indian and Bangladeshi engineers in the two countries. (Author 's abstract) Record 66 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Toward a National Water Plan in Bangladesh AU: Author Chaudury, M; Siddigi, MH SO: Source Water Resources Policy for Asia. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam Netherlands. 1987. p 549-580, 2 fig, 7 tab.

AB: Abstract The National Water Plan of Bangladesh has been established with the objective of maximizing the net value added in agriculture and fisheries, thus making the greatest possible contribution to economic growth, and to provide adequate water supplies in time and quantity for domestic and industrial users, navigation, salinity control, and environmental management. Since the plan has multiple objectives that are potentially conflicting, it is necessary as part of the planning process to rank the different objectives of the plan in order of priority and to take account of any conflicts or complementarities among objectives. This is done in the planning process by specifying one primary objective and then by imposing a number of constraints on that main objective which include: resource availability; the water supplied by other users (i.e. water supply for domestic and industrial users, navigation, environmental management, etc.); the fresh water required for salinity control in the lower delta; regional balance in investment and economic development; and institutional, organizational and human capabilities. The plan provides a perspective that unifies national concerns and interests, permitting the adjustment and improvement of the legal and institutional framework within which water resource management activities are carried out. The plan thus provides a technical and policy framework for successful local initiatives, in addition to those of the central authority to plan and implement water resources development projects in response to local and regional problems and needs. (See also W89-08899) (Sand-PTT) Record 67 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Agreement on the Ganges AU: Author Abbas, BM SO: Source Water Resources Policy for Asia. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam Netherlands. 1987. p 517-538. AB: Abstract The history of negotiations between India and Bangladesh over the use of the resources of the Ganges River illustrates a classic upstream vs. downstream situation. Bangladesh proposed conservation of the excess monsoon flow through storage in the Ganges basin in India and Nepal. India proposed transferring water instead from the Brahmaputra river. Each side rejected the other 's proposal. The stalemate has resulted from the two sides ' very different approaches to water resources management in this instance. Bangladesh, as the downstream riparian, upholds the drainage basin concept and the principle of equitable apportionment. India 's approach is the antithesis of the drainage basin concept. India views the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers as segments of an eventual national water grid linking all the major rivers of northern and western India, wherein waters may be diverted out of their natural drainage basins. The key to the solution of the problem is integrated river basin development. The long-term objective should be the optimum development of the water resources of the river basins. Such a plan should provide a broad outline for the harmonious development of the various works in relation to all the reasonable possibilities of the basin. These include irrigation and drainage, hydroelectric power, navigation, flood control, watershed management, and industrial and domestic uses of water. The entire river basin should be treated as one unit and its water as the property of all the

people living in the basin, to be equitably allocated taking into account the availability of water, the requirements of the different areas, and their ecological needs. (See also W89-08899) (Sand-PTT) Record 68 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Ground Water Policies: Options and Laws in Bangladesh AU: Author Ali, AMMS SO: Source Water Resources Policy for Asia. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam Netherlands. 1987. p 313-334, 1 tab, 12 ref. AB: Abstract In Bangladesh, groundwater management policies in the past were based mainly on a trial-and-error method which relied heavily on import of hardware as the only means for expanded irrigation coverage. Institutional and social aspects of irrigation management were largely ignored. Sale and installation of equipment proceeded at a much faster rater than the building of an institutional framework for management of groundwater resources. The rapid but unplanned expansion of tubewell irrigation has led to adverse hydrological consequences for which adequate legal and administrative interventions had to be made in the mid-eighties. While it is too early to assess the impact of these interventions, there is now a growing consensus in regard to the need for planned and optimum use of groundwater resources, now identified as a scarce resource. The analysis underscores the need for identification of future policy options in the light of past as well as present experiences. These options are: 1. improve, strengthen, and coordinate the use of existing wells in a way that ensures optimum use of a resource which is not identified to be scarce; 2. strengthen the management system, both on the input and output side, to ensure a well-coordinated planning and implementation of resource use at all levels of the administration; 3. establish and install technologically innovative devices to meet the current situation of diminishing level of water; 4. expand, strengthen, and coordinate the irrigation management program to derive a higher return on investment so as to improve the existing low return on investment; 5. appropriate application of the legal provision, to immediately prevent unplanned and indiscriminate exploitation of groundwater resources; 6. administrative policy decision to stop proliferation of agencies for exploitation of groundwater resources for irrigation; 7. administrative policy intervention for project preferences designed to establish and expand the access of the small and marginal farmer to the use of groundwater resources. (See also W89-08899) (Sand-PTT) Record 69 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Surface Water Strategy, Policies, and Laws in Bangladesh AU: Author Khan, MAH; Khan, AA SO: Source Water Resources Policy for Asia. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam Netherlands. 1987. p 267-284, 1 fig. AB: Abstract

Water resources in Bangladesh are problematical from both a physical and economic point of view. Physically, the Bangladesh delta is undergoing rapid ecological, hydrological, and morphological changes from both natural and man-made causes. Economically, the country is facing a dynamic water shortage as a result of increased demand for irrigation as well as the fact that water is becoming increasingly scarce. These problems are compounded by the absence of any effective water-sharing agreement of the international waters which cross the country. This has created a precarious environment which discourages investment in large scale-surface water projects and underlines the urgency of a comprehensive agreement of permanent sharing of water of all international rivers. Strategies and policies pursued by Bangladesh for the optimum utilization of surface water resources are analyzed and past achievements in the development of these resources are surveyed. The problems and potentials of harnessing surface waters the legal framework for utilization of surface waters in Bangladesh is outlined. (See also W89-08899) (Sand-PTT) Record 70 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Water Supply and Sanitation in the Southeast-Asia Region AU: Author Saravanapavananthan, N SO: Source World Health Statistics Quarterly Vol. 39, No. 1, p 58-70, 1986. 2 fig, 5 tab, 1 ref. AB: Abstract The progress of community water supply and sewage disposal services development in the member states of the World Health Organization, South-East Asia Region, since the beginning of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade is reviewed. Countries participating in the Decade progress monitoring activities were: Bangladesh, Burma, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Two sets of aggregated analyses were carried out: one without India and one including India. In urban areas, water supply coverage did not keep pace with increasing populations, whereas in rural areas it appears that mid-decade targets will be achieved overall, but on a country by country basis, only Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka are likely to meet or exceed their mid-decade targets. In the area of sanitation, coverage increased in urban areas in the 1981-83 period, but in rural areas improvements in sanitation coverage did not keep pace with population. Major constraints identified by the countries in the 1983 sector update were as follows: lack of adequate financial resources, lack of community participation, logistics, insufficient health education, and import restrictions. (Rochester-PTT) Record 71 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Institutional and Legal Framework for Co-operation Between Bangladesh and India on Shared Water Resources AU: Author Zaman, M SO: Source

River Basin Development: Proceedings of the National Symposium on River Basin Development December 4-10, 1981, Dacca, Bangladesh. 1983. p 185-194, 4 ref. AB: Abstract Treaties are a common mechanism for sharing water resources in international river basins. India and Bangladesh have entered into two treaties for harnessing the water resources of the rivers common to them. The Agreement of 1972, which created the Joint River Commission, is a forum for maintaining liason between the two countries regarding maximum benefits, flood control works, irrigation projects, and research on advanced warning for floods and cyclones. The Ganges Waters Agreement of 1977, more elaborate and specific, requires the two states to devise means to augment dry season flows, allocates dry season flows, provides a joint committee to supervise the sharing, provides for review of the Agreement, and requires that disputes be referred to the two governments for settlement. (Cassar - PTT) Record 72 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Irrigation Water Requirements in Bangladesh AU: Author Khan, HR SO: Source River Basin Development: Proceedings of the National Symposium on River Basin Development December 4-10, 1981, Dacca, Bangladesh. 1983. p 150-157, 1 fig, 5 tab, 2 ref. AB: Abstract In Bangladesh there are conflicting demands for water supplies during the November to May dry season. Water is needed for agriculture, domestic, and industrial purposes, for maintaining river depths to allow adequate navigation, for avoiding damage to fisheries, and for limiting upland penetration of saline water. In the dry season flow for the four major rivers is 173.40 million acre feet (MAF). The water availability (in MAF) for January, February, March, and April, respectively, is 11.10, 9.20, 10.15, and 12.69. The irrigation requirements (in MAF) for the same months, respectively, are 11.7, 12.6, 17.27, and 12.75. Any further reduction in river flows or upstream diversion to increase water supply would greatly increase salinity in southern Bangladesh. (Cassar - PTT) Record 73 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title The Ganges Basin and the Water Dispute AU: Author Zaman, M SO: Source Water Supply and Management Vol 6, No 4, p 321-328, 1982. 1 Fig, 2 Tab, 5 Ref. AB: Abstract The highly variable flow of the Ganges River and a barrage constructed by India at Farakka are causes of the 30-year water dispute between India and Bangladesh. Despite continuing negotiations, little progress in resolving differences was attained until the 1970's. Without official agreement India continued diversion up to full capacity of

the feeder canal after a trial run in the spring of 1975. This created serious ecological problems in Bangladesh, especially in agriculture. Further negotiations under United Nations auspices produced the Ganges Waters Agreement, November 5, 1977. This established a quota schedule for each country and provided a long-term solution to the problem of augmentation of dry season flows in the river. Although both countries have followed the treaty provisions, a long-term solution has not yet been implemented. Augmentation schemes (irrigation storage dams upstream and on other rivers) have been prepared by India and Bangladesh, but neither country agrees with the other 's proposals. Nepal, where storage dams may be located, has recognized the benefits of water resources development and management on a regional basis. These benefits include hydropower generation, flood control, irrigation, and river navigation. Until a permanent agreement can be reached, both sides can substantially reduce loss of water in irrigation systems by locating irrigation projects in proper soil types, improving irrigation practices, and optimizing a more efficient cropping program. (Cassar-FRC) Record 74 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title How Bengali Villagers Choose Sources of Domestic Water AU: Author Briscoe, J; Chakraborty, M; Ahmed, S SO: Source Water Supply and Management Vol 5, No 2, p 165-181, 1981. 4 Fig, 5 Tab, 8 Ref. AB: Abstract Water use patterns in underdeveloped areas are frequently unknown, and this hampers the efforts of water use planners who attempt to predict who will use a new water source and for what purpose. An in-depth field study of family water use in a Bengali village was performed. Quality was found to be a powerful determinant, while conflicts over access to drinking water sources adversely affected the choices exercised by poor families. Until now, most water use planners have assumed that the most important factor governing the use of a drinking water source is the distance of the source from the home. Thus, improved sources must provide a quality of water which is perceived as good by the users. Public and communal sources should be emphasized to avoid quarrels. This would make higher quality of water more attractive to and available to poor families. These findings argue against a water supply program like the existing UNICEF program which is based on the installation of hand-pumped tubewells. Because tubewell water is high in iron and when used for cooking, turns rice black, no family surveyed used a tubewell for cooking water. (Small-FRC) Record 75 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Unsafe Practice of Extracting Potable Water From Aquifers in the Southwestern Coastal Region of Bangladesh AU: Author Chowdhury, S H; Chowdhury, S; Ahmed, A U; Iqbal, M Z SO: Source

Proceedings of the 2009 American Geophysical Union Joint Assemby. [np]. AB: Abstract The groundwater resource is of paramount importance to the lives and livelihoods of the millions of people in Bangladesh. Unfortunately, high levels of arsenic have been found in groundwater in many parts of Bangladesh. Besides, the salinity in water systems in the coastal areas has increased as a consequence of the flow diversion from the upper reaches of Ganges River by the neighboring country India. Since hand- pumped groundwater (tube) wells are the only viable sources of drinking water, maintaining drinking water security for over 6 million people in the south-west (SW) region has been a major challenge for the Bangladesh Government. Due to rapid exploitation of groundwater resources in excess of recharge capacity, non-saline water sources in the SW region have already been depleted and the hand tube wells have mostly been abandoned. Meanwhile, shrimp farming has resulted in saline water infiltration into the perched aquifer system in many areas. A recent survey covering123 wells out of 184, extending to a depth of 330 m, showed high salinity in water. Combined factors of rapid exploitation of shallow groundwater, depletion of the deep aquifers and the subsequent saline water intrusion into these aquifers have put long-term sustainability of the remaining fresh groundwater resource into jeopardy. Very high concentrations of nitrite are found in this study in many tube wells in the area where samples have been drawn from aquifer systems up to 244 m deep. Nitrite concentrations in 35 wells randomly sampled in this study range from 16.98 to 43.11 mg/L, averaging 27.55 mg/L. This is much higher than the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 1 mg/L set by the U.S. EPA for human consumption. Simultaneously, dissolved oxygen (DO) is found to be very low (0.1 to 2 mg/L). There are numerous reports and anecdotal evidences of "Blue Baby Syndrome" (methemoglobinemia) in the region, which is generally due to gradual suffocation caused by poor transport of oxygen from the lungs to the body parts. This situation is known to occur as a result of methemoglobin compounds deposited in the blood stream in association with excess nitrite consumption. Nitrogen isotope analysis from eight random samples recorded an average &delta; super(15) N value of 6.7&permil; thereby indicating that the nitrite is probably derived from the nitrogen based fertilizers that are commonly applied to the paddy fields and the shrimp farms. The observed &delta; super(15) N values, ranging from 0.35&permil; to 11.82&permil; are higher than the typical numbers expected for nitrogen based fertilizers. In this context, the high content of ammonium, ranging from 0.59 to 28.01 mg/L, clearly indicates that the nitrogen in the system has undergone denitrification in a bio-chemically reduced condition, which resulted in the increased delta values. The above results clearly show that in addition to the already known risks of arsenocosis from groundwater, there are serious threats of blood disorders among the population that routinely consumes water with high levels of nitrite. Nevertheless, the existing problems of arsenic and other metals in water are expected to become worse over the time because of highly anoxic condition. All the above results from this study warrant immediate actions by the appropriate government agencies to arrange for alternative potable water for more than 6 million people living in the region. Record 76 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title

Of Purity and pollution: Negotiating socio-spatial-ecological-embodied subjectivities in contaminated waterscapes AU: Author Sultana, Farhana SO: Source Papers from the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers - 2009. [np]. AB: Abstract This paper seeks to contribute to the emerging debates in gender-water and gender-nature literatures by looking at the ways that gendered subjectivities are simultaneously (re)produced by societal, spatial, and natural/ecological factors, as well materialities of the body and of heterogeneous waterscapes. Drawing from fieldwork conducted in Bangladesh on arsenic contamination of drinking water, the paper looks at the ways that gender relations are influenced by not just direct resource use/control/access and the implications of different types of waters, but also by the discursive constructs of masculinity/femininity, which can work in iterative ways to influence how people relate to different kinds of water. Conflicts and struggles over water inflect gendered identities and sense of self, where both men and women participate in reproducing and challenging prevailing norms and practices through notions of purity and pollution of gendered bodies. As a result, multiple social and ecological factors interact in complex and iterative ways to complicate gender-water relations, whereby socio-spatial subjectivities are re/produced in water management and end up reinforcing existing inequities. The paper demonstrates that gender-water relations are not just intersected by social axes, as generally argued by feminist scholars, but also by ecological change and spatial relations vis-ANB-vis water, where socialized, ecologized, spatialized and embodied subjectivities are produced and negotiated in everyday practices. Record 77 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title People's Perception about Contributing Factors for Arsenicosis in Rural Bangladesh AU: Author Alam, Bhuiyan M SO: Source Papers from the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers - 2009. [np]. AB: Abstract Arsenic contamination in ground water in Bangladesh is on the rise. A vast majority of Bangladeshis, especially in rural areas, rely on hand pumped tube wells for their daily household and potable water needs. Although exact figures are not available, it is believed that approximately 50 million Bangladeshis are affected by arsenic contaminated ground-water-borne disease arsenicosis. Based on surveys in six arsenic contaminated villages in southwest Bangladesh, this study explores factors responsible for arsenicosis. A total of 469 people were requested to opine on the contributing factors for arsenicosis. The respondents were given a wide range of options as probable contributing factors, including age, income, gender, usage of filtered water, hours of daily contact with water, whether contacted doctors at the early stage, etc. Using descriptive statistics, this study finds that income and filter usage are two most important predictors for arsenicosis. Age and gender are also important

predictors; however, the respondents believed that these factors were not as important as the first two. Although some non-governmental organizations have been supplying water filters, it is not prevalent and not affordable to all. The respondents also believe that the government has not done its job to educate the people about the causes and effects of arsenicosis. The results imply that the Government of Bangladesh should take bold steps to make water filters available to the rural poor at affordable or free of costs, and launch effective and efficient programs to educate rural people about the causes and consequences of this epidemic. Record 78 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Fluid Lives: Gender, Subjectivity, and Water Management AU: Author Sultana, Farhana SO: Source Papers from the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers - 2009. [np]. AB: Abstract Gender relations to water are influenced by a variety of factors, which are inflected by the ways that subjectivities are produced in heterogeneous waterscapes. Drawing from fieldwork conducted in Bangladesh on arsenic contamination of drinking water, this article looks at the ways that gender relations are influenced by not just direct resource use/control/access and the implications of particular water types, but also by the ideological constructs of masculinity/femininity, which can work in iterative ways to influence how people relate to water. Conflicts and struggles over water are related to gendered identities, where both men and women participate in reproducing and challenging prevailing norms of masculinity and femininity in water management. As a result, multiple factors interact in complex and iterative ways to complicate gender-water relations, whereby gender division of labor, responsibilities and rights, the material and symbolic resource conflicts, and identity production in water management end up reinforcing sufferings in different ways. Furthermore, gender-water relations are not just intersected by social axes, as generally argued by feminist scholars, but also by physical location and spatial relations vis-ANB-vis water, where ecologized and spatialized subjectivities are negotiated in water management. Record 79 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Assessment of rainwater harvesting for drinking water supply in Bangladesh AU: Author Karim, M R SO: Source Water Science & Technology: Water Supply [Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply]. Vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 243-249. AB: Abstract Rainwater harvesting is a potential option of water supply to the coastal and arsenic affected rural communities in Bangladesh and during the last few years, several projects were undertaken to promote

and install various types of rainwater harvesting systems by government organizations and NGOs mainly for drinking and cooking water supply. A study was undertaken to assess the currently practiced rainwater harvesting systems located in the south west coastal and arsenic affected areas in the country. A total of 1,000 rainwater-harvesting systems were investigated using structured questionnaires; among them 14.8% were community based and 85.2% were household rainwater harvesting systems. The results of this assessment are presented in this paper. Availability of the harvested rainwater, operation, storage and maintenance of community based rainwater harvesting and ensuring water quality to meet the drinking water standard are the important issues that must be addressed properly. A protocol for the operation and maintenance according to WHO guideline can be adopted for the safe and sustainable rainwater harvesting in the country. Record 80 of 80 DN: Database Name Water Resources Abstracts TI: Title Subsurface iron and arsenic removal: low-cost technology for community-based water supply in Bangladesh AU: Author van Halem, D; Heijman, S G J; Johnston, R; Huq, I M; Ghosh, S K; Verberk, J Q J C; Amy, G L; van Dijk, J C SO: Source Water Science & Technology [Water Sci. Technol.]. [np]. AB: Abstract The principle of subsurface or in situ iron and arsenic removal is that aerated water is periodically injected into an anoxic aquifer through a tube well, displacing groundwater containing Fe(II). An oxidation zone is created around the tube well where Fe(II) is oxidised. The freshly formed iron hydroxide surfaces provide new sorption sites for soluble Fe(II) and arsenic. The system's efficiency is determined based on the ratio between abstracted volume with reduced iron/arsenic concentrations (V) and the injected volume (Vi). In the field study presented in this paper, the small-scale application of this technology was investigated in rural Bangladesh. It was found that at small injection volumes (<1m3) iron removal was successful and became more effective with every successive cycle. For arsenic, however, the system did not prove to be very effective yet. Arsenic retardation was only limited and breakthrough of 10mg/L (WHO guideline) was observed before V/Vi=1, which corresponds to arrival of groundwater at the well. Possible explanations for insufficient arsenic adsorption are the short contact times within the oxidation zone, and the presence of competing anions, like phosphate.