ASHRAF QURASHI GEETA KUMARI JYOTI SINGH VIMLESH SINGH NITIN KUNDARA

The heart of any plumbing system is pipe. There are three main types of materials pipe can be made from galvanized steel, copper, or plastic. And it's important that, when making repairs or modifications to an existing system, you use the same type of pipe. Galvanized pipe systems are rarely used in new residential construction.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FITTING IMAGES

Copper pipes come in four types - type K, type L, type M, and DWV.
Type K has the thickest walls and is most frequently used for underground service lines in the supply system. Type L is used for interior hot and cold water supply lines.
Type M is the thinnest of the types and is also used for interior hot and cold water supply lines.

 DWV pipes are used for the drain-waste system and for the vent system.

PVC pipes are white and are approved for cold water use only. PVC - DWV pipes are also white, but are approved for use in drain-waste systems or vent systems. CPVC pipes are beige and are approved for use in hot or cold water service lines. Polyethylene tubes are black and approved for cold water use

Polybutylene is the only flexible pipe approved for hot and cold service lines.

Fittings allow pipe to be installed and joined where necessary and terminated in the appropriate place. Each kind of pipe requires its own type of fitting, but all fittings share some common features.

Fittings are either male or female This refers to their orientation at the connecting point. Pipes, nipples, and male fittings insert into female fittings. In threaded fittings, male threads are on the outside and female threads are on the inside. Fittings that have one male end and one female end are called street fittings. When measuring the size of fittings, male threaded fittings are measured OD, or to the outside edge, while female fittings are measured ID, or to the inside edge of the inlet. Fittings are generally made in one of two standard sizes, IPS (Iron Pipe Size) or CTS (Copper Tube Size). These two standards are not compatible and require adapters to connect them. Male IPS fittings are abbreviated "MIP" and female IPS fittings are abbreviated "FIP"

Fittings that extend or terminate pipe runs:

Couplings extend a run by connecting two lengths of pipe. They are available in all standard pipe sizes and nearly all varieties of pipe. They're called reducing couplings if they're connecting different sized pipe. Adapters are similar to couplings, but they connect different types of pipe, one of which is an IPS size. Unions are three-part mechanical fittings that connect any two standard size pipe in such a way that they may be disconnected and reassembled with a pipe wrench. Unions provide the easiest method for dismantling pressure pipe. Caps and Plugs end a run of pipe by closing it off with a watertight seal.

Fittings that change a pipe's direction: Elbows (ells) change direction of pipe. Most common are 90o and 45o elbows, but are also available in 22 and 60. They are identified by their angle but they are ordinarily referred to by number only. An ell may be female at both ends, or in the case of a street ell, may be male on one end and female on the other. Some are offered in a long-turn variety, some have side inlets; some have vent inlets.

Pipe Appurtenenances
Distribution pipes are provided with some accessories so as to make the distribution of water easy and effective and are known as pipe appurtenances. Taps ,clocks and
L

valves are the- appurtenances for the water pipes.

Valves
TYPE OF VALVES:

Line valves _Sluice valves _Globe valves Scour valves

L

Relief valves Reflux valves Fire hydrants Taps and stop cocks Float valves

Air valves

1. Line valves
They are provided to stop and regulate the flow of water In course of ordinary and emergency operations. Insulating Valves are frequently installed at intervals of 1 to 5 km. line Valves are usually placed at major summits of pressure Conduits. Valves are sized slightly smaller than the pipes diameter with a reducer on either side.

(i) Sluice or gate Valves

Sluice valves are helpful in dividing the water mains into suitable section. It controls the flow of water in the pipe-line and is usually used in low pressure system.

(ii) Globe Valves

This valves is normally made up of brass. Globe valves are used to control flow of water to wash basins, shower, kitchen sinks, etc.

2. Scour valves/washout valves

Scour valves are located at dead end and the lowest points or depressions in water mains.

3. Air valves
Some quantity of air is trapped inside the water pipe, which tries to accumulate at high points along the water pipe . An air valves is installed to permit expulsion of air. Air valves consists of a CI chamber , float, lever and poppet valve.

4. Relief valves
These are automatic cutoff valves . The relief valves are adjusted at every point along the pipe-line where the pressure is likely to be maximum .

5. Reflux valve
The reflux valve is placed in water pipe, which obtains water directly from the pump. When the pumps fails or stops , water will not flow back to the pump.

6. Fire hydrants
Fire hydrants are placed at all street junction and within the radius of 60 to 90 m.

(i) Flush hydrants

These are provided below the footpath or street level and is covered by a cast Iron or brick masonry chamber. The flush hydrants are difficult to detect, thus, Some signs are given on a nearby permanent structure.

(ii) Post- hydrants

These are projected above the ground and thus, are easily detectable but is liable to be damaged.

7. Taps or Bib cock

Taps are provided at the ends of water pipe to draw of water from the pipe. This is normally a screw down type and opens in an anticlockwise direction. The bib cock may be of push type which operates automatically and normally used in public places

8. Float Valves
Used to supply water to a storage tank or flushing cistern. The valve is automatically shuts off the supply when the predetermined level is reached. It is operated by the float

Ferrule
It is used to control the water pressure from the main supply . It is made of brass or bronze.

Type 1: Low pressure meters.

Type 2: Inferential /Velocity (Turbine) meters Type 3: Positive or displacement meters
T

Type 4: Venturi meters

Low pressure meter

Inferential/ Velocity meter

Rotary meter

Disc meter

Positive Displacement
Nutating disc Measures water in discrete volumes Fills a cup, pours it out

For Moderate To High Continuous Flow Rates Processing Plants Manufacturing Facilities Irrigation Lines Lawn Sprinkler Systems Wells Effluent Water in Treatment Plants Booster (Pump) Stations Large Batching Operations Inter-system sales or transfer Office Buildings Public Transportation Centers WHERE PEOPLE WORK!!

Venturi meter

Water meters are subject to wear and deterioration. The rate of wear and deterioration is directly related to how much the meter is used and the quality of the water. Over time, meter efficiency decreases. The larger the meter, the more often it should be tested.