Term paper Topic: Management Process

Introduction: Management is a group effort to achieve some objectives under the leadership of the manager. It is essential to ensure the coordination of individual efforts within an organization. It is necessary whenever one needs to get things done Each and every organization has people who are entrusted with the responsibility of helping the organization achieving the goals .Those people are called managers .Management is universal .Management is found in every in fact of human endeavor educational institution, business, government or non government organization, association, mosques, and families also. There are many activities in management like making plan, handling people, coordinating and controlling activities , These activities are done by using the following resources human ,financial. physical and informational reasources. What is management? Management is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources and natural resources(1). Management is a distinct process consisting of activities of planning, actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish stated objectives with the use of human being and other resources(2). Management process: A process is a systematic way of doing things. Manage-ment is a process to emphasize that all the managers, irrespective of their aptitude or skill, engage in some inter related functions in order to achieve their desired goals. Now there is a management process figure given below

Planning

Organizing

Controlling

Leading

Figure1.management process

Planning
Planning is the future course of action. It may be defined as making decisions in advance. It reflects the the managements future course of action with a view to achieving the organizational goals and objectives. It implies that managers think through their goals as an action in advance and their actions are based on some method, plan or logic rather than hunch .Plans give the organization its objective and set up the best procedures for reaching them. Planning involves selecting mission and objectives and the action s to achieve them, it requires decision making, choosing future of action from among alternatives. In short, planning means determining what the organization position and situation should be at some time in the future and deciding how best to bring about that situation. Planning helps maintaining managerial effectiveness by guiding future activities.(4) There are various types covering various time periods and are usually set up by top level managers .Some are discussed below

Strategic Plan: A general plan outlining decisions of resource allocation, priorities and action steps necessary to reach strategic goals.(5) Tactical Plan: A plan aimed to achieve tactical goals and development to implement parts of strategic plan.(5) Operational Plan: It focuses on carrying out tactical plans to achieve operational goals. This plan derived from tactical plans and is aimed at achieving operational goals. The two most basic forms of operational plans and specific types of each are given below A) Single use plan: A single use plan is developed to carry out a course of action that is not likely to be repeated in the future (5). There are two types of single use plan 1)Program: Summation of a large set of activities. 2) Project.: A project is a single step in a program. B) Standing Plan: Standing plan is used for activities that recur regularly over a period of time,(5). There are three kinds of standing plan, are given below 1) Policy: A standing plan that specifies the organizations general response to a designated problem or situation. 2) Standing operating procedure(sop): It is a guideline to follow the steps in a particular circumstances. 3)Rules and regulation: It indicates how specific activities are to be carried out,(5) They are all guidelines by which the organization obtains and commits the resources required to reach its objectives. Members of the organization carry on activities consistent with the chosen objectives in monitored and measured so that corrective action can be taken if progress is unsatisfactory,(3).

Organizing
Once a manager has developed a work plan, the next phase of management is to organize the people and other resources necessary to carry out the plan. Organizing may be referred to as the process of arranging and allocating work , authority and resources among an organization members so that they can achieve the organizations goals. Organizing produces a structure of relationships in an organization and it is through these structured relationships that future plans are pursued. Organizing, than , is the part if managing which involves establishing an intentional structure of roles for people

to fill in an organization. It is intentional in the sense of making sure that all the tasks necessary to accomplish goals are assigned to people who can do them best. The components of organizing are given below Job design: It is the determination of an individual work related responsibilities. Job specialization: It is a process to divide the task of the organization into smaller components parts. Departmentalization: It is a process of grouping jobs according to some logical arrangement. Coordinating: The process of linking the activities of the various departments of the organization is called coordinating. Establishing Authority relationship: It means creating effective relationship among different position and department. Span of management: The number of people who report to a particular manager is called the span of management. Staffing: Staffing is the effective and efficient deployment of manpower across the organization.

Leading
Another component of management process is leading. It involves directing, influencing and motivating employees to perform essential tasks. To lead those people to contribute to organization and group goals constitutes an essential function of the manager. The manager leads in an attempt to persuade others to join them in pursuit of the future that emerges from the planning and organizing steps Efficient managers need to be effective leaders. Since leadership implies fellowship and people tend to follow those who offer a means of satisfying their own needs,hopes and aspiration .It is understandable that leading relate to some terms , those term are discussed below 1. Motivation: Motivation may be defined as the act of stimulating someone to take a desired course of action. The features of motivation are it is goal orientated, it is a continuous process. It may be positive or negative, it may be, and monetary or nonmonetary, motivation is a psychological phenomenon which converts abilities into performance.

2. Leadership styles and approaches: Leadership integrates the available resources of an organization and guides a team of people to utilize those resources to best to achieve the organizational goals. 3. Communication: It is a process to exchange massages, feelings, ideas between 2 persons. It is very much important for the managers .They have to keep a good way of communication with the employees.

Controlling
The final phase of the management process is controlling. As the organization moves towards its goals, management must monitor its process. It must make sure that events conform to plans. Controlling involves measuring performance against goals and plans and helping correct deviations from standards.As a matter of fact, controlling facilitates the accomplishment of plans. Although planning must be precede controlling plans are not self achieving. They guide the manager in the use of resources to accomplish specific goals. Activities are evaluated to determine whether they conform to the plans. Though the controlling function, the manager keeps the organization on track. Increasingly, organizations are establishing new ways to enhance the quality of the control function. One popular approach is Total Quantity Management (TQM) which focuses management on the continuous improvement of all operations, functions and above all, processes of work. Meeting the customers needs is a primary concern,(3). Control activities generally relate to the measurement of achievement. Some means of controlling, like the budget for expenses, inspection records, and the record of labor hours cost, are generally familiar. Each measures also shows whether plans are working out. If deviations persist, correction is indicated. Whenever results are found to differ from planned action, persons responsible are to be identified and necessary actions are to be taken to improve performance. Thus outcomes are controlled by controlling what people do. Controlling is the last but not the least important function of management. Thus it is rightly said Planning without controlling is useless.

Reference

1) Retrieved from www.Wikipedia.mamagement.com 2) Terry and Franklin, 1997 3) Management, Stoner, page no 12 4) Dr. Mainul Islam, Dr. Abdul Awal Khan, FUNDAMENTALS OF MANAGEMENT January in 2011 5)Ricky W Griffin Management, Houghton Mifflin company, 2005