Floating Wind Generators For The Generation of Power Anywhere

FLOATING WIND GENERATOR
CHAPTER1:
INTRODUCTION
Wind power is one of the renewable energy sources which have been widely developed in recent years. Wind energy has many advantages such as no pollution, relatively low capital cost involved and the short gestation period. The first wind turbine for electricity generation was developed at the end of the 19th century. From 1940 to 1950, two important technologies, i.e., three blades structure of wind turbine and the AC generator which replaced DC generator were developed [1]. During the period of 1973 to 1979, the oil crises led to lots of research about the wind generation. At the end of 1990s, wind power had an important role in the sustainable energy. At the same time, wind turbine technologies were developed in the whole world, especially in Denmark, Germany, and Spain. Today, wind energy is the fastest growing energy source. According to the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), global wind power capacity has increased from 7600MW at the end of 1997 to 195.2 GW by 2009. However wind power accounts for less than 1.0% of worlds electrical demand. It is inferred that the wind power energy will develop to about 12% of the worlds electrical supply by 2020[2]. Wind energy, which is an indirect source of solar energy conversion, can be utilized to run windmill, which in turn drives a generator to produce electricity. Wind can also be used to provide mechanical power such as for water pumping. In India generally wind speeds obtainable are in the lower ranges. Attempts are, therefore, on the development of low cost, low speed mills for irrigation of small and marginal farms for providing drinking water in rural area. The developments are being mainly concentrated on water pumping wind mill suitable for operation in a wind speed range of 8 to 36 km per hour. In India high wind speeds are obtainable in coastal areas of Saurashtra, western Rajasthan and some parts of central India.
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The major components of a typical wind energy conversion system include a wind turbine, generator, interconnection apparatus and control systems. Wind turbines can be classified into the vertical axis type and the horizontal axis type. Most modern wind turbines use a horizontal axis configuration with two or three blades, operating either downwind or up-wind. A wind turbine can be designed for a constant speed or variable speed operation. Variable speed wind turbines can produce 8% to 15% more energy output as compared to their constant speed counterparts, however, they necessitate power electronic converters to provide a fixed frequency and fixed voltage power to their loads. Most turbine manufacturers have opted for reduction gears between the low speed turbine rotor and the high speed three-phase generators. Direct drive configuration, where a generator is coupled to the rotor of a wind turbine directly, offers high reliability, low maintenance, and possibly low cost for certain turbines. Several manufacturers have opted for the direct drive configuration in the recent turbine designs. At the present time and in the near future, generators for wind turbines will be synchronous generators, permanent magnet synchronous generators, and induction generators, including the squirrel cage type and wound rotor type. For small to medium power wind turbines, permanent magnet generators and squirrel cage induction generators are often used because of their reliability and cost advantages. Induction generators, permanent magnet synchronous generators and wound field synchronous generators are currently used in various high power wind turbines
Interconnection apparatuses are devices to achieve power control, soft start and interconnection functions. Very often, power electronic converters are used as such devices. Most modern turbine inverters are forced commutated PWM inverters to provide a fixed voltage and fixed frequency output with a high power quality. Both voltage source voltage controlled inverters and voltage source current controlled inverters have been applied in
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wind turbines. For certain high power wind turbines, effective power control can be achieved with double PWM (pulse width modulation) converters which provide a bi-directional power flow between the turbine generator and the utility grid. The factors that should be considered while installing wind generator are as follow: (1) Availability of land. (2) Availability of power grid (for a grid connected system). (3) Accessibility of site. (4) Terrain and soil. (5) Frequency of lighting strokes. Once the wind resource at a particular site has been established, the next factor that should be considered is the availability of land. The area of the land required depends upon the size of wind farm. In order to optimize the power output from a given site, some additional information is needed, such as wind rose, wind speeds, vegetation, topography, ground roughness, etc. In addition other information such as convenient access to the wind farm site, load bearing capacity of the soil, frequency of cyclones, earthquakes, etc., should also be considered.
Installing a wind turbine in Polar Regions can be a tricky business. Unless the researcher has a lot of experience in this area, one should not attempt to install a wind turbine greater than 1-kilowatt output (a rotor 3 meters in diameter) without professional assistance. Most 50- to 400-watt turbines are fairly easy to install, largely because weights and tower heights are both lower. As the weight of the turbine and the height of the tower go up, so does the level of difficulty.
1.1 ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER

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1. The wind is free and modern technology it can be captured efficiently. 2.Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause green house gases or other pollutants. 3. Although wind turbine can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of a land. It means that the land below can still be used this is especially the case in agricultural areas of farming can still continue. 4.Remote areas that are not connected to electricity power grid can use wind turbine to produce their own supply. 5. Wind turbine are available in a range of sizes i.e.., single households to small towns.
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1.2 DISADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER

1. Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the same level of noise as a family car travelling at 70 mph. 2. The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm force. This means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of electricity all the time. There will be times when they produce no electricity at all. 3. When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution is produced. Therefore wind power does produce some pollution. 4. Many people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures and not pleasant or interesting to look at. They disfigure the countryside and are generally ugly.
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CHAPTER 2:
FLOATING WIND POWER GENERATORS

Floating wind generators are the new dimension for the generation of power by converting the energy of conventional air currents in the atmosphere at high altitudes for the generation of electricity and power with the help of MARS technology. The flying electric generator units (FEGs) envisioned for commercial power production have a rated capacity in the 3 to 30 MW range. Generators arrays are contemplated for wind farms in airspace restricted from commercial and private3 aircraft use.To supply all U.S. energy needs; airspace for power generation is calculated to restrict far less airspace than is already restricted from civil aviation for other purposes. While similar in concept to current wind farms, in most cases flying generator arrays may be located much closer to demand load centers [10].
2.1.MARS (magenn power air rotor system)

It is a Wind Power Anywhere solution with distinct advantages over existing Conventional Wind Turbines and Diesel Generating Systems including: global deployment, lower costs, better operational performance, and greater environmental advantages. MARS is a lighter-than-air tethered wind turbine that rotates about a horizontal axis in response to wind, generating electrical energy. This electrical energy is transferred down the 1000-foot tether for immediate use, or to a set of batteries for later use, or to the power grid. Helium sustains MARS and allows it to ascend to a higher altitude than traditional wind turbines. MARS captures the energy available in the 600 to 1000-foot low level and nocturnal jet streams that exist almost everywhere. MARS rotation also generates the "Magnus effect" which provides additional lift, keeps the MARS stabilized, and positions it within a very controlled and restricted location to adhere. The Magenn Power Air Rotor System (MARS) is an innovative lighter-than-air tethered device that rotates about a horizontal axis in response to wind, efficiently generating clean renewable electrical energy at a lower cost than all competing systems. This electrical
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energy is transferred down the tether to a transformer at a ground station and then transferred to the electricity power grid. Helium (an inert non-reactive lighter than air gas) sustains the Air Rotor which ascends to an altitude for best winds and its rotation also causes the Magnus effect. This provides additional lift, keeps the device stabilized, keeps it positioned within a very controlled and restricted location, and causes it to pull up overhead rather than drift downwind on its tether. MARS rotor shown in fig(2.1)
Fig 2.1
2.2.M A R S
Fig 2.2 MARS is lighter-than-air tethered wind turbine that rotates about a horizontal axis in response to wind, generating electrical energy. This electrical energy is transferred down the 1000-foot tether for immediate use, or to the power grid. Helium sustains MARS and allows it to ascend to higher altitude than traditional wind turbine. MARS rotation also generates the Magnus effect which provides additional lift, keeps the MARS stabilized, and position it within a very controlled and restricted location to adhere to FAA (Federal Aviation Administration).
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2.3.MECHANISM OF MARS
All competing wind generators use bladed two-dimensional disk-like structures and rigid towers. The Magenn Power Air Rotor system is a closed three-dimensional structure (cylinder). It offers high torque, low starting speeds, and superior overall efficiency thanks to its ability to deploy higher. The closed structure allows Magenn Power to produce wind rotors from very small to very large sizes at a fraction of the cost of current wind generators.
2.4. FLOATING WIND TURBINE INSTALLATION AND DEPLOYING

1. It is easy to install and deploying the FWG. 2. To setup a wind turbine it takes nearly about few minutes.
2.5. ANIMATION DIAGRAM OF FLOATING WIND GENERATOR
Fig 2.5
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CHAPTER 3:
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
These are usually the main environmental concerns that arise in association with the set up of a wind turbine.
Visual Impact:
Wind turbines are highly visible structures often opposed by homeowners or real estate developers owning land near a proposed site. Several studies have shown that opposition often diminishes after the turbines are in place as homeowners find the structures aesthetically pleasing and realize their environmental benefits. Thus, opposition related to visual impact can be reduced through careful arrangement of the wind turbines, rendering them impressive against a landscape and through the education of the benefits of wind energy. Less opposition arises in rural settings where farmers are often paid rent or fees by the owners of the turbines. Magenn Power has an added benefit in that our MARS units may be deployed much higher above surrounding terrain than conventional systems, thus capturing more wind. Conventional systems are positioned in areas where winds are higher such as coastal areas and high terrain. These locations are typically at greater distances to customers. MARS, due to it ability to reach greater winds at higher altitudes can be placed closer to demand centers, reducing transmission line costs and transmission losses.
Avian Mortality:
Birds and bats occasionally collide with wind turbines, as they do with other tall structures such as buildings. However, collisions with Magenn's Air Rotors should be significantly less. Birds and bats tend not to fly into objects directly in front of them. Birds can see these objects and bats can sense them. Current terrestrial wind turbines are large fast-moving blades slicing through the air, hitting birds and bats from the side without the animals sensing the presence of blades. In contrast Magenn wind turbines are three-dimensional, softer objects. Birds and bats will more easily be aware of the turbine's presence. A large number of studies have addressed this issue. The findings indicate that overall, bird deaths due to wind turbines are low, especially when compared to other manmade structures. An extensive literature review was conducted and a comparison of annual avian mortality in the United States was presented. The table outlines the results
3.1. Birds Deaths

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Structure Vehicles Buildings and Windows Power lines Communicative Towers Wind Generation Facilities
Bird Deaths (wide range incorporates many studies) 60 million - 80 million 98 million - 980 million 174 million 4 million - 50 million 10,000 - 40,000
Magenn Power Air Rotor Estimated to be very low as the structure Generators can be seen from a distance Table 3.1
3.2. Noise
There are two types of noise generated by a wind turbine: mechanical noise from the gearbox and generator; and aerodynamic noise created by the rotors passing through the air. Progress through technological improvements has practically eliminated mechanical noise. Aerodynamic noise has also improved through better rotor design although it will tend to increase with increasing wind speeds. This is not of great concern since background noise will also increase with increasing wind. The table below compares the sound levels of various items. Notice the sound level emitted by a 660kW wind turbine at 200m (650 ft) is less than the noise levels of a normal suburban residential area. The Magenn Power Air Rotors are expected to be even quieter then wind turbines because the Magenn Air Rotors will operate at 1000 feet
3.3. Noise Levels

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Common Sounds Jet engine (near) Shotgun Firing Jet Takeoff(100-200ft) Thunderclap (near) Discotheque Power saw Pneumatic drill Rock music band Garbage truck Subway Motorcycle Lawnmower
Noise Effect Levels (dB) 140 130 Threshold of pain
120
Threshold of sensation
110
Regular exposure of more than 1 min. risks permanent hearing loss No more than 15 min. unprotected exposure recommended.
100
90
Very annoying
Electric razor Many industrial 85 workplaces Average city traffic 80 noise Garbage disposal Vacuum cleaner Hair Dryer Inside a Car Normal Conversation Quiet Office Conditioner Magenn Air Rotor Whisper Breathing Air
Level at which hearing damage begins (8 hours) Annoying. conversation. Intrusive. telephone. Interferes with
70
Interferes
with
60 50 40 30 10 Comfortable Quiet Very Quiet Just Audible
3.4. Exposure Time Limits

Sound levels are logarithmic: a small increase in decibels represents a large increase in sound energy. For this reason, exposure to sound should be cut in half for every increase of 3 decibels.
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Decibels (dB) 85Db 88Db 91dB 94dB 97dB 100Db Table 3.3
Exposure Time 8 hours 4 hours 2 hours 1 hour 30 minutes 15minutes
CHAPTER 4:
Height Restrictions
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Magenn has carefully studied deployment of its MARS units. Of particular focus are altitude guidelines as directed by FAA regulations. The five points, below represent a summary of Magenn planning to satisfy these guidelines. Magenn has established a rapport with cognizant FAA officials. 1. MARS units may not operate in controlled airspace or within five miles of the boundary of any airport. 2. MARS units that are deployed over 150 feet on a permanent basis will require a NOTAM, which stands for: Notices to Airmen. A NOTAM is issued by the FAA or its equivalent to inform pilots of new or changed aeronautical facilities, services, procedures, or hazards, temporary or permanent. NOTAMS are not difficult to obtain, but will be necessary in most deployment cases in US, Canada and Europe.
3. MARS units that operate over 150 feet will have a lighting system including individual lights that are placed every 50 feet on its tether. The lights will flash once per second. 4. MARS units will have a Rapid Deflation Device installed that will automatically and rapidly deflate the balloon if it escapes from its moorings. MARS device will be equipped with at least two deflate systems that will bring the units slowly and safely to the ground. If the MARS unit "cut down" system does not function properly, it will immediately notify the nearest ATC facility of the location and time of the escaped and the estimated flight path of the balloon.
5. MARS units balloon envelope is equipped with a radar reflective material that will present an echo to surface radar operating in the 200 MHz to 2700 MHz frequency range.
CHAPTER 5:
ADVANTAGES
5.1.Advantage of MARS over Conventional Wind Turbines
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Wind Power Anywhere removes all placement limitations. Coast-line or off-shore locations are not necessary to capture higher speed winds. Reaching winds at 1,000-feet above ground level allow MARS to be installed closer to the grid. MARS is mobile and can be rapidly deployed, deflated, and redeployed without the need for towers or heavy cranes. MARS is bird and bat friendly with lower noise emissions and is capable of operating in a wider range of wind speeds - from 4 mph to greater than 60 mph.
5.2.Advantage of a MARS combined Wind and Diesel Solution over a Diesel Generator-only solution
MARS can complement a diesel generator by offering a combined diesel-wind power solution that delivers power below 20 cents per kWh. This compares to a wide range of 25 cents to 99 cents per kWh for diesel-alone, reflecting the high fuel and transportation costs in remote areas. The MARS combined solution allows lower pollution and green house gas emissions. It also results in lower handling, transporting, and storage costs.
5.3.The distinct advantages of the Magenn Air Rotor System design are as follows
Magenn Air Rotor System is less expensive per unit of actual electrical energy output than competing wind power systems. Magenn Power Air Rotor System will deliver time-averaged output much closer to its rated capacity than the capacity factor typical with conventional designs. Magenn efficiency will be 40 to 50 percent. This is hugely important, since doubling capacity factor cuts the cost of each delivered watt by half.
Wind farms can be placed closer to demand centers, reducing transmission line costs and transmission line loses. Conventional wind generators are only operable in wind speeds between 3 meters/sec and 28 meters/sec. Magenn Air Rotors are operable between 1 meter/sec and in excess of 28 meters/sec.
Magenn Air Rotors can be raised to higher altitudes, thus capitalizing on higher winds aloft. Altitudes from 400-ft to 1,000-ft above ground level are possible, without having to build an expensive tower, or use a crane to perform maintenance.
Magenn Air Rotors are mobile and can be easily moved to different locations to Page 14
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correspond to changing wind patterns. Mobility is also useful in emergency deployment and disaster relief situations.
CHAPTER 6
MARS Target Markets

Developing nations where infrastructure is limited or non existent; off-grid combined
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wind and diesel solutions for island nations, farms, remote areas, cell towers, exploration equipment, backup power & water pumps for natural gas mines; rapid deployment diesel & wind solutions (to include airdrop) to disaster areas for power to emergency and medical equipment, water pumps; on-grid applications for farms, factories, remote communities; and wind farm deployments.
Conclusion
MARS is most effective, cost effective, ecofriendly, mobile, low maintenance way of
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generating electrical energy out of wind energy. It would be an ideal for country like india which is having vast varieties in geographical landmarks to implement such power stations as it could be installed where it could be. It is the best solution for the power crises faced by the world
REFERENCE
1. R.C. Bansal, T.S. Bhatti and D.P. Kothari, On some of the design ascpects of wind 2. Energy conversion systems, Energy Conversion and Management 43 (2002) 2175
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3. 2187.
4.
Global wind scenario, Power Line 7 (2003) 4953
5. TERI, TERI Energy Data Directory and year book, The Energy Research 6. Institute, New Delhi, 2000. pp. 118. 7. L. Chang, R. Doraiswami, T. Boutot and H. Kojabadi, Development of a Wind 8. Turbine Simulator for Wind Energy Conversion Systems, IEEE CCECE2000 9. Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Halifax, 10. Canada, May 2000. 11. T.S. Jayadev, Windmills stage a comeback, IEEE Spectrum 13 (1976) 4549. 12. G.L. Johnson, Economic design of wind electric generators, IEEE Trans. Power 13. Apparatus Systems 97 (1978) 554562. 14. F.Yao et al. 12. K.T. Fung, R.L. Scheffler and J. Stolpe, Wind energy a utility 15. Perspective, IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus Systems 100 (1981) 1176118 16. 9. http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/wind8.html 17. 10. Bryan W. Roberts, David H. Shepard, Life Senior Member, IEEE, Ken Caldeira, 18. M. Elizabeth Cannon, David G. Eccles, Member, IEEE, Albert J. Grenier, and Jonathan F.
19. Freidin
20. 12.www.magenn power inc.org 21. http://www.magenn.com/application.php 22. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_wind_turbine 23. http://Magenn_Air_Rotor_System_4kW.pdf 24. 20.http://www.magenn.com/enviornmentalConcerns.php 25. 21.http://www.magenn.com/technology.php
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FLOATING WIND GENERATOR