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LESSON OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
g Describe the origin of p petroleum Explain the characteristics of petroleum reservoirs Describe the importance of reservoir rocks & fluid properties

Why Petroleum is Important? ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM

Petroleum comes from greek word Petra= Rock and Oleum = Oil Petroleum exists in three states; Gaseous = Natural gas Liquid = Crude oil Semi-solid or Solid = Asphalt, bitumen,tar
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Petroleum is the main source of energy since the industrial revolution and will continue to be the main source of energy for the future.

84% of crude oil is refined into fuel, principally for cars and planes

The remaining 16% of crude oil is used for a range of purposes as well as synthetic fibres, dyes and detergents

ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM
Origin (1): Chemistry

ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM
Origin (2): Planktons
Plant plankton
10,000 of the bugs ese would fit on a pinhead!

Animal plankton

Hydrocarbon

Oil and gas are made of a mixture of different hydrocarbons. As the name suggests these are large molecules made up of hydrogen atoms attached to a backbone of carbon.

Crude Oil

Most oil and gas starts life as microscopic plants and animals that live in the ocean.

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ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM
Origin (3): On the sea bed
When the plankton dies it rains down on sea bed to form an organic mush

ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM
Origin (4): Black Shale
However, if there is little or no oxygen in the water then animals cant survive and the organic mush accumulates Where sediment contains more than 5% organic matter, it eventually forms a rock known as a Black Shale

Sea bed

If there are any animals on the sea bed these will feed on the organic particles

ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM
Origin (5): Cooking
As Black Shale is buried, it is heated. Organic matter is first changed by the increase in temperature into kerogen, which is a solid form of hydrocarbon Around 90C, it is changed into a liquid state, which we call oil

ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM
Origin (6): Migration
Hot oil and gas is less dense than the source rock in which it occurs Oil and gas migrate upwards up through the rock in much the same way that the air bubbles of an underwater diver rise to the surface
Rising oil

Kerogen

Oil

Gas

Around 150C, it is changed into a gas A rock that has produced oil and gas in this way is known as a Source Rock
The rising oil and gas eventually gets trapped in pockets in the rock called reservoirs

Petroleum Accumulation

Petroleum Reservoir Characteristics

Petroleum Reservoirs are created through:
1. Deposition 2. Conversion/Migration 3. Entrapment

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Petroleum Reservoir Characteristics

Specification of reservoir rock: Capacity to store HC Allows HC to flow through a conduit Properties affecting capacity & flow Porosity Permeability Fluid saturation Capillary pressure
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Petroleum Reservoir Characteristics

For economic viability for oil & gas production reservoir rock must exceed a:
y Minimum porosity Minimum thickness Minimum permeability Minimum area

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Petroleum Reservoir Characteristics

For fluid production the rock must be permeable. Sufficient large and interconnecting pores. A permeable rock is porous. porous Porous does not necessarily imply permeable. Volcanic rocks, porous BUT pores not interconnecting. Shale, porous BUT pores very small.
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Petroleum Reservoir Characteristics

Typical trap is anticline which rocks have been buckled into the form of dome

Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties, 2010

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Questions?

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