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Homework #1
Question 1.
Why do the following functions not possess Taylor series expansions at x=0?
(a) f (x) = x.
(b) f (x) = |x|.
(c) f (x) = arcsin(x 1).
(d) f (x) = cot(x).
(e) f (x) = log x.
(f) f (x) = x .
Answer:
(a) f (x) =
x.
f (x) =
f (0) = 0;
1 1/2
x
,
2
f (0) = .
f (x) =
1
x>0
undefined x = 0
1
x<0
f (0) = /2
f (0) =
f (0) = undefined.
f (0) =
(f) f (x) = x .
The 4th derivative in unbounded.
f (x) = x ,
f (0) = 0;
f (x) = x1 ,
f = ( 1)x2 ,
f (0) = 0;
f (0) = 0;
f = ( 1)( 2)x3 ,
f (0) = 0;
f iv (0) = ;
Question 2.
Determine how many terms are needed to compute e correctly to 15 decimal places(rounded) using the
Taylor series expansion for ex .
Answer:
ex = 1 + x +
x3
xn1
xn (n)
x2
+
+ +
+
f ().
2!
3!
(n 1)!
n!
1
15 or 15 + log(2e) < log n!
2
Question 3.
What is the series for ln(1 x)?
What is the series for ln[(1 + x)/(1 x)]?
Answer:
ln(1 + x) = x
x3
x4
x2
+
+
2
3
4
ln(1 x) = x
ln
1+x
1x
x2
x3
x4
2
3
4
x3
x5
= ln(1 + x) ln(1 x) = 2 x +
+
+
3
5
=2
X
x2k1
.
2k 1
k=1
Question 4.
In the series for ln[(1 + x)/(1 x)], determine the value of x to use if we wish to compute ln 2. Estimate the
number of terms needed for ten digits (rounded) of accuracy. Is this method practical?
Answer:
1+x
1x
= 2 = (1 + x) = 2(1 x) = x = 1/3.
35
37
33
1
+
+
+ 0.69313 (4 terms)
ln 2 = 2 3 +
3
5
7
Yes. If we take 10 terms and denote the error by E, then
35
319
33
+E
+
+ +
ln 2 = 2 31 +
3
5
19
321
323
325
E=2
+
+
+
21
23
25
#
"
2
1
1
2 21
+
3
1+ +
<
20
9
9
2 21
1
3
1.08 1011 .
20
1 1/9
Question 5.
What is the Maclaurin series for the function
f (x) = 3 + 7x 1.33x2 + 19.2x4
What is the Taylor series for this function about c = 2?
Answer:
Maclaurin series:
f (x) = f (0) + xf (0) +
= 3 + x(7) +
x2
x3
f (0) + f (0) +
2!
3!
x3
x4
x2
(2.66) (0) + (460.8)
2!
3!
4!
= 3 + 7x 1.33x2 + 19.2x4
f (x) = 3 + 7x 1.33x2 + 19.2x4
What is the Taylor series for this function about c = 2?
With c = 2:
f (c) = f (2) =
f (c) = f (2) =
f (c) = f (2) =
f (c) = f (2) =
f iv (c) = f iv (2) =
(x 2)2
(x 2)3
(x 2)4
918.94 +
921.6 +
460.8
2!
3!
4!
Question 6.
In the Taylor series (about /4) for the function sin x + cos x, find the third nonzero term.
Answer:
f (/4) = 2/ 2
f (/4) = 0
f (x)
Third term:
f (/4) = 2/ 2
f (/4) = 0
f (4) (/4) = 2/ 2
2
2
2
1
1
2
4
+
+
x
x
4
24
4
2 2
2
2
1
2
4
1
=
2 1
x
x
+
]
2!
4
4!
4
=
4
2
x
4!
4
Question 7.
Using the Taylor series expansion in terms of h, determine the first three terms in the series for esin(x+h) .
Answer:
f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
esin(x+h)
= esin x
= (cos x)esin x
= (cos2 x)esin x (sin x)esin x
h2
= esin x + h(cos x)esin x + (cos2 x sin x)esin x +
2
h2
sin x
1 + h cos x + (cos2 x sin x)
= e
2
Question 8.
Convert the following numbers:
(a) (100 101 101)2 = ( )8 = (
)10 .
)10
Answer:
(a) (100 101 101)2 = (455)8 = 5 + 5 8 + 4 82 = (301)10 .
Question 9.
Determine the machine representation in single precision on a 32-bit word-length computer for the decimal
number 64.015625.
Answer:
64.015625
(64)10
(0.015625)10
=
=
(64.015625)10 =
e 127 =
e =
(100)8 = (1000000)2
(0.01)8 = (0.000001)2
(1000000.000001)2 = 1.000000000001 26
6
127 + 6 = (133)10 = (205)8 = (10000101)2
So we have:
[01000010100000000000100000000000]2 = [42800800]16
10
Question 10.
Determine the decimal number that has the machine representation: [C705A700]
Answer:
[C705A700]16
stored exponent:
So, 142 127 = 15
= [11000111000001011010011100000000]2
(10001110)2 = (216)8 = 142
(1.00001011010011100000000)2 215
= (1000010110100111)2
11