ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS: 1. a.

in distilled water: Cu(OH)2(s) Cu Cu(OH)2

2+ (aq)

d. 6.0M HNO3 Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Cu(OH)2 2H+H2 1 1 Ksp

+ 2OH (aq)

Ksp Cu(s) Cu2+ 2(OH- + H+ H2O) 1/K2w Net Keq = Ksp Cu(OH)2/ K2w

Keq = Ksp Cu(OH)2 = 2.2 x 10-20

b. + 6.0M H2C2O4 Cu(OH)2(s) Cu Cu(OH)2

2+ (aq)

+ 2OH (aq)

Ksp K a1

= 2.2 x 10-6

H2C2O4 H+ + HC2O4H2C2O4 HC2O4 H + C2O4 Ka2 H2C2O4

2+ 2+ 2-

e. 6.0M NH3 .Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Cu(OH)2 4(NH3 NH4 + OH-) Ksp

Kb NH3 x 4 [Cu(NH3)4]2+

Cu + C2O4 CuC2O4 CuC2O4 2(OH- + H+ H2O) 1/K2w

1/Ksp Cu2+ + 4 NH3 1/Kf[Cu(NH3)4]2+

Net Keq = (Ksp Cu(OH)2 x Ka1 x Ka2 )/Ksp CuC2O4 = 1.969 x 10-2

Net Keq = (Ksp Cu(OH)2 x (Kb NH3 x 4))/ Kf[Cu(NH3)4]2+ = 4.619 x 10-53

f. 1.0M Na3PO4 c. pinch of Zinc dust Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Cu(OH)2 Zn2+Zn(s) Cu(s) Cu2+ Zn2+ + 2OH- Zn(OH)2 Zn(OH)2 Net Keq = Ksp Cu(OH)2/ Ksp Zn(OH)2 = 1.196 x 10-6 1 1 1/Ksp Ksp 3(Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)) Cu(OH)2 2(PO43- + H2OHPO42- + H3O+) H3PO4 2(HPO43- + H2OH2PO42- + H3O+) H3PO4 Ksp 1/Ka3

1/Ka2

2(H2PO43- + H2OH3PO42- + H3O+) 1/Ka1 H3PO4 3Cu2+ + 2PO43- Cu3(PO4)2 1/Ksp Cu3(PO4)2 Net Keq = (Ksp Cu(OH)2 x 3)/( Ka3 H3PO4 x Ka2 H3PO4 x Ka1 H3PO4 x Ksp Cu3(PO4)2)

= 1.153 x 1021 g. 0.10M Cu(NO3)2 Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Cu(OH)2 Keq = Ksp Cu(OH)2 = 2.2 x 10-20 Ksp

2.

a. none b. test tubes 1-5 c. test tubes 3, 5 and 6 d. 2, 4 and 7 e. 2, 4 and 7 f. 3, 5 and 6

3. Part B of the experiment was the Nacl(s) equilibrium wherein 3 test tubes with a milliliter of a saturated NaCl was added with some reagents. The first one was added with 10 drops of 95% ethanol. After the addition of ethanol, the solution had a white precipitate. This observation was due to the reason that NaCl is slightly soluble in ethanol. The white precipitate was NaCl(s). The second test tube was added with 5 drops of concentrated HCl which yielded to the formation of a white precipitate. This was because NaCl was precipitated out through the dissociation of HCl in water which produced more Cl- which made the reaction shift to the left. .Lastly, the third test tube, which was added with a pinch of MgSO4(s) a clear solution was observed. In this reaction, Mg2+ from the dissociation of MgSO4, reacts with Cl-. The consumption of Cl- shifts the reaction to the right. If there is an amount of NaCl not dissolved initially, the addition of MgSO4 will trigger the dissolution of NaCl.