Wall boundary element design example Luis E.

Garcia

The Example

DESIGN EXAMPLE OF STRUCTURAL WALL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS

by: Luis Enrique Garca
President American Concrete Institute ACI 2008-2009 Partner Proyectos y Diseos Ltda., Consulting Engineers Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot, Colombia

Wall section 3 m by 0.30 m subjected to acto ed 50 , 000 ,a d factored Pu = 1750 kN, Mu = 2000 kN-m, and Vu = 600 kN, which include gravity and seismic forces. The wall has 10 stories with each floor having a 3 m height from finish to finish for a 30 m total. Expected lateral displacement under seismic design forces at the roof is u = 0.20 m. Structure is being designed as a Special Wall under ACI 318-08.

The Example

Example
The appropriate wall reinforcement to resist these forces must be determined. Once reinforcement is found the need for boundary elements must be investigated, and case they are needed, their design must be done in accordance with: (a) Old pre-ACI 318-99 procedure. (b) Using 21.9.6.2 (displacement-controlled) of ACI 318S-08. For this case u = 0.20 m (c) Using 21.9.6.3 (stress-controlled) of ACI 318S-08.

hw = 30 m (10 stories with 3 m finish-to-finish each)

=3m

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Wall boundary element design example Luis E. Garcia

Flexural design of wall

Minimum steel ratio is 0.0025 for longitudinal and transverse directions.

Solution

Smaller (Section 14.3) steel ratio is permitted is shear force does not exceed . For this case: and

Then therefore the minimum steel ratio is 0.0025 and bar spacing cannot be larger than 450 mm.

Flexural design of wall

Flexural design of wall

14.3.4 requires that wall with thickness grater than 250 mm must have their reinforcement in both directions placed in two layers. Reinforcement area is then:

9.5 mm (3/8) diameter bars (db = 9.5 mm, Ab = 71 mm2)

Number of bars = 2 250/71 = 32 in two vertical layers with 16 bars each Vertical bar spacing = (3 000 2 20 9.5)/15 = 197 mm < 500 mm. ok! Horizontal bar spacing = (71 2)/(300 0.0025) = 189 mm. ok!

12.5 mm (1/2) diameter bars (db = 12.5 mm, Ab = 129 mm2)

Number of bars = 2 250/129 = 18 in two layers with 9 bars each. Vertical bar spacing = (3 000 2 20 12.5)/8 = 368 mm < 500 mm. ok! Horizontal bar spacing = (129 2)/(300 0.0025) = 344 mm. ok! Number of bars = 2 250/199 = 12 in two vertical layers with 6 bars each. each Vertical bar spacing = (3 000 2 20 16)/5 = 589 mm > 500 mm. Doesnt work! Horizontal bar spacing = (199 2)/(300 0.0025) = 530 mm. Doesnt work!

16 mm (5/8) diameter bars (db = 16 mm, Ab = 199 mm2)

7.7.1(c) requires a concrete cover greater or equal 7 7 1( ) i l to 20 mm. Bar spacing is computed as follows for different bar diameter alternatives:

The 12.5 mm (1/2) bar diameter option is selected.

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Wall boundary element design example Luis E. Garcia

Diagrama de Interaccin Muro Tarea 5 - 2006 Interaction diagram 18 -12.5 (1/2) diameter bars 20000
Pn-Mn

Flexural design of wall

For axial force of 1 750 kN, moment Mn = 3 130 kN > 2 000 kN, which meet the design objective. Moment strength is Mn = 3 638 kN and neutral axis depth when reaching the moment strength is k = 0.132 for Pu = 1 750 kN Therefore, c = 0.132 x 3 000 = 396 mm (this information is needed for the design following ACI 318-08).

15000

Pn-Mn

10000
Axial (kN)

5000
2000, 1750 3130.3, 1750

3638.1, 1750

-5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Momento (kN x m)

Note: the load factors and factors of Appendix C of ACI 318-08 were used.

Shear design of wall

Now we check the shear strength for the minimum reinforcement used for flexural design g according to Section C.21.9.4 of ACI 318-08:

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

Now we investigate if the wall needs boundary elements following the pre-ACI 318-99 procedure (the checking is the same prescribed by ACI 31808 S Section 21.6.3. This section requires the use of boundary elements if the extreme fiber in compression stress exceeds The stress must be computed using factored forces that include seismic effects (Pu y Mu), a linear elastic model and gross section dimensions. Stress is obtained from:

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Wall boundary element design example Luis E. Garcia

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

Pu = 1 750 kN Mu = 2 000 kNm kN m Ag = 3 000 x 300 = 900 000 mm2 w = 3 000 mm Ig = (1/12) x bw x w3 = 675 x 109 mm4

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

Therefore, the wall requires boundary elements! l t ! The former pre-ACI 318-99 procedure required the boundary elements alone to be able to resist all forces derived from flexural response including factored gravity loads and factored seismic forces forces. The factored axial force Pu includes gravity loads and factored wall moment Mu includes seismic forces.

((a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

((a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

w

hbe

A initial trial size of 300 by 300 mm is given to the boundary elements. Therefore, hbe = 300 mm, and Ag = 300 x 300 = 90 000 mm2. Boundary element tension axial force is:

Pu

Mu
Ptu = Pu 2

Mu 0 w hbe )

Pcu =

Pu + 2

Mu hbe )

Ptu Ptn = Ast fy

P0 n = [0.85 fc ( Ag Ast ) + Ast fy ]

Pcu Pn (max) 0.80 P0 n

It is in compression!

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Wall boundary element design example Luis E. Garcia

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

Axial force in the boundary element in compression is: p

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

This area is less that the required for tension and 1 877 mm2 must be used. Using 16 mm (5/8 ) (5/8) diameter bars having Ab = 199 mm2, the number of bars is 1 877/199 = 9.4, and 10 16 mm (5/8) bars are selected. The vertical steel ratio for the boundary element is then: = (10 x 199)/(300 x 300) = 0.022, This is 2.2% of the boundary element area. This steel ratio indicates that a smaller section boundary element may not have worked.

Ast is then:

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

Boundary elements, when required, must have hoop transverse reinforcement as for special moment frame columns. Sections 21.6.4.2 through 21.6.4.4, except Eq. (21-4) need not be satisfied and the transverse reinforcement spacing limit of 21.6.4.3(a) shall be one-third of the least dimension of the boundary element.

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

Now the hoop transverse confinement reinforcement for the boundary element is defined. Distributed horizontal reinforcement for the wall was determined to be 12.5 mm (1/2) bars. The same bar diameter is used for the hoop transverse confinement reinforcement of the boundary element.

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Wall boundary element design example Luis E. Garcia

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

The layout of the hoop follows the same rules that for column ties in Section 7 10 5 7.10.5 of ACI 318-08: all vertical bars must be at the corner of a tie or crosstie, unless the clear distance to next bar which is at a tie or crosstie corner is less than 150 mm. On the other hand, Section 21.6.4.2 requires that the horizontal spacing of crossties or legs of rectilinear hoops, hx, within a cross section of the member shall not exceed 350 mm on center.

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

10 16 mm (5/8 ) (5/8)
12 mm (1/2) spaced 340 .mm vertically. This reinforcement must be anchored in the boundary element element.

Confinement hoops 12 mm (1/2)

12 mm (1/2) spaced 340 mm horizontally

300 mm

300 mm

. 12 mm (1/2) spaced 340 mm vertically.

This reinforcement must be anchored in the boundary element.

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

Now in order to obtain the vertical spacing of the confining hoops we must use Eq. (21-5). We solve it for the vertical spacing because we know all the other variables.

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

In order to apply this equation it must be taken into t k i t account th t Ash i the area of t that is th f all hoop legs including crossties that are perpendicular to the direction under study. bc is the dimension of the confined core perpendicular to the hoop and crosstie legs and measured center to center of the outer hoop leg.

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Wall boundary element design example Luis E. Garcia

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

The concrete cover to the hoop is 40 mm (Section 7 7 1(c) of ACI 318-08) 7.7.1(c) 318 08). Using this value, the distance from the wall edge to the center of the outer hoop bar is: 40 + 12.5/2 = 46 mm. Therefore, in this case hc for both directions is: 300 46 x 2 = 208 mm. mm Ab for 12.5 mm (1/2) diameter bars is 129 mm2.

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

First we check in the direction parallel to wall length w . g Variable values are as follows: Ash = 3 x 129 = 387 mm2 fyt = 420 MPa hc = 208 mm = 28 MP MPa

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

Now we apply the other rules for spacing of hoops: p
From Eq. (21-5) 310 mm 1/3 of the minimum section dimension 300/3 -> 100 mm and 100 mm.

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

Now we need to check shear for the situation where the wall is at flexural strength. We have g two alternatives, either to design for the shear force that corresponds to flexural strength or to use Section 9.3.4(a) where a reduced factor of 0.6 is required when not designing for the shear corresponding to flexural strength. The intent is to prevent a premature shear failure when the wall is responding in the nonlinear range.

Therefore, for this direction the maximum hoops vertical spacing corresponds to the lesser of these values = 100 mm For the other direction the variables have the same values thus the vertical spacing is the same.

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Wall boundary element design example Luis E. Garcia

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

The flexural strength already computed didnt take into account the vertical reinforcement of the boundary elements. It must be computed for a b d l t tb t df value of = 1.0. ACI 318-08 does not require the use of the strain-hardening stress for walls now but used to require it in the pre-ACI 318-99 versions. The moment-curvature diagram for an axial load of 1 750 kN, including the boundary element , g y vertical reinforcement and allowing strainhardening with a yield strength for the reinforcement of 1.25 fy was computed. The probable moment strength (1.25fy y = 1) is of the order of 5 550 kNm.

M- diagram including boundary elements Diagrama Momento Curvatura - Para Carga Axial de 1750 kN
Mp = 5550 kNxm

6000.0

5000.0

Momento (kN x m)

4000.0

3000.0

2000.0

1000.0

0.0 0.000000

0.000002

0.000004

0.000006

0.000008

0.000010

Curvatura (1/mm)

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

The value of the shear reached when responding in the nonlinear range at p g g moment strength is obtained proportional to the one from analysis as given in the data for the example:

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

The horizontal reinforcement steel ratio is obtained by solving the equation for shear strength for variable t:

Shear strength computed previously was: Vn = 1478 kN.

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Wall boundary element design example Luis E. Garcia

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

The steel ratio required for shear is:

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

From the construction point of view this to close spacing Using 16 mm (5/8 ) spacing. (5/8) diameter bars the following vertical spacing is obtained (this reinforcement can be used in the zone critical for shear and change to the other reinforcement in the upper floors):

Now we solve for the vertical spacing for 2 12.5 mm (1/2) diameter bars :

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

A horizontal reinforcement vertical spacing of 85 mm will be used.

(a) Design using pre-ACI 318-99

10 16 mm (5/8) (5/8 ) 16 mm (5/8) spaced 85 mm vertically. . This reinforcement must be anchored in the boundary element element.

This type of reinforcement must be used until the compressive stress at the wall p edge reaches a value of

Confinement hoops 12 mm (1/2) spaced at 100 mm vertically 300 mm

12 mm (1/2) spaced 340 mm horizontally

300 mm

16 mm (5/8) spaced 85 mm .vertically. This reinforcement must be anchored in the boundary element.

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Wall boundary element design example Luis E. Garcia

(b) Using 21.9.6.2 of ACI 318-08

According to this Section of ACI 318-08 zones in compression must be reinforced with special b boundary elements when: d l t h ( 21-8)

(b) Using 21.9.6.2 of ACI 318-08

First we compute the quotient:

Since it is less than 0.007, we take this last value as the value for the quotient. where c in Eq. (21-8) corresponds to the largest neutral axis depth for the range of factored axial loads at moment strength consistent with the design displacement. Quotient in Eq. (21-8) must not be taken less than 0.007. Dimension w = 3 000 mm and c was obtained before as c = 396 mm.

(b) Using 21.9.6.2 of ACI 318-08

Applying Eq. (21-8) :

(b) Using 21.9.6.2 of ACI 318-08

The other condition required is that when no boundary elements are needed, in Section 21 9 6 5 th steel ratio of vertical reinforcement at 21.9.6.5 the t l ti f ti l i f t t the edge of wall is greater than confinement reinforcement with a maximum spacing of 200 mm must be provided. Also requires that if no boundary elements are required and shear is greater than the horizontal wall reinforcement must be anchored at the edge by hook or additional U shaped reinforcement.

Therefore, c = 396 mm < 714 mm, then no boundary elements are required!

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Wall boundary element design example Luis E. Garcia

(b) Using 21.9.6.2 of ACI 318-08

The vertical distributed steel ratio at the edge is 0.0025, and this steel ratio is less than:

(b) Using 21.9.6.2 of ACI 318-08

12.5 mm (1/2) spaced at 340 mm vertically. . This reinforcement must end in a standard hook at the wall edge. edge

No need for the reinforcement in 21.9.6.5(a). Vu = 600 kN > therefore it is required for the distributed horizontal reinforcement ending at the edge to have a standard hook engaging the vertical reinforcement as required by 21.9.6.5(b).
12.5 mm (1/2) spaced at 350 mm horizontally 300 mm

.
12.5 mm (1/2) spaced at 340 mm vertically. This reinforcement must end in a standard hook at the wall edge.

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08

Section 21.9.6.3 del ACI 318-08 prescribes the need to use boundary elements in an similar way than the old pre-ACI 318-99 procedure. The main difference is that under ACI 31808 there is no need to resist all flexural effect with just the boundary elements and the rest of the wall can contribute to strength for flexure.

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08

The size of the boundary element section is defined by geometric rather than strength requirements. t th i t The depth c of the neutral axis is needed here also. It was established before to be 396 mm. The horizontal extension of the boundary l t is the larger of: f element i th l

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Wall boundary element design example Luis E. Garcia

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08

A dimension of 200 mm complies with minimum 198 mm. There is no special requirement for the vertical reinforcement reinforcement, so the same bars 12.5 mm (1/2) diameter may be used. The boundary element must comply with the requirement for transverse q reinforcement in special frame columns. 6 12.5 mm (1/2) diameter bars will be used with the hoop layout shown.

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08

6 12.5 mm (1/2) 12.5 mm (1/2) spaced . 340 mm vertically

12.5 mm (1/2) hoops

12.5 mm (1/2) spaced 350 mm horizontally

300 mm

200 mm

12.5 mm (1/2) spaced . 340 mm vertically

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08

Now we define the confinement hoops as required by ACI 318-08. Using a concrete cover of 40 mm the distance from wall edge to center of boundary element vertical bar is 40 + 12.5/2 = 46 mm. Then bc for analysis in the direction parallel to w is 300 46 x 2 = 208 mm and in the direction perpendicular to w is 200 46 x 2 = 108 mm Ab for f 12.5 mm (1/2) bars is 129 mm2.

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08

Minimum hoop spacing in ACI 318-08: 21.6.4.3 Spacing o t a s e se reinforcement a o g the 6 3 Spac g of transverse e o ce e t along t e length lo of the member shall not exceed the smallest of (a), (b), and (c): (a) One-quarter of the minimum member dimension; (b) Six times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar; and (c) so, as defined by Eq. (21-2) (21-2) The value of so shall not exceed 150 mm and need not be taken less than 100 mm.

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Wall boundary element design example Luis E. Garcia

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08

Now we obtain the vertical spacing of hoops in the boundary elements. First in the direction of the hoop legs parallel to th di ti f th h l ll l t wall length w Ash = 3 x 129 = 387 mm2 fyt = 420 MPa y bc = 208 mm = 28 MPa

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08

Now in the direction of the hoop legs perpendicular to the wall length: Ash = 2 x 129 = 258 mm2 fyt = 420 MPa bc = 108 mm = 28 MPa

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08

The smaller of the two is 310 mm. Now we check the limits of ACI 318-08: 1/3 of the smallest dimention of the element = 200/3 = 66 mm 6db of longitudinal reinforcement = 6 x 12.5 = 75 mm g q ( ) q so according to Eq. (21-2). This Eq. increases over a minimum of 100 mm, it is not relevant in this case. The smallest value is 66 mm.

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08

This spacing is controlled by the minimum dimension of the boundary element (200 mm). A l ) larger di dimension may have been i h b used, say 300 mm, and the spacing would be larger and equivalent to the one obtained for the pre-ACI 318-99 part of the example (100 mm). The vertical reinforcement may have been kept using 12.5 mm (1/2) bars.

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Wall boundary element design example Luis E. Garcia

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08

4500

M- diagram includingPara Carga Axial e 1750 kN Diagrama Momento Curvatura - boundary elements
M n = 4240 kN x m

Now we have to check that shear strength at moment strength is appropriate. appropriate The flexural strength of the wall is computed including the boundary elements vertical reinforcement. This is done for = 1 0 but without the strain1.0 strain hardening requirement.
Momento (kN x m)

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 0.000002 0.000004 0.000006 Curvatura (1/mm) 0.000008 0.00001 0.000012

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08

The shear at flexural strength is obtained proportional to the one for the loads given: i

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08

6 N 4 N 4 a 340 mm verticalmente. Este f E refuerzo debe quedar anclado en el ncleo d b d l d l l del elemento de borde

This value is less than the shear strength obtained initially for the minimum bt i d i iti ll f th i i reinforcement (1 272 kN < 1 478 kN) therefore no change in reinforcement is needed.

Estribos de confinamiento de barra N 4 espaciados a 50 mm verticalmente 200 mm

N 4 a 350 mm horizontalmente

300 mm

N 4 a 340 mm verticalmente. Este refuerzo debe quedar anclado en el ncleo del elemento de borde

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Wall boundary element design example Luis E. Garcia

(c) Using 21.9.6.3 of ACI 318-08

6 12.5 mm (1/2) 12.5 mm (1/2) spaced. 340 mm vertically

Comparison
10 16 mm (5/8) Confinement hoops 12 mm (1/2) spaced at 100 mm vertically 300 mm

16 mm (5/8) spaced 85 mm vertically. . This reinforcement must be anchored in the boundary element.

12 mm (1/2) spaced 340 mm horizontally

300 mm

Pre-ACI 318-99
12.5 mm (1/2) spaced at 340 mm vertically. . This reinforcement must end in a standard hook at the wall edge.

16 mm (5/8) spaced 85 mm .vertically. This reinforcement must be anchored in the boundary element.

12.5 mm (1/2) hoops spaced vertically at 65 mm 200 mm

12.5 mm (1/2) spaced 350 mm horizontally

300 mm

ACI 318-08 - Displacement

12.5 mm (1/2) spaced at 350 mm horizontally

300 mm

12.5 mm (1/2) spaced . 340 mm vertically

12.5 mm (1/2) hoops spaced vertically at 65 mm

6 12.5 mm (1/2)

12.5 mm (1/2) spaced. 340 mm vertically

.
12.5 mm (1/2) spaced at 340 mm vertically. This reinforcement must end in a standard hook at the wall edge.

12.5 mm (1/2) spaced 350 mm horizontally

300 mm

ACI 318-08 - Stress

200 mm

12.5 mm (1/2) spaced . 340 mm vertically

The End

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