Malthus (ADI)

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MALTHUS
MALTHUS....................................................................................................................................................................................1
Hingstman 21.................................................................................................................................................................................1
1NC – THE NEGATIVE STRATEGY..........................................................................................................................................2
**UNIQUENESS**......................................................................................................................................................................5
2NC UNIQUENESS – GENERIC................................................................................................................................................6
2NC UNIQUENESS – AFRICA (1/2)..........................................................................................................................................7
2NC UNIQUENESS – AFRICA (2/2)..........................................................................................................................................8
2NC UNIQUENESS – INDIA......................................................................................................................................................9
2NC UNIQUENESS – 2036.......................................................................................................................................................10
2NC UNIQUENESS – SPECIES EXTINCTION.......................................................................................................................11
2NC UNIQUENESS – A2 DENSITY.........................................................................................................................................12
2NC UNIQUENESS – A2 EMPIRICALLY DENIED................................................................................................................13
2NC UNIQUENESS – A2 POPULATION FORECASTING FAILS.........................................................................................14
2NC UNIQUENESS – A2 SIMON.............................................................................................................................................15
**LINKS**.................................................................................................................................................................................16
2NC LINK – LINEAR................................................................................................................................................................17
2NC LINK – DISEASE...............................................................................................................................................................18
2NC LINK – FAMINE................................................................................................................................................................19
2NC LINK – POLLUTION ........................................................................................................................................................20
2NC LINK – A2 AGRICULTURE..............................................................................................................................................21
2NC LINK – A2 AQUACULTURE............................................................................................................................................22
2NC LINK – A2 FREE MARKET (S)........................................................................................................................................23
2NC LINK – A2 TECH (1/2)......................................................................................................................................................24
2NC LINK – A2 TECH (2/2)......................................................................................................................................................25
2NC LINK – A2 SPACE.............................................................................................................................................................26
2NC LINK – A2 NUCLEAR WAR D/T.....................................................................................................................................27
**IMPACTS**............................................................................................................................................................................28
2NC IMPACT – TURNS CASE (BIODIVERSITY)..................................................................................................................29
2NC IMPACT – TURNS CASE (GENOCIDE)..........................................................................................................................30
2NC IMPACT – TURNS CASE (POVERTY)............................................................................................................................31
2NC IMPACT – TURNS CASE (TERRORISM).......................................................................................................................32
2NC IMPACT – TURNS CASE (WAR).....................................................................................................................................33
2NC IMPACT – TURNS CASE (WARMING)..........................................................................................................................34
2NC IMPACT – A2 HEGEMONY.............................................................................................................................................35
2NC IMPACT – A2 INNOVATION............................................................................................................................................36
**ETHICS**...............................................................................................................................................................................37
2NC ETHICS – A2 IMMORAL (1/2).........................................................................................................................................38
2NC ETHICS – A2 IMMORAL (2/2).........................................................................................................................................39
2NC ETHICS – A2 DON’T EVAL CONSEQUENCES.............................................................................................................40
2NC ETHICS – A2 PREDICTIONS K.......................................................................................................................................41
2NC ETHICS – A2 RACIST!.....................................................................................................................................................42
2NC ETHICS – A2 VALUE TO LIFE........................................................................................................................................43
**AFF ANS**.............................................................................................................................................................................44
2AC BLOCK (1/4)......................................................................................................................................................................45
2AC BLOCK (2/4)......................................................................................................................................................................46
2AC BLOCK (3/4)......................................................................................................................................................................47
2AC BLOCK (4/4)......................................................................................................................................................................48
Hingstman 21
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1NC – THE NEGATIVE STRATEGY
DEATH CHECKS ARE THE ONLY WAY TO STEM OVERPOPULATION – EACH PERSON SAVED IS 7.6 IN
THE CRUNCH.
ROBBS, AID Analyst, 1987
Longitudinal Study #342
The resulting data are supportive of the hypothesis. In communities that have transgressed the local carrying capacity,
lives saved come only at the expense of future generations. Other studies support this conclusion (Rogers, 1979). In the
conditions of scarcity employed under GFRS, saved lives come at the expense of exponential reduction in the resource
supply. This means a loss of 2.5 lives over a period of 30 years, for each present life. Other estimates range from 1.2 to 7.6
Under conditions of technological advancement, the loss may be even more severe since current resources become
more productive to future generations.
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OVERPOPULATION CAUSES GENOCIDAL WARS THAT DESTROY CULTURAL DIVERSITY THAT CAUSES
EXTINCTION.
KODEL, M.D., family physician in private practice in Los Angeles, volunteer t for The Children's Nature Institute, 4
Gary S., World Future Society, Global Strategies Forum “Why Are We So Vulnerable?” http://www.wfs.org/kodel.htm
Overpopulation caused crowded living conditions with enhanced competition for scarce resources, which contributed
to the development of a style of war unique to civilization: the destruction of human cultures causing reductions in
human diversity - genocide - rendering humanity vulnerable to changes in man-made and earthly conditions leading to
human extinction. In contrast, tribal warfare evolved as a way for tribes to preserve their cultural identities. By preventing
tribes from overrunning each other, tribal warfare promotes human cultural diversity (the opposite effect of genocide),
protects humanity from the risks of changing environmental conditions, and thus helps prevent human extinction.
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WE HAVE AN ETHICAL OBLIGATION TO PRESERVE CARRYING CAPACITY – ABSOLUTE REVERENCE

FOR HUMAN LIFE IRONICALLY LEADS TO THE DESTRUCTION OF THE VERY THING HELD MOST
SACRED.
HARDIN, PROFESSOR EMERITUS HUMAN ECOLOGY AT UCSB, 1991
Garret, “From Shortage to Longage: Forty”, http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles/art_from_shortage_to_longage.html
With a few or no exceptions close examination of the economy of nations that chronically suffer from starvation reveals that
the production factors are already severely over-stressed. In Ethiopia, land that should not be farmed is farmed, with a
resultant loss of soil; too many animals are kept on the pasture lands, leading to the loss of soil and the replacement of "sweet
grass" by weeds; and bushes and trees are removed from steep slopes resulting in a loss of soil that ultimately makes the
reestablishment of woody plants impossible. (Internationalists should note that soil lost from the mountains of Ethiopia
becomes silt in Egypt's Lake Nasser, thus shortening the useful lifetime of the High Aswam Dam.) When a country is
overpopulated-when its population is greater than the carrying capacity of its land, whatever standard of living is used in
reaching a judgement saving lives today by direct gifts of food ensures that more lives will be lost tomorrow because of the
increased environmental destruction made possible by the encouragement of population growth. The time-blind ideal,
"Human life is sacred," is counterproductive. "'Sacred," like all old words, has many meanings and connotations. What we
are concerned with here is its related meaning of sacrosanct or inviolable. When disputants say that human life is sacred
they clearly mean that we should preserve every human being now living regardless of the cost, either now or in the
future. Though not given to using emotionally charged words, an ecologist would be more inclined to say that the
environment, not human beings, is sacrosanct. The moment this proposition is advanced the conventional moralist
expostulates: "Oh! You mean you prefer the life of dickey-birds to human beings? You prefer redwood trees to people?" We
have all heard such contemptuous questions. The questioner misses the point. Ecologists confer sacrosanctity on the
carrying capacity of the environment in order to better the condition of men and women in the continuing future.
When an ecological moralist proposes an Eleventh Commandment, "Thou shalt not transgress the carrying capacity," he is
trying to improve the quality of life over a long period of time. Redwood trees and dickey-birds are seen as the symbols of
the good life for human beings. Environmental extremists may talk of an undefined intrinsic value of the environment, but we
need not follow them down this dubious rhetorical path. When we recommend that Ethiopians refrain from overgrazing their
pastures and overharvesting their woody mountains we need not demand that they worship the landscape, merely that they
take thought of what the environment will have to offer their descendants. A time-sensitive system of ethics cannot be blind
to environmental values.
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**UNIQUENESS**
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2NC UNIQUENESS – GENERIC
(__) THE NEWEST EVIDENCE CONCLUDES THAT PRIOR STUDIES ONLY UNDERESTIMATE THE
PROBLEM. WITHOUT COERCIVE POPULATION CONTROL; THE EARTH WILL BE DEAD BY 2050.
MCDOUGALL, Co-Chair of the Optimum Population Trust, AND GUILLEBAUD, Professor of Family Planning and
Reproductive Health at University college of London, 7
Rosamund, an environmental research and campaigning group; John, “Too many people: Earth’s population problem, Optimum Population Trust,
http://www.optimumpopulation.org/opt.earth.html, June 7
The Earth faces a future of rising populations and growing strains on the planet. Whatever else the future holds, significant
population increase is inevitable and the current UN forecast of 9.2 billion by 2050 – itself a 40 per cent increase on the
6.7 billion in 2007 – may turn out to be an underestimate. The environmental damage resulting from population
increase is already widespread and serious, ranging from climate change to shortages of basic resources such as food and
water. By 2050, humanity is likely to require the biological capacity of two Earths. Without action, longages of humans –
the prime cause of all shortages of resources – may cause parts of the planet to become uninhabitable, with governments
pushed towards coercive population control measures as a regrettable but lesser evil than conflict and suffering.
(__) EARTH HAS OVERSHOT ITS CARRYING CAPACITY; WE NEED TO BE AROUND 4 BILLION.
LAFFERTY, SCIENCE REPORTER FOR THE COLUMBUS DISPATCH, 7
Mike, science reporter, Columbus Dispatch, “Too many people, not enough Earth; Scientists debate how much population the world can sustain,”
Every year, at least 91 million humans are born in excess of those who die. That's 1 billion people every 11 years.
Some, however, argue that we are adept at adapting, and point to increased agricultural production and medical advances that
fend off disease. Right now, Earth's carrying capacity is thought to be somewhere in the range of 4 billion to 5 billion
people. There are 6.5 billion of us. In biology, the carrying capacity usually refers to the number of animals a given area can
support with adequate food, shelter and territory or the space to reproduce.
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2NC UNIQUENESS – AFRICA (1/2)
(__) AFRICA IS ON THE BRING OF A MALTHUSIAN CRUNCH – CARRYING CAPACITY HAS BEEN
OVERSHOT AND ONLY MASSIVE POPULATION REDUCTION CAN PREVENT CONTINENTAL
CATASTROPHE.
KATES, Professor of Philosophy @ Ithaca College, 4
Carol A., REPRODUCTIVE LIBERTY AND OVERPOPULATION, Environmental Values 13:1 February, http://www.ithaca.edu/hs/philrel/replib.pdf
Sub-Saharan Africa has the worst prognosis for environmental degradation, food shortages, disease and political
instability and violence. Rapid population growth 22 will be a significant factor contributing to “undernourishment”
in the region (FAO 2002). Even assuming an increase in agricultural output (by clearing forests and increasing use of
irrigation and fertilizer), as well as greater equality in access to food, the absolute number of undernourished people is
expected to rise in such extremely poor, high fertility countries as Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo,
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Somalia (FAO 2002). The CIA report is blunt: “poor infrastructure and distribution,
political instability, and chronic poverty will lead to malnourishment in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa”(CIA 2001:79).
In 2000, Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for almost half of infectious disease deaths globally (CIA 2000). Sixty-five percent of
all deaths in the region are caused by infectious diseases (CIA 2000). The CIA believes the most plausible scenario over the
next 20 years is “deterioration, then limited improvement”, i.e. a worsening of the infectious disease threat, especially
AIDS/HIV, for about 10 years, followed by a “fitful” decrease. However, because of high fertility and a large cohort of young
people in developing countries, the CIA expects persistent infectious diseases which will have a disruptive effect on global
economic, social, and political dynamics (CIA 2000).
The CIA 2001 report on demographic trends projected three possible futures for the world in 50 years: Fertility Drives the
Trends, Orderly Progress, and What Can Go Wrong Will Go Wrong. The last, most pessimistic, scenario will strike many as
the most likely. It projects very “rough” times ahead, especially in the next 10-15 years, with increased democratization
but a relatively shrinking middle class producing instability in the world and even a breakdown of order in some
places (such as Pakistan or Lagos, Nigeria) where the U.S. might not be able to intervene. In 30 years, world income
inequality may increase, producing “large pools of angry people”, especially young men, who may turn to violence and
terrorism (CIA 2001:97). However, in all scenarios, the report imagines that the U.S. and other rich nations will remain
relatively secure and affluent (“globalization has been successful” CIA 2001:97), protected by their military and economic
power. The CIA does not seem concerned that environmental damage in developing countries could directly affect the
ecosystems of developed countries, or trigger the “wholesale ecosystem collapse” which many scientists consider a genuine
threat.
It is instructive to compare the CIA’s scenario with the most recent UN Environmental Program projections of possible future
(2032) outcomes of demographic trends and environmental “challenges”. The four UN scenarios are 1) Markets First
(corporate-dominated global capitalist expansion), 2) Policy First (governments agree to meet specific environmental and
social targets), 3) Security First ( a world divided between rich and poor, with escalating conflicts caused by environmental
and social-economic stresses), and 4) Sustainability First (reinvigorated NGO’s promote global grass roots democracy, as
affluent groups, especially in North America and Europe, rejecting the values of consumerism, competition, and
individualism, turn away from a free-market approach to development and, with the aid of “breakthroughs” in biotechnology
and nanotechnology, take actions to preserve the environment and create an “equitable” global distribution of wealth) (UNEP
2002:Ch.4).Three things are striking about these scenarios. First, the Security First and Markets First models seem to reflect
the assumptions made in the CIA report, suggesting the “policy” and “sustainability” options were not being seriously
considered by the academic, corporate and intelligence experts who advise that organization. Second, the notion that
environmental sustainability could depend on a sudden and widespread shift from “individualistic” to altruistic values (UNEP
2002:332) is a sufficient reason to despair of the possibility of saving the ecosystem. It seems prudent to consider further
options. And third, although in every scenario the UN report cites “continued population growth” as a significant,
negative environmental factor (e.g. UNEP 2002: 333, 337, 338, 358, 361), the only “solution” given is a nonspecific
reference to “policy actions and behavioral changes” which (somehow) “speed up the transition to slower [population]
growth” in the Policy and Sustainability scenarios (UNEP 2002:323). However, “all of the scenarios assume continued
growth in global population, tailing off ... as more countries pass through the demographic transition” (UNEP 2002:323).
None of the scenarios suggest specific, effective measures to reduce population. It seems population programs have
become so “politically incorrect” since Cairo that they cannot even be part of a speculative exercise!
[CONTINUED—NO TEXT DELETED]

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2NC UNIQUENESS – AFRICA (2/2)
[CONTINUED—NO TEXT DELETED]
The “sustainability” and “policy” scenarios for Africa assume stronger economic growth in that region (stimulated by a
more “equitable sharing” of wealth), will create a demand for higher living standards which, coupled with high fertility,
will actually produce more land degradation than a free market approach (UNEP 2002:358). Sustainability First has the
second worst outcome for forests (after Security First), but “very little natural forest remains in Northern Africa in any
of the scenarios” (UNEP 2002:358-9). “Pressures on biodiversity increase between 2002 and 2032 in all scenarios” (UNEP
2002:359). Under the Markets First and Security First Scenarios, nothing mitigates a Malthusian disaster in Africa. In
short, it would seem that rapid population reduction offers the best, perhaps only hope of preventing further
environmental destruction in the developing world. If that is not achieved, then altruistic re-distribution of wealth (or, at
least massive food and medical aid) is likely to offer the best hope of improving the welfare of millions of people in poor
countries.23
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2NC UNIQUENESS – INDIA
(__) INDIA IS OVERPOPULATED – IT HAS THE FASTEST GROWING POPULATION IN THE WORLD.
BYRANT, professor in the Department of Developmental and Cell Biology @ Berkley, 5
Peter J. (P.H.D), “BIODIVERSITY and CONSERVATION”, Hypertext Book, University of California,
http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/lec24/b65lec24.htm
In India, where family-planning efforts have been less aggressive, the population is growing much faster. With 947
million inhabitants today, India may overtake China as the world's most populous nation, surpassing the 2 billion mark
in 2025.
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2NC UNIQUENESS – 2036
(__) THE CRUNCH IS COMING IN 2036.

DUNCAN, INSTITUTE ON ENERGY AND MAN, 2000
Nov 13, The Peak of World Oil Production, www.dieoff.org
Australian writer Reg Morrison likewise foresees that overshoot and collapse is where humanity is headed. In his scenario
(i.e. no formal model), the world population rises to about 7.0 billion in the 2036. Thence it plunges to 3.2 billion in
2090 — an average loss of 71.4 million people per year (i.e. deaths minus births) during 54 years.
Given the current shape of the human population graph, those indicators also spell out a much larger and, from our
point of view, more ominous message: the human plague cycle is right on track for a demographically normal climax
and collapse. Not only have our genes managed to conceal from us that we are entirely typical mammals and therefore
vulnerable to all of evolution's customary checks and balances, but also they have contrived to lock us so securely into
the plague cycle that they seem almost to have been crafted for that purpose. Gaia is running like a Swiss watch.
(Morrison, 1999)
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2NC UNIQUENESS – SPECIES EXTINCTION
(__) SPECIES EXTINCTION IS ONE THOUSAND TIMES THE NORMAL RATE; WE ARE WITNESSING A
MASS EXTINCTION.
Rates of species extinction, which appear to be accelerating, (UNEP 2002:298) have been described by leading scientists
as “appalling” (WS 1997). On one estimate, one species extinction occurs every 20 minutes (Levin and Levin 2002:6).
The background (“normal”) rate of species extinction, estimated from fossil records, is thought to be about [ONE] 1 bird
or mammal species lost every 500-1000 years (UNEP 2002:121). “Estimates of present extinction rates range from 100 to
1,000 times normal, with most estimates at 1,000. The percent of bird (12), mammal (18), fish (5) and flowering plant (8)
species threatened with extinction is consistent with that estimate. And the rates are certain to rise–and to do so
exponentially–as natural habitats continue to dwindle” (Lovejoy 2002:70). The extinction rate for some organisms may be
1,000 to 10,000-times faster than background rates (Pimentel et al 1999:30). Ecologists estimate that half of all living bird
and mammal species will be gone within 200 or 300 years (Levin and Levin 2002:6). These exceptional losses qualify the
present as an era of “mass extinction” (Levin and Levin 2002:6). As “vast tracts of wilderness” vanish in the “not-so-
distant future,” the “alteration and fragmentation of existing habitats ensures that any future radiation of mammals, for
instance, will not include large forms such as rhinoceroses, apes and big cats....Human activities will likely increase [primate]
rates of extinction....Such a wholesale shift in earth’s biota will impoverish the planet for many millions of years to come”
(Levin and Levin 2002:7-8).
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2NC UNIQUENESS – A2 DENSITY
POPULATION DENSITY IS IRRELEVANT; CARRYING CAPACITY IS A MUCH MORE ACCURATE

PREDICTOR OF ECOLOGICAL IMPACT BECAUSE IT ASSUMES LOCAL ENVIRONMENTS.
EHRLICH, Bing Professor of Population Studies @ Stanford, AND EHRLICH, associate director and policy coordinator
of the Center for Conservation Biology @ Stanford, 1990
Paul, and Anne, The Population Explosion, http://dieoff.org/page27.htm, p 37-40
Having considered some of the ways that humanity is destroying its inheritance, we can look more closely at the concept of
"overpopulation." All too often, overpopulation is thought of simply as crowding: too many people in a given area, too high a
population density. For instance, the deputy editor in chief of Forbes magazine pointed out recently, in connection with a plea
for more population growth in the United States: "If all the people from China and India lived in the continental U.S.
(excluding Alaska), this country would still have a smaller population density than England, Holland, or Belgium." *31 The
appropriate response is "So what?" Density is generally irrelevant to questions of overpopulation. For instance, if brute
density were the criterion, one would have to conclude that Africa is "underpopulated," because it has only 55 people
per square mile, while Europe (excluding the USSR) has 261 and Japan 857. *32 A more sophisticated measure would
take into consideration the amount of Africa not covered by desert or "impenetrable" forest. *33 This more habitable
portion is just a little over half the continent's area, giving an effective population density of 117 per square mile. That's still
only about a fifth of that in the United Kingdom. Even by 2020, Africa's effective density is projected to grow to only about
that of France today (266), and few people would consider France excessively crowded or overpopulated. When people think
of crowded countries, they usually contemplate places like the Netherlands (1,031 per square mile), Taiwan (1,604), or Hong
Kong (14,218). Even those don't necessarily signal overpopulation—after all, the Dutch seem to be thriving, and doesn't
Hong Kong have a booming economy and fancy hotels? In short, if density were the standard of overpopulation, few nations
(and certainly not Earth itself) would be likely to be considered overpopulated in the near future. The error, we repeat, lies
in trying to define overpopulation in terms of density; it has long been recognized that density per se means very little.
*34 The key to understanding overpopulation is not population density but the numbers of people in an area relative
to its resources and the capacity of the environment to sustain human activities; that is, to the area's carrying capacity.
When is an area overpopulated? When its population can't be maintained without rapidly depleting nonrenewable resources
(or converting renewable resources into nonrenewable ones) and without degrading the capacity of the environment to
support the population. In short, if the long-term carrying capacity of an area is clearly being degraded by its current
human occupants, that area is overpopulated. *35 By this standard, the entire planet and virtually every nation is
already vastly overpopulated. Africa is overpopulated now because, among other indications, its soils and forests are
rapidly being depleted—and that implies that its carrying capacity for human beings will be lower in the future than it is
now. The United States is overpopulated because it is depleting its soil and water resources and contributing mightily
to the destruction of global environmental systems. Europe, Japan, the Soviet Union, and other rich nations are
overpopulated because of their massive contributions to the carbon dioxide buildup in the atmosphere, among many
other reasons. Almost all the rich nations are overpopulated because they are rapidly drawing down stocks of resources
around the world. They don't live solely on the land in their own nations. Like the profligate son of our earlier analogy, they
are spending their capital with no thought for the future.
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2NC UNIQUENESS – A2 EMPIRICALLY DENIED
(__) PRIOR FALSE PREDICTIONS DON’T DENY OUR DISAD – YOU CONFUSE FREQUENCY WITH
PROBABILITY.
POSNER, Former 7TH Circuit Judge and Published expert on shit from Environmental analysis to Anti-Trust Law, 6
Richard, Should We Worry about Overpopulation?, http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/archives/2006/10/should_we_worry.html
Concerns about overpopulation are ridiculed by conservatives because of the mistaken predictions by Paul Ehrlich (not
to mention Thomas Malthus!) in his book The Population Bomb and by other anticapitalists since the first Earth Day (1970),
and have spread to liberals because the only way to slow or stop the growth of the U.S. population is by curtailing
immigration (e.g., the "fence"). Although I have been strongly critical of the shoddy arguments of Ehrlich and other
doomsters (in my book Public Intellectuals), I believe that overpopulation is a serious issue and deserves dispassionate
analysis. Just because the problem of overpopulation has been exaggerated in the past doesn’t mean it is not a
problem today. The future may not resemble the past. The belief that the mistakes of Malthus, Ehrlich, and other past
prophets of doom show that current concerns with overpopulation are unfounded is on a par with the belief that we
shouldn't worry about terrorism because many fewer Americans have been killed by terrorists than in automobile accidents.
Such arguments confuse frequencies (the past) with probabilities (the future).
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2NC UNIQUENESS – A2 POPULATION FORECASTING FAILS
(__) POPULATION FORECASTING IS EMPIRICALLY SUCCESSFUL.

COHEN, 1995
How many people can the earth support pg. 52
Despite their superficial similarities, the numbers of mathematics and the numbers of statistics (including those of
demography, economics and all the natural and human sciences) are different beats. The numbers of mathematics
come from logical calculations; the numbers either are exact or have known or estimable errors. The numbers of
statistics come from empirical measurements; these numbers may have unknown errors, or estimates of error that are
themselves vulnerable to error. For example, the 1990 census of the United States was estimated to undercount the
population by 2.1 percent (an omission of more than five million people) until computer errors were discovered and
statistical changes were made that lowered the estimated undercount to 1.6 percent (roughly four million).
Uncertainty does not render statistical numbers worthless; even with uncertainty, statistical numbers are
indispensable. They are often far more informative than verbal descriptions or intuitive hunches.
(__) LINKS TO THE AFF -- THE AFFIRMATIVE LOGIC MAKES THEIR CASE INDETERMINATE, WE WIN
ON PRESUMPTION.
COHEN, 1995
How many people can the earth support pg. 52
The good news for demographers is that they are not the only forecasting professionals without a crystal ball. Political,
economic, technological and cultural forecasts are also prone to error, not to mention forecasts of epidemics, volcanoes
and the weather. Nathan Keytiz, a mathematical demographer at Harvard, observed: “Demographers can no more be
held responsible for inaccuracy in forecasting population twenty years ahead than geologists, meteorologists, or
economists who fail to announce earthquakes, cold winters, or depressions twenty years ahead. What we are
responsible for is warning one another and our public what the error of estimates is likely to be.” Even that is difficult,
because demographic projection techniques omit major factors that influence population change.
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2NC UNIQUENESS – A2 SIMON
(__) SIMON IS AN ASS HAT.

(A.) SIMON’S ARGUMENT IS PREMISED UPON A LOGICAL FALLACY DISPROVING THE ENTIRETY OF
HIS CRITICISM.
DALY, ecological economist and professor at the School of Public Policy of University of Maryland, 1991
Herman, “A review of Julian Simon’s The Ultimate Resource,’ Steady State Economics, Island Press, pp282-289, http://dieoff.org/page27.htm
The fallacy concerning the copper is obscured by the strange fact that Simon begins with a correct distinction regarding
infinity of distance and infinity of divisibility of a finite distance, and then as soon as he moves from one-inch lines to copper
with nothing but the word "similarly" to bridge the gap, he forgets the distinction. It would be a wonderful exercise for a class
in freshman logic to find the parallel between Simon's argument and Zeno's paradox of Achilles and the tortoise. Recall that
Zeno "proved" that Achilles could never catch up with a tortoise that had a finite head start on him. While Achilles traverses
the distance from his starting point to that of the tortoise, the tortoise advances a certain distance, and while Achilles
advances this distance, the tortoise makes a further advance, and so on, ad infinitum. Thus Achilles will never catch up.
Zeno's paradox confounds an infinity of subdivisions of a distance, which is finite, with an infinity of distance. This is
exactly parallel to what Simon has done. He has confused an infinity of possible boundary lines between copper and
noncopper with an infinity of amount of copper. We cannot, he says, make an "appropriate count" of copper because the
set of all resources can be subdivided in many ways with many possible boundaries for the subset copper because resources
are "infinitely" substitutable. Since copper cannot be simply counted like beans in a jar, and since what cannot be
counted is not finite, it "follows" that copper is not finite, or copper is infinite. Simon has argued from the premise of an
"infinite" substitutability among different elements within a (finite) set to the conclusion of the infinity of the set itself. But
no amount of rearrangement of divisions within a finite set can make the set infinite. His demonstration that mankind
will never exhaust its resource base rests on the same logical fallacy as Zeno's demonstration that Achilles will never
exhaust the distance between himself and the tortoise. Simon's argument therefore fails even if we grant his premise of
infinite substitutability, which gets us rather close to alchemy. Copper is after all an element, and the transmutation of
elements is more difficult than the phrase "infinite substitutability" implies! Indeed, Simon never tells us whether "infinite
substitutability" means infinite substitutability at declining costs, constant costs, increasing costs, or at infinite costs! Of
course Simon could simply assert that the total set of all resources is infinite, but this would be a bald assertion, not a
conclusion from an argument based on substitutability, which is what he has attempted.
(B.) BAD DATA.

DALY, ecological economist and professor at the School of Public Policy of University of Maryland, 1991
Herman, “A review of Julian Simon’s The Ultimate Resource,’ Steady State Economics, Island Press, pp282-289, http://dieoff.org/page27.htm
But what about Simon's empirical evidence against resource finitude? It fares no better than his fallacious attempt at logical
refutation. He leans heavily on two expert studies: "The Age of Substitutability" by Weinberg and Goeller (Science,
February 20,1976), and Scarcity and Growth by Barnett and Morse.*1 His use of these studies is amazingly selective. From
Weinberg and Goeller he quotes optimistic findings of "infinite" substitutability among resources, assuming a future
low-cost, abundant energy source. This buttresses Simon's earlier premise of "infinite" subdivisibility or substitutability
among resources. But it does not lend support to his fallacious conclusion that resources are infinite and therefore
growth forever is possible. More to the point, however, is that Weinberg and Goeller explicitly rule out any such
conclusion by stating in their very first paragraph that their "Age of Substitutability" is a steady state. It assumes
zero growth in population and energy use at the highest level that Weinberg and Goeller are willing to say is
technically feasible. And they express serious reservations about the social and institutional feasibility of maintaining
such a high consumption steady state. Furthermore, the levels envisioned by Weinberg and Goeller, though cornicopian by
general consent, are quite modest by Simon's standards: world population in the Age of Substitutability would be only 2.5
times the present population, and world energy use would be only 12 times present use. This implies a world per-capita
energy usage of only 70 percent of current U.S. per capita use. The very study that Simon appeals to for empirical
support of his unlimited growth position explicitly rejects the notion of unlimited growth—a fact that Simon fails to
mention.
ADI 8 16
Malthus Abe
**LINKS**
ADI 8 17
Malthus Abe
2NC LINK – LINEAR
(__) THE IMPACT’S LINEAR – EVERY PERSON SAVED, COSTS TEN MORE IN THE CRUNCH.
EHRLICH, Bing Professor of Population Studies @ Stanford, AND EHRLICH, associate director and policy coordinator
of the Center for Conservation Biology @ Stanford, 1974
Paul R. and Anne H., “Misconceptions, Proquest New York Times Historical, June 16, pg. 241
Furthermore, there are other pernicious fallacies in the “what we as Americans can do about the world population problem”
game. Let’s start with a fallacy that the authors helped to create—the idea that we might suc-cessfully pressure govern-ments
into launching effective population control programs. In the first edition of our book “The Population Bomb,” it was
suggested that the United States try to use its food aid as a lever to get recalcitrant governments moving on population control
programs. The logic then (as today) was impeccable. If you deluded people into thinking that either the U.S. could (or would)
supply food in perpetuity for an number of people, you were doing evil. Sooner or later, population growth would completely
outstrip the capacity of the United States or any other nation to supply food. For every 1,000 people saved today, perhaps
10,000 would die when the crunch came. Simply sending food to hungry nations with population explo-sions is
analogous to a physician prescribing aspirin as the treatment for a patient with operable cancer—in deferring
something unpleasant, disaster entrained. Yes, send the food—but insist that population control measures be instituted. But
despite the logic, no on in the U.S. Government paid the slightest heed to that suggestion (or tolerated proposals by Wil-liam
and Paul Paddock in their 1968 book, “Famine—1975!”), and the point is now moot, since we have no more sur-plus food.
(__) EACH INDIVIDUAL IS CRITICAL – EVERY RESOURCE MATTERS IN THE CRUNCH.

BROWN, PhD, 6
Paul, NOTES FROM A DYING PLANET, page 141
The really bad news is that the two younger populations increase in size for about 30 years because major portions of their
populations are younger than the child-bearing age of 25 at the time they all shift to the one-child rule. This is disastrous
because the more people there are during this period, the more damage they do to their environment, and the fewer
resources will be left for the survivors, if any, one or two centuries from now. For every person, for every year that a
population remains unsustainable, they inflict more damage.
ADI 8 18
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2NC LINK – DISEASE
(__) DISEASE SPREAD CHECKS POPULATION EXPANSION.

HARDIN, PROFESSOR EMERITUS HUMAN ECOLOGY AT UCSB, 1991
Garret, “From Shortage to Longage: Forty Years in the Population Vineyards”,
http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles/art_from_shortage_to_longage.html
The potential of exponential growth in the human population is a standing threat of human welfare. Until very
recently, however, this threat was mitigated by the sporadic eruption of such crowd-diseases as dysentery, cholera and
plague which, at their worst, could wipe out a quarter to a half of a population in a year or two. Crowd-diseases were the
most important negative feedbacks of the Malthusian demostat.
Sanitation and modern medicine have greatly weakened the power of disease as an effective controller of population
size. When external controls are eliminated, humanity must then face the problem of devising alternative controls that are
internal to the species. In the past two centuries much effort has been expended looking for acceptable internal
population controls-so far without much success. This daunting problem remains to be solved.
ADI 8 19
Malthus Abe
2NC LINK – FAMINE
(__) FAMINE IS AN IMPORTANT POPULATION CHECK – ONLY WAY TO PRESERVE CARRYING CAPACITY
IN THE FACE OF RISING GREENHOUSE GASES AND DEFORESTATION.
CAIRNS, 4
John, Tribute to Garrett Hardin, The Garrett Hardin Society, http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/tributes/tr_cairns_2004mar.html
When advocating living within limits, Hardin felt that the engineering principle of a "safety factor" would reduce the damage
of episodic or stochastic events. Climate change occurs naturally, but greenhouse gases and deforestation have probably
accelerated the rate of change. Hardin's lifeboat ethics-a lifeboat is limited in capacity and every nation has a limited
carrying capacity-serves as a useful metaphor for a crowded world with rapidly dwindling natural resources. He
acknowledged that the exact limit is a matter for argument, but already heard are calls for help from overpopulated countries
and many individuals seeking (and usually getting) admission to less crowded "lifeboats." Hardin listed three possibilities of
how their calls should be answered (Hardin 1974): (1) take all the needy into the lifeboat and swamp it; (2) if the lifeboat has
unused excess capacity, use it at the risk of eliminating the safety factor (how are the ones chosen who are allowed on the
lifeboat and what is said to those who are excluded?); (3) admit no additions to the lifeboat and preserve a small safety factor
(Hardin notes that this solution would be abhorrent to people who would feel guilty about their own good luck). Hardin's
suggested reply to those advocating rescue is simple: Get out and yield your place to others.
Hardin (1963) replaced the widely used ecological statement that "everything is connected to everything else" with what the
editors of Fortune called Hardin's Law: "We can never merely do one thing." This short sentence requires that one
search any action or inaction for its unintended effects. Hardin contended that "and then what?" be asked over and over
again to more accurately estimate both intended and unintended consequences of humankind's actions. He was a strong
supporter of and commentator on Kenneth Boulding's dismal and utterly dismal theories of economics. The dismal theory
states that, if the only check on the growth of population is starvation and misery, then no matter how favorable the
environment or how advanced the technology, the population will grow until it is miserable and starves. The utterly
dismal theory states that, if the only check on population growth is starvation and misery, then any technological
improvement will have the ultimate effect of increasing the sum of human misery since it permits a larger population
to live in precisely the same state of misery and starvation as before the change. Although Boulding first proposed both
these theories in 1956 and Hardin reinforced them in 1968, the dangerous expectation still exists that a technological
solution can be found to every problem.
Hardin devoted his entire professional career to analyzing these and many other related issues. Nevertheless, he believed that
knowledge alone will not move nations; astonishing and unforeseen events will be required for humanity's education.
Persuasive, mounting evidence indicates that humankind now exists on the slope of logarithmic curves unprecedented
in human history. Hardin persistently emphasized that infinite growth cannot occur on a finite planet and continually
urged humankind to confront the finite limitations of Earth and the concept of optimal population size.
ADI 8 20
Malthus Abe
2NC LINK – POLLUTION
(__) POLLUTION IS A CRITICAL DEATH CHECK, ACCOUNTS FOR 40% OF GLOBAL DEATHS.
PIMENTAL ET AL, 1998
David, Maria Tort, Linda D’Anna, Anne Krawic, Joshua Berger, Jessica Rossman, Fridah Mugo, Nancy Doon, Michael Shriberg, Erica Howard, Susan Lee,
and Jonathan Talbot. Professor of Entomology at Cornell. “Ecology of Increasing Disease Population growth and environmental degradation”
http://dieoff.org/page165.htm
Based on current growth rates, the world’s population will double to 12 billion in the next 50 years, intensifying
pollution and disease problems. The US population alone will double to 540 million during the next 70 years (PRB 1996,
USBC 1996). Environmental problems are already particularly severe in urban areas of the world, in which the
number of people continues to double especially quickly (i.e., every 20-25 years). By the turn of the century, according to
projections, more than one-half of the world's population will live in cities that have more than 1 million people, and by 2025,
two-thirds of the world's population will have settled in large urban areas (WRI 1994). Densely crowded urban environments,
especially those without adequate sanitation, are of great public health concern because they are sources of disease epidemics
(Iseki 1994). For example, dengue fever -- spread by the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which breeds in tin cans, old tires, and
other water-holding containers -- is already expanding rapidly in crowded tropical cities (Lederberg et al. 1992). Dengue
fever has increased dramatically since 1980, with 30-60 million dengue infections now occurring each year (Table 1; Monath
1994). Based on the increase in air, water, and soil pollutants worldwide, we estimate that 40% of human deaths each
year result from exposure to environmental pollutants and malnutrition. These deaths are in addition to the toll taken by
infectious diseases. Automobile use and energy consumption, which are steadily increasing
ADI 8 21
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2NC LINK – A2 AGRICULTURE
(__) AGRICULTURE CAN’T RESOLVE POPULATION PRESSURES.

(A.) CAUSES DEFORESTATION WHICH CRUSHES GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY.
Most of the degraded agricultural land has been replaced by removing forests. Agriculture accounts for 60% to 80% of
deforestation (Pimentel et al 1997:10). A CIA assessment of long-term demographic trends (which was based on an October
2000 conference of experts from academia, business, and the intelligence community), noted that “Tropical forests are
vanishing at the rate of 250 acres per minute”(CIA 2001:77). Further, nearly half of the world’s original forest cover has been
lost in the last 50 years, and each year about 16 million hectares of virgin forest are “cut, bulldozed, or burned”(CIA
2001:77). Since about 60% of the world’s population growth this decade will occur in countries with tropical forests,
the report expects this population pressure to produce “accelerating destruction of forests” (CIA 2001:76). A combination
of demand for wood for cooking and heating, a need for more crop land, and demand for wood in developed countries ensure that “forests will continue to be
destroyed at an alarming rate”(CIA 2001:77).
Deforestation is a major threat to biodiversity. It is worth repeating the RAND 2000 projection that current rates of forest clearing would
destroy one-quarter of all species on Earth within the next 50 years.” Tropical rainforests are a particularly significant loss, because they contain anywhere
from half to 90% of all terrestrial species (UNPD2001a:21). Species are also being lost because of pollution, pesticide use, urbanization, and other human
activities: “Environmental pressure from the human population is the prime destructive force on earth and is the primary cause of reduced biodiversity”
(Pimentel et al 1999:30).
(B.) RELIES ON FOSSIL FUELS WHICH ARE UNSUSTAINABLE.

In developed countries, intensive farming techniques require massive amounts of fossil energy for fertilizers, pesticides,
irrigation, and machinery. In developing countries, fossil energy is used primarily for fertilizers and irrigation (Pimentel
et al 1997:11). In 1991, the US Dept. of Energy projected at (then) current pumping rates the US would exhaust its oil
reserves in 15-20 years (Pimentel and Giampietro 1994:3; Pimentel et al 1997:11). The world oil supply has been projected
to last about 50 years at (1994) current pumping rates (Pimintel et al 1999:7). Oil production is expected by some
experts to peak about 2004,21 unless new reserves are discovered (Pimentel et al 1999:27). This means prices will rise,
with serious implications for developing countries which rely heavily on fossil energy for fertilizer and irrigation
(Pimentel et al 1997:12).
(C.) NOT ENOUGH WATER

Economists have proposed agricultural intensification, primarily through more irrigation and fertilization, to increase
crop yields. However, there are ecological limits on both methods.
Surface water and groundwater, refilled by rainfall, each provide half of freshwater supply in the world. Groundwater
resources are renewed very slowly, usually at about 1% per year (Pimentel et al 1994:354). “Even though the total amount
of water made available by the hydrologic cycle is enough to provide the current population with adequate fresh water–most
of this total water is concentrated in specific regions....Water demand [in 1993] already far exceeds supplies in nearly 80
nations....”(Pimentel et al 1999:24). About 40% of people in the world live in regions that compete for fresh water supplies
(Pimentel and Giampietro 1994:2). In the US, groundwater is being depleted at an unsustainable 25% above replacement
level (Pimentel et al 1994:354; Pimentel et al 1999:25). The 2001 CIA report estimates that by 2025, 48 countries
containing 3 billion people, will face freshwater shortages, and 20 countries of the Near East and North Africa have the
worst prospects. “In those areas, water supplies could run out by 2100 if per capita consumption and excessive use in
agriculture are not controlled....”(CIA 2001:77).
Currently, about 87% of the world’s fresh water is consumed or used up by agriculture and, thus, is not recoverable
(Pimentel et al 1994:353-4; Pimentel et al 1997:10). Water supplies are also threatened by pollution from pesticides,
fertilizers and sediments, toxic chemicals and sewage (Pimentel et al 1994:354-5). Ocean water desalinization is not a
viable source of fresh water because the process is energy intensive and economically impractical (Pimentel et al
1999:25). “Some technologists, like Julian Simon (1996), believe that human population growth will not cause any
shortage of water and other resources because we have the technologies to provide for the needs of an unlimited
population. It would indeed be a wonderful achievement to see these technologists produce crops without
water!”(Pimentel et al 1999:32). The 2001 CIA report concludes: “water availability is likely to become one of the most
pressing and contentious resource issues of this century....This situation will only be exacerbated by population growth”
(CIA 2001:77).
ADI 8 22
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2NC LINK – A2 AQUACULTURE
(__) AQUACULTURE IS UNSUSTAINABLE – WE’RE ON THE BRINK OF COMPLETE FISHERY COLLAPSE.

The FAO also acknowledges that environmental factors are expected to limit the supply of fish, because by 2000 “three-
quarters of ocean fish stocks were overfished, depleted or exploited up to their maximum sustainable yield”(FAO
2002). However, they expect aquaculture to continue to grow rapidly (FAO 2002). Aquaculture is also being promoted by
the Malaysia-based WorldFish Center and the International Food Policy Research Institute, which issued a report on
declining fish yields in preparation for a conference (“Fish for All Summit”) in November, 2002 (World Fish Center 2002).
20 Ecologists, however, have questioned the sustainability of aquaculture (Rees 2002:29-31). Although bland accounts of
declining fish yields might suggest a limited period of conservation can restore “fish stocks,” a major study directed by Dr.
Daniel Pauly of the University of British Columbia Fisheries Center (the Sea Around Us project), concluded that the
North Atlantic ocean is heading towards a “fisheries collapse”- in effect, losing its ability to sustain further catches.
Over the past 50 years catches of cod, tuna, haddock, flake and flounder have fallen by more than half (Pauly 2002). The
research reports are available at http://www.saup.fisheries.ubc.ca/publications/reports.
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2NC LINK – A2 FREE MARKET (S)
(__) MARKET ECONOMIES AND COMPLEX SYSTEMS CREATE DISCONTINUITIES THAT RISK
EXTINCTION.
DOBKOWSKI, Prof Relig. Studies @ Hobart & William Smith AND WALLIMANN, Prof Sociology, Economics & Social
Policy @ U. of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2
Michael & Isidore, ed, On The Edge of Scarcity, Syracuse Univ. Press , p. xxvii-xxviii
It seems evident now that there will he a temporal conjunction of four sizable bottlenecks: population, land, energy, and
environmental carrying capacity. All of them are so intricately related that they form a system complexity whose very
balance has never been so delicate vet so important to our survival. Therefore, we must also distinguish between
bottlenecks that present continuous hut stable challenges and the ones that represent discontinuous and unstable challenges.
Population growth, for example, is a challenge with great continuity. However, as we approach the question of energy and
land, particularly if environmental pressures are included, we can increasingly expect challenges characterized by
discontinuity. Even though energy resources may not be depleted, the supply of energy could for technological or
political or economic reasons become highly discontinuous. Agricultural land may increasingly go out of commission in a
discontinuous way, be it because of events such as droughts, floods, erosion, or drastic overuse. As the system reaches an
ever greater complexity, and as survival hinges ever more and with small margins on this complexity, any jolt to the system is
bound to make survival more immediately a matter of life and death.
Furthermore, the jolts emitted by the economic system are also of importance, for production factors such as
population, land, energy, as well as many environmental constraints are mediated and coordinated by markets.
Markets, however, are also known to have a great deal of discontinuity owing to the anonymous number of their
participants and the unforeseeable outcome produced by their myriad market interactions. Thus, the capitalist
market, the very technique chosen to manage survival, is itself a threat to survival, as is exemplified by speculation,
recessions, and depressions, booms and busts. Market dynamics themselves upset the delicate balance among land,
energy, population, and the environment, and thereby directly determine survival and death rates.
Additionally, techniques to ensure continuity in a world of random but significant disturbances may break down.
Already insurance companies suspect that a number of weather-related events may have ceased to be sufficientlv random or
insignificant or both to be insured. The private market insurance system may soon prove unable to ensure against certain
ecosystem risks. The instability would thereby increase, leaving politics as the last potential guarantor of continuity and
stability, as is already the case with atomic power plants, where no private insurer is willing to cover the entire risk, nor could
such risk be covered. However, how many big risks, should the event and the scarcity associated with them occur, can
the political system handle before solidarity breaks down, instability increases, conflicts grow, and massive death
results?
(__) EVEN ASSUMING EVERY COUNTRY ADOPTED FREE MARKET POLICIES AND THOSE POLICIES
SUCCEEDED IN PROMOTING ECONOMIC GROWTH WE WOULD STILL NEED FIVE ADDITIONAL
EARTHS TO MAINTAIN RESOURCE DEMANDS.
The second objection is that even if every nation on the planet rapidly adopted “efficient” free market and free trade
policies, and even assuming such policies “worked” to accelerate global economic growth, the result, given current and,
certainly, projected population levels, would be an impossibly large ecological deficit. Humanity’s ecological footprint has
been estimated to exceed long-term global carrying capacity as much as 40% (Rees 2002:40).16 Humanity currently
appropriates an unsustainable 25-35% of coastal shelf primary production (Rees 1996:198), and over 50% of the Sun’s
energy captured by the entire plant biomass on Earth each year ( Pimentel et al 1999:30). William Rees estimated that if the
world population of 5.8 billion (in 1996) lived at unsustainable North American consumption levels, two additional planet
Earths would be required to accommodate the ecological load. With a population of 10 or 11 billion, 5 additional Earths
would be needed simply to maintain the present rate of ecological decline (Rees 1996:210).
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2NC LINK – A2 TECH (1/2)
(__) TECH WILL STOP ADVANCING – WE’RE ON THE BRINK OF A NEW DARK AGE.
NEW SCIENTIST 7-2-5 (www.newscientist.com)
But according to a new analysis, this view couldn’t be more wrong: far from being in technological nirvana, we are fast
approaching a new dark age. That, at least, is the conclusion of Jonathan Huebner, a physicist working at the Pentagon’s
Naval Air Warfare Center in China Lake, California. He says the rate of technological innovation reached a peak a century
ago and has been declining ever since. And like the lookout on the Titanic who spotted the fateful iceberg, Huebner sees the
end if innovation looming dead ahead. His study will be published in Technological Forecasting and Social Change.
It’s an unfashionable view. Most futurologists say technology is developing at exponential rates. Moore’s law, for example,
foresaw chimp densities (for which read speed and memory capacity) doubling every 18 months. And the chip makers have
lived up to it’s predictions. Building on this, the less well-known Kurzweil’s law says that these faster, smarter chips are
leading to even faster growth in the power of computers. Developments in genome sequencing and nanoscale machinery are
racing ahead too, and internet connectivity and telecommunications bandwidth are growing even faster than computer power,
catalyzing still further waves of innovation.
But Huebner is confident of his facts. He has long been struck by the fact that promised advances were not appearing
as quickly as predicted. “I wondered if there was a reason for this,” he says. “Perhaps there is a limit to what technology
can achieve.”
In an effort to find out, he plotted major innovations and scientific advances over time compared to world population,
using the 7200 key innovations listed in a recently published book, The History of Science and Technology (Houghton
Mifflin, 2004). The results surprised him.
Rather than growing exponentially, or even keeping pace with population growth, they peaked in 1873 and have been
declining ever since (see Graphs). Next, he examined the number of patents granted in the US from 1790 to the present.
When he plotted the number of US patents granted per decade divided by the country’s population, he found the graph
peaked in 1915.
The period between 1873 and 1915 was certainly an innovative one. For instance, it included the major patent-producing
years of America’s greatest inventor, Thomas Edison (1847-1931). Edison patented more than 1000 inventions, including the
incandescent bulb, electricity generation and distribution grids, movie cameras and the phonograph.
Medieval future
Huebner draws some stark lessons from his analysis. The global rate of innovation today, which is running at seven
“important technological developments” per billion people per year, matches the rate in 1600. Despite far higher
standards of education and massive R&D funding “it is more difficult now for people to develop new technology”,
Huebner says
Extrapolating Huebner’s global innovation curve just two decades into the future, the innovation rate plummets to
medieval levels. “We are approaching the ‘dark ages point’, when the rate of innovation is the same as it was during the
Dark Ages,” Huebner says. “We’ll reach that in 2024.”
But today’s much larger population means that the number of innovations per year will still be far higher than in medieval
times. “I’m certainly not predicting that the dark ages will reoccur in 2024, if at all,” he says. Nevertheless, the point at which
an extrapolation of his global innovation curve hits zero suggests we have already made 85 per cent of the technologies
that are economically feasible.
(__) AT WORST, WE NEED A 50% REDUCTION IN ECOSYSTEM CONSUMPTION – NO COMING TECH

ACHIEVES NEAR THAT.
There are at least two major ecological objections to this growth prescription. First, ecologists have vigorously contested the
claim that technology can provide substitutes for all scarce, and critical, resources, and that food production in
particular can keep pace with population growth without unacceptable environmental damage. Of course it’s always
possible that some new technologies will emerge to mediate the environmental impact of population and consumption.15
However, ecologists have estimated that an absolute reduction of up to 50% in the human load currently imposed on
ecosystems would be required for ecological sustainability, and that high income countries would have to reduce their
ecosystem demands by 80% or more to create “ecological space” for growth in developing countries (Rees 2002:41).
Technology to achieve this goal does not appear to be on the horizon. Therefore, prudence would suggest a direct focus
on eco-compatible population and consumption levels. If the economic optimists turn out to be right, efforts to reduce
population and consumption will have made the planet healthier and less crowded. But if they are wrong, the planet, and our
own species among others, will pay an unacceptable price for growth
ADI 8 25
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2NC LINK – A2 TECH (2/2)
(__) TECHNOLOGY WILL INEVITABLY FAIL TO PRODUCE – ONLY A POSSIBILITY TO DELAY THE
CRUNCH.
CATTON, Professor Emeritus at Washington State University, 1998
William R, Negative Population Growth, http://billtotten.blogspot.com/2005/03/malthus-more-relevant-than-ever.html
Malthus was not wrong in the ways commonly supposed. From his 18th century perspective he simply had no basis for
seeing the human ability to "overshoot" carrying capacity. It was inconceivable to Malthus that human societies could, by
taking advantage of favorable conditions (new technology, abundant fossil fuels), temporarily increase human numbers and
appetites above the long-term capacity of environments to provide needed resources and services. But it is inexcusable today
not to recognize the way populations can sometimes overshoot sustainable carrying capacity and what happens to
them after they have done it.
Human economic growth and technology have only created the appearance that Malthus was wrong (in the way we
used to learn in school). What our technological advances have actually done was to allow human loads to grow
precariously beyond the earth's long-term carrying capacity by drawing down the planet's stocks of key resources
accumulated over four billion years of evolution.
(__) ERR NEGATIVE – THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY CONCLUDES AGAINST THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
TECHNOLOGY TO PREVENT A POPULATION CRUNCH.
THE INTERACADEMY PANEL ON INTERNATIONAL ISSUES, 5
“Joint Statement by 58 of The World’s Scientific Academies”, http://www.interacademies.net/?id=3547
Representatives of national academies of science from throughout the world met in New Delhi, India, from October 24-
27, 1993, in a "Science Summit" on World Population. The conference grew out of two earlier meetings, one of the Royal
Society of London and the United States National Academy of Sciences, and the other and international conference organized
by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Statements published by both groups* expressed a sense of urgent concern
about the expansion of the world's population and concluded that if current predictions of population growth prove
accurate and patterns of human activity of the planet remain unchanged, science and technology may not be able to
prevent irreversible degradation of the natural environment and continued poverty for much of the world.
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2NC LINK – A2 SPACE
(__) DOESN’T SOLVE – CAN’T GET PEOPLE OFF THE PLANET FAST ENOUGH TO RESOLVE POPULATION
PRESSURES.
HARDIN, 1993
GARRETT, LIVING WITHIN LIMITS, Oxford University Press
For interstellar migration to prevent an increase of population on earth, people would have to be exported as fast as
the world's population is increasing. (Worse: if we agree that the world is already overpopulated, people would have
to be shipped off faster than this. But let us take a sunny view of things and ignore the possibility that the earth is already overpopulated.)
(__) WE STILL WIN A SIZABLE IMPACT – THE DEATH OF OUR HOME WORLD WOULD BE KIND OF A
DRAG – EVEN IF WE MAKE IT TO SPACE, BILLIONS WOULD STILL DIE ON EARTH – SURVIVAL WOULD
BE PRETTY UNBEARABLE AFTER ALL THAT ANYWAY.
(__) SPACE IS IMPOSSIBLE – NO INHABITABLE PLANETS, IF THERE ARE THEY’RE TO FAR AWAY AND
ZERO POPULATION GROWTH IS A PREREQUISITE TO SPACE TRAVEL.
DALEIDEN, 1999
The American Dream: Can it survive the 21st Century?, Prometheus Books, New York. p64-98,
http://www.mnforsustain.org/pop_issues_policies_2_2_daleiden_j.htm#Space%20Colonization
One final note: some wild-eyed optimists believe that after filling the earth to capacity we will just move to other
planets, sort of like the Europeans who moved to the new world of the Americas. We already know, however, that there are
no inhabitable planets in our own solar system. (Of course we could build some ecopod to house a few dozen or perhaps
even a few hundred people on a barren and inhospitable moon or perhaps Mars, but only at a huge cost.) To find a livable
planet, we need to travel to other solar systems, and there is the rub.
As Garrett Hardin explains, the nearest star to the earth is Alpha Centauri which is four light years away.* Traveling at
the present rate of space speeds ―about twenty-five thousand mph― it would take 114,000 years to get to Alpha
Centauri. Even assuming we could boost the speed to twenty-two million mph ―which may or may not be theoretically
possible― it would take 125 years for the trip, i.e., four to five generations. And at the present birth rate, to keep the
population of the earth from increasing further we would have to send off a quarter million people a day! Considering
that it costs about $1 billion to build a submarine to house 140 sailors for a year, the cost of just one vehicle to house
and support a quarter million people for 125 years is almost unimaginable. Even with economies of scale, one trillion
dollars per spaceship would seem a bargain. And we would need to build one a day!89
* There is no evidence that Alpha Centauri has any planets ―in fact the odds are against it. The closest star with
planets appears to be over eight light years away, and the likelihood that those planets are inhabitable is extremely small.
Moreover, what if we discover there is already intelligent life on another planet? Does that give us the right to invade and
conquer the indigenous people (assuming we could) so that we can export our surplus population? It never occurs to science
fiction writers that from the perspective of any other planet with an indigenous population, we would be the space aliens.
Perhaps only Native Americans can appreciate this irony.
Finally, during those five generations of space travel, the voyagers would have to limit their population to replacement
levels only (i.e., births - deaths = zero). But if we can get to zero population growth on the space vehicle, why not do it
here on earth in the first place, saving all that absurd effort? It should be obvious to all but the most obtuse that the
notion of populating distant solar systems to solve the earth's population problem is preposterous. Nevertheless, some people
will clutch at any solution, no matter how absurd, to avoid taking the necessary actions dictated by circumstances.
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2NC LINK – A2 NUCLEAR WAR D/T
(__) NUCLEAR WAR IMPACT ISN’T A DOUBLE TURN

(A.) NUCLEAR WAR DECREASES CARRYING CAPACITY – DOESN’T PRESERVE FUTURE GENERATIONS.
NISSANI, Professor at Wayne State, 1992
Moti, Lives in the Balance: The Cold War and American Politics 1945-1991, http://www.is.wayne.edu/mnissani/pagepub/CH2.html
There will be fewer people and less industrial and commercial activity long after the war, hence some serious
environmental threats will be ameliorated. By killing billions and destroying industrial infrastructures, nuclear war
might, for instance, halt or slow down the suspected trend of global warming. On balance, however, the war's overall
environmental impact will almost certainly be on the negative side.
Radioactive fallout will contaminate soils and waters. We shall probably learn to adjust to these new conditions, perhaps
by shunning certain regions or by carrying radioactivity meters everywhere we go the way our ancestors carried spears. Still,
this will lower the quality of human life.
Nuclear explosions might create immense quantities of dust and smoke. The dust and smoke might blanket, darken,
and cool the entire planet. Although the extent of the damage is unclear,24 it would be far more severe during the growing
season-late spring and summer in the northern latitudes. One Cassandran and controversial prediction sounds a bit like
the eerie twilight described in H. G. Wells' The Time Machine. This "nuclear winter" projection forecasts freezing
summertime temperatures,25 temporary climatic changes (e.g., violent storms, dramatic reductions in rainfall), lower
efficiencies of plant photosynthesis, disruption of ecosystems and farms, loss of many species, and the death of millions
of people from starvation and cold. However, even these pessimists expect a return to normal climatic conditions within a
few years.26a,27
(B.) NUCLEAR WAR CAUSES THE EARTH TO EXPLODE – TOTAL EXTINCTION.

CHALKO, MSc, PhD, Head of Geophysics Research, Scientific E Research P/L 3
Dr. Tom J., MSc., Ph.D., “Can a Neutron Bomb Accelerate Global Volcanic Activity?” http://sci-e-research.com/neutron_bomb.html
The TRUE danger of modern nuclear weaponry is that their neutron radiation is capable to induce global overheating
of the planetary interior, global volcanic activity and, in extreme circumstances, may even cause the entire planet to
explode.
ADI 8 28
Malthus Abe
**IMPACTS**
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Malthus Abe
2NC IMPACT – TURNS CASE (BIODIVERSITY)
(__) OVERPOPULATION CRUSHES BIODIVERSITY.

CATTON, Professor Emeritus at Washington State University, 1998
William R, Negative Population Growth, http://billtotten.blogspot.com/2005/03/malthus-more-relevant-than-ever.html
We have trebled the human load upon this planet in my lifetime by using the planet unsustainably and this has caused
a new era of extinction. According to a recent survey, a majority of American biologists regard the mass extinction of
plant and animal species now resulting from human domination of the earth as a grave threat to humans in the next
century (Warrick, 1998). We live in a world losing biodiversity at an unprecedented rate (Koopowitz and Kaye, 1983;
Wilson, 1992:215 ff; Tuxill, 1998). It is high time to see that this consequence was implicit in the 1798 essay by Malthus.
(__) BIODIVERSITY LOSS CAUSES HUMAN EXTINCTION.

Biodiversity loss may pose the greatest direct threat to human survival, if it destabilizes the biosphere and interferes
with recycling of such vital elements as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (Pimentel and Giampietro 1994:2). The end
result of the accelerating extinction of plant and animal species could be “wholesale ecosystem collapse” (Brown
2000:8). Biodiversity is also essential to a productive and sustainable agriculture, and humans have no technology to
substitute for most of the services provided by diverse species (wild biota) (Pimentel et al 1994:355; Pimentel et al
1997:13). Thus, there are ecological limits on the possibility of converting natural habitats into agricultural fields, and some
experts have suggested protecting environmental quality by preserving about one-third of the terrestrial ecosystem as natural
vegetation (Pimentel and Giampietro 1994:2; Pimentel et al 1994:355).
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Malthus Abe
2NC IMPACT – TURNS CASE (GENOCIDE)
(__) OVERPOPULATION IS THE ROOT CAUSE OF GENOCIDE – RWANDA PROVES.

DIAMOND, American evolutionary biologist and physiologist, 5
Jared, “Malthus in Africa: Rwanda’s Genocide”, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, http://www.ditext.com/diamond/10.html
Instead, I conclude that population pressure was one of the important factors behind the Rwandan genocide, that
Malthus's worst-case scenario [328] may sometimes be realized, and that Rwanda may be a distressing model of that
scenario in operation. Severe problems of overpopulation, environmental impact, and climate change cannot persist
indefinitely: sooner or later they are likely to resolve themselves, whether in the manner of Rwanda or in some other manner
not of our devising, if we don't succeed in solving them by our own actions. In the case of Rwanda's collapse we can put
faces and motives on the unpleasant solution; I would guess that similar motives were operating, without our being able to
associate them with faces, in the collapses of Easter Island, Mangareva, and the Maya that I described in Part 2 of this book.
Similar motives may operate again in the future, in some other countries that, like Rwanda, fail to solve their
underlying problems. They may operate again in Rwanda itself, where population today is still increasing at 3% per year,
women are giving birth to their first child at age 15, the average family has between five and eight children, and a visitor's
sense is of being surrounded by a sea of children.
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Malthus Abe
2NC IMPACT – TURNS CASE (POVERTY)
(__) OVERPOPULATION MAKES THE ELIMINATION OF POVERTY IMPOSSIBLE.

BROWN, president of the Earth Policy Institute, 6
Lester, Plan B 2.0, http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/PB2/PB2preface.htm
In the original Plan B, we had a budget for eradicating poverty, but if the economy’s environmental support systems are
collapsing, poverty eradication will not be possible. If croplands are eroding and harvests are shrinking, if water tables
are falling and wells are going dry, if rangelands are turning to desert and livestock are dying, if fisheries are collapsing, if
forests are shrinking, and if rising temperatures are scorching crops, a poverty eradication program—no matter how
carefully crafted and well implemented—will not succeed.
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Malthus Abe
2NC IMPACT – TURNS CASE (TERRORISM)
(__) ROOT CAUSE OF TERRORISM IS OVERPOPULATION – PRESIDENTIAL STUDY CONCLUDES.

CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON POPULATION AND SECURITY, 1
The Public Report of the Vice President's Task Force on Combatting Terrorism, http://www.population-security.org/issue_a.htm
Arguably the most authoritative work on terrorism was the February 1986 Report of the Vice President's Task Force on
Combatting Terrorism, chaired by Vice President George Bush, Sr. Yet no mention of the study has appeared in the press
since September 11, 2001. On that day, the George Bush Library archivist, Melissa Walker, pulled it from her files in
anticipation of interest by the media. But not until October 29th did she receive her first request. It was from CRPS. This
report concludes that the root cause of terrorism is overpopulation. This determination the Vatican no doubt finds highly
offensive since all of the solutions to the population problem undermine papal authority. This report appears in its entirety.
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Malthus Abe
2NC IMPACT – TURNS CASE (WAR)
(__) STUDIES CONCLUDE DECREASING POPULATION HAS A LINEAR CORRELATION WITH A

DECREASED RISK OF ETHNIC WAR AND TERRORISM.
CINCOTTA, ENGELMAN, AND, ANASTASION, Senior Research Associates for Population Action International, 3
Richard, Robert and Daniele, “The Security Demographic - Population and Civil Conflict After the Cold War.” Population Action International.
http://www.populationaction.org/Publications/Fact_Sheets/FS23/Summary.shtml
Do the dynamics of human population — rates of growth, age structure, distribution and more — influence when and where
warfare will next break out? The findings of this report suggest that the risks of civil conflict (deadly violence between
governments and non-state insurgents, or between state factions within territorial boundaries) that are generated by
demographic factors may be much more significant than generally recognized, and worthy of more serious consideration
by national security policymakers and researchers. Its conclusions — drawn from a review of literature and analyses of
data from 180 countries, about half of which experienced civil conflict at some time from 1970 through 2000 — argue that:
During the last three decades of the 20th century, demographic transition — a population's shift from high to low rates
of birth and death — was associated with continuous declines in the vulnerability of countries to civil conflicts (ethnic
wars, antigovernment insurgencies and terrorism resulting in multiple deaths). This relationship suggests that a range of
policies and programs that promote demographic transition by encouraging small, healthy and better educated families
and longer lives will improve the prospects for political stability in developing countries and enhance global security in
the future.
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Malthus Abe
2NC IMPACT – TURNS CASE (WARMING)
(__) OVERPOPULATION CAUSES GLOBAL WARMING – GREENHOUSE GASES ARE A PRODUCT OF

HUMAN CONSUMPTION.
BASNSAL, CNSNEWS STAFF WRITER, 7
Monisha, Group Calls for Population Control to Stop Global Warming,
http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewNation.asp?Page=/Nation/archive/200704/NAT20070418a.html
"Human population growth is the paramount environmental issue," Ric Oberlink, a spokesman for Californians for
Population Stabilization, told Cybercast News Service. "Global warming is a very serious problem, but it is a subset of the
overpopulation problem," he said. Oberlink argued that an increase in the emission of "greenhouse gases" -- carbon
dioxide and other gases blamed for climate change -- is a result of human activity, "like most environmental problems."
Although one part of the equation is what people do, he said, the other part is how many there are. "If we had half as
many people, we wouldn't have much of a climatic warming problem," argued Oberlink.
(__) GLOBAL WARMING CAUSES THE EARTH TO EXPLODE.

CHALKO, MSc, PhD, 1
Tom J., No second chance? Can Earth explode as a result of Global Warming?, NU Journal of Discovery, Vol 3, May, http://nujournal.net/core.pdf
Consequences of global warming are far more serious than previously imagined. The REAL danger for our entire
civilization comes not from slow climate changes, but from overheating of the planetary interior.
Life on Earth is possible only because of the efficient cooling of the planetary interior - a process that is limited
primarily by the atmosphere. This cooling is responsible for a thermal balance between the heat from the core reactor,
the heat from the Sun and the radiation of heat into space, so that the average temperature on Earth’s surface is about 13
degrees Celsius.
This article examines the possibility of overheating and the ”meltdown” of the solid planetary core due to the
atmospheric pollution trapping progressively more solar heat (the so-called greenhouse effect) and reducing the cooling
rate of the planetary interior.
The most serious consequence of such a ”meltdown” could be centrifugal segregation of unstable isotopes in the
molten part of the spinning planetary core. Such segregation can ”enrich” the nuclear fuel in the core to the point of
creating conditions for a chain reaction and a gigantic atomic explosion. Will Earth become another ”asteroid belt” in
the Solar system?
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Malthus Abe
2NC IMPACT – A2 HEGEMONY
(__) LARGE POPULATIONS AREN’T KEY TO WAR FIGHTING – TECH AND CONSCRIPTION SOLVE.
BINKIN, senior fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies program at the Brookings Institution, 1990
Manning the American Military: Demographics and National Security, NPG Forum Series, http://www.npg.org/forum_series/manning_military.htm
Such concerns, however, can be readily discounted. First, even before recent events in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,
a replay of World War II between NATO and the Warsaw Pact that is, a protracted conventional conflict involving millions of
troops was considered an extremely long shot. The betting among serious analysts was that any conventional military
confrontation between the two sides would be measured in terms of days or weeks, rather than months or years, ending
early either in negotiations or in escalation to nuclear conflict. In any case, few envisaged any situation that would
require tens of millions of Americans to serve in the armed forces.
But even if, against all odds, the nation was to get involved in a protracted war of attrition that would require a
substantial expansion in the size of the armed forces, full mobilization would be ordered, conscription would be
reinstituted and some 18 million American men in the 18 through 26 year cohorts would provide the initial pool of
draftees, followed as necessary by men in the older age groups and perhaps expanded opportunities for American women to
serve or, indeed, be conscripted into military services. In the extreme, a U.S. military force equal to that of the second World
War (11 million) would now constitute less than 5 percent of the total population compared with close to 10 percent in that
conflict. In short, the current size of the American population is more than adequate to support "worst-case" scenarios,
provided that the nation is willing to reinstitute conscription. And, as Figure 1 shows, even at the "lowest" projections by
the Census Bureau, total population size would not be an issue in the foreseeable future. The population projected for 2080,
for example, while substantially smaller than the current figure, would still be larger than the population that sustained our
armed forces during the second World War.
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Malthus Abe
2NC IMPACT – A2 INNOVATION
(__) INNOVATION TURN IS STUPID – TWO REASONS

1) INCREASING POPULATION INCREASES THE AMOUNT OF SOCIOPATHS AND A YOUNG POPULATION
ENCOURAGES GENOCIDAL EXTREMISM.
2) INCREASED COMPETITION DECREASES THE INCENTIVE TO INNOVATE.
POSNER, Former 7TH Circuit Judge and Published expert on shit from Environmental analysis to Anti-Trust Law, 6
Richard, Should We Worry about Overpopulation?, http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/archives/2006/10/should_we_worry.html
Some people also believe that the larger the population, the more innovators there will be, assuming that a fixed
percentage of the population consists of innovators, whatever the size of the population. This is a questionable argument for
population growth, as it ignores the fact that a fixed percentage of the population presumably also consists of potential
Hitlers and Stalins and Pol Pots, and thus the absolute number of these monsters grows with population growth.
Moreover, a population increase that is due to a higher birth rate (as distinct from immigration) increases the number of
young people in a society, who are impressionable and therefore more likely than older people to be drawn to extremist
politics, including terrorism. In addition, greater competition among innovators may reduce the potential returns to
each innovator by increasing the number of simultaneous innovations, and may thus reduce the incentives to innovate.
ADI 8 37
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**ETHICS**
ADI 8 38
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2NC ETHICS – A2 IMMORAL (1/2)
(__) CARRYING CAPACITY CONSTRAINS ETHICS –

(A.) SUCCESSFULLY PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT IS THE FIRST OBLIGATION, CLAIMS OF THE
SANCTITY OF HUMAN LIFE IGNORE THAT A STABLE ENVIRONMENT IS A PRECONDITION FOR HUMAN
LIVELIHOOD. WE SHOULD SEEK TO PROMOTE ALL LIFE, NOT JUST HUMAN. THAT’S HARDIN.
(B.) ERR NEGATIVE – WHAT CONSTITUTES AUTONOMY IS DEFINED BY THE CONDITION OF OUR
ENVIRONMENT.
HUMPHREY, 2
School of Politics, University of Nottingham, “Ecology, Democracy, and Autonomy: a Problem of Wishful Thinking,” essex.ac.uk
That there are ecological constraints on autonomy is, I assume, uncontroversial (although some prefer to frame them as
ecological preconditions for it). As Edward Goldsmith has pointed out, humans living in industrial society cannot will
themselves to be able to live by breathing polluted air and drinking contaminated water, beyond certain limits these
things just will disable us. Autonomy, as already stressed, is always a matter of degree and always partial. Ecological
limits do not, however, prevent us from conceptualizing autonomy in terms of the capacity described above; we merely have
to accept that this capacity operates within ecological constraints. The ecological reconceptualization of autonomy has
instead to offer an account of autonomy that ‘lets in’ non-human nature by granting it the relevant capacity (which of
course will be different to the one above). This brings us back to the idea of ‘species life’, which seems to be the only account
of autonomy on offer in the argument from principle. An entity possesses autonomy when it has the capacity to live according
to its species’ natural proclivities. The right to be free to ‘live and blossom’ in your own way is justified in terms of
protection of this capacity.
(__) FUTURE GENERATIONS

(A.) COMMUNAL OBLIGATION TO NOT HARM THOSE WHO WILL COME AFTER OURSELVES.
MYERS, SEPTEMBER 5
Jenny, Institute for Environment, Philosophy and Public Policy, Lancaster University, Are prescribed limits to human population growth ethically defensible?
www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/philosophy/awaymave/onlineresources/diss05/jenny%20myers.doc
I contend therefore, that the time has come to abandon anthropocentric models of ethics and consider our obligations to the
future in terms of holistic communitarian interdependencies. As a social species, we have developed collective bonds which
tie us to an extended community beyond our immediate families. Cultural and moral evolution has enabled us to widen
our moral universe, recognizing common ideologies which serve to shape our very identities. At the same time, ecological
science has illuminated the interdependent relationships which sustain life on Earth, in which humans play an essential part.
As Leopold implored, it is time we extend our moral consideration to all species and systems, collectively ‘the land.’
Our obligations to future generations stem from our sense of common community, predicated upon our shared
commitment to the Axiom of Future Value. Recognizing the impact human overpopulation has on the continuity of life
on planet Earth, we are obligated to ensure the continuance of life is not undermined by our species’ incessant growth.
We our obligated by our duties to future life as a whole to adopt considered population polices which encourage individuals
to make informed reproductive choices in light of environmental consequences both now and in years to come. As de-Shalit
says, “Although some people die and others are born, the same community remains, and the essence of that
community is continuity and succession.”
(B.) OUR OBLIGATION TO FUTURE GENERATIONS PRECEDES LOGIC AND SHOULD BE PRIORITIZED.
GABA, 1999
Jeffrey, Columbia Journal of Environmental Law Environmental Ethics and Our Moral Relationship to Future Generations: Future Rights and Present Virtue
This leads to a conclusion that we should consider the future in our moral calculus because there is consensus that we
should. Of course, no such conclusion is logically warranted. The fact that we may have some universally recognized
concern for the future does not convert that concern into a moral imperative. Evolution may have developed a genetic
predisposition to ensure the survival through time of our genetic endowment, but that does not mean that this fact of nature
becomes a fact of morality. This conflation of "what is" with "what should be" (between "is" and "ought") has been described
as the "naturalistic fallacy." n28 On the other hand, widely accepted consensus of the morality of a position may reflect a
preexisting morality that individuals, through their capacity for moral "intuition," have expressed. n29 Although
translating a general concern for future generations into a moral obligation may pass the risk and go straight to the
certainty of tautology, so be it. For whatever reason, we humans accept (within undefined limits) this moral concern.
ADI 8 39
Malthus Abe
2NC ETHICS – A2 IMMORAL (2/2)
(__) ONLY EVALUATING OUR DA ALLOWS TRUE RESPECT FOR THE OTHER THROUGH MOURNING
THEIR SACRIFICE – NOT CALCULATING ALL LIVES AS EQUAL IN EVALUATING POLICY DECISIONS
MEANS DECISION MAKERS ARE SET UP FOR OPPRESSION.
CUMMISKEY, Assoc Professor of Philosophy at Bates College, 1996
David, Kantian Consequentialism, pg. 140-196]
Consequentialism thus provides an indirect justification for our intuitive conviction that we should not demand that the
innocent sacrifice themselves, and also that we should not sacrifice the innocent. Kant's moral theory, however, simply does
not provide a more direct and indefeasible justification for deontological constraints. In principle, a conscientious Kantian
moral agent may be required to kill one in order to save two. Nonetheless, if someone is unable to do so, this may well not be
grounds for reproach. Similarly, if I cannot amputate a leg to save a life--either my own or that of another--I may not be
blameworthy for my failure, although it is true that I should have done the nasty deed. Still, in such a situation I must try to
force my attention on the good I am doing and thereby enable myself to act. Similarly, in the highly unusual case where it
would truly be best to kill some to save others, a good person should also try to focus on the lives to be saved rather
than becoming fixated exclusively on those who will be killed. Nonetheless, even though sacrificing some to save others
is sometimes the right thing to do, one should still feel regret and mourn the people who are lost. After all, the goal is
to save each and every person; thus, one should indeed feel the loss of even one.
According to Kant, the objective end of moral action is the existence of rational beings. Respect for rational beings requires
that in deciding what to do, one must give appropriate practical consideration to the unconditional value of rational
beings and to the conditional value of happiness. Since agent-centered constraints require a non-value-based rationale,
the most natural interpretation of the demand that one give equal respect to all rational beings leads to a
consequentialist normative theory. We have seen that there is no sound Kantian reason for abandoning this natural
consequentialist interpretation.
In particular, a consequentialist interpretation does not require sacrifices that a Kantian ought to consider unreasonable, and it
does not involve doing evil so that good may come of it. It simply requires an uncompromising commitment to the equal
value and equal claims of all rational beings and a recognition that in the moral consideration of conduct, one's own
subjective concerns do not have overriding importance.
ADI 8 40
Malthus Abe
2NC ETHICS – A2 DON’T EVAL CONSEQUENCES
(__) OVERPOPULATION REQUIRES EVALUATE OF CONSEQUENCES – MILL’S HARM PRINCIPLE SAYS IF

WE CAN IDENTIFY ACTIONS THAT HURT OTHERS THEN WE MUST CALCULATE THE RESULTS OF OUR
ACTIONS.
MYERS, Institute for Environment, Philosophy and Public Policy @ Lancaster University, 2K5
Jenny N., Are prescribed limits to human population growth ethically defensible,
http://www.lancs.ac.uk/users/philosophy/awaymave/onlineresources/diss05/jenny%20myers.doc
John Stuart Mill’s Harm Principle outlined the criteria for political interceding in the domain of personal and
autonomous decision making normally regarded as the right of individual citizens. He asserted that individuals must
relinquish personal freedom when the consequences of their actions will bring harm to other people.
The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his
will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant.
Mill’s Harm Principle specifically addressed the issue of reproduction in overcrowded nations, suggesting that
reproductive freedoms, traditionally held to be private matters, become public issues concerning society as a whole when
that society will bear the cost of an additional life. As I have shown, overpopulation now threatens to degrade the
quality of life of all the Earth’s inhabitants. The severity of the situation warrants application of the Harm Principle
compelling us to forgo certain individual liberties.
ADI 8 41
Malthus Abe
2NC ETHICS – A2 PREDICTIONS K
(__) FORESIGHT, KNOWLEDGE OF HISTORICAL PRECEDENCE AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE GIVE US

A GOOD ENOUGH IDEA THAT WE CAN MAKE ECOLOGICAL PREDICTIONS; ERR AFFIRMATIVE – WE
DON’T HAVE ENOUGH TIME TO ADOPT A PRECAUTIONARY METHODOLOGY WHEN IT COMES TO
ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS.
MYERS, SEPTEMBER 5
Jenny, Institute for Environment, Philosophy and Public Policy, Lancaster University, Are prescribed limits to human population growth ethically defensible?
www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/philosophy/awaymave/onlineresources/diss05/jenny%20myers.doc
Even postmodernists contend that uncertainty about future circumstances and acknowledgments of contemporary
biases do not excuse inaction on inter-temporal effects of present-day environmental degradation. Gower writes,
The generation to which we belong has some understanding, albeit conjectural, partial and uncertain in many respects, of the
effects that our environmental policies will have upon future generations. On the assumption that those policies remain
unchanged and that other relevant factors will vary in certain ways, we can make predictions about the circumstances
in which the lives of future generations will be lived. We can anticipate the levels of ultra-violet radiation reaching the
earth’s surface which will result from our use of chemicals which harm the earth’s protective ozone layer; we can anticipate
rises in the sea-level as a result of the production of ‘greenhouse gases’ and the consequent ‘global warming’…No doubt
some of these predictions are less reliable than others, and in every case our confidence depends upon how far into the future
our anticipations extend. But though our understanding of the effects of our policies is incomplete…we are not thereby
absolved from considering the justice of our policies in so far as they affect future generations.
Uncertainty about future circumstances does not excuse inaction on any environmental issue. Too much political
inaction has been justified by ‘insufficient scientific evidence’ in the face of real threats. These biases result from political
and economic models promoting short-term thinking. Uncertainty about future conditions cannot be used to justify
moral inaction either. Our foresight, knowledge of historical precedence, and scientific knowledge equip us with
enough information to reasonably predict the outcomes of our decisions today while acknowledging the possibility of
unforeseeable technological advancements and cultural changes. I believe, as Norton critiques Passmore’s argument, that
ethical systems which ignore our responsibility to the whole of life reflect short-sighted anthropocentric prejudices
and fall sort as “little more than an application of the individualistic bias of contemporary ethics... Passmore’s
argument assumes individualism—that causing the deterioration of an environmental system can never be a moral issue—the
argument will justifiably be rejected by environmentalists as unpersuasive and question-begging.”
ADI 8 42
Malthus Abe
2NC ETHICS – A2 RACIST!
(__) OUR ARGUMENT ISN’T RACIST – WE HAVE AN ETHICAL OBLIGATION TO PROTECT ALL FUTURE
GENERATIONS, INACTION NOW MEANS COMPLETE ANNIHILATION OF AN ETHNIC GROUP LATER.
HARDIN, Prof. of Human Ecology Emeritus, 1
Garett, Fall, The Social Contract, “Living on a Lifeboat”, http://www.thesocialcontract.com/ cgi-bin/showarticle.pl?articleID=1025&terms=%20
To be generous with one's own possessions is one thing; to be generous with posterity's is quite another. This, I think, is the
point that must be gotten across to those who would, from a commendable love of distributive justice, institute a ruinous
system of the commons, either in the form of a world food bank or that of unrestricted immigration. Since every speaker is a
member of some ethnic group it is always possible to charge him with ethnocentrism. But even after purging an
argument of ethnocentrism the rejection of the commons is still valid and necessary if we are to save at least some
parts of the world from Environmental ruin. Is it not desirable that at least some of the grandchildren of people now
living should have a decent place in which to live?
ADI 8 43
Malthus Abe
2NC ETHICS – A2 VALUE TO LIFE
(__) ONLY AN ETHIC THAT FOCUSES THE TOTAL COMMUNITY OF LIFE OFFERS A VALUE TO LIFE –
HUMAN FOCUSED ETHICS CAN’T ACHIEVE PERSPECTIVE TO GENERATE OBJECTIVE VALUES.
MYERS, Institute for Environment, Philosophy and Public Policy @ Lancaster University, 2K5
Jenny N., Are prescribed limits to human population growth ethically defensible,
http://www.lancs.ac.uk/users/philosophy/awaymave/onlineresources/diss05/jenny%20myers.doc
It is my contention that we have moral obligations to the community of life, acknowledging that life and the processes
which engender it are intrinsically valuable. As human beings emerged from and now both shape and are shaped by
this process, acting in order to ensure its continuance is undoubtedly in our best interest as a species. But I suggest
that the value of life exists irregardless of our ability to asses its value. It has, after all, not been valued for much of
human history. As Rolston writes,
Something from a world beyond the human mind, beyond human experience, is received into our mind, our experience,
and the value of that something does not always arise with our evaluation of it…Life and mind appear (through
evolution) where they did not before exist, and with them levels of value emerge that did not before exist. A
comprehensive environmental ethics reallocates value across the whole continuum. Value increases in the emergent
climax but is continuously present in the composing precedents. The system is value-able, able to produce value.
Human evaluators are among its products (Rolston 1998, pg. 510).
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Malthus Abe
**AFF ANS**
ADI 8 45
Malthus Abe
2AC BLOCK (1/4)
(__) NON UNIQUE – THE CRUNCH ISN’T COMING.

POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM, HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE, 6
10 Reasons to Rethink ‘Overpopulation’, popdev.hampshire.edu/projects/dt/pdfs/DifferenTakes_40.pdf
World population is still growing and is expected to reach 9 billion by the year 2050. However, demographers agree that
the era of rapid growth is over. Population growth rates peaked in the 1960s due to dramatic reductions in death rates
and increased life expectancy. Since then, with increasing education, urbanization, and women’s work outside the home,
birth rates have fallen in almost every part of the world. The average is now 2.7 births per woman. A number of
countries, especially in Europe, are now concerned about declining population growth as many women have only one
child. The UN projects that world population will eventually stabilize, falling to 8.3 billion in 2175
(__) ENVIRONMENTAL DOOMSAYERS ARE WRONG—CONSENSUS OF EXPERTS AGREE.

SIMON, Robert H. Smith School of Business, 1994
Julian, University of Maryland, The Ultimate Resource II: People, Materials, and Environment,
http://www.rhsmith.umd.edu/faculty/jsimon/Ultimate_Resource/
It may well be that the state of thought about the effect of population on the environment, is at the same sort of
intellectual juncture that thought about the effect of population on the standard of living was at one or two decades
ago. The evidence is now available, and fair-minded scholars are beginning to change their views on environmental
changes. Indeed, in chapter 00 you will read how William Baumol and Wallace Oates began by believing that the
environment was deteriorating, but their detailed long-term statistical studies brought them to doubt their original view.
To repeat, every forecast of the doomsayers has turned out flat wrong. Metals, foods, and other natural resources have
become more available rather than more scarce throughout the centuries. The Famine 1975 forecast by the Paddock
brothers that we would see famine deaths in the U.S. on television was followed by gluts in agricultural markets. After
Paul Ehrlich's primal scream - "What will we do when the [gasoline] pumps run dry?" - there came gasoline cheaper
than since the 1930s. The Great Lakes are not dead; instead they offer better sport fishing than ever. The main pollutants,
especially the particulates which have killed people for years, have lessened in our cities.
(__) NO CORRELATION BETWEEN POPULATION GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL COLLAPSE

(A.) ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SYSTEMS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR POVERTY.
A narrow focus on human numbers obscures the way different economic and political systems operate to perpetuate
poverty and inequality. It places the blame on the people with the least amount of resources and power rather than on
corrupt governments and economic and political elites. It ignores the legacy of colonialism and the continuing unequal
relationship between rich and poor countries, including unfavorable terms of trade and the debt burden. It says nothing
about the concentration of much wealth in a few hands. In the late 1990s, the 225 people who comprise the ‘ultra-rich’ had a
combined wealth of over US $1 trillion, equivalent to the annual income of the poorest 47% of the world’s people.
(B.) THE PROBLEM IS DISTRIBUTION, NOT LACK OF FOOD.

POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM, HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE, 2K6
Global food production has consistently kept pace with population growth, and today world agriculture produces
17% more calories per person than it did 30 years ago. There is enough food for every man, woman and child to have
more than the recommended daily calorie intake. People go hungry because they do not have the land on which to grow
food or the money with which to buy it. In Brazil, one percent of the land owners control almost half of the country’s arable
land, and more land is owned by multinational corporations than all the peasants combined. Globally, more than 1.2 billion
people earn less than $1 per day, making it difficult to afford enough food to feed a family. Many governments have failed
to make food security a priority. In 2002, when at least 320 million people in India were suffering from hunger, the
government tripled its rice and wheat exports. The U.S. is the largest food producer in the world, yet more than one in
ten American households are either experiencing hunger or are at the risk of it.
ADI 8 46
Malthus Abe
2AC BLOCK (2/4)
(__) OVERPOPULATION FEARS ARE RACIST.

Negative media images of starving African babies, poor, pregnant women of color, and hordes of dangerous Third
World men drive home the message that ‘those people’ outnumber ‘us.’ Fear of overpopulation in the Third World
often translates into fear of increasing immigration to the West, and thereby people of color becoming the majority.
Harvard professor Samuel Huntington argues that high numbers of Latino immigrants threaten a unified American Anglo-
Protestant culture and identity. Anti-immigrant groups tied to white supremacists strategically deploy population fears to
appeal to liberal environmentalists. The demonization of immigrants ignores their positive contributions to the U.S.
economy as well as the global economic forces that drive many people to migrate. In Europe, nativist policymakers are
urging white women to have more babies to reduce the economy’s dependence on immigrant labor.
In the U.S. there is a strong link between negative images of Third World overpopulation and racist views of African
Americans as burdens on society. Eugenics programs and punitive welfare policies have subjected African Americans
and other marginalized communities to sterilization and contraceptive abuse because of racist assumptions that their
fertility is out of control. Even though women on welfare have on average fewer than two children, the image of the
overbreeding ‘welfare queen’ remains firmly fixed in the white imagination.
(__) EMPIRICALLY DENIED – MULTIPLE EXAMPLES PROVE POPULATIONS ARE SUSTAINABLE.

NARVESON, 1994
Jan, prof of philosophy @ U of Waterloo in Canada, “A Dissenting Viewpoint: The Overpopulation Scare,” Free Inquiry, Vol. 14, Spring
What about current starvation, you may ask? The answer is that we must carefully distinguish between starvation due to the
inhumanity, cruelty, imbecility, and sheer incompetence of governments, and starvation due to the lack of sufficient resources
to sustain life. The former we have in plenty--in Somalia, Ethiopia, and to varying degrees elsewhere. But Malthus didn't
have that in mind. He supposed that even with hard work and reasonable thought for the morrow, humankind wouldn't be
able to survive without severely cutting back on the production of humans. And that situation we do not have.
Consider countries such as the Netherlands, with the densest population on earth. Yet Holland is self-sufficient overall
in food production. India, which in the past has had dreadful famines, is doing just fine. Even China, now that its
government has given up on enforced communism on the farm, is pulling its enormous weight quite well; had it
always had a market farm economy, there would surely have been no need for its high-powered and heavy-handed
efforts at population control. Of course there is the occasional pocket of desperation resulting from local floods,
volcanic explosions, and the like. But the world's capacity to cope with such disasters is beyond doubt. If that were all we
had to worry about, concern with starvation in today's world would be of marginal interest by any reasonable standard. In
short, starvation in today's world is almost exclusively political in origin--eliminate all the socialist or other authoritarian
regimes in the third world and you'd eliminate starvation entirely.
ADI 8 47
Malthus Abe
2AC BLOCK (3/4)
(__) TURN – MALTHUSIAN ENVIRONMENTAL CRITICISM STIFLES ANY ATTEMPTS TO CREATE THE
SOCIAL CHANGE WHICH IS NECESSARY TO SOLVE INEVITABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION.
BOOKCHIN, 1988
Murray, Prof. Emeritus @ Rampo College, July, Green Perspective No. 8, “The Population Myth—I”,
http://anarchism.jesusradicals.com/library/bookchin/perspectives8.html
Secondly, by reducing us to studies of line graphs, bar graphs, and statistical tables, the neo-Malthusians literally
freeze reality as it is. Their numerical extrapolations do not construct any reality that is new; they mere extend, statistic by
statistic, what is basically old and given. They are "futurists" in the most shallow sense of the word, not "utopians" in the best
sense. We are taught to accept society, behavior, and values as they are, not as they should be or even could be. This
procedure places us under the tyranny of the status quo and divests us of any ability to think about radically changing
the world. I have encountered very few books or articles written by neo-Malthusians that question whether we should live
under any kind of money economy at all, any statist system of society, or be guided by profit oriented behavior. There are
books and articles aplenty that explain "how to" become a "morally responsible" banker, entrepreneur, landowner,
"developer," or, for all I know, arms merchant. But whether the whole system called capitalism (forgive me!), be it
corporate in the west or bureaucratic in the east, must be abandoned if we are to achieve an ecological society is rarely
discussed. Thousands may rally around "Earth First!"'s idiotic slogan -- "Back to the Pleistocene!" -- but few, if they are
conditioned by neo-MaIalthusian thinking, will rally around the cry of the Left Greens -- "Forward to an Ecological
Society!" Lastly, neo-Malthusian thinking is the most backward in thinking out the implications of its demands. If we are
concerned, today, and rightly so, about registering AIDS victims, what are the totalitarian consequences about creating a
Bureau of Population Control, as some Zero Population Growth wits suggested in the early 1970s? Imagine what
consequences would follow from increasing the state's power over reproduction? Indeed, what areas of personal life would
not be invaded by slowly enlarging the state's authority over our most intimate kinds of human relations? Yet such demands
in one form or another have been raised by neo Malthusians on grounds that hardly require the mental level to examine the
Statistical Abstract of the United States. The Social Roots of Hunger This arithmetic mentality which disregards the social
context of demographics is incredibly short-sighted. Once we accept without any reflection or criticism that we live in a
"grow-or-die" capitalistic society in which accumulation is literally a law of economic survival and competition is the
motor of "progress," anything we have to say about population is basically meaningless. The biosphere will eventually
be destroyed whether five billion or fifty million live on the planet. Competing firms in a "dog-eat-dog" market must
outproduce each other if they are to remain in existence. They must plunder the soil, remove the earth's forests, kill off its
wildlife, pollute its air and waterways not because their intentions are necessarily bad, although they usually are -- hence
the absurdity of the spiritualistic pablum in which Americans are currently immersed -- but because they must simply
survive. Only a radical restructuring of society as a whole, including its anti-ecological sensibilities, can remove this all
commanding social compulsion -- not rituals, yoga, or encounter groups, valuable as some of these practices may be
(including "improving" our earning capacity and "power" to command). But the most sinister feature about neo-
Malthusianism is the extent to which it actively deflects us from dealing with the social origins of our ecological
problems -- indeed, the extent to which it places the blame for them on the victims of hunger rather than those who
victimize them. Presumably, if there is a "population problem" and famine in Africa, it is the ordinary people who are to
blame for having too many children or insisting on living too long-- an argument advanced by Malthus nearly two centuries
ago with respect to England's poor. The viewpoint not only justifies privilege; it fosters brutalization and de grades the
neo-Malthusians even more than it degrades the victims of privilege.
ADI 8 48
Malthus Abe
2AC BLOCK (4/4)
(__) HARDIN’S WRITINGS ARE NEO-NAZI PROPAGANDA – HE TOUTS OVERPOPULATION AS A WAY TO

ADVANCE THE EUGENICS MOVEMENT.
HARTMANN, 6
Betsy, “Dangerous Intersections”, COMMITTEE ON WOMEN, POPULATION, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, July 15, http://cwpe.org/node/69
The role of the Pioneer Fund, the major financier of eugenics research in North America, should not be
underestimated. The Pioneer Fund supports the eugenics journal Mankind Quarterly, a forum for neo-Nazi style
'scholarship'. The journal supplies much of the false documentation for the eugenic conclusions of The Bell Curve.2
The Pioneer Fund also finances FAIR and the work of Garrett Hardin, the infamous advocate of the worst kind of
population control: lifeboat ethics-better to let the poor die than to sink our privileged lifeboat.3
2. Hardin is a major link between population and environment groups and the anti-immigration movement, serving as
advisor, for example, to Population-Environment Balance, FAIR and Americans for Immigration Control. Other key links are
Paul and Anne Ehrlich, Donald Mann of Negative Population Growth (NPG), and John Tanton, who founded U.S. English,
Zero Population Growth and FAIR (see Common Threads, Common Target). In recent months NPG has been putting out
expensive, virulent anti-immigration adds in major magazines and newspapers.4
(__) TECH SOLVES THE CRUNCH – AGRICULTURE PROVES.

NARVESON, 1994
Jan, prof of philosophy @ U of Waterloo in Canada, “A Dissenting Viewpoint: The Overpopulation Scare,” Free Inquiry, Vol. 14, Spring
What the doomsday set has failed to appreciate is the role of knowledge, specifically of what is broadly called
"technology," in all this. In the case of agriculture, technology enables you to get more food from less land. In those
countries with substantial farm subsidies on top of market economies, surpluses burgeoning to the point of political
embarrassment have been the rule. Increase the price of crop X, and indicate willingness to buy an unlimited
amount of it, and you will soon find yourself, in any modern country, with a mountain of X on your hands.The
minimum amount of land necessary to support one human, I am told, has lately shrunk to something like the size of
an average living room (twenty-seven square meters). There is no reason to doubt that, as agricultural technology
advances, we will be able to do it on much less than that again. Under the circumstances, the idea that we are
"running out" of arable land unless "we do something" is just not sensible.

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ADI 8 1

WE HAVE AN ETHICAL OBLIGATION TO PRESERVE CARRYING CAPACITY – ABSOLUTE REVERENCE

[CONTINUED—NO TEXT DELETED]

[CONTINUED—NO TEXT DELETED]

(__) THE CRUNCH IS COMING IN 2036.

POPULATION DENSITY IS IRRELEVANT; CARRYING CAPACITY IS A MUCH MORE ACCURATE

(__) POPULATION FORECASTING IS EMPIRICALLY SUCCESSFUL.

(__) SIMON IS AN ASS HAT.

(B.) BAD DATA.

(__) EACH INDIVIDUAL IS CRITICAL – EVERY RESOURCE MATTERS IN THE CRUNCH.

(__) DISEASE SPREAD CHECKS POPULATION EXPANSION.

(__) AGRICULTURE CAN’T RESOLVE POPULATION PRESSURES.

(B.) RELIES ON FOSSIL FUELS WHICH ARE UNSUSTAINABLE.

(C.) NOT ENOUGH WATER

(__) AQUACULTURE IS UNSUSTAINABLE – WE’RE ON THE BRINK OF COMPLETE FISHERY COLLAPSE.

(__) AT WORST, WE NEED A 50% REDUCTION IN ECOSYSTEM CONSUMPTION – NO COMING TECH

(__) NUCLEAR WAR IMPACT ISN’T A DOUBLE TURN

(B.) NUCLEAR WAR CAUSES THE EARTH TO EXPLODE – TOTAL EXTINCTION.

(__) OVERPOPULATION CRUSHES BIODIVERSITY.

(__) BIODIVERSITY LOSS CAUSES HUMAN EXTINCTION.

(__) OVERPOPULATION IS THE ROOT CAUSE OF GENOCIDE – RWANDA PROVES.

(__) OVERPOPULATION MAKES THE ELIMINATION OF POVERTY IMPOSSIBLE.

(__) ROOT CAUSE OF TERRORISM IS OVERPOPULATION – PRESIDENTIAL STUDY CONCLUDES.

(__) STUDIES CONCLUDE DECREASING POPULATION HAS A LINEAR CORRELATION WITH A

(__) OVERPOPULATION CAUSES GLOBAL WARMING – GREENHOUSE GASES ARE A PRODUCT OF

(__) GLOBAL WARMING CAUSES THE EARTH TO EXPLODE.

(__) INNOVATION TURN IS STUPID – TWO REASONS

(__) CARRYING CAPACITY CONSTRAINS ETHICS –

(__) FUTURE GENERATIONS

(__) OVERPOPULATION REQUIRES EVALUATE OF CONSEQUENCES – MILL’S HARM PRINCIPLE SAYS IF

(__) FORESIGHT, KNOWLEDGE OF HISTORICAL PRECEDENCE AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE GIVE US

(__) NON UNIQUE – THE CRUNCH ISN’T COMING.

(__) ENVIRONMENTAL DOOMSAYERS ARE WRONG—CONSENSUS OF EXPERTS AGREE.

(__) NO CORRELATION BETWEEN POPULATION GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL COLLAPSE

(B.) THE PROBLEM IS DISTRIBUTION, NOT LACK OF FOOD.

(__) OVERPOPULATION FEARS ARE RACIST.

(__) EMPIRICALLY DENIED – MULTIPLE EXAMPLES PROVE POPULATIONS ARE SUSTAINABLE.

(__) HARDIN’S WRITINGS ARE NEO-NAZI PROPAGANDA – HE TOUTS OVERPOPULATION AS A WAY TO

(__) TECH SOLVES THE CRUNCH – AGRICULTURE PROVES.

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