Department of Electronics &Communication Engineering

UNITED COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH

A Project report on

MICROCONTROLLER BASED ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER

PROJECT GUIDE : MR. VIJIT SRIVASTAVA SUBMITTED BY:MADHU VERMA (0801031042) PRIYA JHA (0801031062) SUSHAMA BHARATI (0801031094) MEENAKSHI SINGH (0801031047) B. TECH -4th YEAR EC BRANCH 2008-2012

Certificate

Certified that Madhu verma, priya jha , meenakshi singh , sushma bharati carried out the research work presented in this project report entitled Microcontroller-based

Ultrasonic Distance Meter for the award of B.Tech degree in Electronic and
communication from named Institute of Engineering & Technology, ALLAHABAD under my supervision. The project embodies result of original work and studies carried out by Student himself and the contents of the project do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.

GUIDED BY:
MR. VIJIT SHRIVASTAVA Senior lecturer in E & C

H.O.D
MR. A. K. MEHROTRA Head of Depts. E & C

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this project report is an original work of our own and that to the best of our knowledge and belief it contains no material previously or written by any another person nor material which to a substantial extend has been accepted for any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Signature: Name: MADHU VERMA Roll No: 0801031042 Date:

Signature: Name: PRIYA JHA Roll No: 0801031062 Date:

Signature: Name: MEENAKSHI SINGH Roll No: 0801031047 Date:

Signature: Name: SUSHAMA BHARATI Roll No: 0801031094 Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us an immense pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech project undertaken during B. Tech Final year. We owe special depth of gratitude to Professor A.K.Mehrotra (Head of

Department of Engineering

Electronics and

Communication , United College

of

and Research ,Allahabad)

for this constant support and guidance

throughout the course of our work. We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of our Project Supervisor

Mr. VIJIT SHRIVASTAVA for his full support and assistance during the development of
the project. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty members of the department for their kind assistance and co-operation during the development of the project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT: CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER BASED ULTRASONIN DISTANCE METER CHAPTER2: BLOCK DIAGRAM CHAPTER3: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM CHAPTER4: PCB LAYOUT CHAPTER5: PCB DESIGNING CHAPTER6: LIST OF COMPONENTS CHAPTER7: HISTORY PROGRAMMING RESULT APPLICATIONS MERIT AND DEMERIT CONCLUSION REFERENCES

ABSTRACT

The report details the implementation distance measurement system using the ultrasonic wave. As the human ears audible perception range is 20 Hz to 20 kHz, it is insensitive to ultrasonic waves and hence the ultrasound wave can be used for applications in industries/vehicles without hindering human activity. They are widely used as range meters and proximity detectors in industries also it is used in parking assistance system.

The distance can be measured using pulse echo and phase measurement method. Here the pulse echo method is used. The measurement unit uses a continuous signal in the transmission frequency range of ultrasonic transducer. The signal is transmitted by an ultrasonic transducer, reflected by an obstacle and received by another transducer where the signal is detected.

CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION

MICROCONTROLLER BASED ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER :

The micro-controller generates pulse bursts of 40 KHz at its pin3.4 which are amplified by transistor T5. The inverting buffer CD4049 drives the transmitter end of the ultrasonic transducer. Three inverters (N1, N2 and N3) are connected in parallel to increase the transmitted power. This inverted output is fed to another set of three inverters (N4, N5 and N6). Outputs of both sets of parallel inverters are applied as a push-pull drive to the ultrasonic transmitter. The positive-going pulse is applied to one of the terminals of the ultrasonic sensor and the same pulse after 180-degree phase shift is applied to the other terminal. Thus the transmitter power needs to be increased for increasing the range. The echo signal is received by the receiver sensor after reflection. This is a weak signal and is further amplified by quad op-amp IC LM324. The first stage (A1) is a buffer with unity gain. The received signal is directly fed to the non-inverting input (pin 3) of A1 and coupled to the second stage by a 3.3nF (small-value) capacitor. The second stage of the inverting amplifier uses a 2-mega-ohm resistor for feedback. The third stage is a precision rectifier amplifier with a gain of 10. The output (at pin8) from the LM324 IC is filtered by the rectifier diodes to accept 40 KHz frequencies and this signal is fed to pin12 (P1.0) of the micro-controller AT89C2051. This pin is

CHAPTER2

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER BASED ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER

Fig.1

 Description of Transmitting unit

Switch
An analog switch CD4066 is used to allow the sine wave from function generator to the gain amplifier. The excitation to the Transmitter is given from the Function generator through the switch which can be digitally controlled. As the switch can pass only positive voltages, the 40kHz, 1Vp-p, sine wave from the function generator is given a DC shift of 0.5V.

Microcontroller.
This system of distance measurement does not require large amount of memory, hence a 20 pin 8051 based microcontroller AT89C2051, is chosen as the controller with 12MHz clock. It performs the operation of giving the switching signal, computing the distance, converting the hex value to decimal and then to ASCII to be displayed in the LCD.

Gain Amplifier
As the 40 kHz sine wave cannot be passed through the analog switch 4066, a gain amplifier with level shifter is required. Both are integrated and built using A741 opamp

 Description of Receiver unit

Amplifier
The frequency of the received pulse is of 40 kHz which requires amplifiers working at high frequency. TL084 is used, as it has good high frequency gain characteristics. The gain of the amplifier is set to 1000 in two stages with first being 100 and second being 10. The gain is set by taking into account the least magnitude (50mV) of the receiver output when sensing an object at distance of 2 metres.

Comparator
The output signal from the amplifier is passed through the comparator which compares with a reference threshold level to weed out the noises and false triggering. The signal is a series of square pulses as shown in Fig.1 with amplitude of 15 volts. This is passed through the voltage limiter (zener regulator) to be fed to the microcontroller for counting the pulses.

CHAPTER3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER BASED ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER

Fig.2

CHAPTER4

PCB LAYOUT:-

Connection side of PCB:-

Fig. 3

Component side of PCB:-

Fig.4

CHAPTER5

PCB DESIGNING
The semiconductor technology of integrated circuits is the driving force behind elex. Systems development. However, the printed circuit board is an essential part of an overall system, since equipment is built up by connecting active devices together into maneuverable cost effective locks. The PCB is an interconnection system, which is multi-level, highly-conductive and has a low medium dielectric constant. These attributes have made the PCB the standard, almost universal, method of reconstruction for practically all-electronic systems. The printed ckt. Provides mechanical support as well as functional electrical interconnection for the components and safe thermal management. Initially, the PCB was developed to produce an interconnection technology which facilitated mass production & mass assembly, and gave economics of weight, and space close control over ckt electrical parameters is easily achieved by the repeatability of the dielectric constant and dielectric thickness & consistency of line width. The current carrying capacity is that of copper. Thus, PCB can be defined as the board including printed components as well as the printed wiring pattern. Printed circuits greatly simplify mass production & increased equipment reliability. There most important contribution is the tremendous education achieved in the size and weight of electronic devices. Printed circuits are used in practically all types of electronic equipment, radio, television, all telephone system units, electrical wiring behind automobile dashboards, guided missile, airborne electronic equipments, computers and industrial control equipments.

LAYOUT AND FABRICATION TECHNIQUES:

The ckt diagram of computerized electrical equipment control is based on fabricated by our project group is taken from EFY magazine. Although we had surveyed for the various ckts of analog capacitance meter and studied about their advantages and disadvantages but we find the ckt taken from EFY to be the best one and so we decide to fabricate the same,. We also made many researches on the Internet to find out the related topics to find out much knowledge about the topic.

1. Lay out: The detailed ckt diagram is very important for the layout designer but we also are familiar with design concepts and the philosophy behind the equipment. Only with this mind, we will be able to bring out results, which do not call for modification again & again. Keeping these considerations in mind, we design the PCB layout of ckt. Diagram. We have also tried for no jumpers and that the copper tracks should be as thin as possible and shorter routes of Cu tracks should be adopted. The spacing of the Cu tracks should be such that they do not get short and are suitable for handwork, as we are not adopting the screening technique.

2. Art work: -

After designing the layout in proper dimensions, we trace in another place. Then we painted the tracks with paint. Then we keep it to 3 hours so that the paint gets dry.

3. Etching: -

CHAPTER6 COMPONENT USED

1. INTIGRATED CIRCUIT(IC)
IC1 - AT89C2051 microcontroller IC2 - ULN2003 current buffer IC3 - CD4049 hex inverting buffer IC4 - LM324 quad operational amplifier IC5 - 7815, 15V regulator IC6 - 7915, -15V regulator IC7 - 7805, 5V regulator

2. TRANSISTORS
T1-T4 - BC557 pnp transistor T5 - 2N2222 npn transistor

3. DIODES
D1, D2 - 1N4148 switching diode D3-D6 - 1N4007 rectifier diode

4. DIS1-DIS4 - LTS 542 COMMON-ANODE, 5. 7-SEGMENT DISPLAY 6. Resistors (all -watt, 5% carbon):
R1, R2 - 2-mega-ohm R3 - 82-kilo-ohm R4, R7-R10 - 10-kilo-ohm R5 - 33-kilo-ohm R6 - 100-kilo-ohm R11 - 1-kilo-ohm R12-R15 - 1.2-kilo-ohm R16 - 220-ohm RNW1 - 10-kilo-ohm resistor network VR1 - 1-kilo-ohm preset

1. Capacitors:
C1, C2 - 3.3nF ceramic disk C7, C10-C12 - 0.1F ceramic disk C3 - 2.2nF ceramic disk C4 - 10F, 16V electrolytic C5, C6 - 22pF ceramic disk C8, C9 - 1000F, 50V electrolytic

2. Miscellaneous:
X1 - 230V AC primary to 15V-0-15V, 500mA secondary transformer XTAL - 12MHz crystal S1 - Push-to-on switch S2 - On/off switch TX1 - 40kHz ultrasonic transmitter RX1 - 40kHz ultrasonic receiver

DESCRIPTION

AT89C2051 microcontroller
8-bit Microcontroller with 2K Bytes Flash AT89C2051
1. Description -The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a power-full microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for opera-tion down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

2. Features:
Compatible with MCS-51Products 2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 2.7V to 6V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Two-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 15 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial UART Channel Direct LED Drive Outputs On-chip Analog Comparator Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

3. Pin Configuration

4. Pin Description
4.1 VCC Supply voltage. 4.2 GND Ground. 4.3 Port 1 The Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The Port 1 out-put buffers can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives code data during Flash programming and verification. 4.4 Port 3 Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bi-directional I/O pins with internal pull-ups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a gen-eral-purpose I/O pin. The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 mA. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed below:

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. 4.5 RST Reset input. All I/O pins are reset to 1s as soon as RST goes high. Holding the RST pin high for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. Each machine cycle takes 12 oscillator or clock cycles. 4.6 XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. 4.7 XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

IC2 - ULN2003 current buffer 1. DESCRIPTION

The ULN2003A 5V TTL, CMOS is high voltage, high current darlington arrays each containing seven open collector darlington pairs with common emitters. Each channel rated at 500mAand can withstand peak currents of 600mA.Suppressiondiodesare included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned opposite the outputs to simplify board layout. These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of loads including solenoids, relays DC motors, LED displays filament lamps, thermal print heads and high power buffers. The ULN2001A/2002A/2003Aand 2004A are supplied in 16 pin plastic DIP packages with a copper lead frame to reduce thermal resistance. They are available also in small outline package (SO-16) as ULN2001D/2002D/2003D/2004D.

2. Features:
Seven darlingtons per package output current 500ma per driver(600ma peak) Output voltage 50v integrated suppression diodes for Inductive loads outputs can be paralleled for higher current. TTL/CMOS/PMOS/DTL compatible inputs. Input pinned opposite outputs to simplify layout.

Power Supply:-

Fig.5

The 230V AC mains is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver the secondary output of 15V0-15V, 500 mA. The transformer output is rectified by a full-wave bridge rectifier comprising diodes D3 through D6, filtered by capacitors C8 and C9 and then regulated by ICs 7815 (IC5), 7915 (IC6) and 7805 (IC7). Regulators 7815, 7915 and 7805 provide +15V, -15V and +5V regulated supply, respectively. Capacitors C10 through C12 bypass the ripples present in the regulated power supply.

CHAPTER7

WORKING-:

This diagram shows the circuit of the microcontroller-based distance meter. The 40 kHz pulse bursts from the microcontroller are amplified by transistor T5. Inverting buffer CD4049 drives the ultrasonic sensor used as the transmitter. Three inverters (N1, N2cand N3) are connected in parallel to increase the transmitted power. This inverted output is fed to another set of three inverters (N4, N5 and N6). Outputs of both sets of parallel inverters are applied as a push-pull drive to the ultrasonic transmitter. The positive going pulse is applied to one of the terminals of the ultrasonic sensor and the same pulse after 180-degree phase shift is applied to another terminal. Thus the transmitter power is increased for increasing the range. If you want to increase the range up to 5metres, use a ferrite-core step-up pulse transformer, which steps-up the transmitter output to 60V (peak-to- peak). The echo signal received by the receiver sensor after reflection is very weak. It is amplified by quad operational amplifier LM324. The first stage (A1) is a buffer with unity gain. The received signal is directly fed to the non-inverting input (pin 3) of A1 and coupled to the second stage by a 3.3nF (smallvalue) capacitor. If you use the ubiquitous 0.01F capacitor for coupling, there will be enormous hum at the output. The second stage of the inverting amplifier uses a 2-mega-ohm resistor for feedback. The third stage is a precision rectifier amplifier with a gain of 10. The rectifier functions, unlike a simple diode, even for signal voltage of less than 0.6V. The output is filtered to accept 40 kHz frequencies and fed to pin 12 of microcontroller AT89C2051, which is an

analogue comparator. Pin 13 is the other pin of the comparator used for level adjustment using preset VR1. The ultrasonic transducer outputs a beam of sound waves, which has more energy on the main lobe and less energy (60 dB below the main lobe) on the side lobes as shown in Fig. 4. Even this low side-lobe signal is directly picked up by the receiver unit. So you have to space the transmitter and receiver units about 5 cm apart. The two units are fixed by cello tape onto a cardboard, with the analogue circuit at one end. Microcontroller AT89C2051 is at the heart of the circuit. Port-1 pins P1.7 through P1.2, and port-3 pin P3.7 are connected to input pins 1 through 7 of IC2 (IC ULN2003), respectively. These pins are pulled up with a 10-kilo-ohm resistor network RNW1. They drive all the segments of the 7-segment display with the help of inverting buffer IC2.

RESULT

APPLICATION-:

Simply by changing this program, the same unit can be made to detect moving objects (such as cars racing on thestreet) and find their range and speed. It can also be used with suitable additionalsoftware as a burglar alarm unit for homes or offices.

MERITS AND DEMERITS

The capacitive and piezo-ceramic type ultrasonic transmitter-receiver pair are more popular because of their small size, low cost, low power consumption during sonic burst as well a quiescent condition. These are widely used in robotics for collision avoidance and map building purposes [1]compared to laser and camera because of their low bandwidth, less data processing requirement and light independent characteristics. On the other hand, there are some demerits of these type of sensors are their less range compared to Laser and vision sensors. Polaroid ultrasonic sensor provides more range but needs more power and bigger space to accommodate. Temperature and humidity dependence of ultrasound velocity affects the distance measurement in this method. Also, wide beam width and low band width of the ultrasonic sensor reduce the resolution making close objects indistinguishable.

Future Work
The range can be considerably increased by using high power drive circuit. Using temperature compensation, it can be used over wide temperature range. The resolution of the measurement can be improved by incorporating phase shift method along withtime of flight method. Can be used as parking assistance system in vehicles with high power ultrasonic transmitter. The 40 kHz signal can be generated using microcontroller itself which will reduce hardware.

Conclusion
The microcontroller with LCD makes it user friendly and can be embedded in a single unit. The circuit has been implemented on bread board and tested for its functionality by varying the distance between the transducer and the target. The target surface needs to be perpendicular to the impinging ultrasound waves. The power level of the signal is too low for long range measurement.

REFERENCE