Vol.1 No.2 Sep.

1997

JOURNALOFSHANGHAIUNIVERSITY

Bifurcation and Stability of Nontrivial Solution to Kuramoto-Sivashinsky Equation

Li Changpin (g: ~'~'~,)
(Shanghai University)

Yang Zhonghua (l.~,~!g)

(ShanghaiNormal University )

WuYujiang (ff_,~x.)
(Lanzhou University)

Abstract This paper deals with the steady-state bifurcation of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation in one space dimension with periodic boundary condition and of zero mean. The asymptotic expressions of the steady-state solutions bifurcated from the trivial solution are given. Furthermore. the stability Of the nontrivial solutions are discussced.
Key words:

bifurcation, asymptotic expressions, stability. (2.2) which is equivariant under the 2-dimensional orthogonal group O (2), i.e. C(r,.it)=~(,,,it), V7 ~O(2). (2.3)

Introduction

G(u,it)=-Uxxxx -it(Uxx +UUx)

The Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (K-S) equation in one space dimension with periodic boundary condition and of zero mean is considered:

[ut +u,:m. +,,,..~ +uu.~ =0,

x ~(-/,/),t

>0,

where u0 (x) is/-periodic and of zero mean. The K-S equation models pattern formation in different physical contexts [13'5! and has been studied extensively in recent years, both in the context of inertial manifolds and finite-dimensional attractors and in numerical simulations of dynamical behaviour [2'4"61. The asymptotic expressions of the nontrivial solutions to K-S equation bifurcated from the trivial solutions will be shown in Section 2 and their stabilitiy disscussed in Section 3.

,,(x + l , , ) = @ , t ) , ,,(x,0) : ~o(~),

Let H be the Hilbert space of the 2n-periodic functions of zero mean and Hk c H denotes the subspace of odd 2~r - - periodic functions. k d2 d2 DG(O, It) it (2.4)

d x4

d x2

has the eigenvalue 2k =itk2 -k4 with eigenfunctions cos kx and sin kx. At ,tt=itk=k2 for fixed k, the two-dimensional kernel span {cos kx, sin kx} becomes the one-dimensional kernel span {sin kx} when G is restricted to the invariant subspace Hk.
L e m m a 2.1 For it near k2, the entire bifurcation of solutions to G(u, it)=O lies in Hk. P r o o f : Let cr=cos kx, e=sin kx and v e {e, cr }- and consider the Liapunov-Schmidt reduction

Pe G (tl e +t2 ~ +v,it)=0, 2 Bifurcation Analysis

where

P~G(h e+t2 t~+v,/t)=O, CP~,~ G (h e+t2~ +v,/t)=0.

P~ w=<e,
1

For convenience, the K-S equation can easily be transfor-med to (2.1) with 2n-periodic boundary condition and of mean zero,
2

w>, P~ w=<~

w>andCP~,~

w=

w-(P~w)e-(P~w)c.

Since

tle+t2cr=7 sin(kx+0), where

u, +uxxxx+it (Uxx+uux )=0

It =

. Let

Received July 1, 1996 Project supported by State Major Key Project for Basic Research. Li Changpin, Ph.D., College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 20 Chengzhong Road, Shanghai 201800

and since G is 7 Y invariant under 0-shifts, and a O-shift of w remains orthogonal to e and or, we can just as well solve G (ye+u, it)=0 with u orthogonal to e and ~. The decomposition appears as follows: P~G(Te+v,it)=O, (2.5)

~/= t~ + tf -, c o s 0 = - - , s i n 0 = - -

PoG(le+v, it)=O,

(2.6)

96 (2.7) Equation (2.7) is solved tbr a unique v(~/O by the Implicit Function Theorem reducing the search for steady-state solutions to two bifurcation equations

Joltrnal of Shanghai University

CP~.,, G(ye+v, p)=0.

d4v2(X) + k 2 d21"2(X) dx 4 dx 2 t_k2A,klX]~kl, X]=O, [ ]A'[ ~ v2(xl~{o'}in H k, (2.10)

Jl (~,u)=P~G (ye+v(y,,u),u)=O,
j~ (y,/t)=PdG ((ye.+v(y,/,t),p)=0. No~, consider the same problem in the restricted subspace Hh..The system to solve is 1',. G (Te*w,p)=O, (2.8) CP G (ye+w,,u)=0 in Hk (2.9) with w orthogonal to e in Ark.Equation (2.9) is solved for a unique w(y,,u) by the Implicit Function Theorem with the resulting bifurcation equation

d4 k2~)V3(X)..l_]~2~k(X) (d x---T +

+k2(~(x)v;(x) ~'~(x)v~(x))= + O,
v3(x)~} in H~.
The solution to (2.10) is

v2(x)=-24 1k sin 2kx.

1

(2.11)

Taking inner product of (2.11) with ~ (x), we obtain /~2 = - - " 48 Therefore,

:4~ t?;~i~=P~G(ye+)l, O;p),p)=0. Because G:Hk-->l:lk, the solutions to (2.9) are also solutions to (2.7). By uniqueness w(y,p)=v(y,p) and ~_;
(y,/t)-:0 since cr is even. Also Jl (Y,P)---gl (?;,tl), giving identical solutions. The proof is completed. Actually we can obtain the asymptotic expressions of the steady solutions bifurcated from the trivial solution by the perturbation method. Theorem 2.2 For ,u near k-~,the steady-state solutions to (2.1) bifurcated from the trivial solution have the asymptotic expressions
"3

v3(x) =
Furthermore,

1152k 2

sin3kx.

d4 v 4 ( x ) k 2 d 2 v 4 ( x ) dx 4 dx 2

+ p2v;(x)

+k-" [k (x)1"3(x) + v3(x)~'k (x) + 1"2(x)v'2 (x)] + P2~k (x)O'k(x)

=0.

/~kZ +--~+O ~ ,
2 g3

v4(x) ~{cr}l inHk

(2.12)

Substituting f12, v2 (x),v3 (x) into the above equation yields d41"4(x) d 21"4(x) dx4 + k 2 dx 2 f13k3 sin kx

where ~bk(x)=sin kx. Proof: Let

~c:F-+p2 ~ +Ad+ .... ll=F'~k (X)"F~21'2 (X)at'E:3 V3 Of)"1-4 1"4 (x)-.F

where v, (i=2,3,'")~ {e} in Hk. Substituting the above expression into G(tt,/t)=O leads to d4 [~.2v,(x)+ g3v3(x)+-..!-(fl2g2+-.- ) cLr4 "~ d2 [c~bk(x)+ e-v,(x)+ ~ 3v3(x)+...] dx 2 d2 ~ 3v

k 5k sin4kx = O. sin2kx + 384 288 Therefore, +

f13 0,
=

v4(r):-

5 sin 2 kx 4 608k 3

69 120k 3

sin 4 kx.

The proof is completed.

3 Stability
Next, we will discuss the stability of the solution branch Fk. Consider the linearized operator G,, (u(c), ,u (e)) on fk. and let

-(; + (x) +

2v2(x)+

= O.
which is a mapping from RxRx{cr} to Hk. Obviously, we

From the vanish of the coefficients of ~ series, we respectively have

3/o1.1 No.2 have

Sep. 1997

Li C.: Bifurcation and Stability of Nontrivial Solution to... Then (3.5) can be reduced to

97

F~ (0,0,0)=0,

~ F~(O,O.O) (
dx 4 = 7_~ sin Lx. which is a mapping from Rx { cr} onto Hk. In fact, for any y e Hk, Therefore, we get k2

"~ (k) ,, v 3 1 k-(~b2 ) +k-[--sin3kx - - - s i n kxl \ [.16 24 J

has the unique solution

24' .~(~) _ sin 3kx q/2 384k _ ~ Now we have the asymptotic expressions for 7/(e) and

c=-<y,k>, -1 x=G. (0, ~) I{~}~[Y- < Y, ~ > ~ ].

When y=0, we get c=0, x=0. The Implicit Function Theorem implies the following theorem:

6"

E2

~)(k)(c) = - i~k sin2kx + 3~4k2 sinakx + ~ c 3 )

which means the following theorem is true: T h e o r e m 3.2. For small ,, the solution branch restricted in Hk is stable. R e m a r k 1 The nontrivial solution branch ~ is stable for small e in whole space H. R e m a r k 2 Although ~. (k>_2) is unstable in whole space, Theorem 3.2 indicates a way to compute the nontrivial solution branch _Fk (k>_2). It is very important that the problem must be restricted in Hk [71

Theorem 3.1 For small ~, the equations

Fk (~',y, ~k) = 0 have the solutions (3.2)

y = y( c) ~ R,

Furthemlore, we can show that for small c, the solution branch F~. restricted estricted in Hk is stable, i.e. the eigenvalue of G, (zt (~) 4t (~)) on ~ restricted in Hk are negative for: small c. Let
0(%) = +

References
1 Benny, D. J. Long Waves in Liquid Fihn. J. Math. and Phys. 45,150-155, (1966) 2 Foias, C., Sell G. and Temam, R. Inertial Manifolds for Nonlinear Evolutionary Equations. d. Differential Equations, 73, 93-114, (1988) 3 Kuramoto, Y. and Tsuzuki, T. Persistent Propagation of Concentation Waves ill Dissipative Media Far fi'om Thermal Equilibrium. Prog. Theol'. Phys. 55, 356-369, (1976) 4 Nicolaenro, B., Scheurer, B. and Temam, R. Some Global Dynamical Properties of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky Equations: Nonlinear Stability mad Attractor. Phys.D 16, 155183,(1985) 5 Sivashinsky, G. Nonlinear Analysis of Hydrodynamic Instability in Laminar Flames, Part I. Derivation of Basic Equations, Acta, Astronautica 4, 1177-1206, (1977) 6 Teman, R. h~finite Dimensional Dynamical Systems in Mechanics and Physics. Appl. Math. Science Series, 68, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, 1988. 7 Yang Zhongbua, Mahmood, A. and Ye Ruisong. Fully Discrete Nonlinear Galerkin Methods for Kuramoto-Sivashinsky Equation and Their Error Estimates. J. of Shanghai University, 1 (1), 20-27, (1997)

r(c) = ro + r t e + r 2 c:+'''.
Substituting u (e) ,/l (e), #(k) (~.), Y (e) into (3.2) and letting the coefficients of the e series equal to zero lead to

ro=O,

(3.3)

d4~! ~) cL~~

k2[(~k)),,+k[ (~)', 1 . ( ~ b , ) - 2 - - ~ b k sin2kx +

cos2 jFrom (3.4) we obtain y~=0, I ~bk)(x)1 sin 2kx. lZk

'

: r2k.

(3.5)