PRACTICAL 2 Title Aim Objective Theory : Alloys : To compare the rate of rusting of iron, steel and stainless steel

: To compare the rate of rusting of iron, steel and stainless steel :

An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals, or of a metal with a nonmetal, formulated to produce properties that make the mixture more desirable than the pure metal itself. For example, a small amount of copper added to gold increases its hardness, and the presence of nickel and chromium in iron greatly improves its corrosion resistance Iron is one of the most common elements in earth. Every construction of man contains at least a little iron. The properties of iron can be modified by alloying it with various other metals and some non-metals, notably carbon to form steels. Some uses of iron include automotive engines, boilers, stoves and cookware. Moreover, most iron is converted to alloys known as steel. In general, steel has more desirable properties in strength, malleability and corrosion resistance than iron itself. Some uses of steel usually in the construction of building and bridges and also the body of cars and railways tracks. Stainless also is an iron containing alloys where the substances made up of two or more chemical elements. It has excellent resistance to rust due to its chromium content and good corrosion resistance. It also has high ductility. It is used in a variety of food handling, storing, cooking, and serving equipment from the beginning of the food collection process through to the end. People make and use alloys because metals do not have exactly the right properties for a particular job. Iron is a great building material but steel is stronger, harder, and rustproof. Alloys always show improvements over the main metal in one or more of their important physical properties things like strength, durability, ability to

conduct electricity, ability to withstand heat, and so on. Generally, alloys are stronger and harder than their main metals, less malleable harder to work and less ductile Rust is the material formed when iron or its alloys corrode in the presence of oxygen and water. It is a mixture of iron oxides and hydroxides. Iron and even damaged steel can rust.

Materials

: Iron nail, steel nail, stainless steel nail, jelly solution, potassium

hexacyanoferrate (III) solution, and water. Apparatus Procedure : Sand paper, test tube, test tube rack. :

1. The nails are rubbed using sand paper to remove the rust from the surface of the nails. 2. The iron nail is placed in test tube A, the steel nail in test tube B and the stainless steel nail in test tube C. In 3. A 5% jelly solution is prepared by adding 5g of jelly into 100cm 3 of boiling water. Then, a few drops of potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) solution are added into the jelly solution. (Figure 1) 4. The hot jelly solution is poured into three test tubes until all the nails are fully immersed. 5. Then, the test tube is placed in a test tube rack and was leaved aside for five days. The intensity of the blue colour was observed. 6. The observation is recorded in the table.

Results

: Intensity of blue colour

Test tube 1 day

st

Inference 2
nd

day

3 day

rd

4 day

th

5 day

th

Small A (Iron nail) No changes Slightly blue blue patches formed

Larger blue patches formed

Deep blue colour formed Iron nail has high rate of rusting

B (Steel nail)

No changes

No changes

No changes

Slightly blue formed

Small blue patches formed

Steel nail has low rate of rusting

C No (Stainless steel nail) changes No changes No changes No changes No changes Stainless steel nail is not rusting

Figure 1: Comparing the rate of rusting of iron, steel and stainless steel

Discussions

The function of potassium hexacyanoferatte (III) act as an indicator to detect the presence of Iron (II) Fe2+. So, the functions of potassium hexacyanoferatte (III) solution in this experiment are to determine the present of Iron (II) Fe 2+ in the each of the test tube. This is due to presence of dark blue colouration when it reacts with Iron Fe 2+ ions. The relationship between the intensity of blue colour and the rate of rusting is the intensity of blue colour indicates the rate of rusting. When the intensity of blue colour is high, the rate of rusting would be high also. The uses of solidified jelly solution is in order to trapping and see the blue colouration clearly, we are going to carry out this experiment in a solidified jelly solution. This is simply because diffusions occurs the slowest in solids. The constituents of steel mostly of iron with a composition or content of iron are 99% and only 1% of carbon. While the stainless steel constituents at least 18% chromium, 74% of iron and 8% of carbon.

STEEL

STAINLESS STEEL

99% IRON 1% CARBON

74% IRON 18% CHROMIUM 8% CARBON

Based on the inference of investigation results, the comparison of the rate rusting of iron, steel and stainless steel is different because an iron nail corrodes easily. This is because Iron (II) ions are formed, changing pale yellow K 3Fe(CN)4 solution to dark blue. Presence of Fe2+ irons show that rust has formed. Compare to steel nails, the rate of rusting is low. It corrodes slightly due to the formation of Fe2+ ions because steel nail had contained some other elements like carbon, silicon that can prevent rusting or slow it down. Stainless steel nail does not corrode at all in the presence of water and air. This is because; Fe2+ irons are not formed. Rusting does not occur due to presence of Chromium, Cr and Nickel, Ni element that function as corrosion resistant. The arrangement of atoms in a metal associated to its ductility and malleability is most metals are solid. Pure metals are made up of the same type of atoms and are of the same size. The arrangement of the atoms in metals gives the metals their ductile and malleable properties. The orderly arrangement of atoms in metals enables the layers of atoms to slide on one another when force is applied. Thus, metals are ductile or can be stretched. There are some imperfections in the orderly arrangement of atoms in metals that allow some empty spaces in between the atoms. When a metal is knocked, atoms slide. This is why metals are malleable or can be shaped.

The difference between substitutional alloy and interstitial alloys is: Some alloys are solid solutions, and among solid solutions there are two possibilities. In substitutional alloys, this alloy is formed from two metallic components. An alloy like this will form only if the atoms of the base metal and those of the alloying agent are of roughly similar size. Atoms of one metal may substitute for some of the atoms in the crystal structure on an-other metal. This type of solid solution generally requires that the atomic radii of the metals alloys be closely matched. Thus, silver and gold both with an atomic radius of 144pm, form a series of solid solutions whose concentrations can range from pure silver to pure gold.

The interstitial alloys, small atoms of one constituent occupy voids among the larger atoms of the major component where means solute atoms was take place hole of solvent atom. Solute atoms must be smaller bonding atomic radius than solvent atoms. Steel is an example of an interstitial alloy in which a relatively small number of carbon atoms slip in the gaps between the huge atoms in a crystalline lattice of iron.

Substitution alloy

Interstitial alloy

Conclusion

Based on the experiment, the entire nail has different rate of rusting. Iron nail has the higher rate of rusting compare the two others nails because it is pure metal. While, the steel nails (alloy) has low rate of rusting because it has some other elements that prevent rusting. Stainless steel (alloy) has zero rate of rusting because it consists of Chromium; Cr that make stainless steel nail is harder to rust.

REFERENCES REFERENCES FROM BOOK

Kotz & Treichel. (2003). Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity. New York : Thomson Brooks/Cole Dawkins.R. (2001). The Young Oxford Encyclopedia of Science. New York : Oxford University Press. Trefil.J. (2001). Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. London : Routledge, Taylor and Francais Group. Hill G. & Holman J. (1995). Chemistry in Context, fourth edition. United Kingdom : Thomson Publishing Company. MacMurray, J. ; Fay,R.C. (2001). Chemistry. Fourth Edition. NewJersey : Prentice Hall. Bayer.R.C, Birk.J.P. Mark.P.S. A conceptual Introduction to Chemistry. New York : McGraw Hill. Petrucci.H. General Chemistry, An Integrated Approach. Third Edition. New Jersey : Prentice Hall.

REFERENCES FROM INTERNET ____________,Steel. http://www.answers.com/corrosion%20of%20steel Accessed on: 08 July 2009 ____________, Alloys. http://search.yahoo.com/search?ei=UTF-8&fr=ytff-&p=alloys Accessed on: 08 July 2009 ____________, Alloys Work? http://www.nickelinstitute.org/index.cfm/ci_id/11021.htm Accessed on: 08 July 2009 ____________, Irons. http://search.yahoo.com/search?ei=UTF-8&fr=ytff-&p=irons Accessed on: 08 July 2009 ____________, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron Accessed on: 09 July 2009

____________, http://search.yahoo.com/search?ei=UTF-8&fr=ytff-&p=stainless+steel Accessed on: 09 July 2009 ____________, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloys Accessed on: 10July 2009 ____________, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alloys Accessed on: 15 July 2009 ____________, http://www.hpalloy.com/alloys/allAlloys.html Accessed on: 15 July 2009

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PRACTICAL 2 SCE 3103 (ALLOYS)

______________________________________________

NAMA I/C UNIT

: NOR HASNIZA BINTI HASNAN : 890707-01-5490 : PISMP SCIENCE (SEMESTER 2)

LECTURER: MDM. SURIANY BINTI MAT NOOR

PRACTICAL 2 (ALLOYS) CORRECTION NAME UNIT : NOR HASNIZA BINTI HASNAN (890707-01-5490) : PISMP SCIENCE SEMESTER 2

THEORY

An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals, or of a metal with a nonmetal, formulated to produce properties that make the mixture more desirable than the pure metal itself. For example, a small amount of copper added to gold increases its hardness, and the presence of nickel and chromium in iron greatly improves its corrosion resistance Iron is one of the most common elements in earth. Every construction of man contains at least a little iron. The properties of iron can be modified by alloying it with various other metals and some non-metals, notably carbon to form steels. Some uses of iron include automotive engines, boilers, stoves and cookware. Moreover, most iron is converted to alloys known as steel. In general, steel has more desirable properties in strength, malleability and corrosion resistance than iron itself. Some uses of steel usually in the construction of building and bridges and also the body of cars and railways tracks. Stainless also is an iron containing alloys where the substances made up of two or more chemical elements. It has excellent resistance to rust due to its chromium content and good corrosion resistance. It also has high ductility. It is used in a variety of food handling, storing, cooking, and serving equipment from the beginning of the food collection process through to the end. People make and use alloys because metals do not have exactly the right properties for a particular job. Iron is a great building material but steel is stronger, harder, and rustproof. Alloys always show improvements over the main metal in one or more of their important physical properties things like strength, durability, ability to conduct electricity, ability to withstand heat, and so on. Generally, alloys are stronger

and harder than their main metals, less malleable harder to work and less ductile. For example, bronze is easily shape, even at room temperature. Therefore, it is widely used for making decorative object, coins and medals. While, some musical instruments are made of brass because of its properties that are shiny, decorative and resistant to corrosion. Rust is the material formed when iron or its alloys corrode in the presence of oxygen and water. It is a mixture of iron oxides and hydroxides. Iron and even damaged steel can rust. Rusting iron is the most common and economically destructive form of corrosion. The rusting of body of car, the support pillars of the bridge and surgical knife can be dangerous and may cause health. There are many ways that can be use to prevent or limit corrosion. Painting iron objects frequently keep the object out of oxygen and moisture, two factors that can cause corrosion. Alloying also is one of the ways that can prevent corrosion. This is because foreign atom in alloy can prevent the formation of oxide layers on the surface of metal. In this experiment, iron will oxidized to iron (II) ions, Fe 2+. The presence of these irons indicates that rusting has taken place. Fe(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2e-

To detect the presence of iron (II) ions, Fe 2+, potassium hexacyanoferate (III), K3Fe(CN)6 solution was used in this experiment. There will be dark blue colour in the solution when the presence of the ions was detected.

CONCLUSION

Based on the experiment, the entire nail has different rate of rusting. Iron nail has the higher rate of rusting compare the two others nails because it is pure metal. While, the steel nails (alloy) has low rate of rusting because it has some other elements that prevent rusting. Stainless steel (alloy) has zero rate of rusting because it consists of Chromium; Cr that less electropositive which make stainless steel nail prevent to rusting. We also conclude that, alloying can prevent rusting that can keep object out of oxygen and moisture.