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Dr. K.S.Swarup Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 Email: swarup@ee.iitm.ac.in http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/people/faculty/shantiswarup.html
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Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Introduction to Power System Protection Numerical Relaying Principles Digital Protection Algorithms Numerical Relaying vs Digital Protection Suitability Applications Methodology Design Development Implementation Case Studies
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NUMERICAL RELAYING
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i. Over-Current Protection
Procedure: 1) Step down the current or the voltage
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signal. Low-pass analogue filtering. Analog to digital conversion. Find FFT. Select the sampling rate (N) and current pick up value(Ipu). Find weights of fundamental sine and cosine waves. W1sine (1) to W1sine (N); W1cos (1) to W1cos(N). A0 = 0, A1 = 0 = B1. Read nth sample value. A0 = A0 + W1 (n), A1 = A1 + W1sine (n)*Sample(n), B1 = B1 + W1cos(n)*Sample(n). n = n + 1. If (n > N) go to (d) else a0 = A0/N, a1 = 2*A1/N, b1 = 2*B1/N. F1 = a1^2 + b1^2, Q = arc tan (b1/a1). If (F1 > Ipu) trip signal else go to (c). If above condition is true then start the relay.
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Figure shows the final result of the simulation. It shows the noisy signal in the upper half and the de-noised signal in the lower half. The lower half signals magnitude is calculated and a relay is started accordingly.
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DIGITAL PROTECTION
Digital Algorithms
Sinusoidal Wave Based Algorithms Differential and Distance Protection 1. Sample and First Derivative Method 2. First and Second Derivative Method 3. Two Sample Technique 4. Three Sample Technique
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Digital Algorithms
Fourier Analysis Based Algorithms - Fundamental component extraction 1. Full Cycle Window
Digital Algorithms
Least Square based methods - Fundamental component extraction Differential equation based methods Mostly used for Transmission Line Protection Traveling wave based methods - Mostly used for Transmission Line Protection
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Digital Algorithms
Transmission Line Protection Using Traveling Waves
Internal Fault
External Fault
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2.
Conversion Subsystem
Conversion Subsystem
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LP FILTER
ANALOGUE MULTIPLEXER
A/D CONVERTER
DIGITAL MULTIPLEXER
D/O
D/I
MEMORY
CPU
D/A
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Signal Conditioning
Transducers CT, PT Surge Protection Units capacitors, isolation transformers, zener diodes Typical Arrangement
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Signal Conversion
Sampling Sampling Theory Sample and Hold Principle
Control Pulses Signal to be Sampled
Sampling Circuit
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Signal Output
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Mathematical Background
Finite Differences
Let value of a function y=f(x) at x=k be fk, then
Forward Difference
First Order nth Order
f k = f k +1 f k
Backward Difference
First Order nth Order
n f k = n 1 f k +1 n 1 f k
f k = f k f k 1
Central Difference
First Order nth Order
n f k = n 1 f k n 1 f k 1
f k = f k +1/ 2 f k 1/ 2
n f k = n 1 f k +1/ 2 n 1 f k 1/ 2
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Mathematical Background
Interpolation
Forward Interpolation Backward Interpolation
f k +1 = f ( xk + h) f k 1 = f ( xk h)
f k = 1 1 1 ( 2 + 3 ...) f k h 2 3
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Mathematical Background
Fourier Analysis
Periodic Waveform
Mathematical Background
Concept of Moving Data Window 3 sample data window W1 Pre Fault W2, W3 Pre and Post Fault W4 Post Fault
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Sampling Theorem
sampling,min2signal (pure signals) sampling,min2signal,max (distorted signals)
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CASE STUDY 1 COMPUTER RELAYING FOR POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION USING DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
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Case Study 1: COMPUTER RELAYING FOR POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION USING DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
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2.
Conversion Subsystem
Conversion Subsystem
3.
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CPU
MEMORY
filter
S/H
filter
S/H
A/D
M U X
filter
S/H
I D B
D/I
filter
S/H
CLK
filter S/H
D/O
Ry
filter
S/H
TAP
filter
S/H
DIGITAL I\P ANALOG I\P V&I DIGITAL O\P RELAYS AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS
HUMAN INTERFACE
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1-Phase Clock InputSignal From File |u| Abs >= 255 Compare To Constant Multiphase Clock S/H Sample and Hold
Clk Up Cnt Rst Counter type converter double Combinatorial Logic >= 50 Compare To Constant1 Scope
The Time Delay need not be fixed. It can be variable, depedning on the kind of overcurrent relay.
Product
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